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yuèdòuāi lǐ yà sī · kǎ nèi dì Elias Canettizài小说之家dezuòpǐn!!! | |||||
艾利亚斯·卡内蒂（Elias Canetti，19O5～） 的国籍问题，至今众说纷坛，这与他一生游踪不定有关。他生于保加利亚北部鲁斯丘克（今鲁塞），祖父是居住在西班牙的犹太人，父母以经商为业。8岁丧父，随母迁至维也纳，先后在苏黎世、法兰克福等地求学，大学毕业获哲学博士学位。由于从小就酷爱艺术，对犹太教、商业活动深感厌恶，卡内蒂潜心研究文学、历史，并开始写作。 1938年，德国法西斯侵占奥地利，卡内蒂流亡法国，辗转至英国，定居伦敦并加入英国国籍，但他一直用德语写作。我国翻译界倾向于把他归属于奥地利或英国德语作家。
卡内蒂自幼受母亲影响颇深。德国文学，尤其是歌德对他一生的创作影响很大，乃至被称为“一个生活在2O世纪里的 18世纪的作家”。此外，卡夫卡也给他很大影响，他们是至交。卡内蒂早年攻读过自然科学，这又使他喜好以冷峻的态度表现精神与现实的冲突，特别喜好剖析那些无足轻重的“边缘人物”，如异乡客、怪人以及精神反常的各种小人物。他善于从文化史角度洞察社会与人生，从现代社会的各种现象、人物和事件中去探索全面的解释，表现了一个严肃的思想家和艺术家所独有的个性、智慧和才能。
迄今为止，卡内蒂发表了ZO部著作，散文最多，戏剧次之，其中最有影响的是政论《群众与权力》（196O）。这是一部赞扬者多，阅读者少的辉煌理论著作。瑞典学院称它为一本“权威性的著作”，此书使作家得到普遍的尊敬。戏剧《虚荣的喜剧》（195O）和《婚礼》（1964）在地方舞台上赢得了大胆观众的喝彩，也招来一些人的起哄。杂记《人的省分》（1973）反映了作者的心灵历程，书中耐人寻味的警句比比皆是，处处闪烁着一位天才的智慧的光芒。自传三部曲《得救之合》（1977）、《耳中火炬》（198O）、《眼的游戏》（1986）在西方博得一片喝彩声。长篇小说《迷惆》是他唯一的一部小说，西方评论界一再把它与乔伊斯的《尤利西斯》相比，并曾多次获奖。1981年，在他获得卡夫卡奖金的同时，以“作品具有宽广的视野、丰富的思想和艺术力量”获得诺贝尔文学奖。
埃利亚斯·卡内蒂于1905年7月25日出生在保加利亚的鲁斯丘克城。其父是奥地利籍犹太人，其母是西班牙籍犹太人。
卡内蒂六岁时，他们全家迁居英国曼彻斯特，在那里，他学会了用英语谈话和阅读。在中学，他学习法语，但还是德语最吸引他。由于父亲1912年突然去世，卡内蒂的母亲决定移居维也纳，并在整个夏天教他学习德语。卡内蒂先后在苏黎世和法兰克福等地读完小说和中学。接着，他进入维也纳大学学化学，1929年毕业并获博士学位。但他从未从事过化学专业的工作。
卡内蒂精通多种语言，但他始终用德语写作。他不是一个多产作家，也不是专门致力于某种文学体裁的作家。在他的九种作品中包括了七种不同的体裁，有小说、戏剧、自传、游记、笔记、文集、论著。他的全部作品放在一起就显示出他的独创天才，他的作品具有广阔的视野。丰富的思想和感人的艺术魅力。
他的文学生涯正式开始于二十五岁时，那时他开始写唯一的一部小说《迷惘》。1932年发表了第一个剧本《婚礼》。1934年2月，卡内蒂与维奈蒂娅·陶柏娜-卡尔德隆结婚。1938年5月，希特勒吞并了奥地利，他们在同年11月随着最后一批逃出维也纳的人前往巴黎。第二年他们移居伦敦，并在那里安家。
1950年他发表了剧本《虚荣的喜剧》，1964年发表了剧本《确定死期的人们》，这些戏剧没有主角，没有情节，只表现某种生活场面和人物的心理状态，带有荒诞派的色彩。1960年出版了继《迷惘》之后最引人注目的论著《群众与权力》。第一个妻子死后，1971年他与埃拉·比舍尔结婚，后来生了女儿约翰娜。此后，他分别将他的家安在英国汉姆斯特德和瑞士的苏黎世。
1977年和1980年分别出版了自传《得救的舌头》和《耳中火炬》，回忆了他从童年时代到1931年经历。
Life
Born to Jacques Canetti and Mathilde née Arditti in Ruse, a city on the Danube in Bulgaria, Elias Canetti was the eldest of three sons in a wealthy Jewish merchant family. His ancestors were Sephardi Jews who had been expelled from Spain in 1492. His paternal ancestors had settled in Ruse from Ottoman Adrianople. The original family name was Cañete, named after a village in Spain. In Ruse, Elias' father and grandfather were successful merchants who operated out of a commercial building, which they had built in 1898. Canetti's mother descended from one of the oldest Sephardi families in Bulgaria, Arditti, who were among the founders of the Ruse Jewish colony in the late 18th century. The Ardittis can be traced back to the 14th century, when they were court physicians and astronomers to the Aragonese royal court of Alfonso IV and Pedro IV. Before settling in Ruse, they had lived in Livorno in the 17th century.
Elias Canetti's native house in Ruse, Bulgaria
Hampstead, London
Canetti spent his childhood years, from 1905 to 1911, in Ruse until the family moved to England. In 1912 his father died suddenly, and his mother moved with their children to Vienna in the same year. They lived in Vienna from the time Canetti was aged seven onwards. His mother insisted that he speak German, and taught it to him. By this time Canetti already spoke Ladino (his mother tongue), Bulgarian, English and some French (he studied the latter two in the one year in England). Subsequently the family moved first (from 1916 to 1921) to Zürich and then (until 1924) to Frankfurt, where Canetti graduated from high school.
Canetti went back to Vienna in 1924 in order to study chemistry. However, his primary interests during his years in Vienna became philosophy and literature. Introduced into the literary circles of first-republic-Vienna, he started writing. Politically leaning towards the left, he participated in the July Revolt of 1927. He gained a degree in chemistry from the University of Vienna in 1929, but never worked as a chemist. In 1934 he married Veza (Venetiana) Taubner-Calderon (1897–1963) with whom he had a dynamic relationship. She acted as his muse and devoted literary assistant. Canetti however remained open to relationships with other women. In 1938, after the Anschluss of Austria to greater Germany, Canetti moved to London where he became closely involved with the painter Marie-Louise von Motesiczky, who was to remain a close companion for many years to come. His name has also been linked with that of the author Iris Murdoch (see John Bayley's Iris, A Memoir of Iris Murdoch, where there are several references to an author, referred to as "the Dichter", who was a Nobel Laureate and whose works included Die Blendung [English title Auto-da-Fé]). Canetti's wife died in 1963. His second marriage was to Hera Buschor (1933–1988), with whom he had a daughter, Johanna (born 1972).
Despite being a German writer, Canetti settled and stayed in England until the 1970s, receiving British citizenship in 1952. For his last 20 years, Canetti mostly lived in Zürich.
Canetti's tomb-stone in Zürich, Switzerland
In 1981, Canetti won the Nobel Prize in Literature "for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power". He is known chiefly for his celebrated tetralogy of autobiographical memoirs of his childhood and of pre-Anschluss Vienna (Die Gerettete Zunge; Die Fackel im Ohr; Das Augenspiel; and Das Geheimherz der Uhr: Aufzeichnungen), for his modernist novel Auto-da-Fé (Die Blendung), and for Crowds and Power, a study of crowd behaviour as it manifests itself in human activities ranging from mob violence to religious congregations.
He died in Zürich.
Works
Komödie der Eitelkeit 1934 (The Comedy of Vanity)
Die Blendung 1935 (Auto-da-Fé, novel, tr.1946)
Die Befristeten 1956 (1956 premiere of the play in Oxford) (Their Days are Numbered)
Masse und Macht 1960 (Crowds and Power, study, tr. 1962, published in Hamburg)
Aufzeichnungen 1942 - 1948 (1965) (Sketches)
Die Stimmen von Marrakesch 1968 published by Hanser in Munich (The Voices of Marrakesh, travelogue, tr. 1978)
Der andere Prozess 1969 Kafkas Briefe an Felice (Kafka's Other Trial, tr. 1974).
Hitler nach Speer (Essay)
Die Provinz des Menschen Aufzeichnungen 1942 - 1972 (The Human Province, tr. 1978)
Der Ohrenzeuge. Fünfzig Charaktere 1974 ("Ear Witness: Fifty Characters", tr. 1979).
Das Gewissen der Worte 1975. Essays (The Conscience of Words)
Die Gerettete Zunge 1977 (The Tongue Set Free, memoir, tr. 1979)
Die Fackel im Ohr 1980 Lebensgeschichte 1921 - 1931 (The Torch in My Ear, memoir, tr. 1982)
Das Augenspiel 1985 Lebensgeschichte 1931 - 1937 (The Play of the Eyes, memoir, tr. 1990)
Das Geheimherz der Uhr: Aufzeichnungen 1987 (The Secret Heart of the Clock, tr. 1989)
Die Fliegenpein (The Agony of Flies, 1992)
Nachträge aus Hampstead (Notes from Hampstead, 1994)
The Voices of Marrakesh (published posthumously, Arion Press 2001, with photographs by Karl Bissinger and etchings by William T. Wiley )
Party im Blitz; Die englischen Jahre 2003 (Party in the Blitz, memoir, published posthumously, tr. 2005)
Aufzeichnungen für Marie-Louise (written 1942, compiled and published posthumously, 2005)
Honours
Canetti Peak, Antarctica
1981, Nobel Prize in Literature
Canetti Peak on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after him.
Austrian Decoration for Science and Art