| Fernando António Nogueira de Seabra Pessôa | |||||||
| fèi 'ěr nán duō · pèi suǒ 'ā | |||||||
| chūshēngdì： | lǐ sī běn | ||||||
yuèdòupèi suǒ yà Fernando Pessoazài散文天地dezuòpǐn!!! yuèdòupèi suǒ yà Fernando Pessoazài诗海dezuòpǐn!!! | |||||||
佩索亚费尔南多·佩索阿于1888年生于葡萄牙里斯本，父亲在他不满六岁时病逝，母亲再嫁葡萄牙驻南非德班领事，佩索阿随母亲来到南非，在那儿读小学中学和商业学校。在开普敦大学就读时，他的英语散文获得了维多利亚女王奖。1905年他回到里斯本，次年考取里斯本大学文学院，攻读哲学、拉丁语和外交课程。他常去国立图书馆阅读古希腊和德国哲学家的著作，并且继续用英文阅读和写作。
1912至1914年间，以佩索阿为首的葡萄牙的文学青年在英法新文艺思潮的影响下发起了一场文艺复兴运动，并创办了几个虽然短命却影响深远的文学刊物——《流放》、《葡萄牙未来主义》和《奥尔菲乌》。
1914年8月3日，对佩索阿来说是神性降临的一天，他一气呵成，写出了大型组诗《牧人》（共49首）中的大部分。
佩索阿的命运和凡高很相近，都是生前寂寞，死后轰动。这个在为公司翻译外国信函的间歇里写作的诗人完成了卷轶浩繁的作品，生前却从来没有受到过出版商的青睐。他的大部分诗作发表在文学杂志上。1918年他出版了英文诗集《35首十四行诗》，随后又出版了两卷英文诗歌。1933年，他出版了生前唯一的一本葡萄牙文诗集《使命》，但没有引起多少关注。
佩索阿同时还用三个笔名写作：阿尔贝托?卡埃罗、阿尔瓦罗·德·坎波斯和里卡多·雷耶斯。这三个虚拟人物各司其职。卡埃罗是一位自幼失去双亲的牧人，仅受过小学教育，和一位姑奶奶住在乡间，26岁便死于肺病，著名的组诗《牧人》就托在他的名下；坎波斯是一位工程师，对科技充满兴趣，诗作常采用近乎散文的自由体，有时一句长达数十音节，思想极其激烈；雷耶斯的诗歌显示出贺拉斯式的恬静和与之相应的享乐主义精神，内容多是对爱情、神灵和信仰的思考。再加上一个本我的佩索阿，佩索阿用这种方式很好地将一个诗人的内心冲突和自相矛盾平衡在一个自创的文字的宇宙结构里。
从1908年起，佩索阿就一直独自生活，有关他的爱情生活，人们知道得非常少。这个终生未娶的天才一直爱着一个名叫奥菲莉娅?凯洛兹的打字小姐。他们之间的恋情主要通过书信来传递，让人想起卡夫卡和他的情侣密伦娜。佩索阿和奥菲莉娅的书信直到1978年才出版。
1935年11月29日，佩索阿因肝病严重恶化被送进医院，当天他在一张小纸片上写下了最后一句话：“我不知道明天将会带来什么。”第二天他逝世了。
从1943年开始，他的朋友路易斯·德·蒙塔尔沃开始整理他的遗稿，而出版佩索阿全集的工作一直延续到20世纪末。截止到一九八六年，已经出版的佩索阿全集包括11卷诗集、9卷散文、3卷书简。此外还有一些作品尚在进一步的发掘和整理中。
佩索阿正受到越来越多的世界各地读者的崇拜。他的祖国将他和十六世界的大诗人卡蒙斯并称为葡萄牙文学史上的两座丰碑。葡萄牙的文学史家更认为应该给予佩索阿“与但丁、莎士比亚、歌德和乔伊斯同样的地位”。1985年10月15日，为纪念诗人逝世50周年，葡萄牙举行盛大的迁葬仪式，将佩索阿的遗骨移至里斯本热罗尼莫大教堂的圣殿，供人瞻仰。这里也安放着卡蒙斯的石冢。
这里的一组诗歌译自收入“企鹅现代欧洲诗人丛书”的《费尔南多诗选》，英译者为乔那森·格里芬。
Early years in Durban
Nothing had ever obliged him to do anything. He had spent his childhood alone. He never joined any group. He never pursued a course of study. He never belonged to a crowd. The circumstances of his life were marked by that strange but rather common phenomenon – perhaps, in fact, it’s true for all lives – of being tailored to the image and likeness of his instincts, which tended towards inertia and withdrawal.
Fernando Pessoa,
from the Preface of The Book of Disquiet, tr. by Richard Zenith.
Pessoa's birthplace: a large flat at São Carlos Square, in Lisbon.
On 13 July 1893, when Pessoa was five, his father, Joaquim de Seabra Pessoa, died of tuberculosis. The following year, on 2 January, his younger brother Jorge, aged only one, also died. His mother Maria Madalena Pinheiro Nogueira married again in December 1895. In the beginning of 1896, he moved with his mother to Durban, capital of the former British Colony of Natal, where his stepfather João Miguel dos Santos Rosa, a military officer, had been appointed Portuguese consul. The young Pessoa received his early education at St. Joseph Convent School, a Catholic school run by Irish and French nuns. He moved to Durban High School in April, 1899, becoming fluent in English and developing an appreciation for English literature. During the "Matriculation Examination," for admission to the University of Cape Town, in November 1903, he was awarded the recently-created "Queen Victoria Memorial Prize" for best paper in English. While preparing to enter university, he also attended the Durban Commercial School during one year, in the evening shift. Meanwhile he started writing short stories in English, some under the name of David Merrick, many of which he left unfinished.
Durban City Hall.
At the age of sixteen, The Natal Mercury (July 6, 1904 edition) published his poem "Hillier did first usurp the realms of rhyme...", under the name of Charles Robert Anon, along with a small introductory text: "I read with great amusement...". In December, The Durban High School Magazine published his essay Macaulay. From February to June, 1905, in the section "The Man in the Moon," The Natal Mercury also published at least four sonnets by Fernando Pessoa: "Joseph Chamberlain", "To England I", "To England II" and "Liberty". His poems often carried humorous versions of Anon as the author's name.
Ten years after his arrival, he sailed for Lisbon via the Suez Canal on board the "Herzog", leaving Durban for good at the age of seventeen. This journey inspired the poems "Opiário" (dedicated to his friend, the poet and writer Mário de Sá-Carneiro) published in March, 1915, in Orpheu nr.1 and "Ode Marítima" (dedicated to the futurist painter Santa Rita Pintor) published in June, 1915, in Orpheu nr.2 by his heteronym Álvaro de Campos.
Adult life in Lisbon
Once again I see you – Lisbon, the Tagus, and all –
Useless passerby of you and of me,
Stranger in this place as in every other,
Accidental in life as in the soul,
Phantom wandering the halls of memory,
To the squealing of rats and the squeaking of boards,
In the doomed castle where life must be lived...
Fernando Pessoa, from «Lisbon Revisited» (1926),
ed. and tr. by Edwin Honig and Susan M. Brown.
Empreza Ibis, typographica e editora.
Pessoa, a busy man among several jobs.
While his family remained in South Africa, Pessoa returned to Lisbon in 1905 to study diplomacy. After a period of illness, and two years of poor results, a student strike put an end to his studies and in August, 1907, he started working at R.G. Dun & Company, an American mercantile informations agency (currently D&B - Dun & Bradstreet). His grandmother died in September and left him a small inheritance that he spent on setting up his own publishing house, the «Empreza Ibis». The venture was not a success and closed down in 1910. The Ibis, a sacred bird in the Ancient Egypt would remain an important symbolic reference for him.
Upon his return to Lisbon, Pessoa began to complement his British education with Portuguese culture, as an autodidact. The Republican Revolution of 1910 and associated patriotic atmosphere was certainly of major importance in the formation of the writer. His stepuncle Henrique dos Santos Rosa, a retired general and poet, introduced the young Pessoa to Portuguese poetry, notably the Romantics and Symbolists of 19th century.
Last Pessoa's home: currently Fernando Pessoa Museum
In 1912, Fernando Pessoa entered the literary world with a critic, published in the cultural journal A Águia, that triggered one of the most important literary debates in the Portuguese intellectual world of the 20th century: the polemic super-Camões. In 1915 a group of artists and poets, including Fernando Pessoa, Almada Negreiros and Mário de Sá-Carneiro, created the literary magazine Orpheu, which introduced modernist literature to Portugal. Only two issues were published (Jan-Feb-Mar and Apr-May-Jun, 1915), the third failed due to funding difficulties. The third issue of Orpheu was lost during many years and it was finally recovered and published in 1984.
Pessoa also founded the literary review Athena (1924–1925), which published the heteronym Ricardo Reis. Along with his activity of free-lance commercial translator, Fernando Pessoa had an intense activity as a writer and literary critic, contributing to journals and magazines such as A Águia (1912–1913), A Renascença (1914), Orpheu (1915), Exílio (1916), Portugal Futurista (1917), Contemporânea (1922–1923), Presença (1927–1934) and Sudoeste (1935). He also published as a political analyst and literary critic in magazines and newspapers such as Teatro (1913), O Jornal (1915), Acção (1919–1920), Diário de Lisboa (1924–1935), Revista de Comércio e Contabilidade (1926) and Fama (1932–1933).
Pessoa the flâneur
Walking on these streets, until the night falls, my life feels to me like the life they have. By day they’re full of meaningless activity; by night, they’re full of meaningless lack of it. By day I am nothing, and by night I am I. There is no difference between me and these streets, save they being streets and I a soul, which perhaps is irrelevant when we consider the essence of things.
Fernando Pessoa,
from «A Factless Autobiography» in The Book of Disquiet,
tr. by Richard Zenith.
Pessoa, a flâneur in Lisbon.
If Franz Kafka is the writer of Prague, Fernando Pessoa is certainly the writer of Lisbon. After his return to Portugal, when he was seventeen, Pessoa barely left his beloved city, which inspired the poems "Lisbon Revisited" (1923 and 1926), by his heteronym Álvaro de Campos. From 1905 to 1921, when his family returned from Pretoria after the death of his stepfather, he lived in fifteen different places around the city, moving from a rented room to another according to his financial troubles and the troubles of the young Portuguese Republic.
Coffee house «A Brasileira», established in 1905, the year Pessoa returned to Lisbon.
Pessoa had the flâneur's regard, namely through the eyes of Bernardo Soares, another of his heteronyms. This character was supposedly an accountant, working at an office in Douradores Street, where Vasques was the boss, and living in the same downtown street, a world that Pessoa knew quite well due to his long career as free lance correspondence translator. In fact, from 1907 until his death, in 1935, Pessoa worked in twenty one firms located in Lisbon's downtown, sometimes in two or three of them simultaneously. In The Book of Disquiet, Bernardo Soares describes some of those typical places and its "atmosphere".
Pessoa was a frequent customer at Martinho da Arcada, a centennial coffeehouse downtown, almost an "office" for his private business and literary concerns, where he used to meet friends in the 1920s. He also frequented other coffee shops, pubs and restaurants, a number of which no longer exist. The statue of Fernando Pessoa (above) can be seen outside A Brasileira, one of the preferred places of the young writers and artists of the group of orpheu during the 1910s. This coffeehouse, in the aristocratic district of Chiado, is quite close to Pessoa's birthplace: 4, Largo de São Carlos (in front of the Opera House), one of the most elegant neighborhoods of Lisbon. In 1925, Pessoa wrote in English a guidebook to Lisbon but it remained unpublished until 1992.
Writing a lifetime
He looked about thirty, thin, rather above average height, exaggeratedly bent over when seated but less so when he stood up, dressed with a certain negligence, which was not entirely negligence. On his pale, uninteresting face an air of suffering did not stir interest, although it was difficult to define what kind of suffering that air –- it seemed to suggest several kinds: privation, anguish, and a suffering born from the indifference of having suffered a great deal.
Fernando Pessoa,
from The Book of Disquiet, tr. by Alfred Mac Adam.
Aleister Crowley and Pessoa in Lisbon, September 1930.
In his early years, Pessoa was influenced by major English classic poets as Shakespeare, Milton or Spenser and romantics like Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats. Later, he was also influenced by French symbolists Charles Baudelaire and Stéphane Mallarmé, mainly by Portuguese poets as Antero de Quental, Gomes Leal, Camilo Pessanha, Cesário Verde, António Nobre or Teixeira de Pascoaes, and modernists as Yeats, Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot, among many other writers.
Astrological chart of the heteronym Ricardo Reis by Fernando Pessoa.
During World War I, Pessoa wrote to a number of British publishers in order to print his collection of English verse The Mad Fiddler (unpublished during his lifetime), but it was refused. However, in 1920, the prestigious literary review Athenaeum included one of those poems. Since the British publication failed, in 1918 Pessoa published in Lisbon two slim volumes of English verse: Antinous and 35 Sonnets, received by the British literary press without enthusiasm. Along with two associates, he founded another publishing house, Olisipo, which published in 1921 a further two English poetry volumes: English Poems I-II and English Poems III by Fernando Pessoa.
Pessoa translated into English some Portuguese books and from English the poems "The Raven", "Annabel Lee" and "Ulalume" by Edgar Allan Poe which, along with Walt Whitman, strongly influenced him. He also translated into Portuguese a number of esoteric books by leading Theosophists such as C. W. Leadbeater and Annie Besant.
Pessoa was influenced by occultism and developed an interest on spiritism and astrology. He was an amateur astrologue, elaborating astral charts for friends and even for himself and the heteronyms. His interest in occultism led Pessoa to correspond with Aleister Crowley. Later he helped Crowley plan an elaborate fake suicide when he visited Portugal in 1930. Pessoa translated Crowley's poem "Hymn To Pan" into Portuguese, and the catalogue of Pessoa's library shows that he possessed copies of Crowley's Magick in Theory and Practice and Confessions. Pessoa also wrote on Crowley's doctrine of Thelema in several fragments, including Moral.
Pessoa's tomb in Lisbon, at the cloister of the Hieronymites Monastery since 1988.
Politically, Pessoa referred to himself as a 'mystical nationalist' and was conservative in many of his views. He was an outspoken elitist, anti-democratic, and aligned himself against communism, socialism, and Catholicism. He supported the military coups of 1917 and 1926, and wrote a pamphlet in 1928 initially supportive of the Salazar dictatorship, but by the mid-1930s, Pessoa had become disenchanted with the regime.
Pessoa died of cirrhosis in 1935, at the age of forty-seven, with only one book published in Portuguese: "Mensagem" (Message). However, he left a lifetime of unpublished and unfinished work (over 25,000 pages manuscript and typed that have been housed in the Portuguese National Library since 1988). The heavy burden of editing this huge work is still in progress. In 1988 (the centenary of his birth), Pessoa's remains were moved to the Hieronymites Monastery, in Lisbon, where Vasco da Gama, Luís de Camões, and Alexandre Herculano are also buried. Pessoa's portrait was on the 100-escudo banknote.
Heteronyms
Pessoa's statue outside Lisbon's famous coffee house «A Brasileira».
Pessoa's earliest heteronym, at the age of six, was the Chevalier de Pas. Other childhood heteronyms included Dr. Pancrácio and David Merrick, followed by Charles Robert Anon and Alexander Search, succeeded by others. Translator Richard Zenith notes that Pessoa eventually established at least seventy-two heteronyms. According to Pessoa himself, there were three main heteronyms: Alberto Caeiro, Álvaro de Campos and Ricardo Reis. The heteronyms possess distinct biographies, temperaments, philosophies, appearances and writing styles.
Fernando Pessoa on the heteronyms
«How do I write in the name of these three? Caeiro, through sheer and unexpected inspiration, without knowing or even suspecting that I’m going to write in his name. Ricardo Reis, after an abstract meditation, which suddenly takes concrete shape in an ode. Campos, when I feel a sudden impulse to write and don’t know what. (My semi-heteronym Bernardo Soares, who in many ways resembles Álvaro de Campos, always appears when I'm sleepy or drowsy, so that my qualities of inhibition and rational thought are suspended; his prose is an endless reverie. He’s a semi-heteronym because his personality, although not my own, doesn’t differ from my own but is a mere mutilation of it. He’s me without my rationalism and emotions. His prose is the same as mine, except for certain formal restraint that reason imposes on my own writing, and his Portuguese is exactly the same – whereas Caeiro writes bad Portuguese, Campos writes it reasonably well but with mistakes such as "me myself" instead of "I myself", etc.., and Reis writes better than I, but with a purism I find excessive...)».
George Steiner on Fernando Pessoa: «A man of many parts»
«Pseudonymous writing is not rare in literature or philosophy (Kierkegaard provides a celebrated instance). 'Heteronyms', as Pessoa called and defined them, are something different and exceedingly strange. For each of his 'voices', Pessoa conceived a highly distinctive poetic idiom and technique, a complex biography, a context of literary influence and polemics and, most arrestingly of all, subtle interrelations and reciprocities of awareness. Octavio Paz defines Caeiro as 'everything that Pessoa is not and more'.
He is a man magnificently at home in nature, a virtuoso of pre-Christian innocence, almost a Portuguese teacher of Zen. Reis is a stoic Horatian, a pagan believer in fate, a player with classical myths less original than Caeiro, but more representative of modern symbolism. De Campos emerges as a Whitmanesque futurist, a dreamer in drunkenness, the Dionysian singer of what is oceanic and windswept in Lisbon. None of this triad resembles the metaphysical solitude, the sense of being an occultist medium which characterise Pessoa's 'own' intimate verse.»
List of Known Heteronyms
No. Name Type *Notes
1 Fernando Antonio Nogueira Pessoa himself Commercial correspondent in Lisbon
2 Fernando Pessoa orthonym Poet and prose writer
3 Fernando Pessoa autonym Poet and prose writer
4 Fernando Pessoa heteronym Poet, a pupil of Alberto Caeiro
5 Alberto Caeiro heteronym Poet, author of 'O guardador de Rebanhos','O Pastor Amoroso' and 'Poemas inconjuntos', master of Fernando Pessoa heteronyms, Álvaro de Campos, Ricardo Reis, António Mora and Coelho Pacheco
6 Ricardo Reis heteronym Poet and prose writer, author of 'Odes' and texts on the work of Alberto Caeiro
7 Federico Reis heteronym/para-heteronym Essayist, brother of Ricardo Reis, upon whom he writes
8 Álvaro de Campos heteronym Poet and prose writer, a pupil of Alberto Caeiro
9 António Mora heteronym Philosopher and sociologist, theorist of Neopaganism, a pupil of Alberto Caeiro
10 Claude Pasteur heteronym/semi-heteronym French, translator of "CADERNOS DE RECONSTRUÇÃO PAGÃ" conducted by Antonio Mora
11 Bernardo Soares heteronym/semi-heteronym Poet and prose writer, author of the 'Book of Disquiet'
12 Vicente Guedes heteronym/semi-heteronym Translator, poet, and director of Ibis Press, author of a paper
13 Gervasio Guedes heteronym/para-heteronym Author of the text 'A Coroação of Jorge Quinto'
14 Alexander Search heteronym Poet and short story writer
15 Charles James Search heteronym/para-heteronym Translator and essayist, brother of Alexander Search
16 Jean-Méluret of Seoul heteronym/proto-heteronym French Poet and Essayist
17 Rafael Baldaya heteronym Astrologer and author of 'Tratado da Negação' and 'Princípios de Metaphysica Esotérica'
18 Barão de Teive heteronym Prose writer, author of "Educação do Stoica" and "Daphnis e Chloe"
19 Charles Robert Anon heteronym/semi-heteronym Poet, philosopher and story writer
20 A. A. Crosse pseudonym/proto-heteronym Author and Puzzle-solver
21 Thomas Crosse heteronym/proto-heteronym English epic character/occultist, popularised in Portuguese culture
22 I. I. Crosse heteronym/para-heteronym ----
23 David Merrick heteronym/semi-heteronym Poet, storyteller and Playwright
24 Lucas Merrick heteronym/para-heteronym Short story writer, perhaps brother David Merrick
25 Pêro Botelho heteronym/pseudonym Short story writer and author of Letters
26 Abilio Quaresma heteronym/character/meta-heteronym A character inspired by Botelho Pêro and author of short detective stories
27 Inspector Guedes character/meta-heteronym? A character inspired by Botelho Pêro and author of short detective stories
28 Uncle Pork pseudonym/character A character inspired by Botelho Pêro and author of short detective stories
29 Frederick Wyatt alias/heteronym Poet and prose writer (in the English language)
30 Rev. Walter Wyatt character Possibly brother of Frederick Wyatt
31 Alfred Wyatt character Another brother of Frederick Wyatt/a resident of Paris
32 Maria José heteronym/proto-heteronym Wrote and signed «A Carta da Corcunda para o Serralheiro»
33 Chevalier de Pas pseudonym/proto-heteronym Author of poems and letters
34 Efbeedee Pasha heteronym/proto-heteronym Author of humoristic "Stories"
35 Faustino Antunes/A. Moreira heteronym/pseudonym Psychologist, author of "Ensaio sobre a Intuição»
36 Carlos Otto heteronym/proto-heteronym Poet and author of "Tratado de Lucta Livre"
37 Michael Otto pseudonym/para-heteronym Probably brother of Carlos Otto who was entrusted with the translation into English of "Tratado de Lucta Livre"
38 Sebastian Knight proto-heteronym/alias
39 Horace James Faber heteronym/semi-heteronym short story writer and essayist (in English)
40 Navas heteronym/para-heteronym Translated Horace James Faber in Portuguese
41 Pantaleão heteronym/proto-heteronym Poet and prose
42 Torquato Fonseca Mendes da Cunha Rey heteronym/meta-heteronym Deceased author of a text, Pantaleão decided to publish
43 Joaquim Moura Costa proto-heteronym/semi-heteronym satirical poet, Republican activist, member of "O PHOSPHORO"
44 Sher Henay proto-heteronym/pseudonym Compiler and author of the preface of a sensationalist anthology in English
45 Anthony Gomes semi-heteronym/character Philosopher, author of "Historia Cómica do Affonso Çapateiro"
46 Professor Trochee proto-heteronym/pseudonym Author of an essay with humorous advice for young poets
47 Willyam Links Esk character Signed a letter written in English on 13/4/1905
48 António de Seabra pseudonym/proto-heteronym Literary critic
49 João Craveiro pseudonym/proto-heteronym Journalist, follower of Sidonio Pereira
50 Tagus pseudonym Collaborator in "NATAL MERCURY" (Durban, South Africa)
51 Pipa Gomes draft heteronym Collaborator in "O PHOSPHORO"
52 Ibis character/a pseudonym A character from Pessoa's childhood, accompanying him until the end of his life/also signed poems
53 Dr. Gaudencio Turnips proto-heteronym/pseudonym Director of "O PALRADOR", English-Portuguese journalist and humorist
54 Pip proto-heteronym/pseudonym Poet, humorous anecdotes. Predecessor of Dr. Pancrazio
55 Dr. Pancrácio proto-heteronym/pseudonym Storyteller, poet and creator of charades
56 Luís António Congo proto-heteronym/pseudonym Collaborator in "O PALRADOR", columnist and presenter of Lanca Eduardo
57 Eduardo Lança proto-heteronym/pseudonym Luso-Brazilian poet
58 A. Francisco de Paula Angard proto-heteronym/pseudonym Collaborator in "O PALRADOR", author of «textos scientificos»
59 Pedro da Silva Salles/Zé Pad proto-heteronym/alias Author and director of the section of anecdotes at "O PALRADOR"
60 José Rodrigues do Valle/Scicio proto-heteronym/alias "O PALRADOR", author of charades and 'literary manager'
61 Dr. Caloiro proto-heteronym/pseudonym "O PALRADOR", reporter and author of «A pesca das pérolas»
62 Adolph Moscow proto-heteronym/pseudonym "O PALRADOR", novelist, author of «Os Rapazes de Barrowby»
63 Marvell Kisch proto-heteronym/pseudonym Author of a novel announced in "O PALRADOR", called «A Riqueza de um Doido»
64 Gabriel Keene proto-heteronym/pseudonym Author of a novel announced in "O PALRADOR", called «Em Dias de Perigo»
65 Sableton-Kay proto-heteronym/pseudonym Author of a novel announced in "O PALRADOR", called «A Lucta Aérea»
66 Morris & Theodor pseudonym "O PALRADOR", author of charades
67 Diabo Azul pseudonym "O PALRADOR", author of charades
68 Parry pseudonym "O PALRADOR", author of charades
69 Gallião Pequeno pseudonym "O PALRADOR", author of charades
70 Urban Accursio alias "O PALRADOR", author of charades
71 Cecília pseudonym "O PALRADOR", author of charades
72 José rasteiro proto-heteronym/pseudonym "O PALRADOR", author of proverbs and riddles
73 Nympha Negra pseudonym "O PALRADOR", author of charades
74 Diniz da Silva pseudonym/proto-heteronym Author of the poem "Loucura" and collaborator in "EUROPE"
75 Herr Prosit pseudonym Translator of 'O Estudante de Salamanca' by Espronceda
76 Henry More proto-heteronym Author and prose writer
77 Wardour character? Poet
78 J. M. Hyslop character? Poet
79 Vadooisf? Character? Poet
Alberto Caeiro
Não tenho ambições nem desejos
Ser poeta não é uma ambição minha
É a minha maneira de estar sozinho.
______________________________________
I have no ambitions nor desires.
To be a poet is not my ambition,
It's simply my way of being alone.
Alberto Caeiro, "The Keeper of Herds"
(O Guardador de Rebanhos), tr. Richard Zenith.
Alberto Caeiro was Pessoa's first great heteronym; summarized by Pessoa, writing: He sees things with the eyes only, not with the mind. He does not let any thoughts arise when he looks at a flower... the only thing a stone tells him is that it has nothing at all to tell him... this way of looking at a stone may be described as the totally unpoetic way of looking at it. The stupendous fact about Caeiro is that out of this sentiment, or rather, absence of sentiment, he makes poetry.
What this means, and what makes Caeiro such an original poet is the way he apprehends existence. He does not question anything whatsoever; he calmly accepts the world as it is. The recurrent themes to be found in nearly all of Caeiro's poems are wide-eyed child-like wonder at the infinite variety of nature, as noted by a critic. He is free of metaphysical entanglements. Central to his world-view is the idea that in the world around us, all is surface: things are precisely what they seem, there is no hidden meaning anywhere.
He manages thus to free himself from the anxieties that batter his peers; for Caeiro, things simply exist and we have no right to credit them with more than that. Our unhappiness, he tells us, springs from our unwillingness to limit our horizons. As such, Caeiro attains happiness by not questioning, and by thus avoiding doubts and uncertainties. He apprehends reality solely through his eyes, through his senses. What he teaches us is that if we want to be happy we ought to do the same. Octavio Paz called him the innocent poet. Paz made a shrewd remark on the heteronyms: In each are particles of negation or unreality. Reis believes in form, Campos in sensation, Pessoa in symbols. Caeiro doesn't believe in anything. He exists.
Poetry before Caeiro was essentially interpretative; what poets did was to offer an interpretation of their perceived surroundings; Caeiro does not do this. Instead, he attempts to communicate his senses, and his feelings, without any interpretation whatsoever.
Caeiro attempts to approach Nature from a qualitatively different mode of apprehension; that of simply perceiving (an approach akin to phenomenological approaches to philosophy). Poets before him would make use of intricate metaphors to describe what was before them; not so Caeiro: his self-appointed task is to bring these objects to the reader's attention, as directly and simply as possible. Caeiro sought a direct experience of the objects before him.
As such it is not surprising to find that Caeiro has been called an anti-intellectual, anti-Romantic, anti-subjectivist, anti-metaphysical...an anti-poet, by critics; Caeiro simply—is. He is in this sense very unlike his creator Fernando Pessoa: Pessoa was besieged by metaphysical uncertainties; these were, to a large extent, the cause of his unhappiness; not so Caeiro: his attitude is anti-metaphysical; he avoided uncertainties by adamantly clinging to a certainty: his belief that there is no meaning behind things. Things, for him, simply—are.
Caeiro represents a primal vision of reality, of things. He is the pagan incarnate. Indeed Caeiro was not simply a pagan but paganism itself.
The critic Jane M. Sheets sees the insurgence of Caeiro—who was Pessoa's first major heteronym—as essential in founding the later poetic personas: By means of this artless yet affirmative anti-poet, Caeiro, a short-lived but vital member of his coterie, Pessoa acquired the base of an experienced and universal poetic vision. After Caeiro's tenets had been established, the avowedly poetic voices of Campos, Reis and Pessoa himself spoke with greater assurance.
Ricardo Reis
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Desde que sinta a brisa fresca no meu cabelo
E ver o sol brilhar forte nas folhas
Não irei pedir por mais.
Que melhor coisa podia o destino dar-me?
Que a passagem sensual da vida em momentos
De ignorância como este?
___________________________________________________
As long as I feel the fresh breeze in my hair
And see the sun shining strong on the leaves,
I will not ask for more.
What better thing could destiny grant me?
Other than the sensual passing of life in moments
Of ignorance such as this one?
Ricardo Reis
Reis sums up his philosophy of life in his own words, admonishing: 'See life from a distance. Never question it. There's nothing it can tell you.' Like Caeiro, whom he admires, Reis defers from questioning life. He is a modern pagan who urges one to seize the day and accept fate with tranquility. 'Wise is the one who does not seek', he says; and continues: 'the seeker will find in all things the abyss, and doubt in himself.' In this sense Reis shares essential affinities with Caeiro.
Believing in the Greek gods, yet living in a Christian Europe, Reis feels that his spiritual life is limited, and true happiness cannot be attained. This, added to his belief in Fate as a driving force for all that exists, as such disregarding freedom, leads to his epicureanist philosophy, which entails the avoidance of pain, defending that man should seek tranquility and calm above all else, avoiding emotional extremes.
Where Caeiro wrote freely and spontaneously, with joviality, of his basic, meaningless connection to the world, Reis writes in an austere, cerebral manner, with premeditated rhythm and structure and a particular attention to the correct use of the language, when approaching his subjects of, as characterized by Richard Zenith,'the brevity of life, the vanity of wealth and struggle, the joy of simple pleasures, patience in time of trouble, and avoidance of extremes'.
In his detached, intellectual approach, he is closer to Fernando Pessoa's constant rationalization, as such representing the ortonym's wish for measure and sobriety and a world free of troubles and respite, in stark contrast to Caeiro's spirit and style. As such, where Caeiro's predominant attitude is that of joviality, his sadness being accepted as natural ('My sadness,' Caeiro says, 'is a comfort for it is natural and right.'), Reis is marked by melancholy, saddened by the impermanence of all things.
Ricardo Reis is the main character of José Saramago's 1986 novel The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis.
Álvaro de Campos
Não sou nada.
Nunca serei nada.
Não posso querer ser nada.
À parte isso, tenho em mim todos os sonhos do mundo.
_____________________________________________________
I am nothing.
I will never be anything.
I cannot wish to be anything.
Bar that, I have in me all the dreams of the world.
Álvaro de Campos, "The Tobacco Shop"
(Tabacaria), tr. Miguel Peres dos Santos.
Álvaro de Campos manifests, in a way, as an hyperbolic version of Pessoa himself. Of the three heteronyms he is the one who feels most strongly, his motto being 'to feel everything in every way.' 'The best way to travel,' he wrote, 'is to feel.' As such, his poetry is the most emotionally intense and varied, constantly juggling two fundamental impulses: on the one hand a feverish desire to be and feel everything and everyone, declaring that 'in every corner of my soul stands an altar to a different god '(alluding to Walt Whitman's desire to 'contain multitudes'), on the other, a wish for a state of isolation and a sense of nothingness.
As a result, his mood and principles varied between violent, dynamic exultation, as he fervently wishes to experience the entirety of the universe in himself, in all manners possible (a particularly distinctive trait in this state being his futuristic leanings, including the expression of great enthusiasm as to the meaning of city life and its components) and a state of nostalgic melancholy, where life is viewed as, essentially, empty.
One of the poet's constant preoccupations, as part of his dichotomous character, is that of identity: he does not know who he is, or rather, fails at achieving an ideal identity. Wanting to be everything, and inevitably failing, he despairs. Unlike Caeiro, who asks nothing of life, he asks too much. In his poetic meditation 'Tobacco Shop' he asks:
How should I know what I'll be, I who don't know what I am?
Be what I think? But I think of being so many things!
Fernando Pessoa-himself
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O poeta é um fingidor
Finge tão completamente
Que chega a fingir que é dor
A dor que deveras sente
_____________________________
The poet is a faker
Who's so good at his act
He even fakes the pain
Of pain he feels in fact.
Fernando Pessoa-himself, "Autopsychography"
(Autopsicografia), tr. Richard Zenith.
'Fernando Pessoa-himself' is not the 'real' Fernando Pessoa. Like Caeiro, Reis and Campos—Pessoa 'himself' embodies only aspects of the poet， Fernando Pessoa's personality is not stamped in any given voice; his personality is diffused through the heteronyms. For this reason 'Fernando Pessoa-himself' stands apart from the poet proper.
'Pessoa' shares many essential affinities with his peers, Caeiro and Campos in particular. Lines crop up in his poems that may as well be ascribed to Campos or Caeiro. It is useful to keep this in mind as we read this exposition.
The critic Leland Guyer sums up 'Pessoa': "the poetry of the orthonymic Fernando Pessoa normally possesses a measured, regular form and appreciation of the musicality of verse. It takes on intellectual issues, and it is marked by concern with dreams, the imagination and mystery."
Richard Zenith calls 'Pessoa' '[Pessoa's] most intellectual and analytic poetic persona.' Like Álvaro de Campos, Pessoa-himself was afflicted with an acute identity crisis. Pessoa-himself has been described as indecisive and doubt plagued, as restless. Like Campos he can be melancholic, weary, resigned. The strength of Pessoa-himself's poetry rests in his ability to suggest a sense of loss; of sorrow for what can never be.
A constant theme in Pessoa's poetry is Tédio, or Tedium. The dictionary defines this word simply as 'a condition of being tedious; tediousness or boredom.' This definition does not sufficiently encompass the peculiar brand of tedium experienced by Pessoa-himself. His is more than simple boredom: it is from a world of weariness and disgust with life; a sense of the finality of failure; of the impossibility of having anything to want.
Summaries of selected works
Message
Mensagem in Portuguese (from the Latin "MENS AGitat molEM", which means, "The Mind moves/commands the Matter), is a very unusual twentieth century book: it is a symbolist epic made up of 44 short poems organized in three parts or Cycles:
Mensagem, 1st. edition, 1934.
The first, called "Brasão" (Coat-of-Arms), relates Portuguese historical protagonists to each of the fields and charges in the Portuguese coat-of-arms. The first two poems ("The castles" and "The escutcheons") draw inspiration from the material and spiritual natures of Portugal. Each of the remaining poems associates to each charge a historical personality. Ultimately they all lead to the Golden Age of Discovery.
The second Part, called "Mar Português" (Portuguese Sea), references the country's Age of Portuguese Exploration and to its seaborne Empire that ended with the death of King Sebastian at Ksar-el-Kebir (in 1578). Pessoa brings the reader to the present as if he had woken up from a dream of the past, to fall in a dream of the future: he sees King Sebastian returning and still bent on accomplishing a Universal Empire, like King Arthur heading for Avalon to come back in England's hour of need.
A passage from his famous poem in the city of Lagos, Portugal "Mar Português" from "Message"
The third Cycle, called "O Encoberto" ("The Hidden One"), is the most disturbing. It refers to Pessoa's vision of a future world of peace and the Fifth Empire. After the Age of Force, (Vis), and Taedium (Otium) will come Science (understanding) through a reawakening of "The Hidden One", or "King Sebastian". The Hidden One represents the fulfillment of the destiny of mankind, designed by God since before Time, and the accomplishment of Portugal.
One of the most famous quotes from Mensagem is the first line from O Infante (belonging to the second Part), which is Deus quer, o homem sonha, a obra nasce (which translates roughly to "God wills it, man dreams it, it is born"). That means 'Only by God's will man does', a full comprehension of man's subjection to God's wealth. Another well-known quote from Mensagem is the first line from Ulysses, "O mito é o nada que é tudo" (a possible translation is "The myth is the nothing that is all"). This poem refers Ulysses, king of Ithaca, as Lisbon's founder (recalling an ancient Greek myth).
Literary essays
A Águia, journal of the Portuguese Renaissance, nr. 4, April 1912.
In 1912, Fernando Pessoa wrote a set of essays (later collected as The New Portuguese Poetry) for the cultural journal A Águia (The Eagle), founded in Oporto, in December 1910, and run by the republican association Renascença Portuguesa. In the first years of the Portuguese Republic, this cultural association was started by republican intellectuals led by the writer and poet Teixeira de Pascoaes, philosopher Leonardo Coimbra and historian Jaime Cortesão, aiming for the renewal of Portuguese culture through the aesthetic movement called Saudosismo. The first series of two articles engage the issue 'The new Portuguese poetry viewed sociologically' (nrs. 4 and 5 ); the second series of three articles is entitled 'The psychological aspect of the new Portuguese poetry' (nrs. 9,11 and 12). These writings were strongly encomiastic to saudosist literature, namely the poetry of Teixeira de Pascoaes and Mário Beirão. The articles disclose Pessoa as a connoisseur of modern European literature and an expert of recent literary trends. On the other hand, he does not care much for a methodology of analysis or problems in the history of ideas. He states his confidence that Portugal would soon produce a great poet - a super-Camões – pledged to make an important contribution for European culture, and indeed, for humanity.
Philosophical essays
The philosophical notes of young Fernando Pessoa, mostly written between 1905 and 1912, illustrate his debt to the history of Philosophy more through commentators than through a first-hand protracted reading of the Classics, ancient or modern. The issues he engages with pertain to every philosophical discipline and are dealt with a large profusion of concepts, creating a vast semantic spectrum in texts whose length oscillates between half a dozen lines and half a dozen pages and whose density of analysis is extremely variable; simple paraphrasis, expression of assumptions and original speculation.
Pessoa sorted the philosophical systems thus:
Relative Spiritualism and relative Materialism privilege "Spirit" or "Matter" as the main pole that organizes data around Experience.
Absolute Spiritualist and Absolute Materialist "deny all objective reality to one of the elements of Experience".
The materialistic Pantheism of Spinoza and the spiritualizing Pantheism of Malebranche, "admit that experience is a double manifestation of any thing that in its essence has no matter neither spirit".
Considering both elements as an illusory manifestation", of a transcendent and true and alone realities, there is Transcendentalism, inclined into matter with Schopenhauer, or into spirit, a position where Bergson could be emplaced.
A terminal system "the limited and summit of metaphysics" would not radicalize - as poles of experience one of the singled categories - matter, relative, absolute, real, illusory, spirit. Instead, matching all categories, it takes contradiction as "the essence of the universe" and defends that "an affirmation is so more true insofar the more contradiction involves". The transcendent must be conceived beyond categories. There is one only and eternal example of it. It is that cathedral of thought -the philosophy of Hegel.
Such pantheist transcendentalism is used by Pessoa to define the project that "encompasses and exceeds all systems"; to characterize the new poetry of Saudosismo where the "typical contradiction of this system" occurs; to inquire what are the social and politic results of its adoption as the leading cultural paradigm; and, at last, he hints that metaphysics and religiosity strive "to find in everything a beyond".
List of works
Books by Fernando Pessoa
Collected Poems of Álvaro de Campos, Vol. 2, 1928–1935, Translated from the Portuguese by Chris Daniels, Exeter (UK): Shearsman Books, 2009. ISBN 9781905700257
Lisbon - What the Tourist Should See, Exeter (UK): Shearsman Books, 2008. ISBN 978190570752
The Collected Poems of Alberto Caeiro, Translated from the Portuguese by Chris Daniels, Exeter (UK): Shearsman Books, 2007. ISBN 9781905700240
Selected English Poems, Exeter (UK): Shearsman Books, 2007. ISBN 9781905700264
Message, Translated from the Portuguese by Jonathan Griffin, Exeter (UK): Shearsman Books, 2007. ISBN 9781905700271
Selected English Poems, ed. Tony Frazer, Exeter (UK): Shearsman Books, 2007. ISBN 1905700261
A Centenary Pessoa, tr. Keith Bosley & L. C. Taylor, foreword by Octavio Paz, Carcanet Press, 2006. ISBN 1857547241
A Little Larger Than the Entire Universe: Selected Poems, tr. Richard Zenith, Penguin Classics, 2006. ISBN 0-14-303955-5
The Education of the Stoic, tr. Richard Zenith, afterword by Antonio Tabucchi, Exact Change, 2004. ISBN 1878972405
The Book of Disquiet, tr. Richard Zenith, Penguin classics, 2003. ISBN 9780141183046
The Selected Prose of Fernando Pessoa, tr. Richard Zenith, Grove Press, 2002. ISBN 0-8021-3914-0
Sheep's Vigil by a Fervent Person: A Translation of Alberto Caeiro, tr. Eirin Moure, House of Anansi, 2001. ISBN 0887846602
Selected Poems: with New Supplement tr. Jonathan Griffin, Penguin Classics; 2nd edition, 2000. ISBN 0141184337
Fernando Pessoa & Co: Selected Poems, tr. Richard Zenith, Grove Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8021-3627-3
Poems of Fernando Pessoa, anthology ed. & tr. Edwin Honig & Susan M. Brown, City Lights Publishers, 1998. ISBN 0-87286-342-5
The Keeper of Sheep, bilingual edition, tr. Edwin Honig & Susan M. Brown, Sheep Meadow, 1997. ISBN 1878818457
Message, tr. Jonathan Griffin, introduction by Helder Macedo, Menard Press, 1992. ISBN 190570027X
The Book of Disquietude, tr. Richard Zenith, Carcanet Press, 1991. ISBN 0-14-118304-7
The Book of Disquiet, tr. Iain Watson, Quartet Books, 1991. ISBN 0704301539
The Book of Disquiet, tr. Alfred Mac Adam, New York NY: Pantheon Books, 1991. ISBN 0679402349
The Book of Disquiet, tr. Margaret Jull Costa, London, New York NY: Serpent's Tail, 1991, ISBN 1852422041
Fernando Pessoa: Self-Analysis and Thirty Other Poems, tr. George Monteiro, Gavea-Brown Publications, 1989. ISBN 0943722144
Always Astonished, tr. Edwin Honig, San Francisco CA: City Lights, 1988. ISBN 9780872862289
Selected Poems by Fernando Pessoa, tr. Edwin Honig, Swallow Press, 1971. ISBN B000XU4FE4
ENGLISH POEMS by Fernando Pessoa, 2 vol. ( vol. 1 part I - Antinous, part II - Inscriptions; vol. 2 part III - Epithalamium), Lisbon: Olisipo, 1921 (vol. 1 - 20 p., vol. 2 - 16 p., 24 cm). http://purl.pt/13967
35 SONNETS by Fernando Pessoa, Lisbon: Monteiro & Co., 1918 (20 p., 20 cm). http://purl.pt/13963
ANTINOUS: a poem by Fernando Pessoa, Lisbon: Monteiro & Co., 1918 (16 p., 20 cm). http://purl.pt/13961
Fernando Pessoa: The anarchist banker and other Portuguese stories Carcanet Press Ltd., 1996