zhàn guó zuòzhělièbiǎo
mèng Mencius(zhàn guó)yǐn wén Yin Wen(zhàn guó)zhōu yuán wáng Zhou Yuanwang(zhàn guó)
zhōu zhēn dìng wáng Zhou Zhendingwang(zhàn guó)zhōu 'āi wáng Zhou Aiwang(zhàn guó)zhōu wáng Zhou Saiwang(zhàn guó)
zhōu kǎo wáng Zhou Kaowang(zhàn guó)zhōu wēi liè wáng Zhou Weiliewang(zhàn guó)zhōu 'ān wáng Zhou Anwang(zhàn guó)
zhōu liè wáng Zhou Liewang(zhàn guó)zhōu xiǎn wáng Zhou Xianwang(zhàn guó)zhōu shèn jìng wáng Zhou Shenjingwang(zhàn guó)
zhōu nǎn wáng Zhou Nanwang(zhàn guó)tiě guǎi Tie Guaili(zhàn guó) Guzi(zhàn guó)
xún kuàng Xun Kuang(zhàn guó)
mèng Mencius
zhàn guó  周(qián372niánqián289nián)
zì:

shū lèi Class Four Booksmèng Mencius》

yuèdòumèng Menciuszài百家争鸣dezuòpǐn!!!
  ( shēng zhōu liè wáng nián zhōu nǎn wáng 'èr shí liù nián), hàn shān dōng zōu chéng rénmèng míng yòu chē míng zhāng shìzhōng guó dài wěi de xiǎng jiāzhàn guó shí jiā dài biǎo rén shān dōng zōu chéng rénzhù yòumèng shūshǔ sǎnwén
  
   mèng shī chéng ( shuō shì shī chéng de xué shēng ), chéng bìng yáng liǎo kǒng de xiǎngchéng wéi jǐn kǒng de dài jiā zōng shīyòu shèng zhī chēng kǒng bìng chēng wéikǒng mèng”。 mèng céng fǎng xiào kǒng dài lǐng mén yóushuì guódàn shì bèi dāng shí guó suǒ jiē shòutuì yǐn zhù shùyòumèng piān chuán shìpiān wéi:《 liáng huì wángshàngxià;《 gōng sūn chǒushàngxià;《 téng wén gōngshàngxià;《 lóu》;《 wàn zhāngshàngxià;《 gào shàngxià;《 jìn xīnshàngxià xué shuō chū diǎn wéi xìng shàn lùn chūrén zhèng”、“ wáng dào”, zhù zhāng zhìnán sòng shí zhū jiāngmèng lùn 》、《 xué》、《 zhōng yōng zài chēng shū”。 cóng zhí dào qīng ,“ shū zhí shì kǎo nèi róngmèng de wén zhāng shuō chàng huī xiáng jìn shì chōng pèi bìng cháng lùn biàn
  
   mèng yuǎn shì guó guì mèng sūn shìhòu jiā dào shuāi wēicóng guó qiān zōu guó shuōmèng sān suì sàng mèng jiān xīn jiāng yǎng chéng rénmèng guǎn shù shèn yánmèng sān qiān”、“ duàn jiào děng shìchéng wéi qiān měi tánshì hòu shì jiào zhī diǎn fàn
  
   shēn hòu róng
  
   mèng shì jiā zuì zhù yào de dài biǎo rén zhī dàn mèng de wèi zài sòng dài qián bìng hěn gāo zhōng táng de hán zhùyuán dào》, mèng liè wéi xiān qín jiā zhōng wéi chéng kǒng dào tǒngde rén kāi shǐchū xiàn liǎo mèng deshēng yùn dòng”, mèng rén shū de wèi zhú jiàn shàng shēngsòng shén zōng níng nián( 1071 nián),《 mèng shū shǒu bèi liè kǎo shì zhī zhōngyuán fēng liù nián( 1083 nián), mèng shǒu bèi guān fāng zhuī fēng wéizōu guó gōng”, nián bèi zhǔn pèi xiǎng kǒng miào hòumèng shū shēng wéi jiā jīng diǎnnán sòng zhū yòu mèng lùn 》、《 xué》、《 zhōng yōng wéi shū”, shí wèi gèng zài jīngzhī shàngyuán cháo zhì shùn yuán nián( 1330), mèng bèi jiā fēng wéi shèng gōng”, hòu jiù chēng wéi shèng”, wèi jǐn kǒng míng cháo zhū yuán zhāng ji yòumèng jié wén》, shān diàomèng de zhāng mín wéi guìshè zhījūn wéi qīng”、“ cán zéi zhī rén wèi zhī wén zhū zhòu wèi wén shì jūn děng
  
   mèng nián biǎo
  
   zhōu liè wáng 4 nián yǒugōng yuán qián 372 nián
   mèng yuē shēng shí
  
   zhōu xiǎn wáng 12 nián wèi huì wáng 13 nián hán zhāo hóu 6 nián jiá gōng yuán qián 357 nián
   mèng yuē shí suìshòu mén rén
  
   zhōu xiǎn wáng 17 nián qín xiào gōng 10 nián gōng yuán qián 352 nián
   mèng yuē 'èr shí suì xiū
  
   zhōu xiǎn wáng 37 nián chǒugōng yuán qián 332 nián
   mèng zài zōu zōu gōng wèn
  
   zhōu xiǎn wáng 38 nián gēng yíngōng yuán qián 331 nián
   mèng píng
  
   zhōu xiǎn wáng 39 nián xīn mǎogōng yuán qián 330 nián
   mèng dào rèn guóbài fǎng rèn
   mèng zài zōu cáo jiāo wèn
  
   zhōu xiǎn wáng 40 nián wēi wáng 28 nián rén chéngōng yuán qián 329 nián
   mèng yuē shí sān suìshǒu zhì
   xiāng chǔ lái jiàn mèng
  
   zhōu xiǎn wáng 41 nián wēi wáng 29 nián sòng jūn yǎn hòu yuán 1 nián guǐ ( gōng yuán qián 328 nián )
   mèng gào biàn lùn
   mèng quàn chí xiàng wáng jìn jiàn
   mèng kuāng zhāng jiāo yóu
   mèng kāi guóqián wǎng sòng guó
  
   zhōu xiǎn wáng 42 nián sòng jūn yǎn hòu yuán 2 nián jiá ( gōng yuán qián 327 nián )
   mèng zhì sòng
  
   zhōu xiǎn wáng 43 nián sòng jūn yǎn hòu yuán 3 nián wèigōng yuán qián 326 nián
   mèng zài sòng téng guó shì xiāng huì
   mèng sòng rén gòu jiàn lùn yóushuì zhī dào
  
   zhōu xiǎn wáng 44 nián sòng jūn yǎn hòu yuán 4 nián qín huì wén wáng 13 nián bǐng shēngōng yuán qián 325 nián
   mèng kāi sòng guóhuí dào zōu
  
   zhōu xiǎn wáng 45 nián liáng huì wáng hòu yuán 11 nián dīng yǒugōng yuán qián 324 nián
   mèng zài zōuténg wén gōng pài rán yǒu wèn sānglǐ
   mèng yóu zōu zhī téngtuī xíng rén zhèng
  
   zhōu xiǎn wáng 46 nián wèi huì wáng hòu yuán 12 nián wēi wáng 34 nián shùgōng yuán qián 323 nián
   mèng nóng jiā chén xiāng biàn lùn
  
   zhōu xiǎn wáng 47 nián wēi wáng 35 nián wèi huì wáng hòu yuán 13 nián hàigōng yuán qián 322 nián
   rén chéng xuēténg wén gōng wèn mèng
  
   zhōu shèn jìng wáng 1 nián wèi hòu yuán 15 nián wēi wáng 37 nián xīn chǒugōng yuán qián 320 nián
   liáng huì wánghòu bēi zhào xián shì
   mèng jiàn liáng huì wángshí yuē shí 'èr suì
   mèng zhōu xiāo lùn chū shì
  
   zhōu shèn jìng wáng 2 nián wèi huì wáng hòu yuán 16 nián xuān wáng 1 nián rén yíngōng yuán qián 319 nián
   mèng gōng sūn chǒu lùn duǎn sàng
  
   zhōu shèn jìng wáng 3 nián wèi xiāng wáng 1 nián xuān wáng 2 nián guǐ mǎogōng yuán qián 318 nián
   mèng yuē shí suìjiàn liáng xiāng wáng
   mèng zài fàn wáng
   mèng zhì xuān wáng wèn
   mèng lùn shí dòng xīn
  
   zhōu shèn jìng wáng 5 nián yàn wáng kuài 5 nián gōng yuán qián 316 nián
   mèng chū diào téng wén gōng
  
   zhōu shèn jìng wáng 6 nián chǔ huái wáng 14 nián píng gōng 10 nián xuān wáng 5 nián bǐng gōng yuán qián 315 nián
   píng gōng jiàn mèng
   mèng fǎn huí guó chōng lùn zàng
   xuān wáng wèn mèng yàn
  
   zhōu nǎn wáng 3 nián xuān wáng 8 nián chǔ huái wáng 17 nián yǒugōng yuán qián 312 nián
   yàn rén pàn xuān wáng shuō shèn cán mèng
   mèng lùnchén shì jūn kòu chóu
   mèng chún kūn biàn lùn
   mèng yuē liù shí suì guān kāi guó
   mèng sòng xíng shí qiū
  
   zhōu nǎn wáng 25 nián xīn mǎogōng yuán qián 290 nián
  《 mèng yuē biān zhuàn shí
  
   zhōu nǎn wáng 26 nián rén shēngōng yuán qián 289 nián
   mèng yuē shí
  
   mèng shì
  
   dài shèng gōng
   shí dài sūn mèng níng
   shí dài sūn mèng liàng yǒu dào
   shí dài sūn mèng rén xìn
   shí liù dài sūn mèng wén shì huàn
   shí dài sūn mèng yuán cháng hóng zhì 'èr nián
   shí dài sūn mèng gōng zhàomèng yuán mèng hēng zhī xiān wénmèng gōng mèng yuán zhī tuó wén
   shí jiǔ dài sūn mèng yàn cháo lóng qìng yuán nián
   liù shí dài sūn mèng chéng guāngwàn 'èr shí jiǔ nián
   liù shí dài sūn mèng hóng tiān sān nián
   liù shí 'èr dài sūn mèng wén chóng zhēn 'èr nián
   liù shí sān dài sūn mèng zhēn rén
   liù shí dài sūn mèng shàng guì
   liù shí dài sūn mèng yǎn tài
   liù shí liù dài sūn mèng xīng
   liù shí dài sūn mèng hàn
   liù shí dài sūn mèng chuán lián
   liù shí jiǔ dài sūn mèng lǎng
   shí dài sūn mèng guǎng jūn
   shí dài sūn mèng zhāo shuān
   shí 'èr dài sūn mèng xiàn
   shí sān dài sūn mèng qìng táng
   shí dài sūn mèng fán (1908-1990), 1943 nián shì shèng fèng guān”。 1949 nián tái wān
   shí dài sūn mèng xiáng xié
  
   mèng xiǎng
  
   mín běn xiǎng
  
  “ mín wéi guìshè zhījūn wéi qīng。” shì shuōrén mín fàng zài wèiguó jiā jūn zài zuì hòumèng rèn wéi jūn zhù yìng 'ài rén mín wéi xiānwéi zhèng zhě yào bǎo zhàng rén mín quán mèng zàn tóng ruò jūn zhù dàorén mín yòu quán tuī fān zhèng quánzhèng yīn yuán yīn,《 hàn shū wén zhì jǐn jǐn mèng fàng zài zhū lüè zhōngshì wéi shūméi yòu dào yīngyǒu de wèidào dài shí guó de hòu shǔ shíhòu shǔ zhù mèng chǎng mìng lìng rén jiē shū shí jīng shí zhōng bāo kuò liǎomèng 》, zhè néng shìmèng liè jīng shūde kāi shǐdào nán sòng de xiào zōng shízhū jiāngmèng lùn 》、《 xué》、《 zhōng yōng zài chēng shū」, bìng chéng wéishí sān jīngzhī ,《 mèng de wèi cái bèi tuī dào liǎo gāo fēngchuán shuō míng tài zhū yuán zhāng yīn mǎn mèng de mín běn xiǎngcéng mìng rén shān jiémèng zhōng de yòu guān nèi róng
  
   rén zhèng xué shuō
  
   mèng chéng zhǎn liǎo kǒng de zhì xiǎng zhǎn wéi rén zhèng xué shuōchéng wéi zhèng zhì xiǎng de xīn qīn qīn”、“ cháng chángde yuán yùn yòng zhèng zhì huǎn jiē máo dùnwéi fēng jiàn tǒng zhì jiē de cháng yuǎn
  
   mèng fāng miàn yán fēn liǎo tǒng zhì zhě bèi tǒng zhì zhě de jiē wèirèn wéiláo xīn zhě zhì rénláo zhě zhì rén”, bìng qiě fǎng zhōu zhì dìng liǎo tào cóng tiān dào shù rén de děng zhì lìng fāng miànyòu tǒng zhì zhě bèi tǒng zhì zhě de guān zuò duì de guān zhù zhāng tǒng zhì zhě yīnggāi xiàng yàng guān xīn rén mín de rén mín yīnggāi xiàng duì dài yàng qīn jìn shì tǒng zhì zhě
  
   mèng rèn wéizhè shì zhǒng zuì xiǎng de zhèng zhì guǒ tǒng zhì zhě shí xíng rén zhèng dào rén mín de zhōng xīn yōng fǎn zhī guǒ rén mín huótuī xíng nüè zhèngjiāng huì shī mín xīn 'ér biàn chéng mín zéibèi rén mín tuī fānrén zhèng de nèi róng hěn guǎng fànbāo kuò jīng zhèng zhìjiào tǒng tiān xià de jìng děng zhōng guàn chuānzhuó tiáo mín běn xiǎng de xiàn suǒzhè zhǒng xiǎng shì cóng chūn qiū shí zhòng mín qīng shén de xiǎng zhǎn 'ér lái de
  
   mèng gēn zhàn guó shí de jīng yànzǒng jié guó zhì luàn xīng wáng de guī chū liǎo yòu mín zhù xìng jīng huá de zhù míng mìng :“ mín wéi guìshè zhījūn wéi qīng”。 rèn wéi duì dài rén mín zhè wèn duì guó jiā de zhì luàn xīng wáng yòu duān de zhòng yào xìngmèng shí fēn zhòng shì mín xīn de xiàng bèitōng guò liàng shǐ shì fǎn chǎn shù zhè shì guān tiān xià shī tiān xià de guān jiàn wèn mèng shuō:“ rén zhèng jīng jiè shǐ”。 suǒ wèijīng jiè”, jiù shì huàfēn zhěng tián jièshí xíng jǐng tián zhìmèng suǒ shè xiǎng de jǐng tián zhìshì zhǒng fēng jiàn xìng de rán jīng jiā de xiǎo nóng wéi chǔcǎi láo de xuē xíng shìměi jiā nóng yòu zhī zháibǎi zhī tiánchī chuān zìjǐ mèng rèn wéi,“ mín zhī wéi dào yòu héng chǎn zhě yòu héng xīn héng chǎn zhě héng xīn”, zhǐ yòu shǐ rén mín yōng yòuhéng chǎn”, dìng zài shàngān men cái chù fàn xíng wéi fēi zuò dǎimèng rèn wéirén mín de zhì shēng huó yòu liǎo bǎo zhàngtǒng zhì zhě zài xīng bàn xué xiàoyòng xiào de dào jìn xíng jiào huàyǐn dǎo men xiàng shànzhè jiù zào chéng zhǒngqīn qīn”、“ cháng chángde liáng hǎo dào fēng shàngrén rén qīn qīncháng chángér tiān xià píng”。 mèng rèn wéi tǒng zhì zhě shí xíng rén zhèng dào tiān xià rén mín de zhōng xīn yōng zhè yàng biàn tiān xiàmèng suǒ shuō de rén zhèng yào jiàn zài tǒng zhì zhě de rěn rén zhī xīnde chǔ shàngmèng shuō:“ xiān wáng yòu rěn rén zhī xīn yòu rěn rén zhī zhèng 。”“ rěn rén zhī xīnshì zhǒng tóng qíng rén 'ài zhī xīndàn shìzhè zhǒng tóng qíng rén 'ài zhī xīn tóng dejiān 'ài”, ér shì cóng xuè yuán de gǎn qíng chū demèng zhù zhāng,“ qīn qīn 'ér rén mín”,“ lǎo lǎo rén zhī lǎoyòu yòu rén zhī yòu”。 rén zhèng jiù shì zhè zhǒng rěn rén zhī xīn zài zhèng zhì shàng de xiàn
  
   mèng lún zhèng zhì jǐn jié láiqiáng diào dào xiū yǎng shì gǎo hǎo zhèng zhì de gēn běn shuō:“ tiān xià zhī běn zài guóguó zhī běn zài jiājiā zhī běn zài shēn。” hòu lái xué chū dexiū zhì píngjiù shì gēn mèng de zhè zhǒng xiǎng zhǎn 'ér lái de
  
   dào lún
  
   mèng dào guī fàn gài kuò wéi zhǒng rénzhìtóng shí rén lún guān gài kuò wéi zhǒng yòu qīnjūn chén yòu yòu biécháng yòu yòu péng yǒu yòu xìn”。 mèng rèn wéirénzhì zhě zhī zhōngrén zuì wéi zhòng yàorén de chǔ shì xiàoér xiào shì chù xiōng xuè yuán guān de běn de dào guī fàn rèn wéi guǒ měi shè huì chéng yuán yòng rén lái chù zhǒng rén rén de guān fēng jiàn zhì de wěn dìng tiān xià de tǒng jiù yòu liǎo kào bǎo zhèng
  
   wèile shuō míng zhè xiē dào guī fàn de yuánmèng chū liǎo xìng shàn lùn de xiǎng rèn wéijìn guǎn shè huì chéng yuán zhī jiān yòu fēn gōng de tóng jiē de chā biédàn shì men de rén xìng què shì tóng de shuō:“ fán tóng lèi zhě xiāng zhì rén 'ér zhīshèng rén tóng lèi zhě。” zhè mèng tǒng zhì zhě bèi tǒng zhì zhě bǎi zài píng děng de wèitàn tǎo men suǒ yòu de biàn de rén xìngzhè zhǒng tàn tǎo shì yìng dāng shí jiě fàng shè huì biàn de shǐ cháo liúbiāo zhì zhe rén lèi rèn shí de shēn huàduì lún xiǎng de zhǎn shì de tuī jìn


  Mencius (Chinese: 孟子; pinyin: Mèng Zǐ; Wade-Giles: Meng Tzu), most accepted dates: 372 – 289 BCE; other possible dates: 385 – 303/302 BCE) was a Chinese philosopher who was arguably the most famous Confucian after Confucius himself.
  Mencius, also known by his birth name Meng Ke or Ko, was born in the State of Zou (simp.:邹国; trad.: 鄒國; pinyin: zōu guó; Wade-Giles: tsou1 kuo2), now forming the territory of the county-level city of Zoucheng (邹城; originally Zouxian), Shandong province, only thirty kilometres (eighteen miles) south of Qufu, Confucius' birthplace.
  
  He was an itinerant Chinese philosopher and sage, and one of the principal interpreters of Confucianism. Supposedly, he was a pupil of Confucius' grandson, Zisi. Like Confucius, according to legend, he travelled China for forty years to offer advice to rulers for reform. He served as an official during the Warring States Period (403–221 BCE) in the State of Qi (齊; pinyin: qí; 1046 BC to 221 BC) from 319 to 312 BCE. He expressed his filial devotion when he took an absence of three years from his official duties for Qi to mourn his mother's death. Disappointed at his failure to effect changes in his contemporary world, he retired from public life.
  
  Mencius' mother
  
  The traditional Chinese four-character idiom 孟母三遷 (pinyin: mèng mǔ sān qiān; Zhuyin/Bopomofo: ㄇㄥ ㄇㄨ ㄙㄢ ㄑ一ㄢ; Kana: もうぼさんせん; Romaji: mou bo san sen; literal translation: Mencius' mother, three moves) refers to the legend that Mencius' mother moved their house three times—from beside a cemetery to beside a marketplace, to finally beside a school—before finding a location that she felt was suitable for his upbringing. As an expression, the idiom refers to the importance of a proper environment for the proper upbringing of children.
  
  Influence
  
  Mencius' interpretation of Confucianism has generally been considered the orthodox version by subsequent Chinese philosophers, especially the Neo-Confucians of the Song dynasty. The Mencius (also spelled Mengzi or Meng-tzu), a book of his conversations with kings of the time, is one of the Four Books that Zhu Xi grouped as the core of orthodox Neo-Confucian thought. In contrast to the sayings of Confucius which are short and self-contained, the Mencius consists of long dialogues, including arguments, with extensive prose.
  
  View on human nature
  
  While Confucius himself did not explicitly focus on the subject of human nature, Mencius asserted the innate goodness of the individual, believing that it was society's influence – its lack of a positive cultivating influence – that caused bad moral character. "He who exerts his mind to the utmost knows his nature" and "the way of learning is none other than finding the lost mind".
  
  His translator James Legge finds a close similarity between Mencius' views on human nature and those in Bishop Butler's Sermons on Human Nature.
  
  The Four Beginning
  
  To show innate goodness, Mencius used the example of a child falling down a well. Witnesses of this event immediately feel
  “ alarm and distress, not to gain friendship with the child's parents, nor to seek the praise of their neighbors and friends, nor because they dislike the reputation [of lack of humanity if they did not rescue the child]...
  
  The feeling of commiseration is the beginning of humanity; the feeling of shame and dislike is the beginning of righteousness; the feeling of deference and compliance is the beginning of propriety; and the feeling of right and wrong is the beginning of wisdom.
  
  Men have these Four Beginnings just as they have their four limbs. Having these Four Beginnings, but saying that they cannot develop them is to destroy themselves.
   ”
  
  View on politic
  Portrait painting of Mencius from the National Palace Museum, Taipei, Taiwan.
  Portrait painting of Mencius from the National Palace Museum, Taipei, Taiwan.
  
  Mencius spoke frequently and highly of the well-field system.
  
  Mencius emphasized the significance of the common citizens in the state. While Confucianism generally regards rulers highly, he argued that it is acceptable for the subjects to overthrow or even kill a ruler who ignores the people's needs and rules harshly. This is because a ruler who does not rule justly is no longer a true ruler. Speaking of the overthrow of the wicked King Zhou of Shang, Mencius said, "I have merely heard of killing a villain Zhou, but I have not heard of murdering [him as] the ruler.".
  
  View on war
  
  He said during the Spring and Autumn Period, there's no Just war.
  
  Comparisons to contemporarie
  
  His alleged years make him contemporary with Xun Zi, Zhuangzi, Gaozi, and Plato.
  
  Xun Zi
  
  Xun Zi was a Confucian who believed that human nature is originally evil, and the purpose of moral cultivation is to develop our nature into goodness. Obviously, Mencius was at odds with him. His views were declared as unorthodox by Zhu Xi, and Mencius as orthodox.
  
  Plato
  
  Mencius is often compared to Plato for their theories on human nature. Both were idealists in that they believed in the innate moral goodness of all human beings.
  
  Mencius' argument that unjust rulers may be overthrown is reminiscent of Socrates' argument in Book I of Plato's Republic.
  
  Notes and reference
  
   1. ^ The original clan name was Mengsun (孟孫), and was shortened into Meng (孟). It is unknown whether this occurred before or after Mencius's life.
   2. ^ Traditionally, his courtesy name was assumed to be Ziche (子車), sometimes incorrectly written as Ziyu (子輿) or Ziju (子居), but recent scholarly works show that these courtesy names appeared in the 3rd century CE and apply to another historical figure named Meng Ke who also lived in Chinese antiquity and was mistaken for Mencius.
   3. ^ That is, the second sage after Confucius. Name given in 1530 by Emperor Jiajing. In the two centuries before 1530, the posthumous name was "The Second Sage Duke of Zou" (鄒國亞聖公) which is still the name that can be seen carved in the Mencius ancestral temple in Zoucheng.
   4. ^ Romanized as Mencius.
   5. ^ Chan 1963: 49.
   6. ^ The Mencius 7:A1 in Chan 1963: 78.
   7. ^ The Mencius 6:A11 in Chan 1963: 58.
   8. ^ The Mencius 2A:6 in Chan 1963: 65. Formatting has been applied to ease readability.
   9. ^ The Mencius 1B:8 in Chan 1963: 62.
  
   * Chan, Wing-tsit (translated and compiled). A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963.
   * Graham, A.C., Disputers of the TAO: Philosophical Argument in Ancient China (Open Court 1993). ISBN 0-8126-9087-7
    

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