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阅读约翰·高尔斯华绥 John Galsworthy在小说之家的作品!!! 阅读约翰·高尔斯华绥 John Galsworthy在影视与戏剧的作品!!! | |||||
约翰·高尔斯华绥约翰·高尔斯华绥-重要作品
高尔斯华绥的重要作品有：长篇小说三部曲《福尔赛世家》（由《有产业的人》1906、《骑虎》1920和《出租》1821组成）、三部曲《现代喜剧》（由《白猿》1926、《银匙》1926和《天鹅之歌》1928组成）、三部曲《尾声》（《女侍》1931、《开花的荒野》1932和《河那边》1933组成），以及剧本《银匣》（1936）、《斗争》（1909）、《群众》（1914）和《逃跑》（1926）等。
高尔斯华绥的作品以十九世纪后期和二十世纪初期的英国社会为背景，描写了英国资产阶级的社会和家庭生活，以及盛极而衰的历史。他的作品语言简炼，形象生动，讽刺辛辣。
《有产业的人》（1906）是高尔斯华绥的《福尔赛世家》三部曲中的第一部。书中所描写的福尔赛世家正处于由兴盛到衰落的转折时期。福尔赛一家是金融家、交易所经纪人、拥有房地产或者股票的资产阶级，他们对立身处世、待人接物，对衣食住行、家庭关系，对殖民地、不列颠帝国等都形成了本质上相同的看法，这就是书中所讲的“福尔赛精神”，它的主要特征是“紧抓住财产不放，不管是老婆，还是房子，还是金钱，还是名誉”。
《有产业的人》中的主人公索米斯被作者称为“福尔赛军队的先锋”。他把一切东西都当作商品、当作资本，每看见一幅名画、一件古玩，总要想到这在拍卖行里能拍卖上多少钱；他买地造屋，首先考虑的是地价会不会上涨，房子将来能不能卖上高价。在对待妻子伊琳的态度上，更加明显地暴露了这种观念。他看中了美女伊琳，想占为己有，便用金钱收买了伊琳的后母，达到了目的。但他并没有把伊琳看作有独立人格的人，只是象收藏名画一样占有她，自己则由于"在全伦敦人面前感到是这个尤物的占有者“而沾沾自喜，自觉身价百倍”。婚后，他象保护自已的财产一样紧盯着她，不让她与别人接触。当他发现伊琳不爱他、甚至恨他时，他认为这简直是违反了一切法律中最基本的规定--财产法，便想在乡下造一所别墅把她禁锢起来。当伊琳爱上建筑师波辛尼以后，他坚决不同意离婚，而用蛮横手段“行使了丈夫的权力”，还卑鄙地利用建筑别墅的财务纠纷向法院控告波辛尼，造成了波辛尼走投无路、神志恍惚、被马车撞死的悲剧。小说对于福尔赛一家表面上一团和气、你来我往，骨子里勾心斗角、互相猜忌、幸灾乐祸的自私心理，也作了细致的揭露。
小说对资产者作了犀利的讽刺，是最能体现高尔斯华绥进步思想和艺术手法的现实主义杰作。但它也反映了作者的思想局限：描写的生活圈子过于狭隘，局限于资产阶级中上层的家庭、婚姻、道德领域，而没有展现出那一时代广阔的社会风貌；在揭露和讽刺"福尔赛精神"的同时，却又对福尔赛家族某些重要成员如老乔里恩等人作了理想化的描写。
约翰·高尔斯华绥-创作风格
约翰·高尔斯华绥（1867—1933）是英国二十世纪继承批判现实主义的代表作家。父亲是伦敦的著名律师。一八九九年高尔斯华绥在牛津大学法律系毕业，但对律师业务不感兴趣，而专心从事文学写作。他早期以约翰·辛约翰的笔名写了几部小说，但没有引起人们注意。《岛国的法利赛人》是他用真名发表的一部比较成熟的长篇小说。小说的主人公理查·谢尔顿的经历有点和作者相似，大学毕业后不愿当律师，到处游历。他结识了一个外籍青年费朗德；费朗德促使他以新的眼光来观察自己久已熟悉的生活环境，后来他又见识了伦敦贫民窟穷人的生活情景，从而认识到法利赛人的后裔——资产阶级的虚伪、欺诈、腐朽本质。在故事末尾，谢尔顿发现和自己订婚的姑娘也属于法利赛人之类的家庭，并在生活的基本问题上与自己的重大分歧，于是毅然和她解约。
《有产业的人》（1906）描写以福尔赛家族为代表的英国中上层阶级。他们既不是工业家，又不是开店的，而是随着英国工业发展和帝国主义日益强大而崛起的那些拥有房地产和有价证券的所谓有产业的人。福尔赛家族成员的主要特征是财产意识；他们占有的对象不仅包括金钱、房地产、公债、股票、艺术品等，也包括自己的妻子。这部书出版后不但风行一时，并且奠定了高尔斯华绥在英国文学界的地位。《庄园》（1907）描写地主阶级的狭隘趣味。《友爱》（1909）抒写资产阶级知识分子的极端个人主义，曾经被高尔基誉为以巨匠的手腕写成的作品。
高尔斯华绥不仅是个杰出的小说家，也是著名的戏剧作家。他的剧本如《银匣》（1909），《斗争》（1909），《正义》（1910），在我国都早已有了译本。在高尔斯华绥的许多小说中，篇幅最为巨大，也最为世人瞩目的，当以《有产业的人》为开端的许多独立而又有连续性的长篇小说。这些以《有产业的人》（1906）、《骑虎》（1920）和《出租》（1921）以及两个插曲《残夏》和《觉醒》合为第一个三部曲《福尔赛世家》；以《白猿》（1 高尔斯华绥散文集924）、《银匙》（1926）和《天鹅之歌》（1928）合为第二个三部曲《现代喜剧》；以《女侍》（1931）、《开花的荒野》（1932）和《过河》（1933，死后由其夫人整理出版）合为第三个三部曲《尾声》。除了这九大部外，还出版了两部有关福尔赛家族的短篇小说集。这些是高尔斯华绥一生创作精力之所萃，也是我们估计他的文学造诣应当着重考虑的作品。从《有产业的人》起到《过河》为止，中间相隔二十六、七年的时间。在这段漫长的岁月里，不论英国国内形势，或者世界形势，都发生了巨大变化：英波战争，第一次世界大战，十月革命，英国工党的逐渐壮大和行将执政等等，这一切不能不对高尔斯华绥的作品产生程度不同的影响。从总的趋向看，他在《现代喜剧》和《尾声》中所表现的讽刺力量要比《福尔赛世家》来得差，而就《福尔赛世家》三部曲来说，《骑虎》和《出租》在这方面又稍逊于《有产业的人》。但在完成这个三部曲的总序里，作者却承认这个中上层阶级连同其它剥削阶级全将进入无声息状态，而人们只能在文学的历史博物馆中见到他们，这却是他在《有产业的人》中所没有明白表示过的。
约翰·高尔斯华绥-选集
De los Cuatro Vientos, 1897 年(作为约翰・Sinjohn)
高尔斯华绥散文集Jocelyn, 1898 年(作为约翰・Sinjohn)
别墅Rubein, 1900 年(作为约翰・Sinjohn)
德文郡的一个人, 1901 年(作为约翰・Sinjohn)
海岛Pharisees, 1904 年
银色箱子, 1906 年
Forsyte 英雄传奇, 1906-21
道具员, 1906 年
在档案馆, 1920 年
唤醒, 1920 年
让, 1921 年
乡间别墅, 1907 年
一个评论, 1908 年
联谊会, 1909 年
银色箱子, 1909 年
辩解为戏剧审查, 1909 年
冲突, 1909 年
联谊会, 1909 年
喜悦, 1909 年
正义, 1910 年
五颜六色, 1910 年
处罚的精神, 1910 年
马在矿, 1910 年
Patrician, 1911 年
高尔斯华绥散文集小的梦想, 1911 年
鸽子, 1912 年
长子, 1912 年
心情、歌曲, 和Doggerels, 1912 年
为野兽爱, 1912 年
宁静旅店, 1912
黑暗的花, 1913 年
逃亡者, 1913 年
暴民, 1914 年
Freelands, 1915 年
小人, 1915 年
位的爱, 1915 年
捆, 1916 年
外面, 1917 年
五个传说, 1918 年
圣徒的进展, 1919 年
地址在美国, 1912 年
基础, 1920 年
在档案馆, 1920 年
唤醒, 1920 年
皮肤比赛, 1920 年
让, 1920 年
有家室的人, 1922 年
小人, 1922 年
有产者忠诚, 1922 年
窗口, 1922 年
捕获, 1923 年
Abracadabra, 1924 年
森林, 1924 年
老英语, 1924 年
展示, 1925 年
逃命, 1926 年
诗歌新和老, 1926 年
城堡在西班牙, 1927 年
一个现代喜剧, 1924-1928
白色猴子, 1924 年
银色匙子, 1926 年
天鹅歌曲, 1928 年
二支Forsyte 插曲, 1927 年
Manaton 编辑, 1923-26 (汇集, 30 vols 。)
Exiled, 1929 年
屋顶, 1929 年
在Forsyte 变动, 1930 年
关于康列得的二篇杂文, 1930 年
Soames 和旗子, 1930 年
字符的创作在文学里, 1931 年( Romanes 演讲 为1931) 。
佣人在等待, 1931 年
约翰·高尔斯华绥四十首诗, 1932 年
开花的原野, 1932 年
在河, 1933 年
Galsworthy 自传体信件: 一封书信与坦率的哈里斯, 1933 年
树丛编辑, 1927-34 (汇集, 27 Vols 。)
被收集的诗, 1934 年
结尾的章节, 1934 年(三部曲)
猛击和去, 1935 年
生活和信件, 1935 年
Wintergarden, 1935 年
Forsytes, Pendyces 和其他人, 1935 年
结尾的章节, 1935 年
选择的短篇小说, 1935 年
瞥见和反射, 1937 年
给Leon狮子的Galsworthy 的信件, 1968 年
从约翰・的信件Galsworthy 1900-1932, 1970 年
John Galsworthy was born at Kingston Hill in Surrey, England into an established wealthy family, the son of John and Blanche Bailey (née Bartleet) Galsworthy. His large Kingston upon Thames estate is now the site of three schools: Marymount International, Rokeby Preparatory School and Holy Cross. He attended Harrow and New College, Oxford, training as a barrister and was called to the bar in 1890. However, he was not keen to begin practising law and instead travelled abroad to look after the family's shipping business interests. During these travels he met Joseph Conrad, then the first mate of a sailing-ship moored in the harbour of Adelaide, Australia, and the two future novelists became close friends. In 1895 Galsworthy began an affair with Ada Nemesis Pearson Cooper (1864–1956), the wife of Major Arthur Galsworthy, one of his cousins. After her divorce ten years later, the pair married on the 23 September 1905, and stayed together until his death in 1933. Prior to their marriage they stayed clandestinely in a farmhouse called Wingstone in the village of Manaton on Dartmoor, Devon. From 1908 he took out a long lease on part of the building and made it their regular second home until 1923.
From the Four Winds, a collection of short stories, was Galsworthy's first published work in 1897. These, and several subsequent works, were published under the pen name John Sinjohn and it would not be until The Island Pharisees (1904) that he would begin publishing under his own name, probably owing to the death of his father. His first play, The Silver Box (1906), became a success and he followed it up with The Man of Property (1906), the first in the Forsyte trilogy. Although he continued writing both plays and novels it was as a playwright that he was mainly appreciated for at the time. Along with those of other writers of the time, such as George Bernard Shaw, his plays addressed the class system and social issues, two of the best known being Strife (1909) and The Skin Game (1920).
He is now far better known for his novels and particularly The Forsyte Saga, his trilogy about the eponymous family and connected lives. These books, as with many of his other works, dealt with class, and in particular upper-middle class lives. Although sympathetic to his characters he highlights their insular, snobbish and acquisitive attitudes and their suffocating moral codes. He is viewed as one of the first writers of the Edwardian era; challenging in his works some of the ideals of society depicted in the preceding literature of Victorian England. The depiction of a woman in an unhappy marriage furnishes another recurring theme in his work. The character of Irene in The Forsyte Saga is drawn from Ada Pearson even though her previous marriage was not as miserable as that of Irene.
Bury House, Galsworthy's West Sussex home.His work is often less convincing when it deals with the changing face of wider British society and how it affects people of the lower social classes. Through his writings he campaigned for a variety of causes including prison reform, women's rights, animal welfare and the opposition of censorship. During World War I he worked in a hospital in France as an orderly after being passed over for military service. He was elected as the first president of the International PEN literary club in 1921, was appointed to the Order of Merit in 1929—after earlier turning down a knighthood—and was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1932. He was too ill to attend the Nobel awards ceremony, and died six weeks later.
John Galsworthy lived for the final seven years of his life at Bury in West Sussex. He died from a brain tumour at his London home, Grove Lodge, Hampstead. In accordance with his will he was cremated at Woking with his ashes then being scattered over the South Downs from an aeroplane, but there are also memorials in Highgate 'New' Cemetery and in the cloisters of New College, Oxford (the latter cut and placed in the cloisters by Eric Gill). The popularity of his fiction waned quickly after his death but the hugely successful adaptation of The Forsyte Saga in 1967 renewed interest in his work.
A number of John Galsworthy's letters and papers are held at the University of Birmingham Special Collections.
In 2007, Kingston University, London opened a new building named in recognition of his local birth.
Adaptation
The Forsyte Saga has been filmed several times:
That Forsyte Woman (1949), dir. by Compton Bennett, an MGM adaptation in which Errol Flynn played a rare villainous role as Soames.
BBC television drama (1967), dir. by James Cellan Jones, David Giles, starring Eric Porter, Nyree Dawn Porter, Kenneth More, Susan Hampshire, Joseph O'Conor, adaptor Lennox Philips and others, 26 parts
Granada television drama (2002), dir. by Christopher Menaul, starring Gina McKee, Damian Lewis, Rupert Graves, Corin Redgrave, 13 parts.
The Skin Game was adapted and directed by Alfred Hitchcock in 1931. It starred C.V. France, Helen Haye, Jill Esmond, Edmund Gwenn, John Longden.
Escape was filmed in 1930 and 1948. The latter was directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz, starring Rex Harrison, Peggy Cummins, William Hartnell. The screenplay was by Philip Dunne.
One More River (a film version of Galsworthy's Over the River) was filmed by James Whale in 1934. The film starred Frank Lawton, Colin Clive (one of Whale's most frequently used actors), and Diana Wynyard. It also featured Mrs. Patrick Campbell in a rare sound film appearance.
The First and the Last, a short play, was adapted as 21 Days, starring Vivien Leigh and Laurence Olivier.
Selected work
From The Four Winds, 1897 (as John Sinjohn)
Jocelyn, 1898 (as John Sinjohn)
Villa Rubein, 1900 (as John Sinjohn)
A Man Of Devon, 1901 (as John Sinjohn)
The Island Pharisees, 1904
The Silver Box, 1906 (his first play)
The Forsyte Saga, 1906–21, 1922
The Man Of Property, 1906
(interlude) Indian Summer of a Forsyte, 1918
In Chancery, 1920
(interlude) Awakening, 1920
To Let, 1921
The Country House, 1907
A Commentary, 1908
Fraternity, 1909
A Justification For The Censorship Of Plays, 1909
Strife, 1909
Fraternity, 1909
Joy, 1909
Justice, 1910
A Motley, 1910
The Spirit Of Punishment, 1910
Horses In Mines, 1910
The Patrician, 1911
The Little Dream, 1911
The Pigeon, 1912
The Eldest Son, 1912
Moods, Songs, And Doggerels, 1912
For Love Of Beasts, 1912
The Inn Of Tranquillity, 1912
The Dark Flower, 1913
The Fugitive, 1913
The Mob, 1914
The Freelands, 1915
The Little Man, 1915
A Bit's Love, 1915
A Sheaf, 1916
The Apple Tree, 1916
Beyond, 1917
Five Tales, 1918
Saint's Progress, 1919
Addresses In America, 1912
The Foundations, 1920
In Chancery, 1920
Awakening, 1920
The Skin Game, 1920
To Let, 1920
A Family Man, 1922
The Little Man, 1922
Loyalties, 1922
Windows, 1922
Captures, 1923
Abracadabra, 1924
The Forest, 1924
Old English, 1924
The Show, 1925
Escape, 1926
Verses New And Old, 1926
Castles In Spain, 1927
A Modern Comedy, 1924–1928, 1929
The White Monkey, 1924
(Interlude) a Silent Wooing, 1927
The Silver Spoon, 1926
(Interlude) Passers By, 1927
Swan Song, 1928
Two Forsyte Interludes, 1927
The Manaton Edition, 1923–26 (collection, 30 vols.)
Exiled, 1929
The Roof, 1929
On Forsyte 'Change, 1930
Two Essays On Conrad, 1930
Soames And The Flag, 1930
The Creation Of Character In Literature, 1931 (The Romanes Lecture for 1931).
Maid In Waiting, 1931
Forty Poems, 1932
Flowering Wilderness, 1932
Over the River, 1933
Autobiographical Letters Of Galsworthy: A Correspondence With Frank Harris, 1933
The Grove Edition, 1927–34 (collection, 27 Vols.)
Collected Poems, 1934
End Of the Chapter, 1931–1933, 1934 (posthumously)
Maid In Waiting, 1931
Flowering Wilderness, 1932
One More River, 1933 (originally the English edition was called Over the River)
Punch And Go, 1935
The Life And Letters, 1935
The Winter Garden, 1935
Forsytes, Pendyces And Others, 1935
Selected Short Stories, 1935
Glimpses And Reflections, 1937
Galsworthy's Letters To Leon Lion, 1968
Letters From John Galsworthy 1900–1932, 1970