| xìng： | ōu yáng | ||||||||||||||
| míng： | xiū | ||||||||||||||
| zì： | yǒng shū | ||||||||||||||
| wǎngbǐhào： | zuì wēng、 liù yī jū shì | ||||||||||||||
| jíguàn： | jí zhōu jí shuǐ | ||||||||||||||
| jīnshǔ： | jiāng xī | ||||||||||||||
yuèdòuōu yáng xiū Ouyang Xiuzài历史大观dezuòpǐn!!! yuèdòuōu yáng xiū Ouyang Xiuzài小说之家dezuòpǐn!!! yuèdòuōu yáng xiū Ouyang Xiuzài百家争鸣dezuòpǐn!!! yuèdòuōu yáng xiū Ouyang Xiuzài诗海dezuòpǐn!!! | |||||||||||||||
[欧阳修与诗文变革的完成]
北宋中期的文学变革，是在宋代文学总体上处于衰退的情况下产生的。它一面顺应
着思想控制强化的时代文化，一面寻求文学的新的立足点和艺术风格。在这里起着中枢
作用的是欧阳修。
欧阳修（1007—1072）字永叔，吉水（今属江西）人，出身于低级官吏家庭，父早
亡，幼时家贫。天圣八年（1030）进士，初仕洛阳，与梅尧臣、尹洙等人声气相通，提
倡文学变革。景祐初入京后，因支持范仲淹的政治改革主张被贬，庆历年间，再度积极
参与范所主持的“庆历新政”，新政失败后，复又长期贬外。至和年间入朝，逐渐上升
至枢密副使、参知政事等权要职位。晚年对王安石新法持反对态度，这大抵是因为欧阳
修虽主张政治改革，但态度比较稳健，以为王安石激烈变法流弊甚多。有《欧阳文忠公
集》。
欧阳修在北宋文学变革中的领袖地位，是由多方面原因造成的。首先，这一场文学
变革作为宋王朝思想文化建设的一部分，既与当时政治方面的改革相互关联，又是自上
而下、依靠政权的力量推进的。早在天圣年间，范仲淹就提出过“时之所尚，何能独
变”，希望朝廷“敦谕词臣，兴复古道”（《奏上时务书》），而朝廷也确实几次下诏，
从政治意义上提出改变文风的问题，如仁宗天圣年间曾诏斥文人“竞为浮夸靡蔓之文”，
要求学者“务明先圣之道”，并指令从朝廷文件入手“矫文章之弊”（《续资治通鉴长
编》卷106、108）。领导这种性质的变革，当然需要相当高的政治地位，而欧阳修具备
这一基本条件。
其次，欧阳修在当时的文人群中，具有很强的号召力。他在政治活动中表现出的人
格修养既为重视道德节操的士大夫所尊重，同时他又喜扬人之美，并利用其知贡举的权
力地位举荐人才，当时几乎所有的著名的文学家都曾得到欧阳修的帮助，因此在他周围
形成了集团性的力量，从而更便于扩大影响，推行他们的主张。如梅尧臣、苏舜钦二人
名位不显，欧阳修却以诗坛宗主相视，使他们声誉大张；曾巩落第，欧阳修为他写序饯
行，令人刮目相待，后又在知贡举时把他录为进士；对王安石，欧阳修不仅两次加以推
荐，而且在赠诗中给予极高的称评；三苏中，苏洵以一默默无闻的布衣身份，经欧阳修
的推荐和鼓吹而名动海内，苏轼、苏辙则是欧阳修知贡举时选拔于前列的，苏轼尤其受
到他的推重。作为一个封建时代的文人和政治家，欧阳修的眼光、涵养，确实是不同一
般的。
还有一个直接和非常重要的因素是：欧阳修不仅本人具有相当高的文学修养，在诗
歌、散文、词的创作方面有特出成就，而且在当时的条件下，他还有着比较合理，富有
调和性、包容性的文学主张。北宋立国以来，由于约制个性的儒家伦理观念的强化，在
文学方面以道统文、以道代文的理论盛张到空前的地步，它虽然触及北宋初以西昆体为
代表的文学风气的某些弊病，但对文学生机，却在另一个方向上形成更强的扼制。而欧
阳修的态度，一方面对这种占主流地位的文学思想在原则上表示赞同，承认道对文的决
定作用，对石介、尹洙等人表示相当的尊重，另一方面也反对过分偏激的主张。他虽说
过“道胜者文不难而自至”，但也看到有事功、道德的人未必一定能文，“如唐之刘、
柳无称于事业，而姚、宋不见于文章”（《薛简肃公文集序》）；认为文采还是有其必
要的，“君子之所学也，言以载事而文以饰言，事信言文，乃能表见于后世”（《代人
上王枢密求先集序书》）；文章（当然是指符合于道的）有着不朽的价值，“英雄白骨
化黄土，富贵何止浮云轻。唯有文章烂日星，气凌山岳常峥嵘”（《感二子》）。虽说
这些表述较之宋以前文学理论已经达到成就而言，并没有什么发展，但在当时的环境中，
仍有它重要的意义。
在一些具体问题上，欧阳修的态度要更合理些。譬如对西昆体，他有不少好评，甚
至称赞扬亿“真一代之文豪也”（《归田录》），而批评石介对西昆诗人的极端态度是
“好异以取高”，“以惊世人”（《与石推官第一书》）。再如对骈体文，欧阳修的持
论也较公允。他说过，“时文虽曰浮巧，其为功亦不易也”（《与荆南乐秀才书》），
“偶俪之文，苟合于理，未必为非”（《论尹师鲁墓志》），并赞扬苏氏父子的骈文
“委曲精尽，不减古人”（《苏氏四六》），他认为骈文的缺点是在形式的严格限制下
造成说理和叙述的不清晰，不畅通。所以，欧阳修所领导的文学变革虽有反对西昆体和
骈文的一面，但它的核心问题，其实是怎样使文学在建立完善的社会秩序方面起到更积
极更实际的作用。在这个基本前提下，他们维护了文学的存在权利，同时也维护了文学
作为一种艺术创作活动的价值。
同时，欧阳修他们也抵制了尊崇和效仿韩愈、走向僻怪险涩的文学风气。尊韩本来
是欧阳修提出的主张，据其《记旧本韩文后》，韩文的流行同他校定《昌黎集》直接有
关。但这恐怕主要着眼于提倡“古文”和发扬韩愈的文学主张，韩文那种个性发露、奇
崛雄肆甚至是险怪僻涩的风格，未必为欧阳修所喜好；尤其是，它和宋代的文化风气，
和宋人儒雅敛束的个性很难投合。所以欧阳修他们倡导的“古文”，需要走一条不同于
唐人的道路。当时有所谓“太学体”（国子学中流行的文体），其代表人物为刘幾，据
说其文使“学者歙然效之”（《梦溪笔谈》）。它的面貌现在已无法看到，据《梦溪笔
谈》所引片断，有“天地轧，万物茁，圣人发”之句。倘以韩愈及其周围文人的怪诞之
语相比，这实在不算怎么奇特。但欧阳修为了提倡一种朴素流畅的文风，嘉祐二年主持
科举时，将刘幾的文章用红笔从头到尾，一下抹倒，“判大纰缪字榜之”，并将“凡为
新文者，一切弃黜”（同上）。这激起举子哗变，群聚嘲骂，甚至在大街上拦住欧阳修
的马头哄闹，而欧阳修不为所动，终于使“场屋之习，从是遂变”（《宋史》本传）。
科举文章与士人一生前途相关，它对社会上文章风格的影响自然不言而喻。
通过以欧阳修为首的文学集团的努力，北宋中叶的这一场文学变革终于获得成功，
并由此主要在诗、文两方面确立了宋代文学的基本风格。这当然很难加以简单的概括，
从大的方面来说，以文而言，是虽以散体为主，实融合骈体，可以说结束了骈体与散体
的截然对立，文字以浅易流畅为多，节奏徐缓宛转，较少激烈跳荡的表现（尤其是非政
治性的抒情散文）；以诗而言，情感的力度减弱，所反映的心理状态比较平衡，相应地
色彩和意象都比较疏淡，而对事物观察和体验比前人更细腻，总体上带有重理智的特点，
特别在古体诗中，散文化的叙述和说理成分往往占很大比率。
对于这一场文学变革的评价是复杂的事情。概要而言，一方面需要看到它是士大夫
集团所倡导的思想文化变革的一部分，是自上而下具有政治意义的行动，它对文学自由
发展是有约束作用的；另一方面，也需要看到它有效地抵制了更为极端的道学家的主张，
在时代的限定条件下，孕育了中国文学的一些新的特色，丰富了中国文学的总体面貌。
而且，同历史上的各种文学运动一样，作家的实际创作并不是完全被他们的理论的阴影
所笼罩的。
欧阳修本人的诗文创作，在当时也具有典范意义。他的诗中，如《答朱案捕蝗诗》、
《食糟民》、《答杨子静两长句》等，都是涉及具体社会问题、有感而发的，并且就此
陈述己见，或表示内心的道德自责。他的政治诗的数量并不多，这大约因为他是一个实
际的政治家，不同于一般文人急于用诗歌来表现自己。
欧阳修诗中一些古体长篇，好发议论，好铺排叙事，散文化的倾向非常严重，如
《洛阳牡丹图》像一篇《洛阳牡丹记》，《吴学士石屏歌》“吾嗟人愚，不见天地造化
之初难………”像一篇别扭的古文，《鬼车》以“嘉祐六年秋九月二十有八日”开头，
中间又有“不见其形，但闻其声，其初切切凄凄，或高或低……”，实在不能算作“诗”
了。另外，《扪虱新话》指出他的《菱溪大石》等篇系模仿韩愈，这也是和时代风气一
致的地方。不过，他很少用生僻字眼、险怪意象。
那些极度散文化的古体长篇，以其新异的面貌起到了打破诗歌常规体制的作用，但
从艺术性来说，确实找不到多少诗趣。不过欧阳修的一些以近体为主的短篇之作，常以
浅近自然的语言写景抒情，但琢磨很细，意脉完足，有一种亲切流畅的风格。如著名的
《戏答元珍》：
春风疑不到天涯，二月山城未见花。残雪压枝犹有橘，冻雷惊笋欲抽芽。夜闻归雁
生乡思，病入新年感物华。曾是洛阳花下客，野芳虽晚不须嗟。
首二句是欧阳修很得意的。据《苕溪渔隐丛话》引《西清诗话》，他曾对人说：
“若无下句，则上句不见佳处，并读之，便觉精神顿出。”后人也说它“起得超妙”。
这两句一果一因，语气连贯；次序上先以“疑”领起，引出对于“疑”的解释，因此显
得有波折而不平板；另外，它还寓含着诗人在受贬谪时期待和失望的心情。所以，虽说
是有如口语的句子，其实写得很讲究。全诗的关系，也是一联紧接一联，意脉含蓄而绵
细。唐人律诗多用平列的意象、断续或跳跃的衔接，欧阳修则力图将八句诗构成流动而
连贯的节奏，这无疑是唐诗之后的一条新路。再如《别滁》：
花光浓烂柳轻明，酌酒花前送我行。我亦且如常日醉，莫教弦管作离声。
从眼前景色引出事件、人物，再引出人物的心情，也是流动而连贯的笔法。唐人写
别离诗有“长路关山何日尽，满堂丝管为君愁”（张渭《送卢举使河源》），“况是池
塘风雨夜，不堪弦管尽离声”（武元衡《酬裴起居西亭留题》），都是以景物为衬托、
把情绪托向高潮的写法，两相比较，可以看出宋诗含意深婉、脉络细密的特点。
欧阳修散文的成就比诗歌更显著。当时人吴充《欧阳公行状》中说他“文备众体，
变化开阖，因物命意，各极其工”，指出了他的散文创作的一些主要特点，即第一，文
体多样，有各种类型的议论文、叙事及抒情散文；第二，兼采“古文”与骈文之长，根
据内容需要熔铸剪裁，形成新的散文风格；第三，变化多端，开阖自如，气脉流动，富
于内在节奏感与韵律感。
欧阳修的政论性的文章如《朋党论》、《五代史伶官传论》是传统“古文”中的名
篇，对结构和文采都颇有讲究，但并不是文学性的作品，故不予多论。最能体现他的文
学技巧与艺术成就的，是记事兼抒情的散文。在这一类文章中，他尤其不持狭隘的“古
文”观念，在注意散体文意脉结构、句法上的特点的同时，又汲取骈体文在音律、辞采
方面的长处，并且重视文中情绪变化与文章节奏变化的协调，时而舒展，时而收敛，呈
现一种纡徐流转、抒情性和音乐感都很强的风格特点。例如《丰乐亭记》、《相州昼锦
堂记》、《泷岗阡表》等都是如此。而最著名的《醉翁亭记》，从“环滁皆山”的扫视
开始，将读者的视线逐渐引向西南诸峰，推近到琅琊山，入山中溪泉旁，随峰回路转，
又引人抬头看见泉上小亭，再从作亭者为谁、命名为谁的设问，推出主人公——号“醉
翁”的太守，和“醉翁之意不在酒，在乎山水之间也，山水之乐，得之于心而寓之于酒
也”的感慨议论，趁势导向山中四时之景，收转来写“醉翁”的酒宴和醉态，酒宴散后
的情景，“醉翁”与人不同的心境，最后点明太守为“庐陵欧阳修”即作者本人。全文
既萦回曲折，又连绵不绝，无一句跳脱。文中每一个意义完足的句子都用叹词“也”结
束，共出现二十一次，构成咏叹的声调；又把骈文中对偶相映的句法变化使用，时散时
偶，句子的字数时齐时不齐，这样，既有明晰的节奏感，又流动摇曳，作者内心淡淡的
孤独、怅惘之情在这种咏叹的节奏中得到很好的表现。而传统上用骈体写作的抒情小赋，
在欧阳修笔下虽仍较一般散文为整齐，保持着骈文外在形式上注重声律辞采而浏亮鲜明
的特点，却又多掺杂散体句法，并注意气脉的连贯流动。如《鸣蝉赋》、《秋声赋》都
是这样。后一篇的首节如下：
欧阳子方夜读书，闻有声自西南来者，悚然而听之，曰：异哉！初淅沥以萧飒，忽
奔腾而砰湃，如波涛夜惊，风雨骤至。其触于物也，鏦鏦铮铮，金铁皆鸣；又如赴敌之
兵，衔枚疾走，不闻号令，但闻人马之行声。予谓童子：“此何声也？汝出视之！”童
子曰：“星月皎洁，明河在天，四无人声，声在树间。”
把无形的秋声作了形象的描绘。他用排比对偶句法构成三次短促的节奏，写得秋声
有惊天动地之感，而因此，末几句的写景越发显得萧瑟平静，丝毫不为秋声所动。在两
相映衬而合成的整体意境中，突出了作者内心对秋天衰飒气氛的敏感和悲哀。
若从缺陷一面来说，这一类作品“做”文章的痕迹都较重。像《醉翁亭记》二十一
个“也”字的用法，多少让人感到不自然；《秋声赋》上面这一节中的问答，也是有些
做作感的。还有，十分绵细的意脉，这实际上是情感受理智控制、表现得平缓有分寸的
状态，它对读者情感的激活力量也相应地比较薄弱。
当时受欧阳修延誉推举而走上仕途或获得文名的一批文学家，也同时活跃在文坛上，
除王安石、苏轼将在后面作专门介绍，其他一些人在此附带提及：苏洵（1009—1066），
字明允，眉山（今属四川）人，苏轼、苏辙之父，人称“老苏”。擅长于史论、政论，
文章风格略带纵横家气，文笔老练而简洁，有《嘉祐集》，《六国论》为其名篇。苏辙
（1039—1112），字子由。他将自己的文章与兄苏轼相比，称“子瞻之文奇，余文但稳
耳”（《栾城遗言》）。有《栾城集》，《黄州快哉亭记》为其名篇。曾巩（1019—
1083），字子固，南川（今属江西）人，有《元丰类稿》。他的思想比较正统，文章以
政论为主，风格淳正厚重，文学色彩很淡薄。但后世重视文章的伦理价值的人对他特别
推重。
[北宋中期的词]
欧阳修有词集《欧阳文忠公近体乐府》。在这一领域，他的创新意识要比诗文淡得
多。他对词的认识，大体还是作为消遣性、娱乐性的，即所谓“翻旧阕之辞，写以新声
之调，敢陈薄伎，聊佐清欢”（《采桑子·西湖念语》），并未把它视为表现重要的人
生体验的正规文学形式，故其题材仍是以吟咏男女恋情、抒写山水闲恬之感为多，风格
也大体承袭了晚唐以来明丽柔婉的传统。这一方面使得他在词这一领域未有明显突破，
另一方面也使得他在词中有比较放肆、甚至近于“香艳”的描述，与他的诗文的雅正面
目显得截然不同。从这里我们看到欧阳修内心生活的另一面。
欧阳修的词和同时代词人的创作基本特点相似，但也有些不同。他的恋情词中，有
一部分是用活泼的对话来写的，比较多地保存了民间俚词的特点，感情的表达也显得比
较直率大胆。如《南歌子》：
凤髻金泥带，龙纹玉掌梳。走来窗下笑相扶，爱道“画眉深浅入时无”。弄笔偎人
久，描花试手初。等闲妨了绣功夫，笑问：“双鸳鸯字怎生书？”
把一个活泼娇憨的少妇对于恋情的沉醉和喜悦心情描写得生动而坦率。再如《醉蓬
莱》写少女与情人初次幽会，上阕写少女“半掩娇羞，语声低颤，问道有人知么？”下
阕写约会后，“更问假如，事还成后，乱了云鬟，被娘猜破。我且归家，你而今休呵。
更为娘行，有些针线，诮未曾收啰，却待更阑，庭花影下，重来则个。”表现少女对爱
情又羞怯又渴望的复杂心情，写得十分大胆，语言风格比前一篇更近俗。
再有，欧阳修在其仕宦生涯中几经波折，他常把由此引起的个人身世感慨写入词中，
这是当时词人写得较少的题材，对于那种狭隘的风气有所突破。如《临江仙》中“如今
薄宦老天涯，十年歧路，空负曲江花”，《圣无忧》中“世路风波险，十年一别须臾”
等，都表达了在互相倾轧的官场中所感受到的忧患，而《采桑子》十首及《水调歌头·
和苏子美沧浪亭》等，又表达了对这种仕宦生涯的厌倦和对闲适旷逸生活的向往。在这
些词中，反映出欧阳修比较坚强与乐观的个性，不像一般文人失意时所作总带有黯然伤
神的情调，如“白首相过，莫话衰翁，但斗尊前笑语同”（《采桑子》），“便须豪饮
敌青春，莫对新花羞白发”（《玉楼春》）等，都显得很旷放。此外，他的《浪淘沙》
（“五岭麦秋残”）咏天宝年间飞骑为杨贵妃送荔枝故事，表现了奢侈荒淫导致国家衰
亡的严肃主题。
当然，欧阳修的大多数词作仍是同当代词人的主要倾向一致的，那就是用典雅精致
的语言、流贯的结构、含蓄的风格，描述男女恋情中细腻的心理。如《蝶恋花》：
庭院深深深几许，杨柳堆烟，帘幕无重数。玉勒雕鞍游冶处，楼高不见章台路。雨
横风狂三月暮，门掩黄昏，无计留春住。泪眼问花花不语，乱红飞过秋千去。
深院、柳烟、帘幕一重又一重地关闭着孤独的少妇，而她的丈夫正在她翘首高楼也
难以望及的地方寻觅浪漫的艳遇；下阕拓开，以风雨中的暮春黄昏烘托伤春怀人的情绪，
又暗示少妇美好年华被不幸的命运所摧残，而末二句写乱红飞去，不仅本身是撩人情思
的景物，也是无法把握自身命运的弱小者的象征。这样一层层渲染，一步步暗示，十分
深刻地表现出女主人公痛苦的内心。又如《踏莎行》：
候馆梅残，溪桥柳细，草熏风暖摇征辔。离愁渐远渐无穷，迢迢不断如春水。寸寸
柔肠，盈盈粉泪，楼高莫近危栏倚。平芜尽处是春山，行人更在春山外。
这一首写别离的夫妇间的互相思念。上阕从旅人一面写，他的愁思伴随身旁的流水，
愈远愈长，绵绵无尽；下阕从闺中人一面写，她身在楼中，心却随旅人远去，遥望中春
山隐隐，为春山所隔的旅人却是渺不可见。全篇结构完整而细密，画面美丽而动人，尤
其上下阕的结句，都是以平常的景象、普通的语言，描绘出悠远的意境，抒情意味很浓。
前面说及欧阳修的一部分词作有俚俗化的风格，在他的总体上属于典雅风格的词中，
也常常有些朴素生动、风趣活泼的语句，如《蝶恋花》的末尾：“忆得前春，有个人人
共，花里黄莺时一哢，日斜惊起相思梦。”这表现出他在语言方面的一种爱好。
另外可以提及的是：欧阳修的词所用的曲调比当时一般文人多，现存二百四十一首
词作中有六十八种，其中大多数是宋代才有的，这是因为他懂得音乐，对词的音乐体制
很熟悉，并且也勇于翻新。而且，他也写过一些较长的慢词，虽然数量不多，也是一种
新的尝试。
（中国文学史，章培恒 骆玉明，youth扫校）
Changes in the North Song Dynasty literature, literature in general in the Song Dynasty in the downturn generated. It side conform
Enhanced era of ideological control of cultural, literary side to find a new foothold and artistic style. Here plays a central
Role is to Ouyang Xiu.
Ouyang Xiu (1007-1072) the word Uncle John, Kat water (now part of Jiangxi Province) who came from low-level officials in the family, the father early
Death, childhood was poor. Saint-eight days (1030) Scholars, beginning Shi Luo Yang, and Mei Yao, Yin-soo, who complain connected, provided
Promoting literature changes. Edwin first joined in Beijing, for supporting political reform of Fan claim was demoted, celebrate the calendar year, once again actively
Fan participation chaired by the "New Deal", the New Deal after the failure recovery for a long banished outside. And years for Korea to gradually increase
To the senator Fushi, Shenzhizhengshi such rights to post. Wang later years of the new law opposed, this is probably because Ouyang
Although advocates of political reform amendment, but more robust approach, many flaws that Wang intense political reform. The "public Ouyang Wenzhong
Set. "
Ouyang Song Literature in change in leadership, from various causes. First, a literature
Change as part of ideological and cultural construction of Song Dynasty, both at political reform and interrelated, but also from the
Down, relying on the power of propulsion power. Early in the day between St, Fan Chung-yen on the proposed "at the time of the still, how can independence
Change ", I hope the court," the word encyclical Dun Chen, Xing Retro Road "(" played on Current Affairs ") in which the court also did a few cakes,
Proposed changes in the political sense, style issues, such as Ren-day Saint scholars denounced years have Chao "competition for the spread of culture extravagant exaggeration,"
Requires the scholars, "the first saint of the Road Works out" and instructions from the court file to start "correction in the Articles of harm" ("Mirror continued long
Compilation "Volume 106,108). Leadership changes of this nature, of course, requires a fairly high political status, and Ouyang Xiu have
The basic conditions.
Second, Ouyang Xiu Wen population at the time, has a strong appeal. His political activities were shown
Cell cultivation not only for the attention of the literati have moral respect for moral integrity, and he liked Young people of the United States, and utilize their right to know Imperial Examination
Recommend personnel strength status, when almost all the famous writers have been Xiu help, so he was around
Formed a group of power to more easily expand its influence to implement their ideas. Such as Mei Yao, Su Shunqin two
Fame is not significant, Ouyang Xiu is sovereign with regard to poetry, to enable them with great reputation; Zeng Gong the Poor, wrote in his order preserves Ouyang Xiu
Line, an impressive improvement, and later in the know when he recorded for the Imperial Examination Scholars; on Wang and Ouyang Xiu to push the two
Recommended, and in giving high Zeng Shi said in the commentary; three Soviet Union, Su Xun to an unknown commoner status, by Ouyang Xiu
The recommendations and action at home and preach the name of Su Shi, Su Che is know Ouyang Xiu selection in the forefront when the imperial examination, in particular, by Su Shi
To his hold in esteem. As a feudal scholars and politicians, Ouyang Xiu's vision, virtue, indeed a different one
Like.
There is also a direct and very important factors are: Ouyang Xiu, I have very high literary training, in the poem
Songs, essays, writing words have outstanding achievements, and the conditions at the time, he still has a reasonable, full of
Harmonic, inclusive of literary ideas. North Song Liguo, since there were about the Confucian system of personal ethics is strengthened,
Literature to orthodoxy text, Tao Sheng Zhang, Culture and the theory to an unprecedented extent, while it touched on the early Northern Song Dynasty to Xikun as
Representatives of some of literature's ills, but the literary life, but in another direction and creating greater stranglehold. And Europe
Yang repair approach, on the one hand this literary thought are dominant in principle, agreed, admitted the decision on the text
Set effect on the Shi Jie, Yin-soo, who expressed considerable respect for the other hand, opposed the idea too radical. Although he
Through "the text is not difficult and the winner from the Road to", but also to see something successful, ethical people who may not necessarily be able to text, "such as the Tang Dynasty, Liu,
Liu said the cause of free, while Yao, Song does not appear in the article "(" Jane Su Xue order of public Collection "); that the literary grace will still have its
Want, "also learned gentleman, made to contain the text do with ornaments made, the letter made the text matter, is found later to the table" ("generation
Wang senator seeking the first set on the order book "); article (of course, is consistent with the Road) has enduring value," bones of the dead hero
Of loess, rich and enormously more than clouds light. Only articles bad day sing, often towering gas Lingshan Yue "(" sense of two children "). Although
These statements than the song before success has been achieved in terms of literary theory, and there is no development, but at the time of the environment,
It is still important.
In some specific issues, Ouyang Xiu's attitude to be more reasonable. For example, on the Xikun, he has a lot of praise, even
To that praised the 100 million "true generation of writer also" ("turn to the life record"), but criticized his Shi Shi Jie on the extreme attitude of the poet
"Good different in order to get high", the "stunning" and ("and Stone push the first official book"). Another example of the prose, the holders of Ouyang Xiu
On than fair. He said, "the paper said, while floating Coincidentally, its also difficult for the power also" ("and Jingnan music scholar book"),
"Even Lady of the text, sexual immorality on rationale, not a non-" ("Master of Yin Lu Epitaph"), and commended the father and the son of Parallel Su
"Perverting the exhausted, nor the ancients" ("Su's 46"), he considers the shortcomings of parallel prose in the form of strict constraints
Cause reasoning and narrative is not clear, not smooth. Therefore, the literary revolution led by Ouyang Xiu despite opposition Xikun and
Parallel side, but it's the core issue is how to make literature in establishing a sound social order play a more active
Extremely more practical role. In this basic premise, they maintain the existence of literary rights, while preserving the literature
As the value of an art creation.
At the same time, they resisted Xiu respect and follow Han Yu, to secluded strange insurance astringent literary culture. Zun Han had
Xiu propositions are, according to its "old record, after the Korean" Korean popular with his school will "Changli set" directly
Off. But I am afraid that focuses on the promotion of "classical" and carry forward the Han Yu's literary ideas, the kind of personality Korean hair gel, Church
The rise of male wantonly eccentric or even dangerous astringent style, not necessarily the favorite for the Xiu; In particular, it and the Song of the cultural atmosphere
And Song Renru elegant personality beam convergence is difficult to pandering. Therefore, they advocate Ouyang Xiu's "classical", need to take a different
Chinese roads. At that time, the so-called "Imperial College body" (State of Studies in the popular style), its representatives and Liu Ji, as far as
That its text to "natural effect of the scholars Xi" ("Meng Xi Bi Tan"). It can not see the face now, according to "mengxi document
On the "fragment cited, the" rolling world, everything is grounded, sage hair "of the sentence. If the scholar Han Yu and around the grotesque
Language compared to how it is not unusual. However, in order to promote a simple Xiu smooth style, Jiayou over two years
Examination when a red pen Liu few articles from start to finish, about wiping down, "sub-list of major defects of the word" and "Where is
Xinwen who abandoned dismiss all "(ibid.). This provoked a mutiny Candidates, cluster Chao Ma, Xiu even stopped in the street
The Ma Tau uproar, and Ouyang Xiu unmoved, and finally to the "field houses of learning, is then changed from" ("History of Song," the transfer).
Of examination and scholars related to one's future, its social impact on the writing style of the natural self-evident.
Xiu-led literature through the efforts of the Group, the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty was finally successful in a literary revolution,
And thus mainly in the poem, the article established the Song Dynasty literature two basic styles. This is of course difficult to summarize,
From the large side, with the text is concerned, is mainly though granular, real integration of doublets can be said that the end of the parallel style and dispersive
The diametrically opposite, simple text to flow as much, move slowly Wanzhuan rhythm, less intense Sparkle Flashing performance (especially non-government
Rule of lyrical prose); to poetry, the emotions were weakened state of mind reflected in a more balanced, with a corresponding
Color and image are more Shudan, but observation and experience of things is more delicate than their predecessors, with a heavy sense of the overall characteristics of
Especially in archaic poetry, prose narrative and reasoning components are often a large proportion.
This is a change for the evaluation of literature is a complex matter. Summary, on one hand the scholars need to see it
The idea advocated by the Group as part of cultural change is top-down political significance of the action, it literary freedom
Development is a binding effect; the other hand, need to see it to effectively resist the more extreme claims of moralists,
In the era of limited conditions, gave birth to some of the new Chinese literature features, enriching the overall appearance of Chinese literature.
Moreover, with the history of literary movement, the writer is not entirely the actual creation of the shadow of their theory was
The shrouded.
Ouyang Xiu's own literary creation, at that time also exemplary. His poems, like "A case of catching locusts Zhu poem"
"Food bad people", "A Yang Zijing two long sentences", are related to specific social issues, scenarios, and this
Expressing their views, or that inner moral self-reproach. The number of his political poetry is not much, which is about because he is a real
International politicians, unlike ordinary scholar eager to express themselves with poetry.
Ouyang Xiu long poem of some archaic, good quiet, good layout narrative, prose tendency to be very serious, such as
"Luoyang Peony" as a "Luoyang Peony", "Wuxue Shi Shi Ping Song," "I rude people stupid but not the world good luck
Beginning of the hard......... "an awkward classics like" ghost car "to" autumn years Jiayou there on the 8th September 20 "at the beginning,
The middle has "not seen his form, but heard the sounds, the first earnest desolately, or high or low......", can not be counted as "poetry"
The. In addition, the "palpable lice new," and that his "Link River boulder," Department of imitation of Han Yu and other articles, this is a trend of the times
To the local. However, he rarely used rare words, insurance strange image.
Are extremely archaic prose long, with its novel appearance played a role in breaking the poetry conventional system, but
From the art, the poetry does not find much interest. However, some of Ouyang Xiu short of nearly body-oriented for, often
Qian Jin lyrics paint a portrait of natural language, but Sato is small, meaning pulse is entirely satisfactory, there is a cordial and smooth style. Such as the famous
"Reply to YUAN":
Spring doubt not End of the World, in February no mountain flowers. Xue pressure even worse orange sticks, cold shock Shoot For budding mine. Evening News Return Goose
Health homesickness, disease into the New Year to things Chinese. Luoyang, once the flowers under the passengers, although the wild night not to be rude Fang.
The first two are very proud of Ouyang Xiu. According to "A Textual QUJING" cited "Western Qing Poetry," he had said:
"Without the following sentence, the sentence is not much better on the Department, and Reading, will feel the spirit of Dayton." Successors that it was "get up super wonderful."
A result a result of these two, tone, coherence; order on the first of "suspected" lead, the leads for the "suspect" explanation, it was
There were twists and turns and not flat; In addition, it Apartments by relegation in his mouth when the poet expectations and disappointment. Therefore, although
Is like a spoken sentence, in fact, was very particular about. The relationship between the poem is also a joint a joint immediately, meaning pulse subtle cotton
Fine. Chinese Metrical Multi-flown alongside the image of the interface between intermittent or jump, Ouyang Xiu is trying to 8 constitute a flow of poetry
Consistent rhythm, this is undoubtedly a new path after the Tang Dynasty. Another example is "Do not Chu":
Black spent concentrated light Ming Liu, Zhuojiu sent me flowers before the trip. Day and as usual I have drunk, Mo taught from chord to sound.
Leads from the front view of events, characters, and then leads to feelings of the characters is also consistent flow of strokes. Chinese writing
Poems of the "long way off the date to do mountain, packed wire tube for King and Sorrow" (Zhang Wei, "free move to Heyuan Lu"), "status is the pool
Tong wind and rain at night, away from the unbearable sound of every chord "(Wu Yuanheng" West Pavilion paid personal leave Pei title "), are based on landscape as background,
The emotional climax of care to the wording of comparing the two, we can see deep meaning Song Wan, the characteristics of fine thread.
Ouyang Xiu Prose Poems more significant than the achievements. Wu was full of people, "Ou line like," said he, "Synthesis of Genres,
Changes in opening or closing, because the lifetime of Italy, the very workers ", that his prose some of the key features, namely, first, the text
Body diversity, there are various types of argumentative, narrative and lyrical prose; second, adopting both "classical" and Parallel long, root
It requires casting tailoring content and form a new prose style; third, varied, opening and closing freely, Grand Momentum flow, rich
In the internal sense of rhythm and rhythm.
Ouyang Xiu political commentary of the article such as "cliques of", "Biography of the actors in the history of the Five Dynasties" is the traditional "classical" in the name
Articles on the structure and literary grace are seemingly simple, but not literary works, so no more of. Best reflect the text of his
Technical skill and artistic achievement, is notes and lyrical prose. Article in this category, he does not hold, particularly the narrow "ancient
Man, "the concept of context in the note clock granular structure, syntactic features of the same time, learn from prose in temperament, of the Collected
Area's strengths, and attention to the text in the article tempo changes and mood changes in the coordination, sometimes stretch, sometimes convergence was
Yu Xu is a kind of flow, lyrical and musical style are a strong feature. For example, "Fung Lok Ting Ji", "day with Jin state
Tong Ji "," Long River Kong footpath table "are all true. The most famous "Zui Weng Ting Ji" from the "ring Chu are mountains," glance
Will begin to gradually lead the reader's attention southwest of Peaks, pushed nearly to the Langyashan, into the mountains Xiquan side, with winding paths,
Then looked up and saw the introduction of spring on the kiosk, and from those whom for Pavilion, named for whom the set Q, introduced the hero - No. "drunk
Weng, "the prefect, and" ulterior motives, between care landscape, Mountains and Rivers, purest heart of the wine Apartments
Also "in discussions with emotion, taking advantage of the orientation of the King 4:00 Mountains, income transfer to write" tippler "the feast, and drunkenness, banquets, scattered
Scene, "tippler" different state of mind with people, and finally pointing to prefect the "Luling Ouyang Xiu," the author. Full text
Both hover and tortuous, but also endless, no one escape. Each and every single meaningful sentence is complete enough to use interjection "also" Results
Beam, there were twenty-one, constitutes a chanting tone; again Parallel syntax on dual matched by changes in the use of the time when the bulk
Spouse, when sentences missing words homogeneous, so that both clear sense of rhythm, it flows gently, on a light heart
Loneliness, feelings of regret feeling the rhythm of this chant to get good performance. The traditional use of the parallel style of writing lyrical little,
Although still common in Ouyang Xiu pen prose for the orderly, keeping the external form of parallel prose prosody speech focused mining and visit the clear light
Features, but more granular doping syntax, and note the coherence of Grand Momentum flow. Such as "Fu Ming cicada", "Poem of Autumn Sound" are
So. After one of the first section as follows:
Ouyang Zi Fang night reading, I have heard that sound come from the Southwest who erect and listening, they said: different zai! Early pattering to Hsiao Sa, suddenly
Pentium and Bang Pai, night terrors, such as waves, wind and rain suddenly to. The touch on the matter also, Cong Cong clatter, Gold and Iron are Ming; Again go to the enemy
Soldiers, title gold Rush, do not hear orders, he heard a sound of troops of the line. To that boy: "What would have been this? Out as the Ru!" Child
Confucius said: "Xingyue bringing a, Ming-he in the day, four no sound, sound in the trees."
Made the invisible Shusei portrayal. He posed three syntactic parallelism of the dual rhythm of short, written Shusei
With earth-shaking feeling, and therefore, paint a portrait of the end of a few more and more bleak look calm, did not Shusei follow. Two
Against the background of the synthesis of the overall conception, the highlight of the fall of heart failure on climate Sa sensitive and sad.
If one side from the defect for this type of work "to do" all traces of heavier paper. Like "Zui Weng Ting Ji" 21
Were "also" use of the word, the number one feel unnatural; "Shusei Fu" question and answer above this section, but also some
Artificial sense. Also, a very fine Italian cotton pulse, which is in fact accepted wisdom emotional control, performance was flat in a measured
State, the activation of its emotional power of the reader accordingly weak.
By Ouyang Yu Yan was elected on the road of career or get the text name of a group of writers, also active in the literary world,
In addition to Wang and Su Shi will be dedicated later, with others mentioned here: Su Xun (1009-1066),
Word Ming Yun, Meishan (modern Sichuan) who, Su Shi, Su Che father, known as the "old Soviet Union." Specializes in the history of theory, political commentary,
Writing style slightly strategists gas, sophisticated and simple writing style, the "Jiayou set", "six of" Famous for. Su Zhe
(1039-1112), son of the word. His article and his brother Su, compared "the Zaizhan Zhiwen Qi, Yu Wen, but stable
Ear "(" Luancheng last words "). There is" Luancheng Collection "," Huangzhou Yoshiya Ting Ji "for Famous. Zeng Gong (1019 -
1083), son of solid character, Nanchuan (now part of Jiangxi Province) who are "Yuanfeng draft class." His more orthodox thinking, the article to
Political-based, style-soon is heavy, literature is very weak color. But the later emphasis on the ethical values of the people the article on his special
Hold in esteem.
[Song medium term]
Xiu have word set "Modern Style Yue Ouyang Wenzhong public." In this area, his sense of innovation than the short poem was
More. His understanding of the word, in general, or as entertainment, recreation, and the so-called "Old One turn of speech, writing a new sound
The tune, dares Chen thin Kabuki, chat Zuo Huan Qing "(" Cai Sangzi Lake read language "), did not show it as an important person
To experience the regular literary form, so the theme of love between men and women still on chant, and describe the feeling for the landscape leisure tim more style
Tang also largely inherited the tradition since the bright and soften. This aspect makes his word is no significant breakthrough in this area,
On the other hand also makes his words have more liberties, and even close to "perfect marriage" in the description, and his poetry of the Ya-positive
Projects seem very different. From here we see the other side of Ouyang Xiu inner life.
Ouyang Xiu's words and also the basic characteristics of the creative person pronouns are similar but slightly different. His love words, there
Part of the dialogue is written in lively, more to preserve the characteristics of civil Vulgar, the expression of the feelings of a lot more
More forthright bold. Such as "Southern Poems":
Feng bun with gold clay, Dragon Yu Zhang comb. Came under the window laughing catching, love Road "Eyebrows Painted in Fashion." Nongbiweiren
Long, Miao Hua try hand early. Trivial harm the embroidery skill, smile asked: "Double mandarin word Zensheng book?"
To a lively young woman Jiaohan intoxicated and for the love of the joy he described vivid and frank. Another example is "drunk Peng
Lai, "write girls first tryst with the lover, the girl tie down to write," leaving it shy, low voice trembled and asked people to know it? "Under
After the tie down to write a date, "even if asked, the whole thing has become, the chaotic Yunhuan, was your mother guess. Let me go home, you are now off-uh.
More tan lines, and some sewing, blame not receive LA, but to be more Lanna, court fetch water, the weight to be one. "Expression of love girls
Love has mixed feelings of shyness are also eager, very boldly written, the language style of more recent popular than the previous one.
Again, Ouyang Xiu in his official career in the ride, and he often put the resulting feelings of personal life experience to write the word in
This was the subject of fewer words were written, the kind of narrow for a breakthrough in the atmosphere. Such as "Lin Jiangxian" in "now
Thin Huan old End of the World, Crossroads decade, air negative Qujiang Flower "," Saint worry "in the" World Road storm insurance, in ten years, another minute later, "
, Have expressed their mutual strife, hardship felt by the bureaucracy, and "Cai Sangzi" 10 and "Prelude to Water
And Suzi U.S. Canglang Pavilion ", etc., but also expressed weariness of such official career and leisure Yat life not mine. In this
These words, the comparison shows a strong and optimistic Ouyang Xiu's personality, unlike most writers frustrated with the depressed and injured when the total
God's mood as "white Prime Minister had, Mok, then decline, still struggle with respect before the laughter" ("Cai Sangzi"), "will have to booze
Enemy youth, MO shame on the new flower hair "(" Yu Louchun "), have looked very mine up. In addition, he's" Waves "
("Five Ridges Harvest is disabled"), inter-Fei Ji Yong-Tian Yang Yuhuan send lychee for the story, showing the extravagant debauchery lead to national decline
Dead serious topic.
Of course, Ouyang Xiu's most modern word for word the same person is still the main trend line, that is elegant and refined with
Language, consistent flow structure, subtle style, descriptions of men and women love the delicate psychological. Such as "Butterfly in Love":
How many garden Shenshen Shen, willow smoke stack, curtains without multiplicity. Yu Le Yu Ye Department carved saddle, story not see chapter Terrace Road. Rain
Wang lunacy March evening, up to the door the evening, no dollars left in spring to live. Tearful eyes asked the flower does not say, Luanhong to fly swing.
Shen Yuan, Liu smoke, another important purpose in closing a curtain with a lonely young woman, while her husband was also her high-rise crane their necks
Difficult places to find hope and romantic Aventure; under the tie down and opened to the late spring rain in the evening set off the emotion of Spring and pregnant,
Also implied that the unfortunate young woman was a better fate for Love devastation, but the end of two written Luanhong fly, not only Love in itself is tempting
The scenery, but also can not grasp their own destiny, some weak symbol. In this way layers of rendering, step by step implied, is
Profound demonstration of the heroine's inner pain. Another example is "Tasha Hang":
Mei Museum designate residues, small bridges and willow, grass uptrend levy a spot warm roll. Infinite sadness gradually becoming far, far-ranging continuously as spring water. Cun Cun
Rou Chang, Ying Ying powder tears, Mo-storey lean bar near threatened. Ping Wu Spring Hill to make is that, even in Spring Hill pedestrians outside.
The first to write a couple parting thoughts between each other. On one side tie down from travelers to write his side of the water with Grief,
The more far longer, rain, endless; under the human side of tie down to write from the Inner, the buildings at her body, the heart has gone with the travelers, look into the distance in the spring
Mountain looms for travelers across the Spring Mountains are not visible but is vague. The complete structural integrity and fine, beautiful and moving images, especially
Results of their upper and lower tie down the sentence, are all normal scenes, common language, describing distant moods and lyrical very strong.
Said front part and Ouyang Xiu of the word for a vulgar style, in his classic style, belong to the whole word,
Some simple and often lively, humorous and lively statement, such as "Butterfly in Love" at the end: "Memories were before the spring, there are individuals who
Were spent in a Long Time oriole, Japan Acacia oblique startled dream. "It shows in his language as a hobby.
Also may be mentioned are: Ouyang Xiu's word was used in the general scholar more than melody, the existing 241
There are 68 kinds of words for most of them have the Song Dynasty, it is because he understands music, music system Ci
Familiar, and also the courage to renovate. Moreover, he also wrote some of the longer term slow, although in small quantities, is also a
New attempt.
(History of Chinese Literature, Pei Luo Yu, youth sweep school)