yuèdòuní gǔ lā · ào sī tè luò fū sī jī Nikolai Ostrovskyzài小说之家dezuòpǐn!!! |
ní gǔ lā · ào sī tè luò fū sī jī yú 1904 nián 9 yuè 29 rì chū shēng zài wū kè lán yī gè nóng mín jiā tíng。 tā páiháng dì wǔ, shì jiā zhōng lǎo yāo。
ào sī tè luò fū sī jī yī jiā wéi shēng jì suǒ lěi, suǒ yòu hái zǐ zì yòu biàn tiǎo qǐ liǎo yǎng jiā de zhòng dān。 dàn fēi cháng nán dé de shì, jìn guǎn yī pín rú xǐ, dàn suǒ yòu hái zǐ dū xué huì liǎo dú shū xí zì, bìng niàn wán liǎo xiǎo xué。
wèi lái de zuò jiā zài hái tí shí dài piántǐ xiàn chū liǎo jí qiáng de qiú zhī yù hé jí gāo de bǐng fù, tā fēi cháng chī mí wén xué。
dì yī cì shì jiè dà zhàn hé guó nèi zhàn zhēng qī jiān, ào sī tè luò fū sī jī jī jí cān jiā liǎo dì xià gé mìng。
ní gǔ lā · ào sī tè luò fū sī jī - jīng lì
1920 nián, ào sī tè luò fū sī jī zài lì wò fū zhàn yì zhōng shòu liǎo zhòng shāng。 shāng yù hòu, tā zài jī fǔ tiě lù gōng dì gōng zuò。 zài cǐ qī jiān, tā dé liǎo shāng hán。 cǐ wài, tā hái gǎn rǎn liǎo gǔ jié hé, bìng qíng xùn sù 'è huà。
1927 nián chū, 22 suì de 'ào sī tè luò fū sī jī wán quán tān huàn, wò bìng zài chuáng。 tā de shuāng mù kāi shǐ shī míng。 zhèng shì zài zhè yī rén shēng de jiān nán shí kè, tā jué yì tōng guò wén xué zuò pǐn, lái zhǎn xiàn zì jǐ suǒ chù shí dài de miàn mào hé gè rén de shēng huó tǐ yàn。 tā zuì chū chuàng zuò liǎo xiǎo shuō de qián jǐ zhāng jié, dàn shǒu gǎo què zài yóu jì guò chéng zhōng bù shèn yí shī。 zì nà shí qǐ, zuò jiā biàn kāi shǐ liǎo cháng piān xiǎo shuō《 gāng tiě shì zěn yàng liàn chéng de》 yī shū de chuàng zuò。
ní gǔ lā · ào sī tè luò fū sī jī de yī shēng shì gè qí jì: jìn guǎn bǎo shòu bìng tòng zhé mó, dàn tā 10 nián lái cóng wèi xiàng sǐ shén dī tóu。 zài tǐ néng yán zhòng 'āi jié de qíng kuàng xià, tā zhí yì yào jiāng zhè bù miáo xiě zì jǐ zhè dài rén mìng yùn de xiǎo shuō liú chuán hòu shì。
《 gāng tiě shì zěn yàng liàn chéng de》 yī shū shì běn zìzhuàn tǐ xiǎo shuō, cóng zhōng kě yǐ dú dào yòu guān zuò zhě shēng huó de dà liàng zhēn shí piàn duàn。 ào sī tè luò fū sī jī de péng yǒu duì tā de wén xué chuàng zuò jǐyǔ liǎo dà lì zhī chí, bāng zhù tā téng xiě yī yè yè shū gǎo。 1931 nián 10 yuè, xiǎo shuō de dì yī bù fēng bǐ, bìng yú 1932 nián fù zǐ。 dì 'èr bù yú 1933 nián 5 yuè shā qīng, 1934 nián chū bǎn。
ào sī tè luò fū sī jī gāng gāng kāi shǐ xiǎo shuō chuàng zuò shí, bìng wèi pèi bèi zhù shǒu。 tā de qī zǐ lài suō · bō 'ěr fěi lǐ yè fū nà · ào sī tè luò fū sī kǎ yà zǎo chū wǎn guī, máng yú gōng zuò。 jìn guǎn téng tòng nán rěn、 qū tǐ jīhū bù néng dòng dàn, dàn 'ào sī tè luò fū sī jī hái shì jiè zhù kè zì bǎn, dú lì wán chéng liǎo xiǎo shuō de kāi piān。 1931 nián chū, tā de mǔ qīn yǔ mèi mèi qián wǎng mò sī kē yǔ tā tuán jù, tā cái gǎi wéi kǒu shù zhù shū。 měi tiān, tā xū yào kè fú cháng rén nán yǐ xiǎng jiàn de kùn nán。 tā bù jǐn xū yào jì zhù zuò pǐn de zǒng tǐ mài luò, jiāng gòu sī xíng xiàng huà、 xì jié huà, hái bù néng yí wàng suǒ xiě de jù zǐ jí suǒ yòng de cí yǔ。 tā tōng cháng zài shēn yè lǐ wén sī quán yǒng, chéng gōng de rén wù xíng xiàng hé yōu měi de wén zì pēn bó 'ér chū, wèile zhuā zhù zhuǎn shùn jí shì de líng gǎn, tā zhǐ néng zhěng sù bù mián, fǎn fù yín yǒng nǎo hǎi zhōng de zhēn guì piàn duàn。 xiǎo shuō zhōng de měi gè jù zǐ dū jīng guò liǎo tā de jīng xīn chuí liàn。
《 gāng tiě shì zěn yàng liàn chéng de》 yī shū huò dé liǎo kōng qián de chéng gōng, chāo chū liǎo suǒ yòu rén de yù qī。 zǎo zài 1934 nián, gāi shū jiù bèi fān yì chéng wū kè lán yǔ、 bō lán yǔ、 mó 'ěr duō wǎ yǔ hé chǔ wǎ shí yǔ。 dú zhě de lái xìn rú xuě piàn bān fēn zhì tà lái。
yī xiē wén xué píng lùn jiā, yóu qí shì xiàn jīn de píng lùn jiā, yī zhí zhì yí 'ào sī tè luò fū sī jī xiǎo shuō de yì shù jià zhí。 zhēng míng dāng rán shì yǔn xǔ de。 dàn bù róng zhì yí de shì, zhè bù zuò pǐn céng bāng zhù shì jiè bù shǎo guó jiā de zhòng duō dú zhě dù guò liǎo zhà kàn shàng qù sì hū wú fǎ yú yuè de nán guān, tā lìng zhòng duō bīn yú jué wàng de rén huò dé liǎo chóngshēng。 zhè yàng de shì lì bù shèng méi jǔ。 zhè cái shì xiǎo shuō de zhēn zhèng jià zhí suǒ zài。 ér 'ào sī tè luò fū sī jī yǔ bìng mó bó dǒu suǒ tǐ xiàn chū de yǒng gǎn jīng shén, yǐ chéng wéi quán rén lèi wán qiáng kàng zhēng de bǎo
bǎng yàng。
ní gǔ lā · ào sī tè luò fū sī jī - zuò pǐn
é guó jù zuò jiā。 yī shēng wéi 'é guó wǔ tái tí gōng liǎo jìn 50 bù jù běn, chuàng zào liǎo jǐ bǎi gè rén wù xíng xiàng, wéi 'é guó xì jù shì yè de fā zhǎn zuò chū liǎo hěn dà gòng xiàn。
shēng píng 1823 nián 4 yuè 12 rì chū shēng zài mò sī kē xiǎo 'ào 'ěr dùn kǎ jiē ( xiàn gǎi míng wéi 'ào sī tè luò fū sī jī jiē )。 fù qīn shì fǎ guān, tuì xiū hòu, cóng shì shāng yè huó dòng, jiā zhōng lái wǎng de dà duō shì shāng rén。 1840 nián 'ào sī tè luò fū sī jī rù mò sī kē dà xué gōng fǎ lǜ, 1843 nián yì yè, 1843 ~ 1851 nián xiān hòu zài “ liáng xīn fǎ yuàn ” hé shāng wù fǎ yuàn rèn shū jì guān。 zài fǎ yuàn gōng zuò qī jiān tā kāi shǐ xiě zuò。 1847 nián fā biǎo jù běn《 pò chǎn zhě》 de piàn duàn, yǐn qǐ wén tán zhù yì。 quán jù xiě chéng hòu, yòng《 zì jiā rén hǎo suàn zhàng》 de jù míng yú 1850 nián zhèng shì fā biǎo zài《 mò sī kē rén》 zá zhì shàng, shòu dào jìn bù wén tán de zàn měi, dàn jǐng chá tīng què jìn zhǐ shàng yǎn, dào 1861 nián cái dé yǐ gōng yǎn。 cóng cǐ yǐ hòu, ào sī tè luò fū sī jī jīhū měi nián dōuyòu yī bù huò jǐ bù zuò pǐn wèn shì。
ào sī tè luò fū sī jī chú liǎo jìn xíng chuàng zuò wài, hái fān yì guò bù shǎo wài guó jù běn, qí zhōng yòu suō shì bǐ yà, W.、 gē qí, C.、 gē 'ěr duō ní, C.、 sài wàn tí sī ‧ sà wéi dé lā, M.de děng rén de zuò pǐn。 tā hái shì yī wèi jī jí de shè huì huó dòng jiā。 1865 nián, tā fā qǐ chéng lì liǎo mò sī kē yǎn yuán lián shè。 1870 nián, yóu tā chàng yì zǔ zhì liǎo 'é guó jù zuò jiā xié huì。 jīng tā hé lǔ bīn sī tǎn duō fāng nǔ lì, yú tóng nián chuàng bàn liǎo yǎn yuán xùn liàn bān, péi yǎng liǎo sà tuó fū sī jī、 sà tuó fū sī kǎ yǎ、 mǎ kè xiē yé fū děng yī qún jié chū de biǎo yǎn yì shù jiā。 zài tā de chàng yì xià hái chuàng bàn liǎo mó fàn rén mín jù yuàn。
1886 nián 1 yuè, ào sī tè luò fū sī jī bèi rèn mìng wéi mò sī kē gè huáng jiā jù yuàn de yì shù zǒng guǎn lǐ rén。 dàn hái wèi néng chōng fēn zhǎn kāi tā duì yú jù yuàn zhì dù de gǎi gé hé xì jù yì shù de tí gāo, biàn yú 6 yuè 14 rì zài xiè léi kē wò ( xiàn wéi kē sī tè luó mǔ zhōu 'ào sī tè luò fū sī jī qū ) shì shì。
chuàng zuò 'ào sī tè luò fū sī jī de chuàng zuò nián dài, zhèng féng 'é guó zī běn zhù yì fā zhǎn shí qī。 tā de zuò pǐn fǎn yìng liǎo zhè gè shí dài de shè huì biàn huà。 tā zì jǐ céng shuō, tā shì zūn xún guǒ gē lǐ, .. de chuàng zuò dào lù de。 tā jiān chí jiē lù shè huì de bù liáng fēng qì, yòng fěng cì de bǐ chù lái miáo huì dāng shí shè huì de zhòng shēng xiāng。 yú shì chū lù tóu jiǎo de shāng rén jiē céng de cū bào hé yòu zhì, xīn xīng zī chǎn jiē jí hé tuì huà zhōng de nóng nú zhù、 dì zhù de xū wěi jiān zhà、 cán kù wú qíng, guì zú hé guān liáo de yú mèi、 duò luò děng děng, dōuchéng wèitā jù zhōng rén wù de tè diǎn。 zǎo qī de zuò pǐn, rú《 gè shǒu běn fēn》 (1852)、《 pín fēi zuì》 (1853)、《 qièwù suí xīn suǒ yù》 (1854) děng, zài sī xiǎng shàng dài yòu měi huà 'é guó zōng fǎ zhì de qīng xiàng。 chē 'ěr ní xuě fū sī jī hé niè kè lā suǒ fū duì zhè xiē zuò pǐn tí chū guò pī píng。 suí zhe 19 shì jì 50、 60 nián dài 'é guó gé mìng xíng shì de fā zhǎn, tā de chuàng zuò jìn rù xīn de jiē duàn。 cóng 1856 nián qǐ, jīhū suǒ yòu de xīn zuò dū fā biǎo zài niè kè lā suǒ fū hé xiè dé lín zhù biān de《 xiàn dài rén》 zá zhì shàng。 zhè shí qī de zuò pǐn, bāo kuò zhù míng de《 dà
ào sī tè luò fū sī jī de quán bù jù zuò, àn qí nèi róng de xìng zhì hé rén wù suǒ shǔ de jiē céng, dà tǐ kě yǐ fēn 5 dà lèi。
miáo xiě shāng rén shēng huó de jù běn:《 quán jiā fú》 (1847)、《 zì jiā rén hǎo suàn zhàng》 (1850)、《 fēi jǐ zhī cháng, wù chōng nèi xíng》 (1853)、《 pín fēi zuì》 (1854)、《 tā rén yǐn jiǔ zì jǐ zuì》 (1856)、《 jié rì hǎo mèng fàn qián yìng yàn》 (1857)、《 dà
guān yú rén mín shēng huó de jù běn:《 qièwù suí xīn suǒ yù》 (1834)、《 nào shì》 (1865) děng。 zài zhè xiē jù běn zhōng, zuò zhě miáo xiě de shì cóng nóng mín zhuǎn biàn wéi xiǎo shāng rén、 xiǎo shì mín de yī xiē rén。 tā men bǎo chí zhe mín jiān de fēng sú xí guàn hé shēng huó fāng shì。 jù běn yòu xiē lèi sì mín jiān wén xué zuò pǐn, jù yòu mín gē fēng wèi, céng bèi gǎi biān wéi gē jù。
miáo xiě xiǎo guān lì shēng huó de jù běn:《 qióng xīn niàn》 (1852)、《 féi quē》 (1857)、《 shēn yuān》 (1866)、《 pín rén bào fù》 (1872)、《 fù xīn niàn》 (1876) děng。
biǎo xiàn suǒ wèi“ shè huì tóu miàn rén wù” de jù běn:《 yì wài shì》 (1851)、《 nǚ dì zǐ》 (1851)、《 xìng gé bù hé》 (1858)、《 zhì zhě qiān lǜ bì yòu yī shī》 (1868)、《 lái dé róng yì qù dé kuài》 (1870)、《 sēn lín》 (1871)、《 xuè fàn》 (1874)、《 láng yǔ yáng》 (1875)、《 méi yòu péi jià de nǚ rén》 (1879)、《 míng líng yǔ pěng jiǎo》 (1882)、《 měi nán zǐ》 (1883)、《 wú gū de zuì rén》 (1884)、《 shì wài shì》 (1885) děng。 zhè xiē jù běn jiē lù liǎo guì zú dì zhù hé shè huì míng liú men de chǒu 'è líng hún。
lì shǐ jù:《 kē cí mǎ‧ zhā hā luó wéi qí‧ mǐ níng sū huò lǔ kè》 (1862)、《 jiàn zhù dé mǐ tè lǐ yǔ wǎ xī lì‧ suí sī jī》 (1866)、《 tǔ xīn nuò》 (1867) děng。 ào sī tè luò fū sī jī xiě lì shǐ jù shì táo bì xiàn shí, dǐ yù pò hài, dàn zhù tí shì jī jí de, jù yòu 'ài guó zhù yì jīng shén。
cǐ wài, hái yòu yǔ suǒ luò wéi yuē fū hé xiě de《 bié lǔ gēn de hūn shì》 (1878)、《 mán nǚ rén》 (1880)、《 yòu guāng wú rè》 (1881), yǔ niè wéi rén hé xiě de《 wàng xiǎng》 (1881)。
xì jù guān diǎn hé xiě zuò fāng fǎ 'ào sī tè luò fū sī jī rèn wéi“ jù běn yīnggāi shì wéi quán tǐ rén mín 'ér xiě de”。 xì jù bǐ qí tā yī qiē wén xué zuò pǐn gèng jiē jìn guǎng dà rén mín。 wǔ tái shàng yǎn chū de xì, yào xiěde qiáng 'ér yòu lì, yào yòu jù dà de xì jù xìng hé rè liè de zhēn chéng de gǎn qíng, yào yòu shēng dòng 'ér yòu lì de rén wù。 zài suǒ yòu 'é guó gǔ diǎn zuò jiā zhōng, tā de jù běn zhàn yǎn chū jù mùdì jué dà duō shù。 ào sī tè luò fū sī jī rèn wéi, xiě rén mín de shēng huó, wèirénmín xiě zuò, sī háo bù huì jiàng dī xì jù wén xué de jià zhí, xiāng fǎn,“ tā kě yǐ zēng jiā tā de lì liàng, shǐ tā bù zhì yōng sú hé duò luò; zhǐ yòu nà zhēn zhèng wèirénmín suǒ xǐ wén lè jiàn de zuò pǐn, cái néng yǒng chuí bù xiǔ。 zhè yàng de zuò pǐn, chí zǎo zǒng huì bèi bié de mín zú, ér zuì hòu bèi quán shì jiè suǒ lǐ jiě hé xīn shǎng”。
ào sī tè luò fū sī jī měi xiě yī bù jù běn, dōuyào duì tā suǒ miáo xiě de shì wù zuò shēn kè de guān chá hé zhōu mì de sī kǎo, bìng sōu jí chōng fēn de zī liào。 tā xiě jù běn zhī qián, bù jǐn kāi liè jù zhōng rén wù míng dān, ér qiě hái kāi liè shuí shì hé bàn yǎn shénme juésè de míng dān。 tā suǒ xiě de rén wù de xìng gé de guàn yòng de yǔ yán dōuyòu huó de mó tè。 zài xiě zuò guò chéng zhōng, yě cháng cháng gēnghuàn bàn yǎn zhě, shǐ zhī gēngxiāng shì hé, cóng 'ér shǐ tè dìng de yǎn yuán zuì néng fā huī tā men de yì shù cái néng。 ào sī tè luò fū sī jī sù zào liǎo yī dà pī gè zhǒng lèi xíng de fù nǚ xíng xiàng, shǐ nǚ yǎn yuán men néng fā huī gè zì de tè diǎn bìng qǔ dé chéng gōng, shǐ tā men yōng yòu zì jǐ de jù mù, yīn cǐ xǔ duō nǚ yǎn yuán tè bié 'ài dài zhè wèi jù zuò jiā。
ào sī tè luò fū sī jī zhòng shì tái cí de biǎo xiàn lì。 tā de jù běn duì bái qīng xī dòng tīng, yǔ yán yōu měi。 tā néng zhǎng wò wǔ tái shàng de wèi zhì hé diào dù, néng qià dào hǎo chù dì 'ān pái yǎn yuán shàng xià chǎng, zhè jiù shǐ tā de jù běn yǎn chū jù yòu hěn gāo de xì jù xìng。
ào sī tè luò fū sī jī cháng bǎ xī 'ōu míng jiā de jù zhōng rén xiě jìn zì jǐ de jù zuò, shǐ zhī gèng yì yú wéi 'é guó yǎn yuán hé guān zhòng suǒ jiē shòu。 lì rú, bǎ mò lǐ 'āi《 lìn sè guǐ》 ( yī yì《 qiān lìn rén》 ) zhōng de shǒu cái nú 'ā bā gòng xiě jìn tā de《 pín rén bào fù》; bǎ xiǎo zhòng mǎ《 sī shēng zǐ》 zhōng de nǚ cái féng de 'ér zǐ xiě jìn《 wú gū de zuì rén》, dū qǔ dé hěn hǎo de xiào guǒ。 zài pái xì guò chéng zhōng, tā jīng cháng tīng qǔ yǎn yuán de yì jiàn, xiū gǎi zì jǐ de jù běn。《 dà
píng lùn 'ào sī tè luò fū sī jī de chuàng zuò zài 'é luó sī wén xué hé xì jù zhōng jù yòu zhēn guì de měi xué jià zhí。 é guó de zhòng yào píng lùn jiā hé zuò jiā, rú dù bó luó liú bō fū、 chē 'ěr ní xuě fū sī jī、 tú gé niè fū、 niè kè lā suǒ fū、 gāng chá luò fū、 pǔ liè hàn nuò fū、 lú nà chá 'ěr sī jī děng, dū cóng bù tóng de jiǎo dù jǐyǔ 'ào sī tè luò fū sī jī yǐ gāo dù de píng jià。 dù bó luó liú bō fū rèn wéi 'ào sī tè luò fū sī jī shì yī wèi shú xī 'é guó shēng huó de rén, shì rén lèi xīn lǐ de tiān cái miáo huì zhě, xìng gé miáo xiě de jù jiàng。 tā shuō, ào sī tè luò fū sī jī néng zhuā zhe shēng huó de shí zhì、 shí dài de mài bó。 tā bǎ 'ào sī tè luò fū sī jī zài《 dà
Life
Nikolai was born in the village of Viliya (Russian: Вилия) near Ostroh in the Volyn' governorate in Ukraine (Volhynia), then part of the Russian Empire, into a Ukrainian working class family. He attended a parochial school until he was nine and was an honor student. In 1914, his family moved to the railroad town of Shepetivka where Nikolai started working in the kitchens at the railroad station, a timber yard, then becoming a stoker's mate and then an electrician at the local power station. In 1917, at the age of thirteen he became a Bolshevik party activist. At the same period he contracted Ankylosing spondylitis which would later blind and paralyze him.
According to the official biography, when the Germans occupied the town in spring of 1918, Nikolai ran errands for the local Bolshevik underground. In July 1918 he joined the Komsomol and the Red Army in August. He served in the Kotovsky cavalry brigade. In 1920 he was reportedly wounded near Lviv and contracted typhus. He returned to the army only to be wounded again and was demobilized on medical grounds. However, in the autobiography written by Ostrovsky himself he doesn't mention that he had served in the Red Army.
In 1921, he began working in railway workshops of Kiev as an electrician and as the secretary of the local Komsomol.
Suffering from rheumatism and typhus, in August 1922 he was sent to Berdyansk, a resort on the Sea of Azov, for treatment. In October 1922 he was officially declared an invalid; however he continued working. In 1923 he was appointed Commisar of the Red Army's Second Training Battalion and Komsomol secretary for Berezdov in western Ukraine. In January 1924 he went to Izyaslav as the head of Komsomol district committee and in August 1924 he joined the Communist Party. In 1925, with his health rapidly declining, he went to Kharkov for medical treatment and in May 1926 he went to a sanatorium in the Crimea. By December 1926 polyarthritis deprived him of almost all mobility and be became virtually bedridden. In December 1927 Nikolai began a correspondence course at the Sverdlov Communist University in Moscow that he completed it in June 1929. In August, he lost his vision.
Undaunted by his immobility and blindness, in 1930, he began work on first novel, How the Steel Was Tempered, which became renowned and influential in the Communist world. He also wrote articles for newspapers and journals and spoke often on the radio. In April 1932 he became a member of the Moscow branch of the Association of Proletarian Writers and in June 1934 he joined the Union of Soviet Writers. On October 1, 1935, he was awarded the Order of Lenin.
After suffering for years from paralysis, illness and blindness due to congenital Ankylosing spondylitis as well as complications after the typhus, Nikolai died on 22 December 1936, aged 32. His death did not allow him to complete his second novel, Born of the Storm on the Russian Civil War in Ukraine.
Legacy
His novel How the Steel Was Tempered is considered one the most influential works of Communist literature. In Moscow during the Communist period was built the Ostrovsky Museum and the Ostrovsky Humanitarian centre. The preserves his study and bedroom, while other exhibits include showcases of achievements of disabled people like Nikolai Fenomenov and Ludmilla Rogova.
Quotations
Man's dearest possession is life. It is given to him but once, and he must live it so as to feel no torturing regrets for wasted years, never know the burning shame of a mean and petty past; so live that, dying he might say: all my life, all my strength were given to the finest cause in all the world- the fight for the Liberation of Mankind.