| míng： | qiū | ||||||||
| zì： | zhòng ní | ||||||||
yuèdòukǒng zǐ Confuciuszài百家争鸣dezuòpǐn!!! | |||||||||
孔子kǒng zǐ xiōng dì páiháng dì 'èr , suǒ yǐ yě yòu rén chēng zhī wéi “ kǒng lǎo 'èr ”。 chūn qiū hòu qī lǔ guó rén。 gōng yuán qián 551 nián 9 yuè 28 rì（ xià lì bā yuè 'èr shí qī rì） shēng yú lǔ guó zōu yì chāng píng xiāng（ jīn shān dōng shěng qū fù shì dōng nán de lǔ yuán cūn）； gōng yuán qián 479 nián 4 yuè 11 rì（ nóng lì 'èr yuè shí yī rì） shì shì， xiǎng nián 72 suì， zàng yú qū fù chéng běi sì shuǐ zhī shàng， jí jīn rì kǒng lín suǒ zài dì。
kǒng zǐ tā de zǔ xiān shì sòng guó guì zú， dà yuē zài kǒng zǐ qián jǐ dài jiù méi luò liǎo。 kǒng zǐ nián qīng shí zuò guò jǐ rèn xiǎo guān， dàn tā yī shēng dà bù fēn shí jiān dōushì cóng shì jiào yù， xiāng chuán suǒ shōu dì zǐ duō dá sān qiān rén， qí zhōng xián rén 72, jiào chū bù shǎo yòu zhī shí yòu cái néng de xué shēng，“ táo lǐ mǎn tiān xià” jiù chū zì cǐ chù。 kǒng zǐ rèn lǔ guó sī kòu； hòu xié dì zǐ zhōu yóu liè guó； zuì zhōng fǎn huí lǔ guó， zhuān xīn zhí jiào。 zài zhōng guó wǔ qiān nián de lì shǐ shàng， duì huá xià mín zú de xìng gé、 qì zhì chǎn shēng zuì dà yǐng xiǎng de rén， jiù suàn shì kǒng zǐ liǎo。 zài shì shí yǐ bèi yù wéi“ tiān zòng zhī shèng”、“ tiān zhī mù duó”“ qiān gǔ shèng rén”， shì dāng shí shè huì shàng zuì bó xué zhě zhī yī， bìng qiě bèi hòu shì zūn wéi zhì shèng（ shèng rén zhī zhōng de shèng rén）、 wàn shì shī biǎo。 yīn fù mǔ céng wéi shēng zǐ 'ér dǎo yú ní qiū shān， gù míng qiū， céng xiū《 shī》、《 shū》， dìng《 lǐ》、《 lè》， xù《 zhōu yì》， zuò《 chūn qiū》。
kǒng zǐ de sī xiǎng jí xué shuō duì hòu shì chǎn shēng liǎo jí qí shēn yuǎn de yǐng xiǎng。 jiāng guǎng huī rèn wéi，“ miàn duì chūn qiū shí qī
zhèng zhì shēng yá
kǒng zǐ zì 20 duō suì qǐ， jiù xiǎng zǒu shì tú， suǒ yǐ duì tiān xià dà shì fēi cháng guān zhù， duì zhì lǐ guó jiā de zhū zhǒng wèn tí， jīng cháng jìn xíng sī kǎo， yě cháng fā biǎo yī xiē jiàn jiě， dào 30 suì shí， yǐ yòu xiē míng qì。 lǔ zhāo gōng 'èr shí nián， qí jǐng gōng chū fǎng lǔ guó shí zhào jiàn liǎo kǒng zǐ , yǔ tā tǎo lùn qín mù gōng chēng bà de wèn tí , kǒng zǐ yóu cǐ jié shí liǎo qí jǐng gōng。 lǔ zhāo gōng 25 nián， lǔ guó fā shēng nèi luàn， lǔ zhāo gōng bèi pò táo wǎng qí guó， kǒng zǐ yě lí kāi lǔ guó， dào liǎo qí guó， shòu dào qí jǐng gōng de shǎng shí hé hòu dài， shèn zhì céng zhǔn bèi bǎ ní xī yī dài de tián dì fēng gěi kǒng zǐ， dàn bèi dà fū yàn yīng zǔ zhǐ。 lǔ zhāo gōng 27 nián， qí guó de dà fū xiǎng jiā hài kǒng zǐ， kǒng zǐ tīng shuō hòu xiàng qí jǐng gōng qiú jiù， qí jǐng gōng shuō：“ wú lǎo yǐ， fú néng yòng yě。” kǒng zǐ zhǐ hǎo cāng huáng táo huí lǔ guó。 dāng shí de lǔ guó， zhèng quán shí jì zhǎng wò zài dà fū de jiā chén shǒu zhōng， bèi chēng wéi“ péi chén zhí guó zhèng”， yīn cǐ kǒng zǐ suī yòu guò liǎng cì cóng zhèng jī huì， què dū fàng qì liǎo， zhí dào lǔ dìng gōng 9 nián bèi rèn mìng wéi zhōng dū zǎi， cǐ shí kǒng zǐ yǐ 51 suì liǎo。 kǒng zǐ zhì lǐ zhōng dū yī nián， zhuó yòu zhèng jì， bèi shēng wéi xiǎo sī kōng， bù jiǔ yòu shēng wéi dà sī kòu， shè xiāng shì， lǔ guó dà zhì。 lǔ dìng gōng 12 nián， kǒng zǐ wéi xuē ruò sān huán（ jì sūn shì、 shū sūn shì、 mèng sūn shì sān jiā shì qīng， yīn wéi shì lǔ huán gōng de sān gè sūn zǐ gù chēng sān huán， dāng shí de lǔ guó zhèng quán shí jì zhǎng wò zài tā men shǒu zhōng， ér sān huán de yī xiē jiā chén yòu zài bù tóng chéng dù shàng kòng zhì zhe sān huán）， cǎi qǔ liǎo duò sān dū de cuò shī（ jí chāi huǐ sān huán suǒ jiàn chéng bǎo）。 hòu lái duò sān dū de xíng dòng bàn tú 'ér fèi， kǒng zǐ yǔ sān huán de máo dùn yě suí zhī bào lù。 lǔ dìng gōng 13 nián， qí guó sòng 80 míng měi nǚ dào lǔ guó， jì huán shì jiē shòu liǎo nǚ lè， jūn chén mí liàn gē wǔ， duō rì bù lǐ cháo zhèng， kǒng zǐ fēi cháng shī wàng， bù jiǔ lǔ guó jǔ xíng jiāo jì， jì sì hòu 'àn guàn lì sòng jì ròu gěi dà fū men shí bìng méi yòu sòng gěi kǒng zǐ， zhè biǎo míng jì shì bù xiǎng zài rèn yòng tā liǎo， kǒng zǐ zài bù dé yǐ de qíng kuàng xià lí kāi lǔ guó， dào wài guó qù xún zhǎo chū lù， kāi shǐ liǎo zhōu yóu liè guó de lǚ chéng， zhè yī nián， kǒng zǐ 55 suì。
kǒng zǐ dài dì zǐ [ kǒng zǐ mù ] xiān dào liǎo wèi guó， wèi líng gōng kāi shǐ hěn zūn zhòng kǒng zǐ， àn zhào lǔ guó de fèng lù biāo zhǔn fā gěi kǒng zǐ fèng sù 6 wàn， dàn bìng méi gěi tā shénme guān zhí， méi ràng tā cānyù zhèng shì。 kǒng zǐ zài wèi guó zhù liǎo yuē 10 gè yuè， yīn yòu rén zài wèi líng gōng miàn qián jìn chán yán， wèi líng gōng duì kǒng zǐ qǐ liǎo yí xīn， pài rén gōng kāi jiān shì kǒng zǐ de xíng dòng， yú shì kǒng zǐ dài dì zǐ lí kāi wèi guó， dǎ suàn qù chén guó。 lù guò kuāng chéng shí， yīn wù huì bèi rén wéi kùn liǎo 5 rì， táo lí kuāng chéng， dào liǎo pú dì， yòu pèng shàng wèi guó guì zú gōng shū shì fā dòng pàn luàn， zài cì bèi wéi。 táo tuō hòu， kǒng zǐ yòu fǎn huí liǎo wèi guó， wèi líng gōng tīng shuō kǒng zǐ shī tú cóng pú dì fǎn huí， fēi cháng gāo xīng， qīn zì chū chéng yíng jiē。 cǐ hòu kǒng zǐ jǐ cì lí kāi wèi guó， yòu jǐ cì huí dào wèi guó， zhè yī fāng miàn shì yóu yú wèi líng gōng duì kǒng zǐ shí hǎo shí huài， lìng yī fāng miàn shì kǒng zǐ lí kāi wèi guó hòu， méi yòu qù chù， zhǐ hǎo yòu fǎn huí。
lǔ 'āi gōng 2 nián（ kǒng zǐ 59 suì）， kǒng zǐ lí kāi wèi guó jīng cáo、 sòng、 zhèng zhì chén guó， zài chén guó zhù liǎo sān nián， wú gōng chén， bīng huāng mǎ luàn， kǒng zǐ biàn dài dì zǐ lí kāi， chǔ guó rén tīng shuō kǒng zǐ dào liǎo chén、 cài jiāo jiè chù， pài rén qù yíng jiē kǒng zǐ。 chén guó、 cài guó de dà fū men zhī dào kǒng zǐ duì tā men de suǒ zuò suǒ wèiyòu yì jiàn， pà kǒng zǐ dào liǎo chǔ guó bèi zhòng yòng， duì tā men bù lì， yú shì pài fú láo yì de rén jiāng kǒng zǐ shī tú wéi kùn zài bàn dào， qián bù kào cūn， hòu bù kào diàn， suǒ dài liáng shí chī wán， jué liáng 7 rì， zuì hòu hái shì zǐ gòng zhǎo dào chǔ guó rén， chǔ pài bīng yíng kǒng zǐ， kǒng zǐ shī tú cái miǎn yú yī sǐ。 kǒng zǐ 64 suì shí yòu huí dào wèi guó， 68 suì shí zài qí dì zǐ rǎn qiú de nǔ lì xià , bèi yíng huí lǔ guó， dàn réng shì bèi jìng 'ér bù yòng。 lǔ 'āi gōng 16 nián， kǒng zǐ 73 suì， huàn bìng， bù yù 'ér zú。
kǒng zǐ pǐn gé
fā fèn wàng shí， lè yǐ wàng yōu
kǒng zǐ 63 suì shí， céng zhè yàng xíng róng zì jǐ：“ fā fèn wàng shí， lè yǐ wàng yōu， bù zhī lǎo zhī jiāng zhì yún 'ěr。” dāng shí kǒng zǐ yǐ dài lǐng dì zǐ zhōu yóu liè guó 9 gè nián tóu， lì jìn jiān xīn， bù jǐn wèi dé dào
xué 'ér bù yàn， huì rén bù juàn
kǒng zǐ yǐ hàoxué zhù chēng， duì yú gè zhǒng zhī shí dū biǎo xiàn chū nóng hòu de xīng qù， yīn cǐ tā duō cái duō yì， zhī shí yuān bó， zài dāng shí shì chū liǎo míng de， jīhū bèi dàngchéng wú suǒ bù zhī de shèng rén， dàn kǒng zǐ zì jǐ bù zhè yàng rèn wéi， kǒng zǐ yuē：“ shèng zé wú bù néng， wǒ xué bù yàn， ér jiào bù juàn yě。” kǒng zǐ xué wú cháng shī， shuí yòu zhī shí， shuí nà lǐ yòu tā suǒ bù zhī dào de dōng xī， tā jiù bài shuí wéi shī， yīn cǐ shuō“ sān rén xíng， bì yòu wǒ shī yān”。 zhí dào 'ér xíng kǒng zǐ shēng xìng zhèng zhí， yòu zhù zhāng zhí dào 'ér xíng， tā céng shuō：“ wú zhī yú rén yě， shuí huǐ shuí yù？ rú yòu suǒ yù zhě， qí yòu suǒ shì yǐ。 sī mín yě， sān dài zhī suǒ yǐ zhí dào 'ér xíng yě。”《 shǐ jì》 zài kǒng zǐ sān shí duō suì shí céng wèn lǐ yú lǎo zǐ， lín bié shí lǎo zǐ zèng yán yuē：“ cōng míng shēn chá 'ér jìn yú sǐ zhě， hǎo yì rén zhě yě。 bó biàn guǎng dà wēi qí shēn zhě， fā rén zhī 'è zhě yě。 wéi rén zǐ zhě wú yǐ yòu jǐ， wéi rén chén zhě wú yǐ yòu jǐ。” zhè shì lǎo zǐ duì kǒng zǐ shàn yì de tí xǐng， yě zhǐ chū liǎo kǒng zǐ de yī xiē máo bìng， jiù shì kàn wèn tí tài shēn kè， jiǎng huà tài jiān ruì， shāng hài liǎo yī xiē yòu dì wèi de rén， huì gěi zì jǐ dài lái hěn dà de wēi xiǎn。 yǔ rén wéi shàn kǒng zǐ chuàng lì liǎo yǐ rén wéi hé xīn de dào dé xué shuō， tā zì jǐ yě shì yī gè hěn shàn liáng de rén， fù yòu tóng qíng xīn， lè yú zhù rén， dài rén zhēn chéng、 kuān hòu。“ jǐ suǒ bù yù， wú shī yú rén”、“ jūn zǐ chéng rén zhī měi， bù chéng rén zhī 'è”、“ gōng zì hòu 'ér bó zé yú rén” děng dì， dōushì tā de zuò rén zhǔn zé。
kǒng zǐ sī xiǎng
kǒng zǐ sī xiǎng、 xué shuō de jīng huá， bǐ jiào jí zhōng dì jiàn zhū yú《 lùn yǔ》 yī shū， gòng 'èr shí piān， yī wàn yī qiān yú zì。《 lùn yǔ》 jiù shì kǒng zǐ de yǔ lù， yě yòu yī xiē shì duì kǒng zǐ dì zǐ yán xíng de jì lù， shì kǒng zǐ de dì zǐ jí qí zài chuán dì zǐ duì kǒng zǐ yán xíng de zhuī jì。 cǐ shū duì zhōng guó lì shǐ chǎn shēng liǎo shēn yuǎn 'ér jù dà de yǐng xiǎng。 tā de sī xiǎng nèi róng、 sī wéi fāng shì、 jià zhí qǔ xiàng dū zǎo yǐ róng rù liǎo wǒ men mín zú de xuè yè， chén diàn zài wǒ men de shēng mìng zhōng， zhù chéng liǎo wǒ men mín zú de gè xìng。《 lùn yǔ》 yī shū jí zhōng chǎn shù liǎo rú jiā sī xiǎng de hé xīn nèi hán ---- rén。“ rén” shì yī qiē lǐ lùn de zhōng xīn， suǒ yòu de guān yú“ rén”、“ lè” de guī fàn， dōubù guò shì shǒu duàn， shì wéi shí xiàn“ rén” zhè yī dào dé de zuì hòu wán měi fú wù de。《 lùn yǔ》 zuò wéi zhōng huá wén huà de dài biǎo， zǎo zài qín hàn shí qī jiù chuán rù liǎo cháo xiān hé rì běn， rì běn 〈 dà bǎo lìng 〉 hái zhǐ dìng tā wéi rì běn xué shēng de bì xiū kè。 1594 nián， chuán jiào shì lì mǎ dòu jiāng tā yì wéi lā dīng wén hòu， tā yòu bèi zhuǎn yì wéi yì、 fǎ、 dé、 yīng、 é děng duō zhǒng wén zì， zài xī fāng gè guó guǎng fàn chuán bō。
kǒng zǐ qí sī xiǎng yǐ“ rén” hé xīn， yǐ wéi“ rén” jí“ ài rén”。 tí chū“ jǐ suǒ bù yù， wù shī yú rén”，“” děng lùn diǎn， tí chàng“ zhōng shù” zhī dào， yòu yǐ wéi tuī xíng“ rén zhèng” yìng yǐ“ lǐ” wéi guī fàn：“ kè jǐ fù lǐ wéi rén”。 duì yú yīn zhōu yǐ lái de guǐ shén zōng jiào mí xìn， cǎi qǔ cún yí tài dù， yǐ wéi“ wèi zhī shēng， yān zhī shì guǐ”，“ bù zhī mìng， wú yǐ wéi jūn zǐ yě”。 yòu zhù zhòng“ xué” yǔ“ sī” de jié hé， tí chū“ xué 'ér bù sī zé wǎng， sī 'ér bù xué zé dài” hé“ wēn gù 'ér zhī xīn” děng guān diǎn。 shǒu chuàng sī rén jiǎng xué fēng qì， zhù zhāng yīn cái shī jiào，“ yòu jiào wú lèi”，“ xué 'ér bù yàn， huì rén bù juàn”， qiáng diào“ jūn zǐ xué dào zé 'ài rén， xiǎo rén xué dào zé yì shǐ yě”。 zhèng zhì shàng tí chū“ zhèng míng” zhù zhāng， yǐ wéi“ jūn jūn、 chén chén、 fù fù、 zǐ zǐ”， dū yìng shí fù qí“ míng”， bìng tí chū“ bù huàn guǎ 'ér huàn bù jūn， bù huàn pín 'ér huàn bù 'ān” guān diǎn。 zì xī hàn yǐ hòu， kǒng zǐ xué shuō chéng wéi liǎng qiān yú nián fēng jiàn shè huì de wén huà zhèng tǒng， yǐng xiǎng jí shēn。
shuō dào zhì lǐ guó jiā， kǒng zǐ zhòng shì mín shēng jí kǔ， hū huàn rén zhèng， xī wàng tǒng zhì zhě yǐ rén yì zhī xīn dài mín， tā shuō“ kē zhèng měng yú hǔ”， tā hái qiáng diào wú lùn shénme fǎ lìng fǎ guī， tǒng zhì zhě dōuyào shǒu xiān yǐ shēn zuò zé，“ qí shēn zhèng， bù lìng 'ér xíng； qí shēn bù zhèng， suī lìng bù xíng”。 zài rén jì jiāo wǎng zhōng， kǒng zǐ qiáng diào de shì zhōng hé shù。
“ zhōng” jiù shì yǐ zhōng shí chéng xìn de tài dù duì rén， yǐ kè jìn zhí shǒu de tài dù dài shì；“ shù” jiù shì yào tuī jǐ jí rén，“ jǐ suǒ bù yù， wù shī yǔ rén”，“ jūn zǐ chéng rén zhī měi， bù chéng rén zhī 'è”。 zài wéi rén chǔshì shàng， kǒng zǐ tí chàng zì 'ài hé 'ài rén。 kǒng zǐ duì tiān mìng chí jǐn shèn tài dù， tā gēngxiāng xìn rén zì jǐ de lì liàng。 tā rèn wéi“ xìng xiāng jìn yě， xí xiāng yuǎn yě”， yī qiē yào kàn gè rén hòu tiān de nǔ lì。 dāng rán，〈 lùn yǔ〉 zhōng yě yòu yī xiē sī xiǎng shì yǔ lì shǐ cháo liú xiāng bèi lí de， rú tā zhèng zhì shàng de fù gǔ qīng xiàng， tā duì děng jí、 zhì xù de guòfèn qiáng diào， tā de nèi liǎn de rén gé jià zhí qǔ xiàng děng， zhè yī qiēdōu bù kě fǒu rèn de gěi zhōng guó shè huì de fā zhǎn dài lái liǎo fù miàn yǐng xiǎng， xū yào wǒ men yòng xiàn dài yì shí duì zhī jiā yǐ xiū zhèng。 dàn xiá bù yǎn yú， zài rén lèi wén míng gāng gāng lù chū shǔ guāng de xiān qín shí dài， wǒ men de zǔ xiān jiù jù yòu rú cǐ shēn kè de shēng mìng zhì huì， shì zú yǐ ràng wǒ men zhè xiē hòu rén wéi zhī jiāo 'ào de。
kǒng zǐ sī xiǎng zài jìn xiàn dài yǐ lái de xīn fā zhǎn shì zhǐ jìn dài xī fāng wén míng shū rù zhōng guó yǐ hòu， zài zhōng xī wén míng pèng zhuàng jiāo róng tiáo jiàn xià chǎn shēng de xīn rú xué。 xīn xīng de“ dà zhòng rú xué” shì dāng dài xīn rú xué fā zhǎn de yòu yī chéng guǒ。
[ sì shū ]
fù：
“ zhī” ── kǒng zǐ sī xiǎng de jīng huá
kǒng zǐ bù jǐn shì wěi dà de sī xiǎng jiā， ér qiě shì gè wěi dà de jiào yù jiā， tā cóng cháng qī de jiào yù shí jiàn zhōng zǒng jié liǎo xǔ duō hěn yòu yì yì、 hěn yòu qǐ fā xìng de jiào yù sī xiǎng hé huò dé zhī shí de fāng fǎ。 zài chūn qiū mò qī zhè yàng yī gè shè huì dà biàn dòng de shí dài， bǎo shǒu de nú lì zhù guì zú shì wú fǎ yìng fù xiàn shí shēng huó de biàn huà， cóng nú lì zhù guì zú běn shēn lái shuō yě bù kě néng péi yǎng chū shì yìng shè huì fā zhǎn yào qiú de rén cái。 dàn cóng zhěng gè shè huì fā zhǎn lái shuō， què xū yào yòu yī pī yòu cáigàn de rén cái， yào tā men lái jiě jué xiàn shí shè huì zhōng fā shēng de zhǒng zhǒng fù zá de wèn tí。 kǒng zǐ shì yìng zhe dāng shí shè huì de xū yào， tōng guò jiào yù， gěi rén men yǐ zhī shí， chéng wéi wǒ guó lì shǐ shàng zuì zǎo de yī wèi jiào yù jiā。
kǒng zǐ tí chū“ yòu jiào wú lèi”， duì zhè jù huà suī yòu zhǒng zhǒng bù tóng jiě shì， dàn tā bāo hán yào kuò dà jiào yù miàn， shǐ shòu jiào yù de rén bù jǐn jǐn xiàn yú nú lì zhù guì zú， yīnggāi shì wú yí wèn de。 kǒng zǐ zì jǐ shí jiàn liǎo tā de“ yòu jiào wú lèi” de zhù zhāng， suǒ yǐ tā shuō：“ zhǐ yào gěi wǒ shí tiáo gān ròu zuò xué fèi， wǒ cóng méi yòu bù jiào huì de。”（《 lùn yǔ · shù 'ér》） tā de zhè yī zuò fǎ， duì dāng shí pò qiē xū yào jiě jué de rén cái wèn tí qǐ zhe hěn dà de zuò yòng。 dāng rán kǒng zǐ de“ yòu jiào wú lèi” bìng bù shì wèile suǒ yòu de jiē jí， gèng bù shì wèile shénme péi yǎng wéi quán mín fú wù de rén cái， ér shì wèile péi yǎng gèng duō de néng shì yìng shè huì fā zhǎn yào qiú de、 wéi tǒng zhì jiē jí fú wù de yòu cáigàn de rén。 suī rán rú cǐ， dàn kǒng zǐ de jiào yù huó dòng， què shì jié shù liǎo guò qù guì zú lǒng duàn de“ guān fǔ zhī xué”， kāi shǐ liǎo xué wèn de sī jiā chuán shòu。 suǒ wèi“ xué shù xià shù rén”， zhèng shì cóng kǒng zǐ kāi shǐ de。 cóng zhè yī diǎn lái shuō， wú lùn rú hé shì yòu lì yú dāng shí shè huì fā zhǎn de。
bù jǐn rú cǐ， kǒng zǐ tōng guò tā cháng qī de jiào yù shí jiàn， cóng zhōng zǒng jié liǎo bù shǎo hé yú rén men rèn shí guī lǜ de jīng yàn， dàn kǒng zǐ de zhè fāng miàn de sī xiǎng， hái bù shì rèn shí lùn běn shēn de wèn tí， zhù yào hái shì duì jiào yù fāng fǎ、 qiú zhī fāng fǎ de gài kuò hé zǒng jié。
shǒu xiān， kǒng zǐ bǐ jiào qiáng diào rén men de zhī shí lái yuán yú xué xí。 suī rán tā yě jiǎng dào“ shēng zhī”“ wéi shàng zhì yǔ xià yú bù yí”， tā biǎo míng kǒng zǐ hái shòu zhe chuán tǒng sī xiǎng de shù fù。 dàn shì wǒ men cóng tā de jù tǐ jiào yù huó dòng shàng kàn， tā bìng bù shí fēn zhòng shì zhè diǎn。 tā suǒ shuō de“ xìng xiāng jìn， xí xiāng yuǎn” cái shì tā zì jǐ de zhù zhāng， xiǎn rán zhè hé“ shēng zhī” de guān diǎn shì bù yī zhì de。 kǒng zǐ cóng lái jiù méi yòu rèn wéi tā zì jǐ shì“ shàng zhì” de， ér qiě yě méi yòu shuō guò nǎ yī gè rén shì“ shàng zhì” de， tā shèn zhì rèn wéi yáo shùn yě huì yòu cuò wù。 guān yú tā zì jǐ， tā shuō：“ wǒ fēi shēng 'ér zhī zhī zhě， hàogǔ， mǐn yǐ qiú zhī zhě yě。”（《 lùn yǔ · shù 'ér》） tā fēi cháng hàoxué， tā zì jǐ gěi zì jǐ de píng lùn shì：“ shí shì zhī yì， bì yòu zhōng xìn rú qiū zhě yān， bù rú qiū zhī hàoxué yě。”（《 lùn yǔ · gōng yě cháng》） tā zàn měi hàoxué de xué shēng yán huí shuō：“ yòu yán huí zhě hàoxué， bù xìng duǎn mìng sǐ yǐ， jīn yě zé wáng。”（《 lùn yǔ · xiān jìn》） zǐ gòng wèn：“ kǒng wén zǐ hé yǐ wèi zhī wén yě？” kǒng zǐ huí dá shuō：“ mǐn 'ér hàoxué， bù chǐ xià wèn， shì yǐ wèi zhī wén yě。”（《 lùn yǔ · gōng yě cháng》） kě jiàn， kǒng zǐ fēi cháng zhù zhòng xué xí， rèn wéi rén de zhī shí lái yuán yú xué xí， rén de dào dé pǐn dé yě shì tōng guò xué xí cái néng dé dào， suǒ yǐ tā suǒ shuō de“ shēng zhī” chàbù duō chéng liǎo yī jù kōng huà liǎo， zài shí jì shàng bìng méi yòu zhòng shì tā。
kǒng zǐ zhù zhāng xué xí de zhī shí dà tǐ shàng yòu liǎng gè fāng miàn： yī shì cóng xué xí gǔ dài wén xiàn hé diǎn zhāng zhì dù fāng miàn dé lái de zhī shí， zhè kě yǐ shuō shì lì shǐ zhī shí，《 lùn yǔ》 zhōng jìzǎi kǒng zǐ cóng guò qù de lì shǐ wén xiàn、 diǎn zhāng zhì dù zhōng xué dé zhī shí de dì fāng hěn duō， tā zì jǐ shuō tā shì“ shù 'ér bù zuò、 xìn 'ér hàogǔ”。《 lùn yǔ · xiāng dǎng》 yī piān zhōng， chú jí shǎo shù jǐ jié wài， dà dū shì jiǎng gǔ dài de zhì dù， kǒng zǐ jiù shì xué xí zhè xiē dōng xī。 cóng kǒng zǐ jiào xué de nèi róng kàn， dà bù fēn shì gǔ dài wén xiàn、 diǎn zhāng zhì dù děng，“ kǒng zǐ yòng sì zhǒng nèi róng jiào yù xué shēng： lì dài wén xiàn， shēng huó xíng wéi de zhǔn zé， duì shàng yào jiǎng zhōng yì， duì péng yǒu yào jiǎng xìn shí。”（《 lùn yǔ · shù 'ér》） zhè lǐ suǒ shuō de“ lì dài wén xiàn” jiù shì《 shī》《 shū》《 lǐ》《 lè》 děng děng。 èr shì cóng xiàn shí shēng huó fāng miàn dé dào de zhī shí， zhè kě yǐ shuō shì xiàn shí de zhī shí。 dàn kǒng zǐ zhù yào shì zhù zhòng guān chá 'ér bù dà zhù zhòng shí jiàn， tè bié shì tā fēi cháng qīng shì shēng chǎn shí jiàn。 zài《 lùn yǔ》 zhōng xǔ duō dì fāng jìzǎi liǎo kǒng zǐ zhù zhāng zài shēng huó zhōng yào zhù yì xué xí de huà， lì rú tā shuō：“ duō wén zé qí shàn zhě 'ér cóng zhī， duō jiàn 'ér shí zhī”，“ sān rén xíng， bì yòu wǒ shī yān， zé qí shàn zhě 'ér cóng zhī， qí bù shàn zhě 'ér gǎi zhī”（《 lùn yǔ · shù 'ér》），“ bù chǐ xià wèn” děng děng。 dàn shì kǒng zǐ qīng shì shēng chǎn shí jiàn zé shì fēi cháng cuò wù de， yòu yī cì tā de xué shēng fán chí xiàng tā qǐng jiào zhǒng zhuāng jià hé zhòngcài， tā bù jǐn shuō tā bù rú lǎo nóng mín hé lǎo cài mín， ér qiě mà fán chí shuō：“ fán chí zhēn shì gè xiǎo rén yā ! zuò yī gè tǒng zhì zhě zhòng shì lǐ， lǎo bǎi xìng jiù bù gǎn bù jìng wèi； zuò yī gè tǒng zhì zhě zhòng shì yì， lǎo bǎi xìng jiù bù gǎn bù fú cóng； zuò yī gè tǒng zhì zhě zhòng shì xìn， lǎo bǎi xìng jiù bù gǎn yǐn mán zhēn qíng。 yào shì zuò dào zhè yàng， sì miàn bā fāng de lǎo bǎi xìng dū huì bēizhe xiǎo hái qián lái tóubèn， nǎ lǐ yòng dé zhe zì jǐ qù zhǒng zhuāng jià ní !”（《 lùn yǔ · zǐ lù》） kǒng zǐ shuō zhè yàng de huà biǎo míng tā shì yī gè bō xuē jiē jí de sī xiǎng jiā， ér bō xuē jiē jí cóng láidōu shì zì jǐ bù láo dòng 'ér qiě qīng shì láo dòng。
qí cì， kǒng zǐ duì mǒu xiē xué xí de guī lǜ zuò liǎo gài kuò， dé chū yī xiē rèn shí shì wù de yī bān guī lǜ， bìng yǐ cǐ zuò wéi tā zhǐ dǎo xué shēng xué xí de fāng fǎ。
tā tí chū fǎn fù de xué xí kě yǐ shǐ rén men de rèn shí gèng jiā shēn rù， cóng 'ér huò dé xīn de zhī shí， tā shuō：“ wēn gù 'ér zhī xīn”（《 lùn yǔ · wéi zhèng》），“ xué 'ér shí xí zhī”（《 lùn yǔ · xué 'ér》） děng， jiù shì zhè gè yì sī。 kǒng zǐ suī rán méi yòu míng què tán dào tōng guò duì guò qù de jīng yàn jiā yǐ fēn xī kě yǐ dé dào shì wù fā zhǎn de guī lǜ， dàn tā yǐ jīng zhī dào kě yǐ yóu xué xí guò qù de zhī shí zhōng xī qǔ jīng yàn， zhè duì rèn shí dāng qián de shì wù shì yòu bāng zhù de。 kǒng zǐ cháng cháng xiàng bié rén qǐng jiào， cóng bié rén nà lǐ xué dé zhī shí， rán hòu yòng lái jiào bié rén， tā shuō：“ wǒ yòu hěn duō zhī shí má？ méi yòu ní。 yòu yī gè pǔ tōng rén wèn wǒ， wǒ duì tā de wèn tí běn lái yī diǎn yě bù zhī dào。 dàn shì wǒ cóng tā de wèn tí zhèng fǎn liǎng miàn qù pán wèn zhī hòu， què dé dào hěn duō qǐ fā， rán hòu jìn liàng dì gào sù tā。”（《 lùn yǔ · zǐ hǎn》）
kǒng zǐ hái cóng jiào yù shí jiàn zhōng zǒng jié chū“ xué” hé“ sī” de guān xì。 tā suǒ shuō de“ xué” hé“ sī” de guān xì suī rán bù děng yú shì gǎn xìng rèn shí hé lǐ xìng rèn shí de guān xì， dàn yě shì bié rén de jīng yàn rú hé tōng guò sī kǎo biàn chéng zì jǐ de zhī shí de guān xì。“ xué” shì xué xí bié rén de jīng yàn hècóng xiàn shí shēng huó zhōng xué xí，“ sī” shì bǎ bié rén de jīng yàn hècóng xiàn shí shēng huó zhōng xué dé de dōng xī tōng guò sī kǎo jiā yǐ xiāo huà， shǐ zhī chéng wéi zì jǐ de zhī shí， suǒ yǐ tā shuō：“ xué 'ér bù sī zé wǎng， sī 'ér bù xué zé dài”（《 lùn yǔ · wéi zhèng》）， zhǐ xué xí qián rén de zhī shí 'ér zì jǐ bù sī kǎo， zhǐ néng tíng liú zài mí wǎng zhī zhōng 'ér bù zhī zhèng què yǔ cuò wù； zhǐ shì píng kōng sī xiǎng 'ér bù xué xí hé lì yòng qián rén de zhī shí jīng yàn， nà jiù huì yī wú suǒ chéng。 kàn lái， kǒng zǐ suī rán yě zhòng shì“ sī”， dàn tā què gèng zhòng shì“ xué”， tā rèn wéi“ xué” shì“ sī” de jī chǔ， suǒ yǐ tā shuō：“ wú cháng zhōng rì bù shí， zhōng yè bù qǐn， yǐ sī； wú yì， bù rú xué yě。”（《 lùn yǔ · wèi líng gōng》） dà fán rén lèi rèn shí shǐ zǒng shì shǒu xiān zhòng shì“ xué”（ zhí jiē jīng yàn hé jiànjiē jīng yàn）， ér zhú jiàn cái zhù yì dào“ sī”（ duì jīng yàn jiā yǐ zǒng jié zhǎo chū guī lǜ）， kǒng zǐ tōng guò tā qīn shēn de jiào yù shí jiàn， kāi shǐ rèn shí dào zhè liǎng zhě de guān xì， bìng yóu zhù yì“ xué” kāi shǐ， dào zhù yì“ sī” de rèn shí jiē duàn。
[ kǒng zǐ xiàng ]
kǒng zǐ rèn wéi， zhī shí yīnggāi jìn liàng fēng fù， tā zì jǐ jiù shì yī gè bó xué duō néng de rén。 dàn shì， kǒng zǐ rèn wéi yuān bó de xué wèn， bì xū yòu yī gè zhōng xīn sī xiǎng lái guàn chuān， zhè jiù shì tā suǒ shuō de“ yī yǐ guàn zhī”。 fā xiàn liǎo“ yī”， jiù shì zhōng xīn sī xiǎng， huò zhě shuō shì běn zhì， cái kě yǐ bǎ xǔ duō biǎo miàn shàng kàn qǐ lái bù lián guàn de zhī shí guàn chuān qǐ lái。 dāng rán gēn jù kǒng zǐ de zhěng gè sī xiǎng kàn， zhè gè guàn chuān yī qiē de“ yī”， qí sī xiǎng běn zhì jiù shì tā shuō de“ rén”。 tā shuō：“ rén 'ér bù rén， rú lǐ hé； rén 'ér bù rén， rú lè hé？”（《 lùn yǔ · bā yì》） yòu shuō：“ jūn zǐ wú zhōng shí zhī jiān wéi rén， zào cì bì yú shì， diān pèi bì yú shì”（《 lùn yǔ · lǐ rén》）；“ dāng rén， bù ràng yú shī”。 zhào kǒng zǐ kàn， yī fāng miàn shì yī qièyào yǐ“ rén” qù kàn dài， dàn lìng yī fāng miàn de yì sī yòu shì shuō rèn hé réndōu yīnggāi duì zì jǐ yòu gè yào qiú， yào bǎ zì jǐ kàn chéng shì gè“ rén”， zhàn zài zì jǐ yìng zhàn lì de dì wèi lái jìn lì 'ér wéi， yīn cǐ tā suǒ shuō de“ rén” cóng jiē jí hé gè rén de guān xì fāng miàn lái shuō， bāo hán zhuózhòng shì rén de zuò yòng de guān diǎn， zhè gè guān diǎn bù jǐn shì guàn chuān tā de jiào yù sī xiǎng， ér qiě yě guàn chuān tā de zhěng gè xué shuō。
jiào yù gòng xiàn
kǒng zǐ zì“ ér lì” zhī nián jí yǐ《 shī》、《 shū》、《 lǐ》、《 lè》 wéi jiào， gèng yǐ tā zhì wěi rén gé zhōng de yī yán yīháng， yī dòng yī jìng 'ér shì fàn wéi jiào。 shì tā kāi liǎo wǒ guó lì shǐ shàng sī rén jiǎng xué de xiān hé， jiāng yǐ qián xué zài guān fǔ， wén huà zhī shí shì guì zú men de zhuān lì de xiàn xiàng， yí zhí dào mín jiān。 tā shǒu xiān tí chū“ yòu jiào wú lèi” de fāng zhēn， bù fēn pín jiàn fù guì， jūn kě yǐ zài tā nà lǐ shòu jiào。 zài dì zǐ zhōng， pín rú yán huí， fù rú zǐ gòng， guì rú mèng yì zǐ， rán jué dà duō shù shì píng mín zǐ dì， yòu lái zì wèi、 qí、 chén、 wú …… děng guó de， zhēn kě wèi táo lǐ mǎn tiān xià。 qí jiào xué mùdì， shì chuán tā de rén dào xué shuō。 jí kè jǐ fù lǐ wéi rén， biàn huà xué shēng qì zhì， chéng jiù rén gé， tí gāo shēng mìng jìng jiè， zhōng zhì chéng wù。 yě jí zào jiù zhì guó、 píng tiān xià de dòng liáng zhī cái。 bìng cǎi yòng“ yīn cái shī jiào” hé qǐ fā shì de fāng fǎ， péi yǎng xué shēng de“ xué 'ér shí xí zhī”，“ wēn gù 'ér zhī xīn”，“ xué 'ér bù sī zé wǎng， sī 'ér bù xué zé dài”，“ zhī zhī wéi zhī zhī， bù zhī wéi bù zhī”，“ sān rén xíng bì yòu wǒ shī”，“ bù chǐ xià wèn” děng fēng fàn。 gèng yǐ tā huì rén bù juàn de jīng shén， duì xué shēng rù rú cí mǔ bān dì guān huái bèi zhì， rú yán fù bān dì dǎo yǐ zhèng dào， rú péng yǒu bān dì qiē cuō xiāng cháng， mò bù yīn qí cái 'ér chéng jiù zhī。 rú zǐ gāo zhī yú， zéngshēn zhī lǔ， zǐ zhāng zhī piān jī， zǐ lù zhī cū bǐ…… jūn chéng dà qì。 yóu yǐ Zēngzǐ néng dé dào zhī quán tǐ 'ér rèn chuán dào zhī zé， chéng wéi zōng shèng。 gèng yòu jiǎo jiǎo zhě fēn dé xíng： yán huí、 mǐn zǐ qiān、 rǎn bó niú、 zhòng gōng。 yǔ yán： zǎi wǒ、 zǐ gòng。 zhèng shì： rǎn qiú、 zǐ lù。 wén xué： zǐ yóu、 zǐ xià sì kē gòng shí rén。 kǒng zǐ gòng yòu dì zǐ sān qiān。 shēn tōng liù yì zhě qī shí yòu 'èr。 gù néng jiāng hào hàn de chuán tǒng wén huà tuī guǎng hé liú chuán xià lái。
kǒng zǐ míng yán
bù xué lǐ， wú yǐ lì。
jǐ suǒ bù yù， wù shī yú rén。
jǐ yù lì 'ér lì rén， jǐ yù dá 'ér dá rén。
gōng zì hòu 'ér bó zé yú rén， zé yuǎn yuàn yǐ。
jiàn xián sī qí yān， jiàn bù xián 'ér nèi zìxǐng yě。
sān rén xíng， bì yòu wǒ shī yān， zé qí shàn zhě 'ér cóng zhī， qí bù shàn zhě 'ér gǎi zhī。
jū chù gōng， zhí shì jìng， yǔ rén zhōng。
jūn zǐ jìng 'ér wú shī， yǔ rén gōng 'ér yòu lǐ， sì hǎi zhī nèi jiē xiōng dì yě，
yán zhōng xìn， xíng dǔ jìng， suī mán mò zhī bāng， xíng yǐ。 yán bù zhōng xìn， xíng bù dǔ jìng， suī zhōu lǐ， xíng hū zāi？
xíng jǐ yòu chǐ， shǐ yú sì fāng， bù rǔ jūn mìng， kě wèi shì yǐ。
kǒng zǐ yuē：“ néng xíng wǔ zhě yú tiān xià wéi rén yǐ。” qǐng wèn zhī。 yuē：“ gōng、 kuān、 xìn、 mǐn、 huì。 gōng zé bù wǔ， kuān zé dé zhòng， xìn zé rén rèn yān， mǐn zé yòu gōng， huì zé zú yǐ shǐ rén”。
jūn zǐ yì yǐ wéi zhì， lǐ yǐ xíng zhī， sūn yǐ chū zhī， xìn yǐ chéng zhī。 jūn zǐ zāi！
guò 'ér bù gǎi， shì wèi guò yǐ！
guò， zé cōng dá gǎi。
bù qiān nù， bù 'èr guò。
sān jūn kě duó shuài yě， pǐ fū bù kě duó zhì yě！
rén wú yuǎn lǜ， bì yòu jìn yōu。
wú yù sù， wú jiàn xiǎo lì。 yù sù， zé bù dá； jiàn xiǎo lì， zé dà shì bù chéng。
zhí dé bù hóng， xìn dào bù dǔ， yān néng wéi yòu， yān néng wéi wáng。
yǔ péng yǒu jiāo， yán 'ér yòu xìn。
yǐ wén huì yǒu， yǐ yǒu fǔ rén。
yì zhě sān yǒu， sǔn zhě sān yǒu。 yǒu zhí， yǒu liàng， yǒu duō wén， yì yǐ。 yǒu biàn bì， yǒu shàn róu， yǒu piánnìng， sǔn yǐ。
jūn zǐ yù nè yú yán 'ér mǐn yú xíng。
jūn zǐ shí wú qiú bǎo， jū wú qiú 'ān， mǐn yú shì 'ér shèn yú yán， jiù yòu dào 'ér zhèng yān， kě wèi hàoxué yě yǐ。
qiǎo yán luàn dé。
qiǎo yán lìng sè， xiān yǐ rén。
gāng、 yì、 mù、 nè jìn rén。
yòu dé zhě bì yù yán， yòu yán zhě bù bì yù dé。
tīng qí yán 'ér guān qí xíng。
jūn yú bù yǐ yán jǔ rén , bù yǐ rén fèi yán。
gǔ zhě yán zhī bù chū , chǐ gōng bù dài yě。
jūn zǐ míng zhī bì kě yán yě， yán zhī bì kě xíng yě， jūn zǐ yú qí yán， wú suǒ gǒu 'ér yǐ yǐ。
kě yǔ yán 'ér bù yǔ zhī yán， shī rén； bù kě yǔ yán 'ér yǔ zhī yán， shī yán。 zhī zhě bù shī rén， yì bù shī yán。
yán wèi jí zhī 'ér yán wèi zhī zào， yán jí zhī 'ér bù yán wèi zhī yǐn， wèi jiàn yán sè 'ér yán wèi zhī gǔ。
hǎo rén bù hǎo xué， qí bì yě yú； hǎo zhī bù hǎo xué， qí bì yě dàng； hǎo xìn bù hǎo xué， qí bì yě zéi； hǎo zhí bù hǎo xué， qí bì yě jiǎo； hǎo yǒng bù hǎo xué， qí bì yě luàn； hǎo gāng bù hǎo xué， qí bì yě kuáng。
gōng 'ér wú lǐ zé láo， shèn 'ér wú lǐ zé xǐ， yǒng 'ér wú lǐ zé luàn， zhí 'ér wú lǐ zé jiǎo。
shì jūn， jìng qí shì 'ér hòu qí shí。
lǐ zhī yòng， hé wéi guì。
fàng yú lì 'ér xíng， duō yuàn。
bù huàn rén zhī bù jǐ zhī , huàn bù zhī rén yě。
sān qiān rén dì zǐ， qī shí 'èr xián rén。
jiā shì jiā pǔ
dāng nián wēi zǐ zài shāng mò dào cháng zhì shì lù chéng dìng jū， xíng chéng wēi zǐ zhèn。 (《 lù 'ān fǔ zhì》 zài：“ zhòu dū zhāogē， yì zài jī nèi， wēi zǐ céng shì shí cǎi yān。（ lù chéng yòu wēi zǐ lǐng、 wēi zǐ cūn）” wēi zǐ lǐng“ zài xiàn běi 'èr shí lǐ， shàng yòu sān rén miào， xià yòu wēi zǐ cūn， qí shí yì yě。” ) zhōu cháo fēng wēi zǐ zhèn rén yú sòng， kǒng zǐ zǔ shàng jiù zài zhè gè nán qiān de duì wǔ zhōng。 yóu wēi zǐ jīng wēi zhòng yǎn、 sòng gōng jī、 dīng gōng shēn， sì chuán zhì mǐn gōng gòng。 mǐn gōng zhǎngzǐ fú fù hé ràng guó yú qí dì fù sì。 fú fù hé wéi qīng。 kǒng zǐ xiān zǔ suì yóu zhū hòu jiā zhuǎn wéi gōng qīng zhī jiā。 fú fù hé zhī zēngsūn zhèng kǎo fù， lián xù fǔ zuǒ sòng dài gōng、 wǔ gōng、 xuān gōng， jiǔ wéi shàng qīng， yǐ qiān gōng zhù chēng yú shì。 kǒng zǐ liù zǔ kǒng fù jiā jì rèn sòng dà sī mǎ。 àn zhōu lǐ zhì， dà fū bù dé zǔ
kǒng zǐ de fù qīn jiào shū liáng gē（ shū liáng wéi zì， gē wéi míng）， mǔ qīn jiào yán zhēng zài。 shū liáng gē shì dāng shí lǔ guó yòu míng de wǔ shì， jiàn lì guò liǎng cì zhàn gōng， céng rèn zōu yì dà fū。 shū liáng gē xiān qǔ qī shī shì， shēng 9 nǚ， wú zǐ。 yòu qǔ qiè， shēng yī zǐ， qǔ míng bó ní， yòu chēng mèng pí。 mèng pí jiǎo yòu máo bìng， shū liáng gē hěn bù mǎn yì， yú shì yòu qǔ yán zhēng zài。 dāng shí shū liáng gē yǐ 68 suì， yán zhēng zài hái bù dào 20 suì。 jù《 shǐ jì》 jìzǎi， kǒng zǐ bìng fēi hūn shēng zǐ。 tā mǔ qīn shēng tā shí zhǐ yòu 18 suì， ér fù qīn yǐ jīng 70 suì liǎo。
gōng yuán qián 551 nián（ lǔ xiāng gōng 'èr shí 'èr nián）， kǒng zǐ shēng yú lǔ guó zōu yì chāng píng xiāng（ jīn shān dōng qū fù chéng dōng nán）。 yīn fù mǔ céng wéi shēng zǐ 'ér dǎo yú ní qiū shān， gù míng qiū， zì zhòng ní。 kǒng zǐ sān suì shí， shū liáng gē zú， kǒng jiā chéng wéi shī shì de tiān xià， shī shì wéi rén xīn shù bù zhèng， mèng pí shēng mǔ yǐ zài shū liáng gē qù shì qián yī nián bèi shī shì nüè dài 'ér sǐ， kǒng zǐ mǔ zǐ yě bùwèi shī shì suǒ róng， kǒng mǔ yán zhēng zài zhǐ hǎo xié kǒng zǐ yǔ mèng pí yí jū qū fù jué lǐ， shēng huó jiān nán。 kǒng zǐ céng zuò guò gè zhǒng gè yàng de gōng zuò： mù niú yáng、 jì zhàng de yǐ jí tú shū guǎn lǐ yuán。 kǒng zǐ 17 suì shí， kǒng mǔ yán zhēng zài zú， tā fú liǎo sān nián sàng。
kǒng zǐ shí jiǔ suì shí qǔ sòng guó rén qí guān shì zhī nǚ wéi qī， yī nián hòu qí guān shì shēng zǐ， lǔ zhāo gōng céng pài rén sòng lǐ yú biǎo shì zhù hè， kǒng zǐ gǎn dào shí fēn róng xìng， gù gěi 'ér zǐ qǔ míng wéi lǐ， zì bó yú。 lǔ 'āi gōng shí nián ( gōng yuán qián 485 nián )， kǒng zǐ fū rén qí guān shì qù shì。 sòng cháo shí qī zhuī fēng wéi yùn guó fū rén， bèi rú jiā hòu shì zūn wéi shèng mǔ。 rú jīn kǒng miào zhōng de qǐn diàn， shì gòngfèng kǒng zǐ fū rén qí guān shì de zhuān cí。 kǒng zǐ fū rén zài shǐ shū shàng chēng wéi“ qí guān shì”。
jù《 lùn yǔ》 jìzǎi， lǔ guó dāng shí zài kǒng zǐ de guǎn lǐ xià fēi cháng fán róng。 dàn zhè shì bù tài kě néng de， yīn wéi kǒng zǐ méi yòu zài lǔ guó huò bié de guó jiā dān rèn guò zhòng dà zhí wù。 chuán shuō lǔ guó de lín guó qí guó dān xīn lǔ guó tài guò qiáng dà huì wēi xié dào qí guó， yú shì wèile pò huài lǔ guó de gǎi gé， sòng liǎo shàng bǎi pǐ hǎo mǎ hé bā shí wèi měi lì de wǔ nǚ gěi lǔ guó
jiā pǔ
- xì qī shì zǔ huáng dì xuān yuán shì
- xì liù shì zǔ shàohào jīn tiān shì ( xuán 'áo )
- xì wǔ shì zǔ jiǎo jí
- xì sì shì zǔ dì kù gāo xīn shì
- xì sān shì zǔ qì
- xì 'èr shì zǔ zhāo míng
- xì yī shì zǔ xiāng tǔ
- sì shí shì zǔ chāng ruò
- sà jiǔ shì zǔ cáo yǔ
- sà bā shì zǔ míng
- sà qī shì zǔ zhèn ( wáng hài ) wáng héng
- sà liù shì zǔ shàng jiá wēi
- sà wǔ shì zǔ bào yǐ
- sà sì shì zǔ bào bǐng
- sà sān shì zǔ bào dīng
- sà 'èr shì zǔ zhù rén
- sà yī shì zǔ zhù guǐ
- sān shí shì zǔ shāng wáng chéng tānɡ ( tài yǐ )
- niàn jiǔ shì zǔ tài dīng shāng wáng wài bǐng shāng wáng zhòng rén
- niàn bā shì zǔ shāng wáng tài jiá ( tài zōng )
- niàn qī shì zǔ shāng wáng wò dīng shāng wáng tài gēng
- niàn liù shì zǔ shāng wáng xiǎo jiá shāng wáng yōng jǐ shāng wáng tài wù ( zhōng zōng )
- niàn wǔ shì zǔ shāng wáng zhòng dīng shāng wáng wài rén shāng wáng hé dàn jiá
- niàn sì shì zǔ shāng wáng zǔ yǐ
- niàn sān shì zǔ shāng wáng zǔ xīn shāng wáng wò jiá
- niàn 'èr shì zǔ shāng wáng zǔ dīng shāng wáng nán gēng
- niàn yī shì zǔ shāng wáng yáng jiá shāng wáng pán gēng shāng wáng xiǎo xīn shāng wáng xiǎo yǐ
- niàn yī shì zǔ shāng wáng wǔ dīng ( gāo zōng )
- èr shí shì zǔ shāng wáng zǔ gēng shāng wáng zǔ jiá
- shí jiǔ shì zǔ shāng wáng lǐn xīn
- shí bā shì zǔ shāng wáng kāng dīng
- shí qī shì zǔ shāng wáng wǔ yǐ
- shí liù shì zǔ shāng wáng wén dīng
- shí wǔ shì zǔ shāng wáng dì yǐ
- shí sì shì zǔ shāng wáng dì xīn ( zhòu ) wēi zǐ wēi zhòng yǎn
- shí sān shì zǔ sòng gōng jī
- shí 'èr shì zǔ sòng dīng gōng shēn
- shí yī shì zǔ sòng mǐn gōng gòng
- shí shì zǔ fú fù hé
- jiǔ shì zǔ sòng fù zhōu
- bā shì zǔ shì zǐ shèng
- qī shì zǔ zhèng kǎo fù
- liù shì zǔ kǒng fù jiā
- wǔ shì zǔ mù jīn fù
- gāo zǔ qí fù
- zēngzǔ fáng shū
- zǔ fù bó xià
- fù shū liáng gē
- kǒng zǐ
- zǐ kǒng lǐ [ kǒng zǐ diāo sù ]
- sūn kǒng jí
- zēngsūn kǒng bái
- xuán sūn kǒng qiú
- liù dài sūn kǒng jī
- qī dài sūn kǒng chuān
- bā dài sūn kǒng qiān
- jiǔ dài sūn kǒng fù、 kǒng shù、 kǒng téng， hàn gāo zǔ liú bāng fēng kǒng téng wéi“ fèng sì jūn”
- shí dài sūn kǒng zhōng
- shí yī dài sūn kǒng wǔ
- shí 'èr dài sūn kǒng yán nián
- shí sān dài sūn kǒng bà， hàn yuán dì fēng wéi“ bāo chéng hóu”， cì shí yì bā bǎi hù。
- shí sì dài sūn kǒng fú， bèi hàn chéng dì suí hé yuán nián fēng wéi“ yīn shào jiā hóu”
- shí wǔ dài sūn kǒng fáng， bāo chéng hóu
- shí liù dài sūn kǒng jūn， bāo chéng hóu
- shí qī dài sūn kǒng zhì， bāo chéng hóu
- shí bā dài sūn kǒng sǔn， bāo tíng hóu
- shí jiǔ dài sūn kǒng yào， fèng shèng tíng hóu
- èr shí dài sūn kǒng wán、 kǒng zàn， bāo chéng hóu
- èr shí yī dài sūn kǒng xiàn， zōng shèng hóu
- èr shí 'èr dài sūn kǒng zhèn， fèng shèng tíng hóu
- èr shí sān dài sūn kǒng yí， fèng shèng tíng hóu
- èr shí sì dài sūn kǒng fǔ， fèng shèng tíng hóu
- èr shí wǔ dài sūn kǒng yì， fèng shèng tíng hóu
- èr shí liù dài sūn kǒng xiān， fèng shèng tíng hóu
- èr shí qī dài sūn kǒng chéng， chóng shèng dà fū
- èr shí bā dài sūn kǒng líng zhēn， chóng shèng hóu
- èr shí jiǔ dài sūn kǒng wén tài， chóng shèng hóu
- sān shí dài sūn kǒng qú， chóng shèng hóu
- sān shí yī dài sūn kǒng cháng sūn， gōng shèng hóu
- sān shí 'èr dài sūn kǒng sì zhé， shào shèng hóu
- sān shí sān dài sūn kǒng dé lún， bāo shèng hóu
- sān shí sì dài sūn kǒng chóng jī， bāo shèng hóu
- sān shí wǔ dài sūn kǒng suì zhī， bāo shèng hóu、 wén xuān wáng jiān yǎn zhōu zhǎngshǐ
- sān shí liù dài sūn kǒng xuān， wén xuān gōng
- sān shí qī dài sūn kǒng qí qīng， wén xuān gōng
- sān shí bā dài sūn kǒng wéi zhì， wén xuān gōng
- sān shí jiǔ dài sūn kǒng cè， wén xuān gōng
- sì shí dài sūn kǒng zhèn， wén xuān gōng
- sì shí yī dài sūn kǒng zhāo jiǎn， wén xuān gōng
- sì shí 'èr dài sūn kǒng guāng sì， sì shuǐ zhù bù
- sì shí sān dài sūn kǒng rén yù， wén xuān gōng jiān qū fù xiàn lìng
- sì shí sì dài sūn kǒng yí， wén xuān gōng jiān qū fù zhù bù、 zàn shàn dà fū
- sì shí wǔ dài sūn kǒng yán shì， wén xuān gōng jiān qū fù xiàn lìng lì dài yǎn shèng gōng：
- dì 46 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng shèng yòu， wén xuān gōng jiān zhī xiàn shì、 kǒng zōng yuàn，
- dì 47 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng ruò xū、 kǒng ruò yú、 kǒng ruò méng
- dì 48 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng duān lì、 kǒng duān cāo、 kǒng duān yǒu ( nán zōng )
- dì 49 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng hǔ、 kǒng fán、 kǒng jiè ( nán zōng )
- dì 50 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng fú、 kǒng zǒng、 kǒng jìn、 kǒng zhěng
- dì 51 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng yuán yòng、 kǒng yuán xiào、 kǒng wén yuǎn ( nán zōng )、 kǒng yuán cuò、 kǒng yuán hóng
- dì 52 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng zhī hòu、 kǒng zhī quán、 kǒng wàn chūn、 kǒng zhī zhōu
- dì 53 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng huàn、 kǒng zhì、 kǒng zhēn、 kǒng zhū ( nán zōng )
- dì 54 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng sī huì、 kǒng sī chéng、 kǒng sī xǔ ( nán zōng )
- dì 55 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng kè jiān、 kǒng kè zhōng（ nán zōng）
- dì 56 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng xī xué、 kǒng xī lù（ nán zōng）
- dì 57 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng nè、 kǒng yì（ nán zōng）
- dì 58 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng gōng jiàn、 kǒng gōng chéng ( nán zōng )
- dì 59 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng yàn jìn、 kǒng yàn shéng ( nán zōng )
- dì 60 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng chéng qìng、 kǒng chéng měi ( nán zōng )
- dì 61 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng hóng xù、 kǒng hóng tài（ zì yǒng shí）、 kǒng hóng zhāng ( nán zōng )
- dì 62 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng wén sháo、 kǒng wén yīn ( nán zōng )
- dì 63 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng zhēn gān、 kǒng zhēn níng、 kǒng zhēn yùn ( nán zōng )
- dì 64 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng shàng xián、 kǒng shàng qián（ nán zōng）
- dì 65 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng yǎn zhí、 kǒng yǎn zhēn（ nán zōng）
- dì 66 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng xīng xiè、 kǒng xīng lián ( nán zōng )
- dì 67 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng yù qí、 kǒng yù yuán（ nán zōng）
- dì 68 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng chuán duó、 kǒng chuán jǐn ( nán zōng )
- dì 69 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng jì huò、 kǒng jì tāo ( nán zōng )
- dì 70 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng guǎng qǐ、 kǒng guǎng biāo ( nán zōng )
- dì 71 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng zhāo xuǎn、 kǒng zhāo huàn ( nán zōng )
- dì 72 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng xiàn péi、 kǒng xiàn kūn ( nán zōng )
- dì 73 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng qìng róng、 kǒng qìng yí ( nán zōng )
- dì 74 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng fán hào、 kǒng fán háo ( nán zōng )
- dì 75 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng xiáng kē、 kǒng xiáng jiē ( nán zōng )
- dì 76 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng lìng yí（ zì gǔ sūn）， 1877 nián（ guāng xù sān nián） 5 suì shí chéng xí yǎn shèng gōng
- dì 77 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng dé chéng (1920 nián shēng )
- dì 78 dài dà chéng zhì shèng xiān shī fèng sì guān kǒng wéi yì
- dì 79 dài dà chéng zhì shèng xiān shī fèng sì guān kǒng chuí cháng
- dì 80 dài dà chéng zhì shèng xiān shī fèng sì guān kǒng yòu rén
80 dài zhī hòu de bèi fēn zì： qīn、 shào、 niàn、 xiǎn、 yáng、 jiàn、 dào、 dūn、 ān、 dìng、 mào、 xiū、 zhào、 yí、 cháng、 yù、 wén、 huàn、 jǐng、 ruì、 yǒng、 xī、 shì、 xù、 chāng。
kǒng zǐ nián biǎo
1 suì： gōng yuán qián 551 nián（ lǔ xiāng gōng 'èr shí 'èr nián） kǒng zǐ 9 yuè 28 rì shēng yú lǔ guó zōu yì chāng píng xiāng（ jīn shān dōng qū fù chéng dōng nán）。 guān yú kǒng zǐ chū shēng nián yuè yòu liǎng zhǒng jìzǎi， xiāngchà yī nián， jīn cóng《 shǐ jì · kǒng zǐ shì jiā》 shuō。
3 suì： gōng yuán qián 549 nián（ lǔ xiāng gōng 'èr shí sì nián） qí fù shū liáng gē zú， zàng yú fáng shān ( jīn qū fù dōng 25 lǐ chù )。 kǒng mǔ yán zhēng zài xié zǐ yí jū qū fù jué lǐ， shēng huó jiān nán。
5 suì： gōng yuán qián 547 nián（ lǔ xiāng gōng 'èr shí liù nián） kǒng zǐ dì zǐ qín shāng shēng， shāng zì bù cí， lǔ guó rén。
6 suì： gōng yuán qián 546 nián（ lǔ xiāng gōng 'èr shí qī nián） dì zǐ céng diǎn shēng， diǎn zì xī， zéngshēn zhī fù。
7 suì： gōng yuán qián 545 nián（ lǔ xiāng gōng 'èr shí bā nián） dì zǐ yán yáo shēng， yáo yòu míng wú yáo， zì jì lù， yán yuān zhī fù。
8 suì： gōng yuán qián 544 nián（ lǔ xiāng gōng 'èr shí jiǔ nián） dì zǐ rǎn gēng shēng， zì bó niú， lǔ guó rén。
10 suì： gōng yuán qián 542 nián（ lǔ xiāng gōng sān shí yī nián 〕 dì zǐ zhòng yóu shēng， zì zǐ lù， biàn rén。 shì nián lǔ xiāng gōng sǐ， qí zǐ wǔ jì wèi， shì wéi zhāo gōng。
12 suì： gōng yuán qián 540 nián（ lǔ zhāo gōng 'èr nián） dì zǐ qī diāo kāi shēng， zì zǐ ruò， cài rén。
15 suì： gōng yuán qián 537 nián（ lǔ zhāo gōng wǔ nián〕 kǒng zǐ rì jiàn qí cháng， yǐ yì shí dào yào nǔ lì xué xí zuò rén yǔ shēng huó zhī běn lǐng， gù yuē：“ wú shí yòu wǔ 'ér zhì yú xué”。（《 lùn yǔ · wéi zhèng》 )
16 suì， gōng yuán qián 536 nián（ lǔ zhāo gōng liù nián） zhèng zhù xíng dǐng。 dì zǐ mǐn sǔn shēng， zì zǐ qiān， lǔ guó rén。
17 suì： gōng yuán qián 535 nián（ lǔ zhāo gōng liù nián〕 kǒng mǔ yán zhēng zài zú。 shì nián。 jì shì yàn qǐng shì yī jí guì zú， kǒng zǐ qù fù yàn， bèi jì shì jiā chén yáng hǔ jù zhī mén wài。
19 suì： gōng yuán qián 533 nián（ lǔ zhāo gōng jiǔ nián） kǒng zǐ qǔ sòng rén qí guān shì zhī nǚ wéi qī。
20 suì： gōng yuán qián 532 nián（ lǔ zhāo gōng shí nián） qí guān shì shēng zǐ。 jù chuán cǐ shí zhèng hǎo gǎn shàng lǔ zhāo gōng cì lǐ yú yú kǒng zǐ， gù gěi qí zǐ qǐ míng wéi lǐ， zì bó yú。 shì nián kǒng zǐ kāi shǐ wéi wěi lì， guǎn lǐ cāng kù。
21 suì： gōng yuán qián 531 nián（ lǔ zhāo gōng shí yī nián） shì nián kǒng zǐ gǎi zuò chéng tián， guǎn lǐ xùmù。 kǒng zǐ shuō :“ wú shǎo yě jiàn， gù duō néng bǐ shì。” (《 lùn yǔ · zǐ hǎn》 ) cǐ“ bǐ shì” dāng bāo kuò“ wěi lì”、” chéng tián”。
27 suì， gōng yuán qián 525 nián（ lǔ zhāo gōng shí qī nián〕 tán zǐ cháo lǔ， kǒng zǐ xiàng tán zǐ xún wèn tán guó gǔ dài guān zhì。 kǒng zǐ kāi bàn sī rén xué xiào， dāng zài cǐ qián hòu。
30 suì： gōng yuán qián 522 nián（ lǔ zhāo gōng 'èr shí nián〕 zì shí wǔ suì yòu zhì yú xué zhì cǐ shí yǐ yú 15 nián， kǒng zǐ jīng guò nǔ lì zài shè huì shàng yǐ zhàn zhù jiǎo， gù yún” sān shí 'ér lì”。 (《 lùn yǔ · wéi zhèng》 ) shì nián qí jǐng gōng yǔ yàn yīng lái lǔ guó fǎng wèn。 qí jǐng gōng huì jiàn kǒng zǐ， yǔ kǒng zǐ tǎo lùn qín mù gōng hé yǐ chēng bà de wèn tí。 dì zǐ yán huí、 rǎn yōng、 rǎn qiú、 shāng qú、 liáng liè shēng。 huí zì yuān， yōng zì zhòng gōng， qiú zì zǐ yòu， qú zì zǐ mù， jiē lǔ guó rén； liè zì shū yú， qí guó rén。
31 suì： gōng yuán qián 521 nián（ lǔ zhāo gōng 'èr shí yī nián） dì zǐ wū mǎ shī、 gāo chái、 mì bù qí shēng。 shī zì zǐ qī， chén guó rén； chái zì zǐ gāo， qí guó rén； bù qí zì zǐ jiàn， lǔ guó rén。
32 suì： gōng yuán qián 520 nián（ lǔ zhāo gōng 'èr shí 'èr nián） dì zǐ duān mù cì shēng， cì zì zǐ gòng， wèi guó rén。
34 suì： gōng yuán qián 518 nián（ lǔ zhāo gōng 'èr shí sì nián） mèng yì zǐ hé nán gōng jìng shū xué lǐ yú kǒng zǐ。 xiāng chuán kǒng zǐ yǔ nán gōng jìng shū shì zhōu wèn lǐ yú lǎo pìn， wèn lè yú cháng hóng。
35 suì： gōng yuán qián 517 nián（ lǔ zhāo gōng 'èr shí wǔ nián） lǔ guó fā shēng nèi luàn。《 shǐ jì · kǒng zǐ shì jiā》 yún：“ zhāo gōng shuài shī jī（ jì） píng zǐ， píng zǐ yǔ mèng sūn shì、 shū sūn shì sān jiā gòng gōng zhāo gōng， zhāo gōng shī bài， bēn qí。” kǒng zǐ zài zhè yī nián yě dào liǎo qí guó。
36 suì， gōng yuán qián 516 nián（ lǔ zhāo gōng 'èr shí liù nián） qí jǐng gōng wèn zhèng yú kǒng zǐ， kǒng zǐ duì yuē：“ jūn jūn、 chén chén、 fù fù、 zǐ zǐ”。 kǒng zǐ dé dào qí jǐng gōng de shǎng shí， jǐng gōng yù yǐ ní xī zhī tián fēng kǒng yú， bèi yàn zǐ zǔ zhǐ。 kǒng zǐ zài qí wén《 sháo》 lè， rú zuì rú chī， sān yuè bù zhī ròu wèi。
37 suì： gōng yuán qián 515 nián（ lǔ zhāo gōng 'èr shí qī nián） qí dà fū yù hài kǒng zǐ， kǒng zǐ yóu qí fǎn lǔ。 wú gōng zǐ jì zhá pìn qí， qí zǐ sǐ， zàng yú yíng、 bó zhī jiān。 kǒng zǐ wǎng， guān qí zàng lǐ。 dì yú fán xū、 yuán xiàn shēng。 xū zì zǐ chí， lǔ guó rù； xiàn zì zǐ sī， sòng guó rén。
38 suì： gōng yuán qián 514 nián（ lǔ zhāo gōng 'èr shí bā nián） jìn wèi xiàn zǐ（ míng shū） zhí zhèng， jǔ xián cái bù lùn qīn shū。 kǒng zǐ rèn wéi zhè shì yì jǔ， yún：“ jìn bù shī qīn， yuǎn bù shī jǔ， kě wèi yì yǐ。”
39 suì， gōng yuán qián 513 nián（ lǔ zhāo gōng 'èr shí jiǔ nián） shì nián dōng tiān jìn zhù xíng dǐng， kǒng zǐ yuē“ jìn qí wáng hū， shī qí dù yǐ。”
40 suì： gōng yuán qián 512 nián（ lǔ zhāo gōng sān shí nián） jīng guò jǐ shí nián de mó liàn， duì rén shēng gè zhǒng wèn tí yòu liǎo bǐ jiào qīng chǔ de rèn shí， gù zì yún“ sì shí 'ér bù huò”。 dì zǐ dàn tái miè míng shēng。 miè míng zì zǐ yǔ， lǔ guó rén。
41 suì： gōng yuán qián 511 nián（ lǔ zhāo gōng sān shí yī nián） dì zǐ chén kàng shēng。 kàng zì zǐ qín， chén guó rén。
42 suì： gōng yuán qián 510 nián（ lǔ zhāo gōng sān shí 'èr nián） zhāo gōng zú， dìng gōng lì。
43 suì： gōng yuán qián 509 nián（ lǔ dìng gōng yuán nián） dì gōng xī chì shēng。 chì zì huá， lǔ guó rén。
45 suì： gōng yuán qián 507 nián（ lǔ dìng gōng sān nián） dì zǐ bǔ shāng shēng。 shāng zì zǐ xià， wèi guó rén。
46 suì： gōng yuán qián 506 nián（ lǔ dìng gōng sì nián） dì zǐ yán yǎn shēng。 yǎn zì zǐ yóu， wú guó rén。
47 suì： gōng yuán qián 505 nián（ lǔ dìng gōng wǔ nián） dì zǐ zéngshēn、 yán xìng shēng。 cān zì zǐ yú， lǔ guó rén。 xìng zì zǐ liǔ， lǔ guó rén。
48 suì： gōng yuán qián 504 nián（ lǔ dìng gōng liù nián〕 jì shì jiā chén yáng hǔ shàn quán rì zhòng。 kǒng zǐ chēng zhī wéi“ péi chén zhí guó mìng”。 (《 lùn yǔ · jì shì》 )《 shǐ jì · kǒng zǐ shì jiā》 yún：“ péi chén zhí guó zhèng。 ...... gù kǒng zǐ bù shì， tuì 'ér xiū《 shī》、《 shū》、《 lǐ》、《 lè》， dì zǐ mí zhòng， zhì zì yuǎn fāng， mò bù shòu yè yān。” yáng hǔ yù jiàn kǒng zǐ， kǒng zǐ bù xiǎng jiàn yáng hǔ、 hòu 'èr rén zài lù shàng xiāng yù。 yáng hǔ quàn kǒng zǐ chū shì， kǒng zǐ méi yòu míng què biǎo tài。 cǐ shì dāng zài lǔ dìng gōng wǔ nián huò lǔ dìng gōng liù nián。
49 suì： gōng yuán qián 503 nián（ lǔ dìng gōng qī nián） dì zǐ zhuān sūn shī shēng。 shī zì zǐ zhāng， chén guó rén。
50 suì： gōng yuán qián 502 nián（ lǔ dìng gōng bā nián） zì wèi” wǔ shí 'ér zhī tiān mìng”。（《 lùn yǔ · wéi zhèng》 ) gōng shān bù niǔ yǐ fèi pàn jì shì， shǐ rén zhào kǒng zǐ， kǒng zǐ yù wǎng， bèi zǐ lù zǔ lán。
51 suì : gōng yuán qián 501 nián（ lǔ dìng gōng jiǔ nián） kǒng zǐ wéi zhōng dū zǎi， zhì lǐ zhōng dū yī nián， zhuó yòu zhèng jì， sì fāng zé zhī。 dì zǐ rǎn lǔ、 cáo qǐn、 bó qián、 yán gāo， shū zhòng huì shēng。 lǔ zì zǐ lǔ， lǔ guó rén： qǐn zì zǐ xún， cài guó rén： qián zì zǐ xī， lǔ guó rén； gāo zì zǐ jiāo， lǔ guó rén： huì zì zǐ qī。 lǔ guó rén。
52 suì： gōng yuán qián 500 nián（ lǔ dìng gōng shí nián） kǒng zǐ yóu zhōng dū zǎi shēng xiǎo sī kōng， hòu shēng dà sī kòu， shè xiāng shì。 xià tiān suí dìng gōng yǔ qí hóu xiāng huì yú jiā gǔ。 kǒng zǐ shì xiān duì qí guó yāo lǔ jūn huì yú jiā gǔ yòu suǒ jǐng tì hé zhǔn bèi， gù bù jǐn shǐ qí guó jié chí dìng gōng de yīn móu wèi néng dé chěng， ér qiě bī pò qí guó dāyìng guī hái qīn zhàn lǔ guó de yùn、 cào、 guī yīn děng tǔ dì。
53 suì： gōng yuán qián 499 nián（ lǔ dìng gōng shí yī nián） kǒng zǐ wéi lǔ sī kòu， lǔ guó dà zhì。
54 suì： gōng yuán qián 498 nián（ lǔ dìng gōng shí 'èr nián） kǒng zǐ wéi lǔ sī kòu。 wéi xuē ruò sān huán， cǎi qǔ duò sān dū de cuò shī。 shū sūn shì yǔ jì sūn shì wéi xuē ruò jiā chén de shì lì， zhī chí kǒng zǐ de zhè yī zhù zhāng， dàn cǐ yī xíng dòng shòu mèng sūn shì jiā chén gōng liǎn chù fù de dǐ zhì， mèng sūn shì 'àn zhōng zhī chí gōng liǎn chù fù。 duò sān dū de xíng dòng bàn tú 'ér fèi。 dì zǐ gōng sūn lóng shēng。 lóng zì zǐ shí， chǔ guó rén。
55 suì： gōng yuán qián 497 nián（ lǔ dìng gōng shí sān nián） chūn， qí guó sòng 80 míng měi nǚ dào lǔ guó。 jì huán zǐ jiē shòu liǎo nǚ lè， jūn chén mí liàn gē wǔ， duō rì bù lǐ cháo zhèng。 kǒng zǐ yǔ jì shì chū xiàn bù hé。 kǒng zǐ lí kāi lǔ guó dào liǎo wèi guó。 shí yuè， kǒng zǐ shòu chán yán zhī hài， lí kāi wèi guó qián wǎng chén guó。 lù jīng kuāng dì， bèi wéi kùn。 hòu jīng pú dì， yù gōng shū shì pàn wèi , kǒng zǐ yǔ dì zǐ yòu bèi wéi kùn。 hòu yòu fǎn huí wèi dū。
56 suì， gōng yuán qián 496 nián（ lǔ dìng gōng shí sì nián） kǒng zǐ zài wèi guó bèi wèi líng gōng fū rén nán zǐ zhào jiàn。 zǐ lù duì kǒng zǐ jiàn nán zǐ jí yòu yì jiàn pī píng liǎo kǒng zǐ。 zhèng guó zǐ chǎn qù shì kǒng zǐ tīng dào xiāo xī hòu， shí fēn nán guò， chēng zàn zǐ chǎn shì“ gǔ zhī yí 'ài”。
57 suì： gōng yuán qián 495 nián（ lǔ dìng gōng shí wǔ nián） kǒng zǐ qù wèi jū lǔ。 xià wǔ yuè lǔ dìng gōng zú， lǔ 'āi gōng lì。
58 suì： gōng yuán qián 494 nián（ lǔ 'āi gōng yuán nián〕 kǒng zǐ jū lǔ， wú guó shǐ rén pìn lǔ， jiù“ gǔ jié zhuān chē” yī shì wèn yú kǒng zǐ。
59 suì： gōng yuán qián 493 nián（ lǔ 'āi gōng 'èr nián） kǒng zǐ yóu lǔ zhì wèi。 wèi líng gōng wèn chén（ zhèn） yú kǒng zǐ， kǒng zǐ wǎn yán jù jué liǎo wèi líng gōng。 kǒng zǐ zài wèi guó zhù bù xià qù， qù wèi xī xíng。 jīng guò cáo guó dào sòng guó。 sòng sī mǎ huán ?( zuǒ guǐ yòu zhuī ) tǎo yàn kǒng zǐ， yáng yán yào jiā hài kǒng zǐ， kǒng zǐ wēi fú 'ér xíng。
60 suì： gōng yuán qián 492 nián（ lǔ 'āi gōng sān nián） kǒng zǐ zì wèi” liù shí 'ér 'ěr shùn”。 kǒng zǐ guò zhèng dào chén guó， zài zhèng guó dū chéng yǔ dì zǐ shī sàn dú zì zài dōng mén děng hòu dì zǐ lái xún zhǎo , bèi rén cháo xiào , chēng zhī wéi” lěi lěi ruò sāngjiā zhī quǎn”。 kǒng zǐ xīn rán xiào yuē：“ rán zāi， rán zāi！”
61 suì： gōng yuán qián 491 nián（ lǔ 'āi gōng sì nián〕 kǒng zǐ lí chén wǎng cài。
62 suì： gōng yuán qián 490 nián（ lǔ 'āi gōng wǔ nián） kǒng zǐ zì cài dào yè。 yè gōng wèn zhèng yú kǒng zǐ， bìng yǔ kǒng zǐ tǎo lùn yòu guān zhèng zhí de dào dé wèn tí。 zài qù yè fǎn cài de tú zhōng， kǒng zǐ yù yǐn zhě。
63 suì： gōng yuán qián 489 nián（ lǔ 'āi gōng liù nián〕 kǒng zǐ yǔ dì zǐ zài chén cài zhī jiān bèi kùn jué liáng， xǔ duō dì zǐ yīn kùn 'è 'ér bìng， hòu bèi chǔ rén xiāng jiù。 yóu chǔ fǎn wèi， tú zhōng yòu yù yǐn zhě。
64 suì： gōng yuán qián 488 nián（ lǔ 'āi gōng qī nián） kǒng zǐ zài wèi。 zhù zhāng zài wèi guó wéi zhèng xiān yào zhèng míng。
65 suì： gōng yuán qián 487 nián（ lǔ 'āi gōng bā nián） kǒng zǐ zài wèi。 shì nián wú fá lǔ， zhàn bài。 kǒng zǐ de dì zǐ yòu ruò cān zhàn yòu gōng。
66 suì： gōng yuán qián 486 nián（ lǔ 'āi gōng jiǔ nián） kǒng zǐ zài wèi。
67 suì： gōng yuán qián 485 nián（ lǔ 'āi gōng shí nián） kǒng zǐ zài wèi。 kǒng zǐ fū rén qí guān shì zú。
68 suì： gōng yuán qián 484 nián（ lǔ 'āi gōng shí yī nián） shì nián qí shī fá lǔ， kǒng zǐ dì zǐ rǎn yòu shuài lǔ shī yǔ qí zhàn， huò shèng。 jì kāng zǐ wèn rǎn yòu zhǐ huī cái néng cóng hé 'ér lái？ rǎn yòu dá yuē“ xué zhī yú kǒng zǐ”。 jì kāng zǐ pài rén yǐ bì yíng kǒng yú guī lǔ。 kǒng yú zhōu yóu liè guó 14 nián， zhì cǐ jié shù。 jì kāng zǐ yù xíng“ tián fù”， kǒng zǐ fǎn duì。 kǒng zǐ duì rǎn yòu shuō：“ jūn zǐ zhī xíng yě， dù yú lǐ。 shī qǔ qí hòu， shì jǔ qí zhōng， liǎn cóng qí bó。 rú shì zé qiū yì zú yǐ”。
69 suì： gōng yuán qián 483 nián（ lǔ 'āi gōng shí 'èr nián） kǒng zǐ réng yòu xīn cóng zhèng， rán bù bèi yòng。 kǒng zǐ jì xù cóng shì jiào yù jí zhěng lǐ wén xiàn gōng zuò。 kǒng zǐ de 'ér zǐ kǒng lǐ zú。
70 suì： gōng yuán qián 482 nián（ lǔ 'āi gōng shí sān nián〕 kǒng zǐ zì wèi“ qī shí 'ér cóng xīn suǒ yù， bù yú jǔ”。 yán huí zú， kǒng zǐ shí fēn bēi shāng。
71 suì： gōng yuán qián 481 nián（ lǔ 'āi gōng shí sì nián〕 shì nián chūn， shòu liè huò lín。 kǒng liǎo rèn wéi zhè bù shì hǎo zhēng zhào， shuō：“ wú dào qióng yǐ”。 yú shì tíng zhǐ xiū《 chūn qiū》。 liù yuè qí guó chén héng shì qí jiǎn gōng， kǒng zǐ jiàn lǔ 'āi gōng jí sān huán， qǐng qiú lǔ guó chū bīng tǎo fá chén huán， méi yòu dé dào zhī chí。
72 suì： gōng yuán qián 480 nián（ lǔ 'āi gōng shí wǔ nián〕 kǒng zǐ wén wèi guó zhèng biàn， yù gǎn dào zǐ lù yòu shēng mìng wēi xiǎn。 zǐ lù guǒ rán bèi hài。 kǒng zǐ shí fēn nán guò。
73 suì： gōng yuán qián 479 nián（ lǔ 'āi gōng shí liù nián） sì yuè， kǒng zǐ huàn bìng， bù yù 'ér zú。 zàng yú lǔ chéng běi。 lǔ 'āi gōng lěi zhī yuē：“ ? tiān bù diào， bù pì yí yī lǎo， bǐ píng yú yī rén yǐ zài wèi， qióng qióng yú zài jiù， wū hū 'āi zāi！ ní fù！ wú zì lǜ”。 bù shǎo dì zǐ wéi zhī shǒu mù sān nián， zǐ gòng wéi zhī shǒu mù liù nián。 dì zǐ jí lǔ rén cóng mù 'ér jiā zhě shàng bǎi jiā， dé míng kǒng lǐ。 kǒng zǐ de gù jū gǎi wéi miào táng， kǒng zǐ shòu dào rén men de fèng sì。
zhù yào dì zǐ
[ kǒng zǐ jiǎng xué tú ] xiāng chuán kǒng zǐ suǒ shōu dì zǐ duō dá sān qiān rén， yòu jiào dà chéng jiù zhě 72 rén， qí zhōng zuì zhù yào de yòu：
yán huí：（ qián 521～ qián 481 nián） chūn qiū mò lǔ guó rén。 zì zǐ yuān， yì yán yuān， kǒng zǐ zuì dé yì dì zǐ。《 yōng yě》 shuō tā“ yī dān shí， yī piáo yǐn， zài lòu xiàng， rén bù kān qí yōu， huí yě bù gǎi qí lè”。 wéi rén qiān xùn hàoxué，“ bù qiān nù， bù 'èr guò”。 tā yì cháng zūn zhòng lǎo shī， duì kǒng zǐ wú shì bù cóng wú yán bù yuè。 yán yuān yǐ dé xíng zhù chēng， kǒng zǐ chēng zàn tā“ xián zāi huí yě”，“ huí yě， qí xīn sān yuè bù wéi fǎn、 rén”（《 yōng yě》）。 bù xìng zǎo sǐ。 zì hàn dài qǐ， yán huí bèi liè wéi qī shí 'èr xián zhī shǒu， yòu shí jì kǒng shí dú yǐ yán huí pèi xiǎng。 cǐ hòu lì dài tǒng zhì zhě bù duàn zhuī jiā shì hào : táng tài zōng zūn zhī wéi“ xiān shī”， táng xuán zōng zūn zhī wéi“ yǎn gōng”， sòng zhēn zōng jiā fēng wéi“ yǎn guó gōng”， yuán wén zōng yòu zūn wéi“ yǎn guó fù shèng gōng”。 míng jiā jìng jiǔ nián gǎi chēng“ fù shèng”。 shān dōng qū fù hái yòu“ fù shèng miào”。
zhòng yóu（ qián 542～ qián 480） zì zǐ lù， yòu zì jì lù， lǔ guó biàn（ jīn shān dōng sì shuǐ xiàn quán lín zhèn biàn qiáo cūn） rén， kǒng zǐ dé yì mén shēng， yǐ zhèng shì jiàn chēng。 wéi rén kàng zhí lǔ mǎng， hǎo yǒng lì， shì qīn zhì xiào。 chú xué shī、 lǐ wài， hái wéi kǒng zǐ gǎn chē， zuò shì wèi， gēn suí kǒng zǐ zhōu yóu liè guó， shēn dé qì zhòng。 kǒng zǐ chēng zàn shuō：“ zǐ lù hǎo yǒng， wén guò zé xǐ。” chū shì lǔ， hòu shì wèi。 kǒng zǐ rèn lǔ guó sī kòu shí， tā rèn jì sūn shì de zǎi， hòu rèn dà fū kǒng lǐ de zǎi。 wèi zhuāng gōng yuán nián（ qián 480 nián）， kǒng lǐ de mǔ qīn bó jī yǔ rén móu lì kuǎi kuì（ bó jī zhī dì） wéi jūn， xié pò kǒng lǐ shì wèi chū gōng， chū gōng wén xùn 'ér táo。 zǐ lù zài wài wén xùn hòu， jí jìn chéng qù jiàn kuǎi kuì。 kuǎi kuì mìng shí qǐ huī gē jī luò zǐ lù guān yīng， zǐ lù mù pí jìn liè， yán lì hèchì dào：“ jūn zǐ sǐ， érguàn bù miǎn。” yì rán xì hǎo mào yīng， cóng róng jiù yì。
zǐ gòng： xìng duān mù， míng cì， zì zǐ gòng， shì kǒng mén qī shí 'èr xián zhī yī， qiě liè yán yǔ kē zhī yōu yì zhě。 kǒng zǐ céng chēng qí wéi“ hú liǎn zhī qì”。 tā lì kǒu qiǎo cí， shàn yú xióng biàn， qiě yòu gànjì cái， bàn shì tōng dá。 céng rèn lǔ、 wèi liǎng guó zhī xiāng。 tā hái shàn yú jīng shāng zhī dào， céng jīng jīng shāng yú cáo、 lǔ liǎng guó zhī jiān， fù zhì qiān jīn。 wéi kǒng zǐ dì zǐ zhōng shǒu fù。 sī mǎ qiān zuò《 shǐ jì · zhòng ní dì zǐ lièzhuàn》， duì zǐ gòng zhè gè rén wù suǒ fèi bǐ mò zuì duō， qí zhuànjì jiù piān fú 'ér yán zài kǒng mén zhòng dì zǐ zhōng shì zuì cháng de。 zhè gè xiàn xiàng shuō míng， zài sī mǎ qiān yǎn zhōng， zǐ gòng shì gè jí bù xún cháng de rén wù。 wǒ men xún zhe sī mǎ qiān de zhè gè sī lù， zài xì xì yuè dú《 lùn yǔ》 děng shū， biàn kě kàn chū zǐ gòng zhè gè rén wù fēi tóng xún cháng。 tā de yǐng xiǎng zhī dà、 zuò yòng zhī jù， shì kǒng mén dì zǐ zhōng wú rén suǒ néng qǐ jí de： tā xué jì yōu yì， wén huà xiū yǎng fēng hòu， zhèng zhì、 wài jiāo cái néng zhuó yuè， lǐ cái jīng shāng néng lì gāo chāo。 zài kǒng mén dì zǐ zhōng， zǐ gòng shì bǎ xué hé xíng jié hé dé zuì hǎo de yī wèi。
yán yǎn ( qián 506～ qián 443) chūn qiū shí kǒng zǐ wéi yī de nán fāng dì zǐ。 zì zǐ yóu， yòu chēng shū shì。 cháng shú rén。 22 suì shí lí xiāng běi shàng， bài kǒng zǐ wéi shī， wéi qí sān qiān dì zǐ zhōng qī shí 'èr xián zhī yī。 qiān xū hàoxué， shàn cháng wén xué， céng rèn lǔ guó wǔ chéng zǎi， yòng lǐyuè jiào huà mín zhòng， jìng nèi dào chù yòu xián gē zhī shēng， shēn dé kǒng zǐ zàn shǎng。 hòu xué chéng nán guī， cóng yóu dì zǐ wú shù， bèi yù wéi chuán bō dōng nán wén huà dì yī rén。 táng dài qǐ xiān hòu bèi fēng wéi wú hóu、 wú gōng、 wú guó gōng jí xiān xián yán zǐ děng。 qīng kāng xī jiān tè shè wǔ jīng bó shì yī yuán， yóu qí hòu yì shì xí。 yán yǎn duì wú dì wén huà de fán róng zuò chū liǎo hěn dà gòng xiàn。 yán huí（ qián 521～ qián 490） chūn qiū mò lǔ guó rén。 zì zǐ yuān。 kǒng zǐ dì zǐ。 yǐ dé xíng jiàn chēng。 qín fèn hàoxué， dǔ xìn kǒng zǐ xué shuō， bìng“ wén yī zhī shí”， lǐng huì shēn kè。 wéi rén píng yì qiān xùn， chén mò guǎ yán， cái zhì jiào shǎo wài lù， zài xíng dòng shàng nǔ lì shí jiàn kǒng zǐ de lǐ xiǎng， chéng wéi kǒng zǐ zuì zhōng shí、 zuì dé yì de xué shēng。 kǒng zǐ lǚ chēng tā pǐn gé gāo shàng， shuō tā“ sān yuè bù wéi rén”，“ bù qiān nù， bù 'èr guò”。 33 suì shí qù shì。 jīn qū fù chéng běi lòu xiàng jiē yòu yán miào， yì chēng fù shèng miào。 jīn qū fù chéng dōng 11 gōng lǐ fáng shān zhī nán chéng zhuāng cūn dōng běi jiǎo yòu yán zǐ lín， wéi yán huí jí qí jiā zú de mù dì。
zéngshēn（ yuē qián 505～ qián 435） zì zǐ yú， chūn qiū mò lǔ guó nán wǔ chéng（ jīn píng yì） rén。 rén men zūn chēng wéi Zēngzǐ。 kǒng zǐ dì zǐ。 lè dào yǎng qīn， céng shì wéi xiǎo lì， yǐ xiào zhù chēng。 rèn wéi " zhōng shù " shì kǒng zǐ " yī yǐ guàn zhī " de sī xiǎng， tí chū " wú rì sānxǐngwúshēn " de xiū yǎng fāng fǎ， zhù zhāng " shèn zhōng（ shèn zhòng dì bàn lǐ fù mǔ de sāngshì）， zhuī yuǎn（ qián chéng dì zhuī niàn zǔ xiān）， mín dé guī hòu”，“ fàn 'ér bù xiào（ jì jiào）”， shǐ zhì bù xiè dì shí jiàn kǒng zǐ xué shuō。 xiāng chuán zhù yòu《 xiào jīng》 hé《 dà xué》。 zài kǒng mén zhōng bèi shì wéi dào tǒng de jì chéng zhě， bèi hòu dài tǒng zhì zhě zūn wéi“ zōng shèng”。《 hàn shū · yì wén zhì》 zhù lù《 Zēngzǐ》 18 piān， yǐ cán， jīn cún《 dà dài lǐ jì》 zhōng， zì《 lì shì》 zhì《 tiān yuán》 fán 10 piān。 qīng ruǎn yuán yòu《 Zēngzǐ zhù shì》。 jīn jiā xiáng chéng nán 20 gōng lǐ nán wǔ shān nán lù yòu céng miào， yòu chēng zōng shèng miào。
kǒng zǐ xué yuàn
[ yīng guó 'ài dīng bǎo dà xué kǒng zǐ xué yuàn ]
kǒng zǐ de xué shuō chuán dào xī fāng， shì cóng 400 duō nián qián yì dà lì chuán jiào shì bǎ jì lù kǒng zǐ yán xíng de《 lùn yǔ》 yī shū yì chéng lā dīng wén dài dào 'ōu zhōu kāi shǐ de。 ér jīn， kǒng zǐ xué shuō yǐ zǒu xiàng liǎo wǔ dà zhōu， gè guó kǒng zǐ xué yuàn de jiàn lì， zhèng shì kǒng zǐ“ sì hǎi zhī nèi jiē xiōng dì”、“ hé 'ér bù tóng” yǐ jí“ jūn zǐ yǐ wén huì yǒu， yǐ yǒu fǔ rén” sī xiǎng de xiàn shí shí jiàn。 zì 2004 nián 11 yuè quán qiú shǒu jiā kǒng zǐ xué yuàn zài hán guó chéng lì yǐ lái， yǐ yòu bǎi yú jiā kǒng zǐ xué yuàn biàn bù quán qiú 40 duō gè guó jiā， chéng wéi chuán bō zhōng guó wén huà hé tuī guǎng hàn yǔ jiào xué de quán qiú pǐn pái hé píng tái。 kǒng zǐ xué yuàn shì zài jiè jiàn guó wài yòu guān jī gòu tuī guǎng běn mín zú yǔ yán jīng yàn de jī chǔ shàng， zài hǎi wài shè lì de yǐ jiào shòu hàn yǔ hé chuán bō zhōng guó wén huà wéi zōng zhǐ de fēi yíng lì xìng gōng yì jī gòu。 tā bǐng chéng kǒng zǐ“ hé wéi guì”、“ hé 'ér bù tóng” de lǐ niàn， tuī dòng zhōng wài wén huà de jiāo liú yǔ róng hé， yǐ jiàn shè yī gè chí jiǔ hé píng、 gòng tóng fán róng de hé xié shì jiè wéi zōng zhǐ。
bǔ chōng zī liào
hán guó rén duì jì kǒng dà diǎn shēn yí nào jù
gēn jù hán guó de xiāo xī， hán guó rén yǐ jīng zài zhǔn bèi ná jì kǒng dà diǎn qù shēn qǐng shì jiè wén huà yí chǎn， xià yī bù jiù shì bǎ kǒng zǐ chè chè dǐ dǐ de biàn chéng hán guó rén liǎo， zhōng guó de lùn tán shàng què hái zài wéi yìng bù yìng gāi jì kǒng chǎo gè bù tíng， hěn duō rén duì kǒng zǐ jí jìn fěng cì wā kǔ zhī néng shì。
9 yuè 28 rì， shì kǒng zǐ dàn chén 2557 zhōu nián， dà lù yǔ tái wān tóng shí jǔ xíng liǎo jì kǒng dà diǎn。 ér zài cǐ qián de 9 yuè 26 rì， yī zǔ hán guó jì kǒng dà diǎn de tú piàn yě chéng wéi gè dà mén hù wǎng zhàn de tóu tiáo。 qiǎng zài zhōng guó zhī qián dà guī mó xuān chuán zì jǐ de jì kǒng huó dòng， hán guó rén de yòng yì yòu hé zài ní？
hán guó rén zǒng shì xiǎng bǎ zhōng huá wén huà zhōng de yōu xiù chéngfèn jù wéi jǐ yòu， zhè yǐ jīng bù shì dì yī tiān liǎo。 jiù zài 2005 nián， hán guó yǐ jīng jiāng chuán chéng zì zhōng guó de duān wǔ jié shēn bào shì jiè wén huà yí chǎn chéng gōng， chéng wéi suǒ yòu zhōng guó rén xīn tóu de tòng。 jì kǒng dà diǎn jiù shì tā men de xià yī gè mù biāo。 zhǐ yào nǐ zǎi xì yán jiū yī xià hán guó rén jì kǒng de zī liào， jiù huì fā xiàn tā men yī zhí zài qiáng diào zhèng zōng。 kàn guò hán guó rén de jì kǒng shì pín， zài lái duì zhào zhōng guó de jì kǒng shì pín， dà bù fēn réndōu huì dé chū hán guó rén de diǎn lǐ hǎo xiàng gēngzhèng tǒng， gèng gāo shàng de gǎn jué。 hán guó rén de jì kǒng hǎo xiàng zǒng hé zhōng guó de duì zhe gān， nǐ men chuān mǎn qīng de cháng páo mǎ guà， wǒ jiù chuān zhèng tǒng de hàn fú； nǐ men de yí shì biàn lái biàn qù méi yòu dìng shì， wǒ men què zūn xún de shì gǔ lǐ yī chéng bù biàn； nǐ men zài wén gé zhōngjiàng kǒng zǐ pī dǎo pī chòu， wǒ men què zūn kǒng jǐ bǎi nián bù biàn； nǐ men de jì kǒng dà diǎn wǎng wǎng shì zhèng fǔ zhù dǎo huó dòng， wǒ men de jì kǒng què shì 'èr bǎi duō suǒ xiāng xiào tóng shí jìn xíng de quán guó xìng huó dòng！ hán guó rén de mùdì hěn míng què， jiù shì yào ràng rén jué dé zhǐ yòu tā men cái shì jì kǒng de zhèng tǒng， zhǐ yòu tā men cái zuì yòu zī gé jì sì kǒng zǐ。 rán hòu jiù kě yǐ ná tā men jǐ bǎi nián lì shǐ de jì kǒng dà diǎn qù shēn qǐng shì jiè wén huà yí chǎn！
xiāng bǐ zhī xià qián liǎng nián zhōng guó de jì kǒng què shí ràng rén yòu diǎn hán xīn， zhū pì gǔ duì zhe kǒng zǐ de xiào huà， cháng páo mǎ guà tàijiàn zhuāng de nào jù děng děng， céng chū bù qióng。 jīn tiān de jì kǒng xìng hǎo yòu wǔ liáng yè zhè yàng shí lì xióng hòu yòu rú shāng sī xiǎng de qǐ yè xiāng zhù， cái bù zhì yú chū xiàn yǐ qián jì kǒng yóu yú méi qián 'ér zū jīng jù xì zhuāng de jiǒng jìng， yòng wǔ liáng yè jì jiǔ yě què shí fú hé zhōng guó wǔ gǔ jì sì de zhèng tǒng，“ bēi dǐ wǔ gǔ bēi shàng yè” de lǐ zhì。 rán 'ér hán guó zài guó jì shàng duì jì kǒng de tuī guǎng yǐ jīng zǒu zài liǎo qián miàn， ér qiě zài guò qù de nián dài zhōng guó duì kǒng zǐ wén huà de huǐ huài yě què shí lìng rén hán xīn， zhè shǐ wǒ men zài hán guó rén miàn qián zǒng xiǎn dé dī rén yī tóu。
hán guó rén jì yú kǒng zǐ bù shì yī tiān liǎng tiān liǎo， zài yī běn hán guó lì shǐ jiào kē shū de chā tú shàng， zhōng guó de dōng běi， shān dōng dōuchéng wéi lì shǐ shàng hán guó de dì pán！ shān dōng dōushì hán guó de rén， shān dōng rén kǒng zǐ yě jiù lǐ suǒ dāng rán shì shān dōng rén。 zài zhè běn hán guó jiào kē shū lǐ，“ zhèn yā liǎo chǔyú nóng gēng wén huà de hàn rén”，“ chéng fá dà táng de zhàn zhēng” děng yǔ jù suí chù kě jiàn， wǒ men zǒng shì jiāng zhù yì lì jí zhōng rì běn rén de xiū gǎi jiào kē shū shì jiàn shàng， què méi zhù yì dào hán guó rén gān qǐ zhè zhǒng shì lái yě shì hěn zài xíng。
hán guó rén lùn zhèng kǒng zǐ shì hán guó rén hái yòu zhè yàng de lùn jù： cháo xiān bàn dǎo zuì zǎo jiàn lì zhèng quán de shì shāng cháo guì zú jī zǐ。 jī zǐ shì shāng cháo zhòu wáng de qīn qī， xī zhōu wǔ wáng fá zhòu。 jī zǐ bù yuàn yì jiē shòu xī zhōu tǒng zhì。 yú shì shuài lǐng 5000 míng shāng cháo rén táo páo dào cháo xiān bàn dǎo hé liáo dōng bàn dǎo， jiàn lì liǎo zhèng zhì nànmín guó jiā héng jī zǐ cháo xiān。 ér shāng cháo dà bù fēn réndōu liú zài liǎo zhōng guó， fēn bù zài xī zhōu fēng jiàn de sòng wèi děng duō gè guó jiā。 sòng guó de dì yī gè guó jūn jiù shì jī zǐ de qīn qī héng wēi zǐ。 kǒng zǐ shì sòng guó guì zú hòu dài， dāng rán yě jiù shì hán guó zǔ zōng jī zǐ de hòu dài liǎo。 zài zhōng guó rén kàn lái， zhè zhǒng bā gān zǐ cái dǎ de zhe de guān xì， wú yí kě xiào yòu kě chǐ， dàn duì yú kàn zhè zhǒng lì shǐ jiào kē shū zhǎngdà de hán guó rén lái shuō， wú yí shì tiān jīng dì yì。 suǒ yǐ jiāng jì kǒng dà diǎn shēn qǐng shì jiè wén huà yí chǎn cái huì dé dào zhè me duō hán guó rén de zhī chí， hán guó rén cái huì lǐ zhí qì zhuàng de fā chū“ kǒng zǐ shì wǒ men de” de háo lùn liǎo。
cuàn gǎi lì shǐ shì dì yī bù， jiāng jì kǒng dà diǎn shēn yí shì dì 'èr bù， jiē xià lái jiù shì gěi guó jì shè huì zào chéng kǒng zǐ zhēn de shì hán guó rén de yìn xiàng， zuì zhōng mù de shì dá dào hán guó cái shì yà zhōu wén huà de yuān yuán suǒ zài， hán guó wén míng bǔ yù liǎo bāo kuò zhōng guó zài nèi de dōng yà wén míng！
rán 'ér zhè shí wǒ men zhōng guó rén zài gànshénme？ zài wǎng shàng jiù gāi bù gāi jì kǒng chǎo de bù yì lè hū， ér zǒng yòu nà yī bù fēn zhōng guó rén， rè zhōng yú yòng gè zhǒng bù kān de yǔ yán lái fěng cì wā kǔ kǒng zǐ hé rú jiā wén huà。 cóng wén gé dǎ dǎo kǒng jiā diàn dào xiàn zài， wǒ men yòu yòu shénme zī gé shuō， bǐ qǐ hán guó， wǒ men de rú jiā wén huà gèng wéi zhèng tǒng gèng wéi quán mín？
bù xiào zǐ sūn yào jiāng zǔ zōng gǒng shǒu sòng gěi wài guó rén liǎo， kǒng zǐ de líng hún zài tiān shàng tòng kū shī shēng。
kǒng zǐ shī xuǎn
qù lǔ gē
bǐ fù zhī kǒu， kě yǐ chū zǒu。 pī fù zhī yè， kě yǐ sǐ bài。 gài yōu zāi yóu zāi， wéi yǐ zú suì。
huì gǔ gē
wéi shān shí lǐ， huì gǔ zhī shēng， yóu shàng zài 'ěr。
guī shān cāo
yú yù wàng lǔ xī， guī shān bì zhī。 shǒu wú fǔ kē， nài guī shān hé！
zhù：《 qín cāo》：“ jì huán zǐ shòu qí nǚ lè， kǒng zǐ yù jiàn bù dé， tuì 'ér wàng lǔ guī shān zuò gē， yù jì zhī bì lǔ yě。”《 qín cāo》， gǔ qín qū jí， chuán wéi dōng hàn cài yōng ji。
pán cāo
gān zé 'ér yú， jiāo lóng bù yóu。 fù cháo huǐ luǎn， fèng bù xiáng liú。 cǎn yú xīn bēi， hái yuán xī zōu。
zhù： jiàn《 qín cāo》。
kǒng zǐ de fēng shì hào
zhōu jìng wáng sì shí yī nián（ gōng yuán qián 479 nián）， kǒng zǐ qù shì， lǔ 'āi gōng qīn lěi kǒng zǐ。 lěi wén shuō：“ mín tiān bù diào， bù yìn yí yī lǎo， bǐ píng yú yī rén yǐ zài wèi， qióng qióng yú zài jiù， wū hū 'āi zāi！ ní fù！ wú zì lǜ。”（《 zuǒzhuàn · āi gōng shí liù nián》） gǔ rén rèn wéi“ ní fù” shì gěi kǒng zǐ de shì hào。 qí shí zhè zhǐ shì duì kǒng zǐ de jìng chēng， bìng fēi shì hào。 fù， tóng“ fǔ”， shì gǔ dài duì nán zǐ de měi chēng。
xī hàn yuán shǐ yuán nián（ gōng yuán yuán nián）， hàn píng dì liú kàn zhuī fēng kǒng zǐ wéi“ bāo chéng xuān ní gōng” gǔ rén rèn wéi“ bāo chéng” shì guó míng，“ xuān ní” shì shì hào，“ gōng” shì jué wèi。
běi wèi tài hé shí liù nián（ gōng yuán 492 nián）， xiào wén dì yuán hóng chēng kǒng zǐ wéi“ wén shèng ní fù”。“ wén shèng” shì zūn hào，“ ní fù” shì jìng chēng。
běi zhōu dà xiàng 'èr nián（ gōng yuán 580 nián）， jìng dì yǔ wén yǎn zhuī fēng kǒng zǐ wéi“ zōu guó gōng”，“ zōu” shì guó míng，“ gōng” shì jué wèi。
suí kāi huáng yuán nián（ gōng yuán 581 nián）， wén dì yáng jiān chēng kǒng zǐ wéi“ xiān shī ní fù”； táng zhēnguàn 'èr nián（ gōng yuán 628 nián）， tài zōng lǐ shì mín zūn kǒng zǐ wéi“ xiān shèng”。“ xiān shī”、“ xiān shèng” dōushì zūn chēng。 zhēnguàn shí yī nián（ gōng yuán 637 nián）， gǎi chēng kǒng zǐ wéi“ xuān fù”，“ xuān” wéi shì hào，“ fù” shì měi chēng。 qián fēng yuán nián（ gōng yuán 666 nián）， gāo zōng lǐ zhì zèng kǒng zǐ wéi“ tài shī”，“ tài shī” wéi guān wèi。
wǔ zhōu tiān shòu yuán nián（ gōng yuán 690 nián）， wǔ zé tiān fēng kǒng zǐ wéi“ lóng dào gōng”。“ lóng dào” shì fēng hào，“ gōng” shì jué wèi。
táng kāi yuán 'èr shí qī nián（ gōng yuán 739 nián）， xuán zōng lǐ lóng jī fēng kǒng zǐ wéi“ wén xuān wáng”。“ wén xuān” wéi shì hào，“ wáng” shì jué wèi。 zhè 'ér de“ wáng” bù shì hòu shì huáng dì yǐ xià de hóu wáng de wáng， ér shì zhōu tiān zǐ“ wǔ wáng”、“ chéng wáng” de wáng。
sòng dà zhōng xiáng fú yuán nián（ gōng yuán 1008 nián）， zhēn zōng zhào héng jiā chēng kǒng zǐ wéi“ xuán shèng wén xuān wáng”， wǔ nián（ gōng yuán 1012 nián）， yòu gǎi chēng“ shèng wén xuān wáng”。“ xuán shèng” shì zhǐ yòu zhì tiān zhī dé 'ér bù jū qí wèi de rén，《 hòu hàn shū》 shǒu xiān yǐ cǐ chēng kǒng zǐ；“ zhì shèng” shì zhǐ dào dé zuì gāo shàng de rén， sī mǎ qiān shǒu xiān yǐ cǐ chēng kǒng zǐ，《 shǐ jì · kǒng zǐ shì jiā · zàn》 shuō：“…… zì tiān zǐ wáng hóu， zhōng guó yán liù yì zhě zhé zhōng yú fū zǐ， kě wèi zhì shèng yǐ！” yuán dà dé shí yī nián（ gōng yuán 1307 nián） qiū， xīn jí wèi de yuán wǔ zōng hǎi shān jiā chēng kǒng zǐ wéi“ dà chéng zhì shèng wén xuān wáng”。“ dà chéng” běn shì gǔ dài qín lè de yòng yǔ。 gǔ lè yī biàn wéi yī chéng， jiǔ biàn 'ér lè zhōng， zhì jiǔ chéng wán bì， chēng wéi dà chéng， hòu lái yǐn shēn chēng jí zhōng qián rén de zhù zhāng、 xué shuō děng xíng chéng de wán zhěng de tǐ xì。 mèng zǐ shǐ yòng dà chéng zàn sòng kǒng zǐ， tā shuō：“ kǒng zǐ zhī wèi jí dà chéng， jí dà chéng yě zhě， jīn shēng 'ér yù zhèn zhī yě。”《 mèng zǐ · wàn zhāng xià》“ xuán shèng”、“ zhì shèng”、“ dà chéng” dōushì duì kǒng zǐ de zàn cí。
míng jiā jìng jiǔ nián（ gōng yuán 1530 nián）， shì zōng zhū hòu cōng lí dìng sì diǎn， zūn kǒng zǐ wéi“ zhì shèng xiān shī”， qǔ xiāo shì hào、 fēng hào。 qīng shùn zhì 'èr nián（ gōng yuán 1645 nián）， shì zǔ fú lín jiā zūn kǒng zǐ wéi“ dà chéng zhì shèng wén xuān xiān shī”， shí sì nián（ gōng yuán 1657 nián）， yòu gǎi chēng“ zhì shèng xiān shī”。
zì cǐ yǐ hòu， zhí zhì qīng mò， kǒng zǐ de fēng shì hào wèi zài gēngdòng。 dào liǎo mín guó nián jiān， yī qiē fēng shì hào jiē fèi zhì bù yòng liǎo。“ shì hào” shì gēn jù sǐ zhě de shēng qián shì jì cān zhào《 shì fǎ》 zhuī jiā de， tā zhǐ shì yòng yú dì wáng、 xiǎn huàn hé zhuó xíng dé yì de rén。 zhuī jiā gěi kǒng zǐ de shì hào， jù《 shì fǎ》 shuō，“ yáng shàn fù jiǎn yuē shèng”、“ jìng bīn hòu lǐ yuē shèng”；“ jīng tiān wěi dì yuē wén”、“ dào dé bó wén yuē wén”、“ xué qín hǎo wèn yuē wén”、“ cí huì 'ài mín yuē wén”；“ shèng shàn zhōu wén yuē xuān”， dōushì《 shì fǎ》 zhōng zuì gāo de zàn yù zhī cí。
His philosophy emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity. These values gained prominence in China over other doctrines, such as Legalism (法家) or Taoism (道家) during the Han Dynasty (206 BC–220 AD). Confucius' thoughts have been developed into a system of philosophy known as Confucianism (儒家). It was introduced to Europe by the Jesuit Matteo Ricci, who was the first to Latinise the name as "Confucius."
His teachings may be found in the Analects of Confucius (論語), a collection of "brief aphoristic fragments", which was compiled many years after his death. Modern historians do not believe that any specific documents can be said to have been written by Confucius, but for nearly 2,000 years he was thought to be the editor or author of all the Five Classics such as the Classic of Rites (editor), and the Spring and Autumn Annals (春秋) (author).
Personal life and family
According to tradition, Confucius was born in 551 BC. Spring and Autumn Period, at the beginning of the Hundred Schools of Thought philosophical movement. Confucius was born in or near the city of Qufu, in the Chinese State of Lu (now part of Shandong Province). Early accounts say that he was born into a poor but noble family that had fallen on hard times.
The Records of the Grand Historian (史記), compiled some four centuries later, indicate that the marriage of Confucius' parents did not conform to Li (禮) and therefore was a yehe (野合), or "illicit union", for when they got married, his father was a very old man and past proper age for marriage but his mother was only in her late teens. His father died when he was three, and he was brought up in poverty by his mother. His social ascendancy linked him to the growing class of shì (士), a class whose status lay between that of the old nobility and the common people, that comprised men who sought social positions on the basis of talents and skills, rather than heredity.
As a child, Confucius was said to have enjoyed putting ritual vases on the sacrifice table. He married a young girl named Qi Quan (亓官) at nineteen and she had their first child Kong Li (孔鯉) when he was twenty. Confucius is reported to have worked as a shepherd, cowherd, clerk and book-keeper. When Confucius was twenty-three, his mother died and he entered three years of mourning.
He is said to have risen to the position of Justice Minister (大司寇) in Lu at fifty-three. According to the Records of the Grand Historian, the neighboring state of Qi (齊) was worried that Lu was becoming too powerful. Qi decided to sabotage Lu's reforms by sending one hundred good horses and eighty beautiful dancing girls to the Duke of Lu. The Duke indulged himself in pleasure and did not attend to official duties for three days. Confucius was deeply disappointed and resolved to leave Lu and seek better opportunities. Yet to leave at once would expose the misbehavior of the Duke and therefore bring public humiliation to the ruler Confucius was serving, so Confucius waited for the Duke to make a lesser mistake. Soon after, the Duke neglected to send to Confucius a portion of the sacrificial meat that was his due according to custom, and Confucius seized this pretext to leave both his post and the state of Lu.
According to tradition, after Confucius's resignation, he began a long journey (or set of journeys) around the small kingdoms of northeast and central China, including the states of Wei (衞), Song (宋), Chen (陳) and Cai (蔡). At the courts of these states, he expounded his political beliefs but did not see them implemented.
According to the Zuo Commentary to the Spring and Autumn Annals, at sixty-eight Confucius returned home. The Analects pictures him spending his last years teaching disciples and transmitting the old wisdom via a set of texts called the Five Classics.
Burdened by the loss of both his son and his favorite disciples, he died at the age of 72 (or 73).
Teachings
In the Analects论语, Confucius presents himself as a "transmitter who invented nothing". He put the greatest emphasis on the importance of study, and it is the Chinese character for study (or learning) that opens the text. In this respect, he is seen by Chinese people as the Greatest Master. Far from trying to build a systematic theory of life and society or establish a formalism of rites, he wanted his disciples to think deeply for themselves and relentlessly study the outside world, mostly through the old scriptures and by relating the moral problems of the present to past political events (like the Annals) or past expressions of feelings by common people and reflective members of the elite (preserved in the poems of the Book of Odes).
In times of division, chaos, and endless wars between feudal states, he wanted to restore the Mandate of Heaven “天命” that could unify the "world" (i.e. China) and bestow peace and prosperity on the people. Because his vision of personal and social perfections was framed as a revival of the ordered society of earlier times, Confucius is often considered a great proponent of conservatism, but a closer look at what he proposes often shows that he used (and perhaps twisted) past institutions and rites to push a new political agenda of his own: a revival of a unified royal state, whose rulers would succeed to power on the basis of their moral merit, not their parentage; these would be rulers devoted to their people, reaching for personal and social perfection. Such a ruler would spread his own virtues to the people instead of imposing proper behavior with laws and rules.
One of the deepest teachings of Confucius may have been the superiority of personal exemplification over explicit rules of behavior. Because his moral teachings emphasise self-cultivation, emulation of moral exemplars, and the attainment of skilled judgment rather than knowledge of rules, Confucius's ethics may be considered a type of virtue ethics. His teachings rarely rely on reasoned argument, and ethical ideals and methods are conveyed more indirectly, through allusions, innuendo, and even tautology. This is why his teachings need to be examined and put into proper context in order to be understood. A good example is found in this famous anecdote:
厩焚。子退朝，曰：“伤人乎？”不问马。
When the stables were burnt down, on returning from court, Confucius said, "Was anyone hurt?" He did not ask about the horses.
Analects X.11, tr. A. Waley
The passage conveys the lesson that by not asking about the horses, Confucius demonstrated that a sage values human beings over property; readers of this lesson are led to reflect on whether their response would follow Confucius's, and to pursue ethical self-improvement if it would not. Confucius, an exemplar of human excellence, serves as the ultimate model, rather than a deity or a universally true set of abstract principles. For these reasons, according to many Eastern and Western commentators, Confucius's teaching may be considered a Chinese example of humanism.
Perhaps his most famous teaching was the Golden Rule stated in the negative form, often called the silver rule:
子貢問曰、有一言、而可以終身行之者乎。子曰、其恕乎、己所 不欲、勿施於人。
Adept Kung asked: "Is there any one word that could guide a person throughout life?"
The Master replied: "How about 'shu' [reciprocity]: never impose on others what you would not choose for yourself?"
Analects XV.24, tr. David Hinton
Confucius's teachings were later turned into a very elaborate set of rules and practices by his numerous disciples and followers who organised his teachings into the Analects. In the centuries after his death, Mencius and Xun Zi both composed important teachings elaborating in different ways on the fundamental ideas associated with Confucius. In time, these writings, together with the Analects and other core texts came to constitute the philosophical corpus known in the West as Confucianism. After more than a thousand years, the scholar Zhu Xi created a very different interpretation of Confucianism which is now called Neo-Confucianism, to distinguish it from the ideas expressed in the Analects. Neo-Confucianism held sway in China and Vietnam until the 1800s.
Names
Confucius (illustration from Myths & Legends of China, 1922, by E.T.C. Werner)
Confucius (illustration from Myths & Legends of China, 1922, by E.T.C. Werner)
* Michele Ruggieri, and other Jesuits after him, while translating Chinese books into Western languages, translated 孔夫子 as Confucius. This Latinised form has since been commonly used in Western countries.
* In systematic Romanisations:
o Kǒng Fūzǐ (or Kǒng fū zǐ) in pinyin.
o K'ung fu-tzu in Wade-Giles (or, less accurately, Kung fu-tze).
+ Fūzǐ means teacher. Since it was disrespectful to call the teacher by name according to Chinese culture, he is known as just "Master Kong", or Confucius, even in modern days.
+ The character 'fu' is optional; in modern Chinese he is more often called Kong Zi.
* His actual name was 孔丘, Kǒng Qiū. Kǒng is a common family name in China.
(In Wade-Giles translation by D. C. Lau, this name appears as Kung Ch'iu.)
* His courtesy name was 仲尼, Zhòng Ní.
* In 9 BC (first year of the Yuanshi period of the Han Dynasty), he was given his first posthumous name: 褒成宣尼公, Lord Bāochéngxūan, which means "Laudably Declarable Lord Ni."
* His most popular posthumous names are
o 至聖先師, 至圣先师，Zhìshèngxiānshī, meaning "The Former Teacher who Arrived at Sagehood" (comes from 1530, the ninth year of the Jianing period of the Ming Dynasty);
o 至聖,至圣， Zhìshèng, "the Greatest Sage";
o 先師,先师， Xiānshī, literally meaning "first teacher". It has been suggested that '先師' can be used, however, to express something like, "the Teacher who assists the wise to their attainment".
* He is also commonly known as 萬世師表, 万世师表，Wànshìshībiǎo, "the Model Teacher" in Chinese.
Philosophy
Main article: Confucianism
A portrait of Confucius, by Tang Dynasty artist Wu Daozi (680-740).
A portrait of Confucius, by Tang Dynasty artist Wu Daozi (680-740).
Although Confucianism is often followed in a religious manner by the Chinese, arguments continue over whether it is a religion. Confucianism lacks an afterlife, its texts express complex and ambivalent views concerning deities, and it is relatively unconcerned with some spiritual matters often considered essential to religious thought, such as the nature of the soul.
Confucius' principles gained wide acceptance primarily because of their basis in common Chinese tradition and belief. He championed strong familial loyalty, ancestor worship, respect of elders by their children (and, according to later interpreters, of husbands by their wives), and the family as a basis for an ideal government. He expressed the well-known principle, "Do not do to others what you do not want done to yourself" (similar to the Golden Rule). He also looked nostalgically upon earlier days, and urged the Chinese, particularly those with political power, to model themselves on earlier examples. "The superior man seeks for it in himself. The petty man seeks for it in others"
Because no texts survive that are demonstrably authored by Confucius, and the ideas associated with him most closely were elaborated in writings that accrued over the period between his death and the foundation of the first Chinese empire in 221 BC, many scholars are very cautious about attributing specific assertions to Confucius himself.
Ethics
The Confucian theory of ethics as exemplified in Lǐ is based on three important conceptual aspects of life: ceremonies associated with sacrifice to ancestors and deities of various types, social and political institutions, and the etiquette of daily behavior. It was believed by some that lǐ originated from the heavens. Confucius's view was more nuanced. His approach stressed the development of lǐ through the actions of sage leaders in human history, with less emphasis on its connection with heaven. His discussions of lǐ seem to redefine the term to refer to all actions committed by a person to build the ideal society, rather than those simply conforming with canonical standards of ceremony. In the early Confucian tradition, lǐ, though still linked to traditional forms of action, came to point towards the balance between maintaining these norms so as to perpetuate an ethical social fabric, and violating them in order to accomplish ethical good. These concepts are about doing the proper thing at the proper time, and are connected to the belief that training in the lǐ that past sages have devised cultivates in people virtues that include ethical judgment about when lǐ must be adapted in light of situational contexts.
In early Confucianism, yì (義 [义]) and lǐ are closely linked terms. Yì can be translated as righteousness, though it may simply mean what is ethically best to do in a certain context. The term contrasts with action done out of self-interest. While pursuing one's own self-interest is not necessarily bad, one would be a better, more righteous person if one based one's life upon following a path designed to enhance the greater good, an outcome of yì. This is doing the right thing for the right reason. Yì is based upon reciprocity.
Just as action according to Lǐ should be adapted to conform to the aspiration of adhering to yì, so yì is linked to the core value of rén (仁). Rén is the virtue of perfectly fulfilling one's responsibilities toward others, most often translated as "benevolence" or "humaneness"; translator Arthur Waley calls it "Goodness" (with a capital G), and other translations that have been put forth include "authoritativeness" and "selflessness." Confucius's moral system was based upon empathy and understanding others, rather than divinely ordained rules. To develop one's spontaneous responses of rén so that these could guide action intuitively was even better than living by the rules of yì. To cultivate one's attentiveness to rén one used another Confucian version of the Golden Rule: one must always treat others just as one would want others to treat oneself. Virtue, in this Confucian view, is based upon harmony with other people, produced through this type of ethical practice by a growing identification of the interests of self and other.
In this regard, Confucius articulated an early version of the Golden Rule:
* "What one does not wish for oneself, one ought not to do to anyone else; what one recognises as desirable for oneself, one ought to be willing to grant to others." (Confucius and Confucianism, Richard Wilhelm)
Politics
Confucius' political thought is based upon his ethical thought. He argues that the best government is one that rules through "rites" (lǐ) and people's natural morality, rather than by using bribery and coercion. He explained that this is one of the most important analects: 1. "If the people be led by laws, and uniformity sought to be given them by punishments, they will try to avoid the punishment, but have no sense of shame. If they be led by virtue, and uniformity sought to be given them by the rules of propriety, they will have the sense of shame, and moreover will become good." (Translated by James Legge) {The Great Learning} This "sense of shame" is an internalisation of duty, where the punishment precedes the evil action, instead of following it in the form of laws as in Legalism.
While he supported the idea of government by an all-powerful sage, ruling as an Emperor, probably because of the chaotic state of China at his time, his ideas contained a number of elements to limit the power of rulers. He argued for according language with truth; thus honesty was of paramount importance. Even in facial expression, truth must always be represented. In discussing the relationship between a subject and his king (or a son and his father), he underlined the need to give due respect to superiors. This demanded that the inferior must give advice to his superior if the superior was considered to be taking the wrong course of action. This was built upon a century after Confucius's death by his latter day disciple Mencius, who argued that if the king was not acting like a king, he would lose the Mandate of Heaven and be overthrown. Therefore, tyrannicide is justified because a tyrant is more a thief than a king. Other Confucian texts, though celebrating absolute rule by ethical sages, recognise the failings of real rulers in maxims such as, "An oppressive government is more feared than a tiger."
Some well known Confucian quotes:
"When you have faults, do not fear to abandon them."
"What you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others"
"With coarse rice to eat, with water to drink, and my crooked arm for a pillow - is not joy to be found therein? Riches and honors acquired through unrighteousness are to me as the floating clouds"
Disciples and legacy
Main article: Disciples of Confucius
Confucius' disciples and his only grandson, Zisi, continued his philosophical school after his death. These efforts spread Confucian ideals to students who then became officials in many of the royal courts in China, thereby giving Confucianism the first wide-scale test of its dogma. While relying heavily on Confucius' ethico-political system, two of his most famous later followers emphasized radically different aspects of his teachings. Mencius (4th century BC) articulated the innate goodness in human beings as a source of the ethical intuitions that guide people towards rén, yì, and lǐ, while Xun Zi (3rd century BC) underscored the realistic and materialistic aspects of Confucian thought, stressing that morality was inculcated in society through tradition and in individuals through training.
This realignment in Confucian thought was parallel to the development of Legalism, which saw filial piety as self-interest and not a useful tool for a ruler to create an effective state. A disagreement between these two political philosophies came to a head in 223 BC when the Qin state conquered all of China. Li Ssu, Prime Minister of the Qin Dynasty convinced Qin Shi Huang to abandon the Confucians' recommendation of awarding fiefs akin to the Zhou Dynasty before them which he saw as counter to the Legalist idea of centralizing the state around the ruler. When the Confucian advisers pressed their point, Li Ssu had many Confucian scholars killed and their books burned - considered a huge blow to the philosophy and Chinese scholarship.
Under the succeeding Han Dynasty and Tang Dynasty, Confucian ideas gained even more widespread prominence. Under Wudi, the works of Confucius were made the official imperial philosophy and required reading for civil service examinations in 140 BC which was continued nearly unbroken until the end of the 19th Century. As Moism lost support by the time of the Han, the main philosophical contenders were Legalism which Confucian thought somewhat absorbed, the teachings of Lao-tzu whose focus on more mystic ideas kept it from direct conflict with Confucianism, and the new Buddhist religion which gained acceptance during the Southern and Northern Dynasties era.
During the Song Dynasty, the scholar Zhu Xi (1130-1200 CE) added ideas from Daoism and Buddhism into Confucianism. In his life, Zhu Xi was largely ignored but not long after his death his ideas became the new orthodox view on what Confucian texts actually meant. Modern historians view Zhu Xi as having created something rather different and call his way of thinking Neo-Confucianism. Both Confucian ideas and Confucian-trained officials were relied upon in the Ming Dynasty and even the Yuan Dynasty although Kublai Khan distrusted handing over provincial control. In the modern era Confucian movements, such as New Confucianism, still exist but during the Cultural Revolution, Confucianism was frequently attacked by leading figures in the Communist Party of China. This was partially a continuation of the condemnations of Confucianism by intellectuals and activists in the early 20th Century as a cause of the ethnocentric close-mindedness and refusal of the Qing Dynasty to modernize that led to the tragedies that befell China in the 19th Century.
In modern times, Asteroid 7853, "Confucius," was named after the Chinese thinker.
Quote: "Respect yourself and others will respect you."
Quote: "Today I have seen Lao-tzu and can only compare him to the dragon."
Memorial ceremony of Confucius
The Chinese have a tradition of holding spectacular memorial ceremonies of Confucius (祭孔) every year, using ceremonies that supposedly derived from Zhou Li 周禮 as recorded by Confucius, on the date of Confucius' birth. This tradition was interrupted for several decades in mainland China, where the official stance of the Communist Party and the State was that Confucius and Confucianism represented reactionary feudalist beliefs where it is held that the subservience of the people to the aristocracy is a part of the natural order. All such ceremonies and rites were therefore banned. Only after the 1990s, did the ceremony resume. As it is now considered a veneration of Chinese history and tradition, even communist party members may be found in attendance.
In Taiwan, where the Nationalist Party (Kuomingtang) strongly promoted Confucian beliefs in ethics and behavior, the tradition of memorial ceremony of Confucius (祭孔) is supported by the government and has continued without interruption. While not a national holiday, it does appear on all printed calendars, much as Father's Day does in the West.
Influence in Asia and Europe
"Life and works of Confucius, by Prospero Intorcetta, 1687.
"Life and works of Confucius, by Prospero Intorcetta, 1687.
Confucius's works, words are studied by many scholars in many other Asian countries, such as Korea, Japan, Vietnam, etc. And many of those countries still hold the traditional memorial ceremony every year.
The works of Confucius were translated into European languages through the agency of Jesuit scholars stationed in China. Matteo Ricci started to report on the thoughts of Confucius, and father Prospero Intorcetta published the life and works of Confucius into Latin in 1687. It is thought that such works had considerable importance on European thinkers of the period, particularly among the Deists and other philosophical groups of the Enlightenment who were interested by the integration of the system of morality of Confucius into Western civilization.
Ahmadiyya Muslim Community
The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community believes Confucius was a Divine Prophet of God, as was Lao-Tzu and other eminent Chinese personages.
Home town
Soon after Confucius' death, Qufu, his hometown in the state of Lu and now in present-day Shandong Province, became a place of devotion and remembrance. It is still a major destination for cultural tourism, and many Chinese people visit his grave and the surrounding temples. In pan-China cultures, there are many temples where representations of the Buddha, Laozi and Confucius are found together. There are also many temples dedicated to him, which have been used for Confucianist ceremonies.
Descendants
Confucius' descendants were repeatedly identified and honored by successive imperial governments with titles of nobility and official posts. They were honored with the rank of a marquis thirty-five times since Gaozu of the Han Dynasty, and they were promoted to the rank of duke forty-two times from the Tang Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty. Emperor Xuanzong of Tang first bestowed the title of "Marquis Wenxuan" on Kong Sui of the 35th generation. In 1055, Emperor Zhenzong of Song first bestowed the title of "Duke Yansheng" on Kong Zong of the 46th generation. Despite repeated dynastic change in China, the title of Duke Yansheng was bestowed upon successive generations of descendants until it was abolished by the Nationalist Government in 1935. The last holder of the title, Kung Te-cheng of the 77th generation, was appointed Sacrificial Official to Confucius.
Today, there are thousands of reputed descendants of Confucius. The main lineage fled from the Kong ancestral home in Qufu to Taiwan during the Chinese Civil War. The current head of the household is Kung Te-cheng, a professor at National Taiwan University. He previously served in the Republic of China government as President of the Examination Yuan. Kung married Sun Qifang, the great-granddaughter of the Qing dynasty scholar-official and first president of Peking University Sun Jianai, whose Shouxian, Anhui, family created one of the first business combines in modern-day China, which included the largest flour mill in Asia, the Fou Foong Flour Company in Shanghai. The Qianlong Emperor married a daughter to Kong Xianpei of the 72nd generation, linking the Aisin-Gioro Imperial house with the Kong family.