xiàn dài zhōng guó zuòzhělièbiǎo
liǔ Liu Yazi(xiàn dài zhōng guó)shěn yǐn Shen Yinmo(xiàn dài zhōng guó)hǎi Hai Zi(xiàn dài zhōng guó)
luò Lo Fu(xiàn dài zhōng guó)shū tíng Shu Ting(xiàn dài zhōng guó) zhì Xu Zhimo(xiàn dài zhōng guó)
róng Ximurong(xiàn dài zhōng guó) guāng zhōng Yu Guangzhong(xiàn dài zhōng guó)shí zhǐ Si Zhi(xiàn dài zhōng guó)
liú bàn nóng Liu Bannong(xiàn dài zhōng guó)běi dǎo Bei Dao(xiàn dài zhōng guó) chéng Gu Cheng(xiàn dài zhōng guó)
biàn zhī lín Bian Zhilin(xiàn dài zhōng guó)dài wàng shū Dai Wangshu(xiàn dài zhōng guó)duō duō Duo Duo(xiàn dài zhōng guó)
chāng yào Chang Yao(xiàn dài zhōng guó)xiàng míng Xiang Ming(xiàn dài zhōng guó) shǎng Gu Yeshangyu(xiàn dài zhōng guó)
Chi Chi(xiàn dài zhōng guó)chén zhōng kūn Chen Zhongkun(xiàn dài zhōng guó)xióng yàn Xiong Yan(xiàn dài zhōng guó)
jué xiá Jue Biguxia(xiàn dài zhōng guó) bài DiBai(xiàn dài zhōng guó) hóng shēng Qi Hongsheng(xiàn dài zhōng guó)
bēi zhōng chōng làng Wang XuSheng(xiàn dài zhōng guó) gāng Lu XuGang(xiàn dài zhōng guó) rèn Yu Ren(xiàn dài zhōng guó)
bái lín Bai Lin(xiàn dài zhōng guó)tài yáng dǎo Tai Yangdao(xiàn dài zhōng guó)qiū Qiu She(xiàn dài zhōng guó)
míng Yi Ming(xiàn dài zhōng guó)zhōu mèng dié Zhou Mengdie(xiàn dài zhōng guó)zhèng chóu Zheng Chouyu(xiàn dài zhōng guó)
lán níng yān Lan Yuningyan(xiàn dài zhōng guó)liú huá míng Liu Huaming(xiàn dài zhōng guó) huá jūn Liu Huajun(xiàn dài zhōng guó)
kāi Chi Kai(xiàn dài zhōng guó)guō ruò Guo MoRuo(xiàn dài zhōng guó)lín líng Lin Ling(xiàn dài zhōng guó)
shāng qín Shang Qin(xiàn dài zhōng guó)luó mén Luo Men(xiàn dài zhōng guó) chuān Xi Chuan(xiàn dài zhōng guó)
ōu yáng jiāng Ouyang Jianghe(xiàn dài zhōng guó) yǒng míng Di Yongming(xiàn dài zhōng guó)yáng liàn Yang Lian(xiàn dài zhōng guó)
zhāng cuò Zhang Cuo(xiàn dài zhōng guó)tián jiān Tian Jian(xiàn dài zhōng guó)ā lǒng A Long(xiàn dài zhōng guó)
xián Ji Xian(xiàn dài zhōng guó)huī Hui Wa(xiàn dài zhōng guó) huá Ma Hua(xiàn dài zhōng guó)
qín háo Qin Zihao(xiàn dài zhōng guó)lín hēng tài Lin Hengtai(xiàn dài zhōng guó)róng Rong Zi(xiàn dài zhōng guó)
xián Ya Xian(xiàn dài zhōng guó)yáng huàn Yang Huan(xiàn dài zhōng guó)yáng lìng Yang Lingye(xiàn dài zhōng guó)
lín huī yīn Lin Huiyin(xiàn dài zhōng guó)bái qiū Bai Qiu(xiàn dài zhōng guó)guǎn guǎn Guan Guan(xiàn dài zhōng guó)
miǎn Lv Simian
xiàn dài zhōng guó  (1884niánèryuè27rì1957niánshíyuè9rì)
jíguàn: jiāng jìn

shǐ Miscellaneous History zhù sān guó shǐ huà
tōng shǐ comprehensive historyzhōng guó tōng shǐ
zhōng guó jiǎn shǐ
zhōng guó shǐ
duàn dài division of history into periods zhù zhōng guó jìn dài shǐ

yuèdòu miǎn Lv Simianzài历史大观dezuòpǐn!!!
吕思勉
   miǎn( 1884 nián 2 yuè 27 1957 nián 10 yuè 9 ), chéng zhī míng niúzhōng guó jiāng jìnjīn cháng zhōu shìrénchū shēng shū xiāng shì jiā, 15 suì xiàn xuécéng rèn shàng hǎi guāng huá xué jiào shòu shǐ zhù rèn qián chén yuánchén yín bìng chēng wéi yán gēng wàng suǒ píng xuǎn de xiàn dài shǐ xué jiā
  
   zhōng guó jìn dài zhù míng shǐ xué jiā chéng zhījiāng jìn réncéng rèn shàng hǎi guāng huá xué jiào shòu shǐ zhù rènxīn zhōng guó chéng hòurèn huá dōng shī fàn xué jiào shòu xiān shēng shēng zhì zhōng guó dài shǐ yán jiū, 1923 nián chū bǎnbái huà běn guó shǐ shì jiào zǎo de yòu tǒng de zhōng guó tōng shǐduì dāng shí shǐ xué jiè hěn yòu yǐng xiǎnghòu yòu zhù chéng zhù zhōng guó tōng shǐliǎng wǎn nián cóng shì duàn dài shǐ yán jiūxiān hòu chū bǎn yòuxiān qín shǐ》、《 qín hàn shǐ》、《 wèi jìn nán běi cháo shǐ》、《 suí táng dài shǐděng zhù zuòhái zhù yòuzhōng guó mín shǐ》、《 shǐ tōng píngděng shū
  
   xiān shēng shēng zhì xué yán jǐnqín zhù shù duì zhōng guó wén huà shǐ de yán jiūzài dāng shí fēng zhī xiān,《 zhù zhōng guó tōng shǐkān chēng zài zhè fāng miàn de dài biǎo zuò shū yóu kāi míng shū diàn 1940 nián chū bǎn shàng , 1945 nián chū bǎn xià chū bǎn hòu shèn shòu xué shù jiè guǎng zhě de huān yíngcéng shù zhòng yīng dāng shí zhèng zhí duō shì zhī qiū shū de zuò yòng yǐng xiǎng hěn kuài bèi cáinèi zhàn 'è suǒ yǎn gài zhì jué bǎn
  
   běn shū yuán shàng wéi wén huà shǐ zhōng shù liǎo zhōng guó shè huì jīng zhèng zhì zhì wén huà xué shù de shǐ zhǎn zhuàng kuàng xiāng guān diǎnfàn wéi guǎng jīng yòng hóngduō dào zhī jiàn dāng jīn xué rén jiè jiànxià wéi zhèng zhì shǐ shù jiǎn míng jīng dāngmài luò liú guàn lùn fēng duì bān zhě shú zhōng guó shǐ yòu yīn men jué dìng jiāng zhù zhōng guó tōng shǐchóngyìn chū bǎn xíng
  
   wéi fāng biàn zhě men jiāng shū yuán lái de shàng xià liǎng bìngàn nèi róng fēn wéi shàng xià biānshàng biān chēngzhōng guó wén huà shǐ》, xià biān chēngzhōng guó zhèng zhì shǐ》, bìng jiāng zhù shì xíng shì tǒng wéi wén zhōng jiā zhùwéi bǎo liú shū yuán màozài chóngyìn shíchú jiāng fán shù pái běn gǎi wéi jiǎn héng pái běn jiāng yīn míng xiǎn pái yìn zhì cuò zhī chù gǎi zhèng wài de qiē dāng shí de gài niànchēng wèi zài dāng shí shǐ bèi jǐng xià duì fēn shǐ suǒ zuò de shù děngjūn wèi gǎi dòng
  
  1983 niányáng kuān xiān shēng céng zhù chí guò shì shǐ xué lùn zhù biān ji de gōng zuòbìng xiě guò piānchū bǎn shuō míng”, duì shū zuò liǎo hěn hǎo de píng jièxiàn gǎi wéi běn shū deqián yán”, quán wén kān chū duì guǎng zhě yán shū yòu suǒ bāng zhù
  
   huá dōng shī fàn xué chū bǎn shè
  
   miǎn xiān shēng zhī shí yuān xué shù zào gāo de shǐ xué yán jiū tōng guàn shí dàizhōu zhān lǐng zài zhōng guó tōng shǐduàn dài shǐ zhǒng zhuān shǐ lǐng zuò chū liǎo dào de gòng xiànwéi hòu rén de xué yán jiū liú xià liǎo bǎo guì de cái zhù míng shǐ xué jiā yán gēng wàng xiān shēng jiù shuō guò,“ lùn fāng miàn guǎng kuòshù zuò hóng qiě néng shēn wéi wén zhě cháng tuī zhòng miǎn chéng zhī xiān shēngchén yuán yuán 'ān xiān shēngchén yín xiān shēng qián bīn xiān shēng wéi qián bèi shǐ xué jiā”。 dàn shì qián duì 20 shì zhōng guó shǐ xué de yán jiū zhōngrén men wǎng wǎng duì liáng chāowáng guó wéichén yín děng rén jiào zhòng shìduì miǎn xiān shēng xiāng duì lěng luòzhè zài xué shù jiè yìng shòu dào de zhòng shì chéng shì xiāngchèn dejiā qiáng duì miǎn xiān shēng xué shù de yán jiūduì xué 20 shì zhōng guó shǐ xué zhǎn de mài luò tuī jìn dāng dài shǐ xué de jìn zhǎn yòu de
  
   、《 bái huà běn guó shǐde kāi chuàng zhī gōng
  
   zài miǎn xiān shēng zhòng duō de xué shù zhù zuò zhōng, 1923 nián yóu shāng yìn shū guǎn chū bǎn debái huà běn guó shǐshì de shǐ xué chéng míng zuò shì guó shǐ shàng yòng bái huà wén xiě chéng de zhōng guó tōng shǐ。《 bái huà běn guó shǐcéng cháng bèi yòng zuò xué jiào cái qīng nián xiū shì yòng jǐn 1933 nián zhì 1935 nián jiān jiù chóngbǎn liǎo 4 duì 20 shì 'èr sān shí nián dài de zhōng guó shǐ tán chǎn shēng liǎo de yǐng xiǎng
  
   miǎn xiān shēng céng zài zhōng huá shū shāng yìn shū guǎn rèn guò biān shěn shǐ jiào shūcān kǎo shū de biān jiyòu cháng cóng shì shǐ jiào xué gōng zuò de shí jiànduì dāng shí liú xíng de tōng shǐ jiào cái zhuàng kuàng yòu hěn shēn de liǎo jiě rèn wéi,“ zhōng guó shǐ shì hěn fán deyào xiǎng lǎnhěn róng zhuān kàn fēn zhī shí piān 'ér quánqián rén yīn qiú jiǎn yàochāo chū de shū piān fāng miàntōng jiànzhuān luàn xīng shuāi,《 tōng kǎozhuān xiáng diǎn zhāng jīng zhì děngqiě de yǎn guāngduō xiàn zài tóngjìn lái suǒ chū de shūjiǎn shì hěn jiǎn de liǎodàn yòu yòu liǎng zhǒng máo bìng
  
  (1) suǒ wèi jiǎnshì zài quán shǐ tóusuí zhāi tiáobìng shì zhēn yòu yán jiūzhī dào suǒ zhāi chū de shì qíngdōushì yòu guān jǐn yào de
  
  (2) cuò de shí hòusuí xià dàn zhù guān chàn shī diào dài shì shí de zhēn xiāngshèn zhì cuò dào quán ”, zhè yàng de zhù shù néng shì yìng shǐ jiào xuéyòu néng mǎn xué shēng qiú zhī de wàngjiàn miǎn xiān shēng běn zhe zhōng guó de shǐjiù rén yǎn guāng suǒ rèn rèn zhēn zhēn dejiāng jǐn yào zhī chù zhāi chū láiér yòu yòng yán jǐn de yuán wén chāo yòu shān jié 'ér gǎi de jiànzhǐ zhù míng hòude yuán zhuàn xiě liǎobái huà běn guó shǐ》。 gāi shū shì miǎn xiān shēng zài nián jiào xué jiǎng gǎo shǐ xué yán jiū de chǔ shàng wán chéng dequán shū fēn 4 yuē 60 wàn nèi róng kuàng jià yóu lùn biān gòu chéngzài měi biān yòu fēn ruò gān zhāngxiáng liǎo shàng yuǎn shí dàixià zhì mín guó shí nián huá shèng dùn huì jiān de zhōng guó shǐ yòu zhèng zhì shǐ shì yòu yòu shè huì jīng wén huà xiàn xiàngér qiě hái shù liǎo dōng nán zhōng guó mín zhōng guó de guān yòu shì jiè shǐ de yǎn guāngquán shū 'àn zhào zhōng guó shè huì jīng zhǎn shè huì zhì de biàn huà fēn wéi liù tóng de shí shàng ( qín qián ); zhōng ( qín hàn zhì táng cháo quán shèng ); jìn ( táng cháo 'ān shǐ zhī luàn zhì nán sòng ); jìn shì ( yuán cháo zhì qīng cháo zhōng ); zuì jìn shì ( dōng jiàn zhì qīng cháo miè wáng ); xiàn dài ( xīn hài mìng hòu )。 zhè zhǒng 'àn zhào shè huì jìn huà de guān diǎn huàfēn shǐ jiē duàn de zuò míng xiǎn bié wǎng de shǐ shūduì shí rén hòu de shǐ xué jiè chǎn shēng liǎo shēn yuǎn de yǐng xiǎngzàibái huà běn guó shǐchū bǎn qiányán shuōdāng shí de zhōng guó bìng méi yòu zhēn zhèng de xīn shì tōng shǐ。 1902 nián chū bǎn de liǔ zhǐ de dài shǐ lüèshì zài běn xué zhě tōng shì zhù dezhī tōng shǐde chǔ shàng gǎi biān 'ér chéng deyóu zhī tōng shǐshì zhuān wéi běn rén 'ér xiěsuī jīng liǔ zhǐ gǎi biāncóng zǒng shàng kàn réng rán néng hěn hǎo fǎn yìng zhōng guó de shǐ; 1904 nián chū bǎn de xià céng yòu dezuì xīn zhōng guó shǐ jiào shū liú shī péi dezhōng guó shǐ jiào shūdōushì wèi wán chéng zhī zuòxià céng yòu de shū xià xiàn zhǐ dào suí cháoliú shī péi de shū xià xiàn zhǐ dào zhōu niánérbái huà běn guó shǐ shì cóng yuǎn shí dài xiě dào liǎo mín guó chū niánshì běn wán quán shàng de tōng shǐ
  
   yóu miǎn xiān shēng debái huà běn guó shǐ lùn zài yán jiū fāng hái shì zài nèi róng děng fāng miàn míng xiǎn yòu xīn gāo shí rén de fāng hěn duōyīn 'ér shòu dào liǎo rén men de zàn zhù míng shǐ xué jiā jié gāng xiān shēng jiù shuō:“ zhōng guó tōng shǐ de xiě zuòdào jīn wéi zhǐchū bǎn de shū suī shǎodàn hěn shǎo néng gòu dào xiǎng de běn lái rén de liàng lái xiě tōng shǐshì zuì kùn nán de shì ér zhōng guó shǐ shàng dài kǎo zhèng yán jiū de fāng yòu tài duō suǒ yòu de tōng shǐduō shǔ qiān piān chāo zhōng jiào jìn xiǎng deyòu miǎnbái huà běn guó shǐ》”;“ biān zhù zhōng guó tōng shǐ de rénzuì fàn de máo bìngshì tiáo shǐ shíquē jiàn jiě shū biàn xiāng degāng jiàn ji lǎnhuògāng jiàn zhī zhī lèi wéi zào miǎn xiān shēng chūyòu jiàn nǎi fēng de shǐ shí liú chàng de diào lái xiě tōng shǐfāng wéi tōng shǐ xiě zuò kāi xīn de yuán”;“《 bái huà běn guó shǐ shū zhōng suī lüè yòu de fāngdàn zài jīn shàng shī wéi hǎo de zhù zuò”。《 bái huà běn guó shǐwéi zhōng guó tōng shǐ de biān zhuàn kāi chuàng liǎo xīn yuán
  
   lìng wàijiùbái huà běn guó shǐduì qínhuì yuè fēi de píng jià 'ér yǐn de sòng 'àn shí shàng shǔ xué shù zhēng míng de fàn chóuhěn duō xué zhě míng dài de qiū jùnqīng dài de zhào děng duì qínyuè 'èr réndōu yòu guò tóng de kàn miǎn xiān shēng duì zhè wèn zuò liǎo xià shuō míng:“ shū (《 bái huà běn guó shǐ》 ) céng wéi gōng bǎi jūn suǒ sòngwèi huǐ yuè fēinǎi wēi hài mín guó shí shū zhōng jǐn yǐnwén xiàn tōng kǎo bīng kǎoěrgōng jūn zhī shāng yìn shū guǎn kuàijiè shāng wéi nán 'ěrrán zhì jīnshàng yòu shì zhě shí yán mín zhù yán fǎn kàng qīn lüè dāng zhòng zài chóng bài zhàn jiāng biǎo yáng zhàn jiāng dāng xiáng kǎo shǐ shìqiú zhēn xiāng dāng jìn 'è kǎo zhèng 。” biǎo míng miǎn xiān shēng shí fēn zhù zhòng kǎo suǒ huò de jiàn jiězhù zhāngzhì xué yào gēn yán jiū de xīn yào wàng cóng bān rén shénme quán wēi de shuō ”。 zhè chǎng sòng 'àn zài xué shù jiè jiàn rén jiàn zhìdàn fèi fèi yáng yáng de xiū gǎi shì jiàn cóng miàn fǎn yìng liǎobái huà běn guó shǐzài dāng shí de yǐng xiǎng shì hěn de
  
   èr、《 bái huà běn guó shǐde fēng
  
   miǎn xiān shēng shì wèi shí dài shí hěn qiáng de shǐ xué jiā zài shǐ shì kǎo zhèng fāng miàn chéng liǎo qián jiā xué pài de chuán tǒngdàn yòu tóng qián jiā xué pài de wéi kǎo zhèng 'ér kǎo zhèng xiǎng néng gòu jǐn jǐn gēn shàng shǐ xué jìn de cháo liú。《 bái huà běn guó shǐchǎn shēng 20 shì 20 nián dàiyīn yòu zhe zhōng guó chuán tǒng de shǐ xué guān niàn fāng zhù shǐ fēng jiāo yǐng xiǎng de zhēng。《 bái huà běn guó shǐzhī suǒ yòu hěn de xué shù mèi gāi shū de fēng miǎn xiān shēng de zhì shǐ fāng shì fēn kāi de
  
   ,《 bái huà běn guó shǐ qíng xuān yáng jìn huà shǐ guān。 19 shì 20 shì chū de zhōng guó xué shù jiè shì biàn de shí zhōng wén huà jiāo róng wéi shǐ xué yán jiū shū liǎo xīn xiān de xuè jìn huà shǐ guān zuì xiān yóu yán tōng guò fān tiān yǎn lùnjiè shào dào liǎo guó nèi tóng shí liáng chāo zài 1901 nián 1902 nián xiān hòu biǎo liǎozhōng guó shǐ lùnxīn shǐ xué》, tǒng xiàng guó rén lùn shù liǎo jìn huà lùn shǐ guān chū liǎoshǐ jiè mìngde hào zhàoyào qiú tuī fān jiù shǐ xuéjiàn xīn shǐ xuécóng 'ér shǐ zhōng guó shǐ xué de chuán tǒng shòu dào liǎo měng liè de chōng jìn huà shǐ guān shí chéng wéi shǐ xué yán jiū de zhǐ dǎo xiǎng miǎn xiān shēng qíng jiē shòu liǎo jìn huà shǐ guānbìng jìn huà shǐ guān zuò wéi zhǐ dǎo xiǎng zhuàn xiě liǎobái huà běn guó shǐ》, lái shēng yuán xīn wén huà yùn dòngzàibái huà běn guó shǐ miǎn xiān shēng qíng xuān yáng liǎo jìn huà shǐ guānjiāng zhěng shì jiè kàn chéng shì duàn yùn dòng biàn huà de shí shuō:“ shǐ zhěyán jiū rén lèi shè huì zhī yán ér rèn shí biàn qiān jìn huà zhī yīn guǒ guān zhě ”,“ yán jiū shè huì jìn huà xiàn xiàng de fēnjiù huàn zuò shǐ xué”,“ xiàn zài yán jiū shǐ xuéshì suǒ cún de cái liàoyòng zhǒng zhǒng xué de yǎn guāng yán jiū biàn shuō míng shè huì jìn huà de xiàn xiàng”。“ zhè shì de zhèng què de shǐ zhǎn guān diǎn。” yùn yòng jìn huà shǐ guān duì zhōng guó yuǎn de shǐ jìn xíng tàn tǎorèn wéi zhōng guó kǎo de shǐ sān huáng suì rén shì dài biǎo liè shí dài shì dài biǎo yóu shí dàishén nóng shì dài biǎo nóng gēng shí dàirén lèi shè huì shì yóu mán zhú zǒu xiàng wén míng dezhè zhǒng yòng jìn huà guān diǎn quán shì chuán shuō zhōng de shǐ de zuò suī rán yòu què qiē zhī chùdàn yùn yòng jìn huà lùn de guān diǎn shàng shí dài zuò jiē duàn xìng de huàfēnzhè zài qián dài shì méi yòu chū xiàn guò de lái shǐ rén 'ěr xīnyòng miǎn xiān shēng de huà shuō jiù shì yòu yòng xīn fāng zhěng jiù guó de jīng shén”。 wài miǎn xiān shēng hái jìn huà guān diǎn duì hūn yīnguān zhì shuìbīng zhì děng jìn xíng liǎo lùn shù。《 bái huà běn guó shǐquán shū jiù shì jìn huà shǐ guān zuò wéi zhǐ dǎo xiǎng shù de zhōng guó shǐzhèng míng liǎo rén lèi shè huì shì zài duàn de jìn huà zhī zhōng zǒu xiàng zhǎn decóng 'ér liǎo rén de xún huán zhī jiàn chóng bēi jīn de guān niànzhè zài dāng shí shì zhǒng hěn de jìn fǎn yìng liǎoxīn shǐ xuéde zhǎn fāng xiàng zhèng shì ,《 bái huà běn guó shǐchéng wéi liǎo zhōng guó shǐ xué jiè yòu tǒng de xīn shì tōng shǐ
  
   'èr,《 bái huà běn guó shǐshì guó shǐ shàng yòng bái huà wén xiě chéng de zhōng guó tōng shǐ shí fǎn duì wén yán wén chàng bái huà wén dewén xué mìngshēn shēn yǐng xiǎng liǎo shǐ xué zhù zuò de yán fēng xiē shǐ jiā kāi shǐ cháng shì yùn yòng bái huà wén lái zhuàn xiě shǐ zhù liáng chāo dezhōng guó jìn sān bǎi nián xué shù shǐ》、《 zhōng guó shǐ yán jiū děng。“ bié shì dāng shí dezhōng guó bái huà bào》、《 háng zhōu bái huà bàoděng kān zhuān yòu shǐ huò shǐ shìlán tōng de kǒu xiàng rén men jiè shào zhōng wài shǐ zhī shí tóng shízhōng guó shǐ tōng zēng…… hòuběi jīng jiào zhèng shì chàng guó xùn lìng xué xiào jiào cái shǐ yòng wén。” miǎn xiān shēng jiē shòu xīn xiǎngshǒu shǐ yòng bái huà wén lái zhuàn xiě tōng shǐ,《 bái huà běn guó shǐchéng wéi zuì zǎo shǐ yòng bái huà wén zhuàn xiě de xīn shì zhōng guó tōng shǐ。《 bái huà běn guó shǐquán shū běn shàng shì yòng jiào wéi qiǎn xiǎn de bái huà xiě chéng de,“ dàn dào wén yán néng fān chéng bái huà chù suī néng fān 'ér miǎn yào jiǎn shǎo jīng shén chù kǎo zhào yuán wén chùréng yòng yuán wén”, zhè biǎo míng miǎn xiān shēng shì běn zhe jīng huá zāo de yuán lái duì dài bái huà wén dezài 1920 nián biǎo dexīn jiù wén xué zhī yán jiū wén zhōng miǎn xiān shēng rèn wéi wén xué chuàng zào měi de jìng shìxīn yòu měi gǎn yán wéi xíng shì 'ér biǎo xiàn zhī”, yùn yòng bái huà wén shǐ yán yòu měi gǎn chū shí dài xìngqiě gèng xíng yuǎn 'ér chuán hòu”; ér wén yán de zuì duān jiù zài chén jiù shí liú chuánsuǒ wén yán diào shì dāng dài rén de xiǎng dài zhuān yòng de fēn lái bái huà huàdàn shì wén yán yòu yòng jiǎn jié de shì biǎo shēn de nèi hán yán jǐn děng yōu diǎnsuǒ yīngdāng wén yán bái huà xiāng cháng duǎntóng shí jìn xíngsuī rán miǎn xiān shēng de zhè zhǒng guān diǎn zài jīn tiān kàn lái yòu zhī chùdàn zài bái huà wén gāng gāng de 20 shì 20 nián dài néng gòu kàn dào 'èr zhě de dǎn kěn dìng bái huàyùn yòng bái huà de zuò tóng shí dài de duō réndōu jìn duōyóu bái huà běn guó shǐshǐ yòng liǎo tōng de bái huà wén diào liǎo huì nán dǒng de wén yán shùn yìng liǎo shí dài cháo liúfǎn yìng liǎo shí dài zhēngcóng 'ér shòu dào liǎo huān yíngchéng wéi qīng nián xué shēng xué zhōng guó shǐ demén jìng zhī mén jìngjiē zhī jiē ”, duì shǐ zhī shí de yòu zhe hěn zhòng yào de
  
   sān,《 bái huà běn guó shǐzhù zhòng cóng shè huì jīng zōng jiàomín wén huà děng fāng miàn chǎn shù fēn shǐ zhǎn de yuán yīn guò chéngliáng chāo zài 1923 nián biǎo de shǐ tǒng xuézhōng zhǐ chū,“ men wéi zhī shǐ zhēn xiāngjué néng dān kàn tái miàn shàng rén zhuāng shì jiàn biàn wán jiézhòng yào de shì kàn dào quán shè huì de huó dòng biàn huà”,“ wǎng wǎng yòu hěn xiǎo de shìpíng cháng rén jué zhù zhě dàn tóng lèi de quán sōu láifēn bié yán jiūbiàn xiàn chū xīn de xiàn xiàngér qiě míng chū yòu jià zhí de yuán ”, jiù shì yào qiú shǐ yán jiū zhě yìng guān zhù rén lèi shēng huó de fāng miàngèng jiā zhù bèi jiù shǐ jiā lüè de píng mín bǎi xìng de cháng shēng huó biàn cóng zhōng xiàn yòu jià zhí de shǐ liàotuò kuān shǐ xué yán jiū de fàn wéi miǎn xiān shēng yán shēng xiǎng jīng guò liǎo sān jiào de biàn huàshàonián shí zuì xìn kāng yòu wéiliáng chāo de xué shuō; 17 suì shí yīng jiā zhōng de shù jiā zhī shuō; 47 suì shí kāi shǐ xìn yǎng liè zhù suǒ dāng liáng chāo shǐ jiè mìngshídāng shí nián jǐn shí suì de miǎn xiān shēng zài xiǎng shàng de zhèn dòng shì de pāo liǎo jiù de shǐ xué guān niànzài xiǎng shàng kāi shǐ zhuī suí liáng chāozài shí jiàn zhōng kāi shǐ yùn yòng xīn de yán jiū fāng lái chóngxīn rèn shí zhōng guó shǐ hòu miǎn xiān shēngzài zhì shǐ de guī shàng shēn shòu liáng chāoxīn shǐ xuéde yǐng xiǎng jiāng miǎn xiān shēng de duàn dài shǐ liáng chāo zài 1901 nián suǒ dezhōng guó tōng shǐ zuò jiào men nán xiàn miǎn xiān shēng de shǐ xué zhèng shì liáng chāo suǒ shè xiǎng dexīn shǐ xuéde shí jiàn”。 zhèng shì miǎn xiān shēng zài zhuàn xiě debái huà běn guó shǐzhōngbǎi tuō liǎo jiù shǐ wáng jiàngxiàng wéi zhōng xīnguān zhù zhèng zhì jūn shì de shǐ zhuàn shù zhuóyǎn shè huì shēng huó de fāng fāng miàn miànjiāng shǐ yán jiū de guāng zhuànxiàng liǎo cháng rén cháng shìguān zhù tōng mín zhòng de shēng huó miǎn xiān shēng píng liǎo jiù shǐ decháng shì shū”, rèn wéicháng réncháng shì shì fēng huà shū de rén suǒ zuò de shū de shì shì shān bēng zhī dào fēng huàjué néng zhī dào shān bēng de suǒ rán zhī dào liǎo fēng huà shān bēng zhǐ shì dāng rán de jiēguǒ”。 suǒ ,《 bái huà běn guó shǐshōu liǎo fēng decháng rén cháng shìcái liàogài kuò 'ér tǒng lùn shù liǎo guó shǐ shàng de hūn yīn jiā tíngfēng guàn shí zhù xíng de yuán liú yǎn biàn。《 bái huà běn guó shǐchú liǎo shù zhòng de zhèng zhì jūn shì shì jiàn wài zhōng yán shè huì jīng zōng jiàowén huà hàn wài zhū shǐ de nèi róng shí fēn fēng ér qiě duì xiē zhòng de shǐ xiàn xiàng zuò chū liǎo fēn miǎn xiān shēng rèn wéi zhōng guó fēng jiàn shè huì zuì běn de zhèng zhì zhì héng héng zōng zhì shì dài guì shè huì de gēn tōng guò xuè tuán tóu de rén lùn qīn shū yuǎn jìn tuán jié liǎo láihéng tóu de fàn wéi guǎngshù tóu de shí jiān cháng jiǔ liǎo”。 duì zhōng guó shǐ shàng jīhū měi cháo měi dài shēng de nóng mín rèn wéi zuì gēn běn yuán yīn jiù zài cóng qín hàn tǒng hòu dào qián qīng hǎi jìn kāi qiánshēng chǎn fāng shēng chǎn de shè huì zhì shǐ zhōng méi yòu biàngēngér zhōng guó rén de shēng jiù zài nóng suǒ dāng nóng mín de bèi zhàn hòu shì jiù huì shēng nóng mín zhè xiē kàn què shí hěn yòu jiàn gèng wéi guì de shì miǎn xiān shēng zàibái huà běn guó shǐ shù shǎo shù mín de shǐ shí gèng jiā qiáng diào liǎo zhōng guó shì duō mín guó jiā de shǐ shì shíàn zhào shǐ zhǎn de shùn fēn bié shù liǎo měi wáng cháo guó jiā zhōu biān shǎo shù mín de guān chēng zhè xiē shǎo shù mín wéihàn wài de ”, ér qiě duì shǎo shù mín jiàn de wáng cháo chēng zhī wéicháo”,“ zhè wéi dāng shí biān xiě zhōng guó tōng shǐ kāi chuàng liǎo xīn ”。 cóng 'ér shǐbái huà běn guó shǐmíng xiǎn bié jiù shǐcóng guān diǎn dào nèi róng zhū fāng miàn dōuyòu xīn shì xīn shǐ xué cháo zài zhōng guó tōng shǐ zhuàn shù shàng de diǎn xíng fǎn yìng
  
   sān miǎn xiān shēng de zhì shǐ fāng
  
   miǎn xiān shēng shì wèi wén shǐ yùn shēn hòu yīng yán zhì xué jīng shén 'ér yòu shēn shòu fāng jìn dài shǐ guān yǐng xiǎng de shǐ xué shī”。 jiùbái huà běn guó shǐér yán miǎn xiān shēng yán jiū shǐ de fāng zhù yào biǎo xiàn zài xià liǎng fāng miàn zhàn yòu fēng de shǐ liào róng shè huì xué zhī shí
  
   jìn de shǐ shí jià fēng de shǐ liào miǎn xiān shēng zhì shǐ zhù zhòng zhàn yòu fēng de shǐ liàozhù zhāng lùn cóng shǐ chūfǎn duì zhù guān de duàn rèn wéi shǐ shū shàng de shǐ liào shì shí fēn zhēn guì de,“ shǐ qiú yuán shǐ de shǐ liàozhēn zhèng yuán shǐ de shǐ liàoxiàn zài shí shàngzhòng gòng wéi yuán shǐ cái liào de dài zhèng shǐ 'ér ”。 miǎn cóng 1906 nián shǒu tōng zhèng shǐ hòu yòu duì zhèng shǐ tōng liǎo sān zuò dào liǎo róng huì guàn tōngzài shǐ liào de fāng miàn shí fēn xīn yìng shǒuzàibái huà běn guó shǐ miǎn xiān shēng běn zhe rén suǒ wèi jiùhòu shì zhī zhù zhě 'ér wéi zhīde yuán zuò dào bān shū xiāng jié zuì xiàn duódì shōu shǐ liàobìng zhù míng piān míng juàn suǒ quán shūsuī guò liù shí wàn yánér zhě chì dào 'èr sān bǎi wàn yán de cān kǎo shū”。 rèn wéi zhōng guó chuán tǒng de shǐ xué piān zhòng zhèng zhì 'ér lüè liǎo jīng shí shàng jīng shì hěn zhòng yào deshì zhěng shè huì de gēn yīn miǎn xiān shēng hěn zhù tán shè huì jīng fāng miàn de qíng kuàngyùn yòng de shǐ liào hěn fēng yóu zhù fēng jiàn de shuì zhì rèn wéi zhè shì mín shēng zhuàng kuàng de fǎn yìng shuō,“ cóng qín hàn tǒng hòuzhí dào qián qīng hǎi jìn kāi qiánèr qiān duō niánzhōng guó shè huì de jīng zhìméi yòu shénme gēn běn shàng de biàngēngzhè shí dàizhōng guó rén de shēng shì nóng wéi běn wèiyào kàn dāng shí shè huì de jīng zhuàng kuàngjiù zhù nóng míndàn shì zhōng guó shǐ jiājìzǎi píng mín de shēng huó zhuàng kuàng shì hěn shǎo de ì@② shì dāng shí de tián zhì biàn shì dāng shí nóng mín shēng huó zhuàng kuàng de fǎn yìng”。 suǒ xiáng shù liǎo zhōng guó shǐ shàng shuì zhì de yán zài shù wèi jìn nán běi cháo shí de shuì zhì shí miǎn xiān shēng jǐn cān kǎo liǎo zhèng shǐ de shí huò zhìér qiě hái cān yuè liǎowén xiàn tōng kǎo tián xiàn ménde jìzǎixiáng shù liǎo jìn cháo de diào shì wèi cháo dejūn tián lìng táng cháo de yōng tiáozhìshí shī jiě de guò chéngbìng yóu 'ér chū zài fēng jiàn shè huì píng jūn quán xíng tōng de jié lùndàn shìyóu shí dài tiáo jiàn de xiàn zhì,《 bái huà běn guó shǐsuǒ yòng shǐ liào jīhū wéi zhùduì 19 shì 20 shì chū nián xīn xiàn de shǐ liào què wèi jiā yùn yòngzhè fǎn yìng liǎo de shǐ liào guān diǎn shàng yòu chén jiù zhī chùdàn men néng yīn 'ér fǒu dìng jià zhí
  
   'èrróng shè huì xué de zhī shí yùn dòng hòuzhōng guó chū xiàn liǎo xué de xīn shǐ xuéxīn shǐ xué shí fēn qiáng diào fāng lùnyào qiú cóng shè huì xué de jiǎo lái yán jiū shǐ miǎn xiān shēng duì zhè zhǒng xīn shǐ xué de zhǎn shì yòu zhe de jiěrèn wéishǐ xué shì shuō míng shè huì zhī suǒ rán de shuō míng xiàn zài de shè huì wèishénme chéng wéi zhè yàng 。…… qián rén de jìzǎizhǐ shì duī cái liào men xiān zhī guān chá zhī rán duì shìnǎi jué yòu suǒ zhǒng shè huì xuéshí zài shì shǐ xué de gēn ér yóu shì shè huì xuéyīn wéi shè huì shì zhěng desuǒ fēn wéi zhǒng shè huì xué guò yīn rén de néng yòu xiànfēn cóng fāng miàn guān chábìng fēi shì xiāng gānsuǒ yòu zōng de guān cházōng de guān chá jiù shì shè huì xué liǎo。…… shǐ de guìbìng zài duō shì shíér zài néng shì shí shuō míng shè huì jìn huà de zhēn xiāng”。 yóu miǎn xiān shēng de shǐ xué yán jiū shí fēn qiáng diào shè huì xué de gēn zuò yòngsuǒ jiāng shǐ yán jiū de guāng fàng yǎn dào liǎo shè huì shēng huó de fāng miànzàibái huà běn guó shǐ miǎn xiān shēng jiào quán miàn shù liǎo shè huì fāng miàn de shǐ hòu yòu shǐ xué de yǎn guāng zhuàn xiě liǎo guān shè huì shǐ de zhǒng zhuān zhù zhèng míng shè huì xué duì de shǐ yán jiū yǐng xiǎng shēn yuǎn miǎn xiān shēng de 'ér rén shì jiù céng shuō guò:“ qīn shì zài guǎng fàn yán jiū shè huì xué chǔ shàng zhì shǐ de zhì shǐ de rén 'ér lùnyǎn guāng jiù jiào kuānyǎn jiè kuānkàn shì qíng róng róng huì guàn tōng héng de jiǎo lái shuōjiù néng zhuóyǎn shì qíng de biàn huà zhǎncóng zòng de jiǎo lái shuō yòu jiào yán jiū qīn suǒ néng zài tōng shǐ fāng miàn zuò chū jiào de gòng xiànshuō dìng zhì xué fāng yòu guān qīn zǎo nián jiù rèn wéi shǐ de chǔ shì shè huì xuézài yán jiū shǐ zhī qiánduì zhǒng shè huì xué yīngdāng duō shǎo dǒng diǎn。” miǎn xiān shēng zhèng shì yīn wéi yōng yòu liǎo guǎng fàn de shè huì xué fāng miàn de zhī shí cái shǐ de zhù zuò yǎn jiè kāi kuònéng jǐn jǐn gēn shàng shí dài de
  
   miǎn xiān shēng debái huà běn guó shǐfǎn yìng liǎo zǎo de shǐ xué jiàn jiě hòu yòu duì zhōng de xiē guān diǎn jìn xíng liǎo xiū zhèngshǐ shǐ lùn gèng jiā shǐ shí, 40 nián dài yóu kāi míng shū diàn chū bǎn de zhù zhōng guó tōng shǐ shì jiào wéi chéng shú de tōng shǐ zhù zuò
  
   shōu gǎo : 2002-04-14
  
  【 cān kǎo wén xiàn
  
   yán gēng wàng . zhì shǐ sān shū qián bīn xiān shēng [M]. shěn yángliáo níng jiào chū bǎn shè, 1998.219.
  
   miǎn . bái huà běn guó shǐ [M]. shàng hǎishāng yìn shū guǎn, 1935.1; 3; 112-113; 407.
  
   jié gāng . dāng dài zhōng guó shǐ xué [M]. nán jīngshèng chū bǎn gōng , 1947.85.
  
   miǎn . shù héng héng sān fǎn xiǎng gǎi zào xué zǒng jié [J]. shǐ xué lùn yán jiū, 1996, (2).
  
   cài shàng . zhōng guó jìn xiàn dài xué shù xiǎng shǐ lùn zhí huí de miǎn xiān shēng [M]. guǎng zhōuguǎng dōng rén mín chū bǎn shè, 1986.510.
  
   yáng kuān . miǎn xiān shēng de shǐ xué yán jiū [A]. zhèn . hāo wèn xué héng héng miǎn shēng píng xué shù shēng huó [C]. běi jīngshēng huó shū xīn zhī sān lián shū diàn, 1996.5; 6; 15.
  
   zhào xiǎo yáng . xué chuán jìn dài zhōng guó shǐ guān niàn de chuàng xīn [J]. shǐ xué lùn yán jiū, 1997, (2).
  
   liáng chāo . shǐ tǒng xué [N]. shǐ xué bào, 1923, 2, Vol.2.
  
   zhāng gēng huá . miǎnshǐ xué shī [M]. shàng hǎishàng hǎi jiào chū bǎn shè, 2000.186.
  
   miǎn . shǐ xué zhǒng [M]. shàng hǎishàng hǎi rén mín chū bǎn shè, 1982.28; 57.
  
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   miǎn . shù xué shǐ zhī jīng guò [A]. zhèn . hāo wèn xué héng héng miǎn shēng píng xué shù [C]. běi jīngshēng huó shū xīn zhī sān lián shū diàn, 1996.233.
  
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  Lü Simian (Chinese: 呂思勉; pinyin: Lǚ Sīmiǎn) (February 27, 1884 – October 9, 1957) was a prominent Chinese historian as well as a former professor and history department head at Guanghua University, a predecessor of the East China Normal University in Shanghai. He also worked as a professor at Fudan University. Lü took the courtesy name Chéngzhī (诚之) and wrote under the pseudonym Núniú (驽牛). His students included famous historians Ch'ien Mu and Yang Kuan. Historian Yan Gengwang (严耕望) considered Lü one of the four greatest modern Chinese historians, along with Ch'ien Mu, his student, Chen Yuan, and Chen Yinke.
  
  In 1926 Lü was invited to teach at Guanghua University by his friend and the school's headmaster Qian Jibo. Lü remained at the school, which later became part of East China Normal University, until his death.
  
  Lü was born in Wujin (now Wujin district of Changzhou city) in China's Jiangsu province. At the age of 15 he entered the county school. In the second year he began teaching himself history. He later became a member of the Doubting Antiquity School which was a group of scholars and writers who showed doubts regarding the authenticity of pre-Qin texts.
  
  His former home in Changzhou is a protected property open to the public, offering numerous artifacts from his life displayed in the restored building.
  
   Notable PublicationsSong Dynasty Literature (1931)
  
  An Introduction to Early Qin Science (1933)
  
  A History of Chinese Ethnic Minorities (1934)
  
  A History of Pre-Qin Era (1941)
  
  A History of the Three Kingdoms (1943)
  
  A History of Qin and Han Dynasties (1947)
  
  A History of Northern and Southern Jin (1948)
  
  A History of Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties (1959)
  
  A History of the Chinese Political System (1985)
    

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