阅读哈维尔 Václav Havel在小说之家的作品!!! 阅读哈维尔 Václav Havel在诗海的作品!!! | |||||
哈维尔1936年10月5日哈维尔生于布拉格一个有产阶级家庭，1951年完成十年制义务教育之后，因为家庭出身的原因，他不能继续升学。其后四年担任化学实验室助理员期间，同时进入一所夜校学习，19岁时他开始在文学和戏剧杂志上发表文章。这之后他还上过两年技工大学，1957年进部队服兵役，1959年回来之后在布拉格ABC剧院做舞台管理员，从此和戏剧结下不解之缘。1960年，他开始为巴鲁斯特拉德剧院工作，这个活跃于当时布拉格舞台上的小剧场，1963年接受了哈维尔的第一个也是最重要的剧本《花园聚会》，接着上演了他的《备忘录》（1965）和《思想越来越难以集中》（1968），这些剧本体现了六十年代弥漫于捷克社会的某种情绪，被称之为“荒诞派”戏剧，其中锲而不舍地探索生活的意义，却以某种怀疑主义和自我嘲讽的面貌出现。此时，哈维尔已经成为捷克公众生活中的一位人物，当然，其主要影响还是在戏剧、文化界圈内。
1967年8月21日苏联派兵占领布拉格时，哈维尔加入自由捷克电台，每天都对现状作出评论。布拉格之春后，哈维尔不但受到捷克官方的公开批判，作品也从图书馆消失，家中也被安装窃听器，并且被送往酿酒厂工作。但是哈维尔仍然持续写作并公开要求特赦政治犯，并且与其他作家与异议人士发表七七宪章，要求捷克政府遵守赫尔辛基宣言的人权条款。
1968年苏军入侵之后长一段时间内，哈维尔的剧本不能得到上演，和许多当时的艺术家、知识分子被打入社会最低层一样，1974年哈维尔在一个啤酒厂打工，早晨五点钟起来滚啤酒桶。但是他并没有忘记作为一个公民、一个知识分子在社会生活中应该发挥的作用。
1975年他提笔给当时的捷克总统胡萨克写了一封长信，描述了当时捷克社会在表面上的繁荣稳定之下潜伏的道德和精神危机：在人们高涨的、从未有过的消费热情背后，是精神上和道德上的屈从和冷漠，越来越多的人变得什么都不相信，除了已经到手和即将到手的个人利益。哈维尔指出，这种情况对于一个民族整体上的伤害是久远的，在暂时的稳定背后，付出的将是未来某个时刻的“超额税款”。
瓦茨拉夫·哈维尔作品封面
1977年，一个叫做“宇宙塑料人”的摇滚乐队的几名成员被捕，依据捷克已经加入赫尔辛基人权条约的事实，哈维尔和他的朋友们发起了一场签名营救运动，呼吁这个国家已有的宪法得到落实。先后在同一份文件上签名的有两千多人，这就是所谓“七七宪章运动”，哈维尔是这个“七七宪章”的三名主要发言人之一，与此同时，哈维尔还是一个叫做“保护受不公正起诉的人委员会”的成员。事后哈维尔被传讯，同年10月以“危害共和国利益”为名判处十四个月有期徒刑；1979年哈维尔更被以“颠覆共和国”名义判处有期徒刑四年半，引发国际社会的注意，欧洲议会更要求捷克政府释放包括哈维尔在内的政治犯。
1983年哈维尔因肺病出狱，其他的刑期被以“纪念解放四十周年”为由被政府赦免。哈维尔出狱后继续担任七七宪章的发言人，并且不断发表剧作与批判文章，而多次被警方拘留；1988年8月哈维尔发表《公民自由权运动宣言》，在1989年捷克民主化后，哈维尔作为“公民论坛”的主要领导人物，参与导致了捷克的“天鹅绒革命”。称之为“天鹅绒式的”，是因为这场革命从头至尾没有打碎一块玻璃窗，没有点燃一部小汽车，没有任何冲击政府机关部门的激烈行为。1990年出任捷克斯洛伐克联邦总统。1992年由于斯洛伐克独立，哈维尔辞去联邦总统一职；1993年哈维尔出任捷克共和国总统，并且于1998年连任。
哈维尔在当总统期间广泛接触国际社会，先后访问了很多国家，对国际事务作出发言，并始终受到高度重视。他曾获得很多奖项和许多大学的荣誉学位。
瓦茨拉夫·哈维尔 - 哲学思想
作为道德的政治
不同于马基雅维利以来的西方政治哲学的主流，在方法上也不同于学院里的政治哲学的教授们，没有罗尔斯、诺齐克、哈贝马斯们的严密论证和逻辑推演，哈维尔用自己的思想和行动，力图将一种人性的尺度、将人类精神和道德的维度带到政治和生活中去。就像批评他的人说的那样，他总是试图将两种不可能结合的东西结合起来：道德和政治。在这一点上，哈维尔所做的正如康德所论证的：“在客观上（在理论上），道德和政治之间根本就没有任何争论。”不同的是康德在《永久和平论》一文附录里的具体论证，变成了哈维尔的思想和行动。在哈维尔的视野里，政治决不再是权力的游戏和功利目的的手段。他明确的宣称：“政治不再是权力的伎俩和操纵，不再是高于人们的控制或相互利用的艺术，而是一个人寻找和获自得义的生活的道路，是保护人们和服务于人们的途径。我赞同政治作为对人类同胞真正富有人性的关怀。
生活在真实中
哈维尔的政治哲学的另一个重要体现，就是他的一句口号：生活在真实中。哈维尔认为：“生活在真实中具有独一无二的不可估量的爆炸性的政治力量。”尽管哈维尔曾经以荒诞派戏剧家闻名于世，但作为思想家和政治家，哈维尔关注现实，重视生活的真实和人性从虚伪向真实的回归。哈维尔的建立在道德、良心和真实存在基础上的政治哲学，没有细致的概念推演和严密的逻辑分析，尽管它受到西方道德主义政治哲学甚至海德格尔哲学的影响，但是他的哲学思想不是学院化的，不是系统化的晦涩的长篇论述，而是直接从现实的政治生活中观察出来的，并且，也是以此为武器直接参与政治斗争和政治建设中去的。哈维尔的政治哲学是他个人政治活动的纲领，是他作为政治家的信条，他以一生的出色的政治实践为他的政治哲学作了最生动和最深刻的诠释。
瓦茨拉夫·哈维尔 - 主要作品
瓦茨拉夫·哈维尔总统
《乞丐的歌舞剧》
《无权力者的权力》
《给奥尔嘉的信》
《哈维尔自传》
《反符码》
瓦茨拉夫·哈维尔 - 人物评价
哈维尔本人并不是一个专业的哲学家，不同于现在的研究哲学史的西方哲学家。而且如有的论者所言，哈维尔的故事比其思想更值得关注。作为一个有着独特魅力的思想家和政治家，哈维尔的思想、著作及其实践中，有着坚定的哲学理念的支撑，对于这一理念的梳理，或有其意义。
Beginning in the 1960s, his work turned to focus on the politics of Czechoslovakia. After the Prague Spring, he became increasingly active. In 1977, his involvement with the human rights manifesto Charter 77 brought him international fame as the leader of the opposition in Czechoslovakia; it also led to his imprisonment. The 1989 "Velvet Revolution" launched Havel into the presidency. In this role he led Czechoslovakia and later the Czech Republic to multi-party democracy. His thirteen years in office saw radical change in his nation, including its split with Slovakia, which Havel opposed, its accession into NATO and start of the negotiations for membership in the European Union, which was attained in 2004.
Biography
Václav Havel was born in Prague, on October 5, 1936. He grew up in a well-known and wealthy entrepreneurial and intellectual family, which was closely linked to the cultural and political events in Czechoslovakia from the 1920s to the 1940s. His father was the owner of the suburb Barrandov which was located on the highest point of Prague. Havel's mother came from a well known family; her father was an ambassador and well-known journalist. Because of Havel's bourgeois history, the Communist regime did not allow Havel to study formally after he had completed his required schooling in 1951. In the first part of the 1950s, the young Havel entered into a four-year apprenticeship as a chemical laboratory assistant and simultaneously took evening classes; he completed his secondary education in 1954. For political reasons, he was not accepted into any post-secondary school with a humanities program; therefore, he opted to study at the Faculty of Economics of Czech Technical University in Prague but dropped out after two years. In 1964, Havel married proletarian Olga Šplíchalová, much to the displeasure of his mother.
Early theater career
The intellectual tradition of his family compelled[clarification needed] Václav Havel to pursue the humanitarian values of Czech culture. After military service (1957–59), he worked as a stagehand in Prague (at the Theater On the Balustrade - Divadlo Na zábradlí) and studied drama by correspondence at the Theater Faculty of the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague (DAMU). His first publicly performed full-length play, besides various vaudeville collaborations, was The Garden Party (1963). Presented in a season of Theater of the Absurd, at the Balustrade, it won him international acclaim. It was soon followed by The Memorandum, one of his best known plays, and the The Increased Difficulty of Concentration, all at the Balustrade. In 1968, The Memorandum was also brought to The Public Theater in New York, which helped establish his reputation in the United States. The Public continued to produce his plays over the next years, although after 1968 his plays were banned in his own country, Havel was unable to leave Czechoslovakia to see any foreign performances.
Dissident
During the first week of the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, Havel provided a commentary on the events on Radio Free Czechoslovakia in Liberec. Following the suppression of the Prague Spring in 1968 he was banned from the theatre and became more politically active. He was forced to take a job in a brewery, an experience he wrote about in his play Audience. This play, along with two other "Vaněk" plays (so-called because of the recurring character Ferdinand Vaněk, a stand in for Havel), became distributed in samizdat form across Czechoslovakia, and greatly added to Havel's reputation of being a leading revolutionary (several other Czech writers later wrote their own plays featuring Vaněk). This reputation was cemented with the publication of the Charter 77 manifesto, written partially in response to the imprisonment of members of the Czech psychedelic band The Plastic People of the Universe. He also co-founded the Committee for the Defense of the Unjustly Persecuted in 1979. His political activities resulted in multiple stays in prison, the longest being four years, and also subjected him to constant government surveillance and harassment. His longest stay in prison, from June 1979 to January 1984, is documented in Letters to Olga, his late wife.
He was also famous for his essays, most particularly for his articulation of “Post-Totalitarianism” (Power of the Powerless), a term used to describe the modern social and political order that enabled people to "live within a lie." A passionate supporter of non-violent resistance, a role in which he has been compared, by former US President Bill Clinton, to Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr., he became a leading figure in the Velvet Revolution of 1989, the bloodless end to communism in Czechoslovakia.
His motto was "Truth and love must prevail over lies and hate."
Presidency
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Václav Havel and Karol Sidon (left), his friend and later chief Czech rabbi
Flag of the president of the Czech Republic
On 29 December 1989, while leader of the Civic Forum, he became president by a unanimous vote of the Federal Assembly. This was an ironic turn of fate for a man who had long insisted that he was uninterested in politics. He joined many dissidents of the period arguing that political change should happen through civic initiatives autonomous from the state, rather than through the state itself. He was awarded the Prize For Freedom of the Liberal International in 1990.
After the free elections of 1990 he retained the presidency. Despite increasing tensions, Havel supported the retention of the federation of the Czechs and the Slovaks during the breakup of Czechoslovakia. On 3 July 1992 the federal parliament did not elect Havel — the only candidate — due to a lack of support from Slovak MPs. The largest party, the Civic Democratic Party, let it be known it would not support any other candidate. After the Slovaks issued their Declaration of Independence, he resigned as president on 20 July, saying he would not preside over the country's breakup.
However, when the Czech Republic was created, he stood for election as president on 26 January 1993, and won. Unlike in Czechoslovakia, he was not the Czech Republic's chief executive. However, owing to his prestige, he still commanded a good deal of moral authority.
Although Havel has been quite popular throughout his career, his popularity abroad surpassed his popularity at home
, and he was no stranger to controversy and criticism. An extensive general pardon, one of his first acts as a president, was an attempt to both lessen the pressure in overcrowded prisons and release those who may have been falsely imprisoned during the Communist era. He had felt that decisions of a corrupt court of the previous regime could not be trusted, and that most in prison had not been fairly tried. Critics claimed that this amnesty raised the crime rate. According to Havel's memoir To the Castle and Back, most of those released had less than a year of their sentence to run. Statistics have not lent clear support to that allegation.
In an interview with Karel Hvížďala (also included in To the Castle and Back), Havel stated that he felt his most important accomplishment as president was the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact. This proved quite complicated, as the infrastructure created by the pact was so ingrained in the workings of the countries involved and indeed in their general consciousness. It took two years before the Soviet troops finally fully withdrew from Czechoslovakia.
Following a legal dispute with his sister-in-law, Havel decided to sell his 50% stake in the Lucerna Palace on Wenceslas Square, a legendary dance hall built by his grandfather Václav Havel. In a transaction arranged by Marián Čalfa, Havel sold the estate to Václav Junek, a former communist spy in France and leader of soon-to-be-bankrupt conglomerate Chemapol Group, who later openly admitted he bribed politicians of Czech Social Democratic Party.
In December 1996 the chain smoking Havel was diagnosed as having lung cancer. The disease reappeared two years later. He later quit smoking. In 1996, Olga, beloved by the Czech people and his wife of 32 years died of cancer. Less than a year later Havel remarried, to actress Dagmar Veškrnová.
The former political prisoner was instrumental in enabling the transition of NATO from being an anti-Warsaw Pact alliance to its present inclusion of former-Warsaw Pact members, like the Czech Republic. Havel advocated vigorously for the expansion of the military alliance into Eastern Europe, including the Czech Republic.
Havel was re-elected president in 1998. He had to undergo a colostomy in Innsbruck when his colon ruptured while on holiday in Austria. Havel left office after his second term as Czech president ended on 2 February 2003; Václav Klaus, one of his greatest political opponents, was elected his successor on 28 February 2003. Margaret Thatcher writes of the two men in her foreign policy treatise, Statecraft, reserving greater respect for Havel, whose dedication to democracy and defying the Communists earned her admiration.
Post-presidential career
In his post-presidency Havel has focused on European affair
Since 1997, Havel has hosted a conference entitled Forum 2000. In 2005, the former President occupied the Kluge Chair for Modern Culture at the John W. Kluge Center of the United States Library of Congress, where he continued his research in human rights. In November and December 2006, Havel spent eight weeks as a visiting artist in residence at Columbia University. The stay was sponsored by the Columbia Arts Initiative and featured "performances, and panels center[ing] on his life and ideas", including a public "conversation" with former U.S. President Bill Clinton. Concurrently, the Untitled Theater Company #61 launched a Havel Festival, the first complete festival of his plays in various venues throughout New York City, including The Brick Theater, in celebration of his 70th birthday.
Havel's memoir of his experience as President, To the Castle and Back, was published in May 2007. The book mixes an interview in the style of Disturbing the Peace with actual memoranda he sent to his staff with modern diary entries and recollections.
On 4 August 2007, Havel met with members of the Belarus Free Theatre at his summer cottage in the Czech Republic in a show of his continuing support, which has been instrumental in the theatre's attaining international recognition and membership in the European Theatrical Convention. Havel's first new play in over 18 years, Leaving (Odcházení), was published in November 2007, and was to have had its world premiere in June 2008 at the Prague theater Divadlo na Vinohradech, but the theater withdrew it in December. The play instead premiered on 22 May 2008 at the Archa Theatre to standing ovations. Havel based the play on King Lear, by William Shakespeare, and on The Cherry Orchard, by Anton Chekhov; "Chancellor Vilém Rieger is the central character of Leaving, who faces a crisis after being removed from political power." In September, the play had its English language premiere at the Orange Tree Theatre in London. Currently, Havel is working on directing a film version of that play.
In 2008 Havel became Member of the European Council on Tolerance and Reconciliation, an NGO designed to monitor tolerance in Europe and to prepare practical recommendations on fighting anti-Semitism, racism and xenophobia on the continent.
Havel met with U. S. President Barack Obama at the European Union (EU) and United States (US) summit in Prague on 5 April 2009. He had written Obama a letter inviting the president to come to Prague.
Havel is the chair of the International Council of the Human Rights Foundation.
Award
On 4 July 1994 Václav Havel was awarded the Philadelphia Liberty Medal. In his acceptance speech, he said: "The idea of human rights and freedoms must be an integral part of any meaningful world order. Yet I think it must be anchored in a different place, and in a different way, than has been the case so far. If it is to be more than just a slogan mocked by half the world, it cannot be expressed in the language of departing era, and it must not be mere froth floating on the subsiding waters of faith in a purely scientific relationship to the world." In 1997 he was the recipient of the Prix mondial Cino Del Duca.
In 2002, he was the third recipient of the Hanno R. Ellenbogen Citizenship Award presented by the Prague Society for International Cooperation. In 2003 he was awarded the International Gandhi Peace Prize, named after Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi by the government of India for his outstanding contribution towards world peace and upholding human rights in most difficult situations through Gandhian means. In 2003, Havel was the inaugural recipient of Amnesty International's Ambassador of Conscience Award for his work in promoting human rights. In 2003, he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom. In January 2008, the Europe-based A Different View cited Havel to be one of the 15 Champions of World Democracy. Other champions mentioned were Nelson Mandela, Lech Wałęsa, and Corazon Aquino. As a former Czech President, Havel is a member of the Club of Madrid. In 2009 he was awarded the Quadriga Award.
Havel has also received multiple honorary doctorates from various universities.
He was elected in 1993 an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature
State Award
Country Awards Date Place
Argentina Order of the Liberator San Martin Collar 09/1996 Buenos Aire
Austria Decoration for Science and Art 11/2005 Vienna
Brazil Order of the Southern Cross Grand Collar
Order of Rio Branco Grand Cross 10/1990
09/1996 Prague
Brasília
Canada Order of Canada Honorary Companion 03/2004 Prague
Czech Republic Order of the White Lion 1st Class (Civil Division) with Collar Chain
Order of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk 1st Class 10/2003 Prague
Estonia Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana The Collar of the Cross 04/1996 Tallinn
France Légion d'honneur Grand Cro
Order of Arts and Letters Commander 03/1990
02/2001 Pari
Germany Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Special class of the Grand Cross 05/2000 Berlin
Hungary Order of Merit of Hungary Grand Cross with Chain 09/2001 Prague
India Gandhi Peace Prize 08/2003 Delhi
Italy Order of Merit of the Italian Republic Grand Cross with Cordon 04/2002 Rome
Jordan Order of Hussein ibn' Ali Collar 09/1997 Amman
Latvia Order of the Three Stars Grand Cross with Collar 08/1999 Prague
Lithuania Order of Vytautas the Great Grand Cross 09/1999 Prague
Poland Order of the White Eagle 10/1993 Warsaw
Portugal Order of Liberty Grand Collar 12/1990 Lisbon
Republic of China (Taiwan) Order of Brilliant Star with Special Grand Cordon 11/2004 Taipei
Slovakia Order of the White Double Cross 01/2003 Bratislava
Slovenia The Golden honorary Medal of Freedom 11/1993 Ljubljana
Spain Order of Isabella the Catholic Grand Cross with Collar 07/1995 Prague
Turkey National Decoration of Republic of Turkey 10/2000 Ankara
Ukraine Order of Yaroslav the Wise 10/2006 Prague
United Kingdom Order of the Bath Knight Grand Cross(Civil Division) 03/1996 Prague
USA Presidential Medal of Freedom 07/2003 Washington D.C.
Uruguay Medal of the Republic 09/1996 Montevideo
Work
Havel with American poet, Hedwig Gorski
Collections of poetry
Čtyři rané básně
Záchvěvy I & II, 1954
První úpisy, 1955
Prostory a časy (poesie), 1956
Na okraji jara (cyklus básní), 1956
Anticodes, (Antikódy)
Play
Motormorphosis 1960
An Evening with the Family, 1960, (Rodinný večer)
The Garden Party (Zahradní slavnost), 1963
The Memorandum, 1965, (Vyrozumění)
The Increased Difficulty of Concentration, 1968, (Ztížená možnost soustředění)
Butterfly on the Antenna, 1968, (Motýl na anténě)
Guardian Angel, 1968, (Strážný anděl)
Conspirators, 1971, (Spiklenci)
The Beggar's Opera, 1975, (Žebrácká opera)
Unveiling, 1975, (Vernisáž)
Audience, 1975, (Audience) - a Vanӗk play
Mountain Hotel 1976, (Horský hotel)
Protest, 1978, (Protest) - a Vanӗk play
Mistake, 1983, (Chyba) - a Vanӗk play
Largo desolato 1984, (Largo desolato)
Temptation, 1985, (Pokoušení)
Redevelopment, 1987, (Asanace)
Tomorrow, 1988, (Zítra to spustíme)
Leaving (Odcházení), 2007
Non-fiction book
The Power of the Powerless (1985) [Includes 1978 titular essay.]
Living in Truth (1986)
Letters to Olga (Dopisy Olze) (1988)
Disturbing the Peace (1991)
Open Letters (1991)
Summer Meditations (1992/93)
Towards a Civil Society (Letní přemítání) (1994)
The Art of the Impossible (1998)
To the Castle and Back (2007)
Cultural allusions and interest
Havel was a major supporter of The Plastic People of the Universe, becoming a close friend of its members, such as its leader Milan Hlavsa, its manager Ivan Martin Jirous and guitarist/vocalist Paul Wilson (who later became Havel's English translator and biographer) and a great fan of the rock band The Velvet Underground, sharing mutual respect with the principal singer-songwriter Lou Reed, and is also a lifelong Frank Zappa fan.
Havel is also a great supporter and fan of jazz and frequented such Prague clubs as Radost FX and the Reduta Jazz Club, where President Bill Clinton played the saxophone when Havel brought him there.
The period involving Havel's role in the Velvet Revolution and his ascendancy to the presidency is dramatized in part in the play Rock 'n' Roll, by Czech-born English playwright Tom Stoppard. One of the characters in the play is called Ferdinand, in honor of Ferdinand Vaněk, the protagonist of three of Havel's plays and a Havel stand-in.
In 1996, due to his contributions to the arts, he was honorably mentioned in the rock opera Rent during the song La Vie Boheme, though his name was mispronounced on the original soundtrack.
Samuel Beckett's 1982 short play "Catastrophe" was dedicated to Havel while he was held as a political prisoner in Czechoslovakia.
"What makes... the Gaia hypothesis so inspiring?" Mr. Havel asked in a 1994 talk.