閱讀哈維爾 Václav Havel在小说之家的作品!!! 閱讀哈維爾 Václav Havel在诗海的作品!!! | |||||
哈维尔1936年10月5日哈維爾生於布拉格一個有産階級家庭，1951年完成十年製義務教育之後，因為家庭出身的原因，他不能繼續升學。其後四年擔任化學實驗室助理員期間，同時進入一所夜校學習，19歲時他開始在文學和戲劇雜志上發表文章。這之後他還上過兩年技工大學，1957年進部隊服兵役，1959年回來之後在布拉格ABC劇院做舞臺管理員，從此和戲劇結下不解之緣。1960年，他開始為巴魯斯特拉德劇院工作，這個活躍於當時布拉格舞臺上的小劇場，1963年接受了哈維爾的第一個也是最重要的劇本《花園聚會》，接着上演了他的《備忘錄》（1965）和《思想越來越難以集中》（1968），這些劇本體現了六十年代彌漫於捷剋社會的某種情緒，被稱之為“荒誕派”戲劇，其中鍥而不捨地探索生活的意義，卻以某種懷疑主義和自我嘲諷的面貌出現。此時，哈維爾已經成為捷剋公衆生活中的一位人物，當然，其主要影響還是在戲劇、文化界圈內。
1967年8月21日蘇聯派兵占領布拉格時，哈維爾加入自由捷剋電臺，每天都對現狀作出評論。布拉格之春後，哈維爾不但受到捷剋官方的公開批判，作品也從圖書館消失，傢中也被安裝竊聽器，並且被送往釀酒廠工作。但是哈維爾仍然持續寫作並公開要求特赦政治犯，並且與其他作傢與異議人士發表七七憲章，要求捷剋政府遵守赫爾辛基宣言的人權條款。
1968年蘇軍入侵之後長一段時間內，哈維爾的劇本不能得到上演，和許多當時的藝術傢、知識分子被打入社會最低層一樣，1974年哈維爾在一個啤酒廠打工，早晨五點鐘起來滾啤酒桶。但是他並沒有忘記作為一個公民、一個知識分子在社會生活中應該發揮的作用。
1975年他提筆給當時的捷剋總統鬍薩剋寫了一封長信，描述了當時捷剋社會在表面上的繁榮穩定之下潛伏的道德和精神危機：在人們高漲的、從未有過的消費熱情背後，是精神上和道德上的屈從和冷漠，越來越多的人變得什麽都不相信，除了已經到手和即將到手的個人利益。哈維爾指出，這種情況對於一個民族整體上的傷害是久遠的，在暫時的穩定背後，付出的將是未來某個時刻的“超額稅款”。
瓦茨拉夫·哈維爾作品封面
1977年，一個叫做“宇宙塑料人”的搖滾樂隊的幾名成員被捕，依據捷剋已經加入赫爾辛基人權條約的事實，哈維爾和他的朋友們發起了一場簽名營救運動，呼籲這個國傢已有的憲法得到落實。先後在同一份文件上簽名的有兩千多人，這就是所謂“七七憲章運動”，哈維爾是這個“七七憲章”的三名主要發言人之一，與此同時，哈維爾還是一個叫做“保護受不公正起訴的人委員會”的成員。事後哈維爾被傳訊，同年10月以“危害共和國利益”為名判處十四個月有期徒刑；1979年哈維爾更被以“顛覆共和國”名義判處有期徒刑四年半，引發國際社會的註意，歐洲議會更要求捷剋政府釋放包括哈維爾在內的政治犯。
1983年哈維爾因肺病出獄，其他的刑期被以“紀念解放四十周年”為由被政府赦免。哈維爾出獄後繼續擔任七七憲章的發言人，並且不斷發表劇作與批判文章，而多次被警方拘留；1988年8月哈維爾發表《公民自由權運動宣言》，在1989年捷剋民主化後，哈維爾作為“公民論壇”的主要領導人物，參與導致了捷剋的“天鵝絨革命”。稱之為“天鵝絨式的”，是因為這場革命從頭至尾沒有打碎一塊玻璃窗，沒有點燃一部小汽車，沒有任何衝擊政府機關部門的激烈行為。1990年出任捷剋斯洛伐剋聯邦總統。1992年由於斯洛伐剋獨立，哈維爾辭去聯邦總統一職；1993年哈維爾出任捷剋共和國總統，並且於1998年連任。
哈維爾在當總統期間廣泛接觸國際社會，先後訪問了很多國傢，對國際事務作出發言，並始終受到高度重視。他曾獲得很多奬項和許多大學的榮譽學位。
瓦茨拉夫·哈維爾 - 哲學思想
作為道德的政治
不同於馬基雅維利以來的西方政治哲學的主流，在方法上也不同於學院裏的政治哲學的教授們，沒有羅爾斯、諾齊剋、哈貝馬斯們的嚴密論證和邏輯推演，哈維爾用自己的思想和行動，力圖將一種人性的尺度、將人類精神和道德的維度帶到政治和生活中去。就像批評他的人說的那樣，他總是試圖將兩種不可能結合的東西結合起來：道德和政治。在這一點上，哈維爾所做的正如康德所論證的：“在客觀上（在理論上），道德和政治之間根本就沒有任何爭論。”不同的是康德在《永久和平論》一文附錄裏的具體論證，變成了哈維爾的思想和行動。在哈維爾的視野裏，政治决不再是權力的遊戲和功利目的的手段。他明確的宣稱：“政治不再是權力的伎倆和操縱，不再是高於人們的控製或相互利用的藝術，而是一個人尋找和獲自得義的生活的道路，是保護人們和服務於人們的途徑。我贊同政治作為對人類同胞真正富有人性的關懷。
生活在真實中
哈維爾的政治哲學的另一個重要體現，就是他的一句口號：生活在真實中。哈維爾認為：“生活在真實中具有獨一無二的不可估量的爆炸性的政治力量。”儘管哈維爾曾經以荒誕派戲劇傢聞名於世，但作為思想傢和政治傢，哈維爾關註現實，重視生活的真實和人性從虛偽嚮真實的回歸。哈維爾的建立在道德、良心和真實存在基礎上的政治哲學，沒有細緻的概念推演和嚴密的邏輯分析，儘管它受到西方道德主義政治哲學甚至海德格爾哲學的影響，但是他的哲學思想不是學院化的，不是係統化的晦澀的長篇論述，而是直接從現實的政治生活中觀察出來的，並且，也是以此為武器直接參與政治鬥爭和政治建設中去的。哈維爾的政治哲學是他個人政治活動的綱領，是他作為政治傢的信條，他以一生的出色的政治實踐為他的政治哲學作了最生動和最深刻的詮釋。
瓦茨拉夫·哈維爾 - 主要作品
瓦茨拉夫·哈維爾總統
《乞丐的歌舞劇》
《無權力者的權力》
《給奧爾嘉的信》
《哈維爾自傳》
《反符碼》
瓦茨拉夫·哈維爾 - 人物評價
哈維爾本人並不是一個專業的哲學家，不同於現在的研究哲學史的西方哲學家。而且如有的論者所言，哈維爾的故事比其思想更值得關註。作為一個有着獨特魅力的思想傢和政治傢，哈維爾的思想、著作及其實踐中，有着堅定的哲學理念的支撐，對於這一理念的梳理，或有其意義。
Beginning in the 1960s, his work turned to focus on the politics of Czechoslovakia. After the Prague Spring, he became increasingly active. In 1977, his involvement with the human rights manifesto Charter 77 brought him international fame as the leader of the opposition in Czechoslovakia; it also led to his imprisonment. The 1989 "Velvet Revolution" launched Havel into the presidency. In this role he led Czechoslovakia and later the Czech Republic to multi-party democracy. His thirteen years in office saw radical change in his nation, including its split with Slovakia, which Havel opposed, its accession into NATO and start of the negotiations for membership in the European Union, which was attained in 2004.
Biography
Václav Havel was born in Prague, on October 5, 1936. He grew up in a well-known and wealthy entrepreneurial and intellectual family, which was closely linked to the cultural and political events in Czechoslovakia from the 1920s to the 1940s. His father was the owner of the suburb Barrandov which was located on the highest point of Prague. Havel's mother came from a well known family; her father was an ambassador and well-known journalist. Because of Havel's bourgeois history, the Communist regime did not allow Havel to study formally after he had completed his required schooling in 1951. In the first part of the 1950s, the young Havel entered into a four-year apprenticeship as a chemical laboratory assistant and simultaneously took evening classes; he completed his secondary education in 1954. For political reasons, he was not accepted into any post-secondary school with a humanities program; therefore, he opted to study at the Faculty of Economics of Czech Technical University in Prague but dropped out after two years. In 1964, Havel married proletarian Olga Šplíchalová, much to the displeasure of his mother.
Early theater career
The intellectual tradition of his family compelled[clarification needed] Václav Havel to pursue the humanitarian values of Czech culture. After military service (1957–59), he worked as a stagehand in Prague (at the Theater On the Balustrade - Divadlo Na zábradlí) and studied drama by correspondence at the Theater Faculty of the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague (DAMU). His first publicly performed full-length play, besides various vaudeville collaborations, was The Garden Party (1963). Presented in a season of Theater of the Absurd, at the Balustrade, it won him international acclaim. It was soon followed by The Memorandum, one of his best known plays, and the The Increased Difficulty of Concentration, all at the Balustrade. In 1968, The Memorandum was also brought to The Public Theater in New York, which helped establish his reputation in the United States. The Public continued to produce his plays over the next years, although after 1968 his plays were banned in his own country, Havel was unable to leave Czechoslovakia to see any foreign performances.
Dissident
During the first week of the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, Havel provided a commentary on the events on Radio Free Czechoslovakia in Liberec. Following the suppression of the Prague Spring in 1968 he was banned from the theatre and became more politically active. He was forced to take a job in a brewery, an experience he wrote about in his play Audience. This play, along with two other "Vaněk" plays (so-called because of the recurring character Ferdinand Vaněk, a stand in for Havel), became distributed in samizdat form across Czechoslovakia, and greatly added to Havel's reputation of being a leading revolutionary (several other Czech writers later wrote their own plays featuring Vaněk). This reputation was cemented with the publication of the Charter 77 manifesto, written partially in response to the imprisonment of members of the Czech psychedelic band The Plastic People of the Universe. He also co-founded the Committee for the Defense of the Unjustly Persecuted in 1979. His political activities resulted in multiple stays in prison, the longest being four years, and also subjected him to constant government surveillance and harassment. His longest stay in prison, from June 1979 to January 1984, is documented in Letters to Olga, his late wife.
He was also famous for his essays, most particularly for his articulation of “Post-Totalitarianism” (Power of the Powerless), a term used to describe the modern social and political order that enabled people to "live within a lie." A passionate supporter of non-violent resistance, a role in which he has been compared, by former US President Bill Clinton, to Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr., he became a leading figure in the Velvet Revolution of 1989, the bloodless end to communism in Czechoslovakia.
His motto was "Truth and love must prevail over lies and hate."
Presidency
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Václav Havel and Karol Sidon (left), his friend and later chief Czech rabbi
Flag of the president of the Czech Republic
On 29 December 1989, while leader of the Civic Forum, he became president by a unanimous vote of the Federal Assembly. This was an ironic turn of fate for a man who had long insisted that he was uninterested in politics. He joined many dissidents of the period arguing that political change should happen through civic initiatives autonomous from the state, rather than through the state itself. He was awarded the Prize For Freedom of the Liberal International in 1990.
After the free elections of 1990 he retained the presidency. Despite increasing tensions, Havel supported the retention of the federation of the Czechs and the Slovaks during the breakup of Czechoslovakia. On 3 July 1992 the federal parliament did not elect Havel — the only candidate — due to a lack of support from Slovak MPs. The largest party, the Civic Democratic Party, let it be known it would not support any other candidate. After the Slovaks issued their Declaration of Independence, he resigned as president on 20 July, saying he would not preside over the country's breakup.
However, when the Czech Republic was created, he stood for election as president on 26 January 1993, and won. Unlike in Czechoslovakia, he was not the Czech Republic's chief executive. However, owing to his prestige, he still commanded a good deal of moral authority.
Although Havel has been quite popular throughout his career, his popularity abroad surpassed his popularity at home
, and he was no stranger to controversy and criticism. An extensive general pardon, one of his first acts as a president, was an attempt to both lessen the pressure in overcrowded prisons and release those who may have been falsely imprisoned during the Communist era. He had felt that decisions of a corrupt court of the previous regime could not be trusted, and that most in prison had not been fairly tried. Critics claimed that this amnesty raised the crime rate. According to Havel's memoir To the Castle and Back, most of those released had less than a year of their sentence to run. Statistics have not lent clear support to that allegation.
In an interview with Karel Hvížďala (also included in To the Castle and Back), Havel stated that he felt his most important accomplishment as president was the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact. This proved quite complicated, as the infrastructure created by the pact was so ingrained in the workings of the countries involved and indeed in their general consciousness. It took two years before the Soviet troops finally fully withdrew from Czechoslovakia.
Following a legal dispute with his sister-in-law, Havel decided to sell his 50% stake in the Lucerna Palace on Wenceslas Square, a legendary dance hall built by his grandfather Václav Havel. In a transaction arranged by Marián Čalfa, Havel sold the estate to Václav Junek, a former communist spy in France and leader of soon-to-be-bankrupt conglomerate Chemapol Group, who later openly admitted he bribed politicians of Czech Social Democratic Party.
In December 1996 the chain smoking Havel was diagnosed as having lung cancer. The disease reappeared two years later. He later quit smoking. In 1996, Olga, beloved by the Czech people and his wife of 32 years died of cancer. Less than a year later Havel remarried, to actress Dagmar Veškrnová.
The former political prisoner was instrumental in enabling the transition of NATO from being an anti-Warsaw Pact alliance to its present inclusion of former-Warsaw Pact members, like the Czech Republic. Havel advocated vigorously for the expansion of the military alliance into Eastern Europe, including the Czech Republic.
Havel was re-elected president in 1998. He had to undergo a colostomy in Innsbruck when his colon ruptured while on holiday in Austria. Havel left office after his second term as Czech president ended on 2 February 2003; Václav Klaus, one of his greatest political opponents, was elected his successor on 28 February 2003. Margaret Thatcher writes of the two men in her foreign policy treatise, Statecraft, reserving greater respect for Havel, whose dedication to democracy and defying the Communists earned her admiration.
Post-presidential career
In his post-presidency Havel has focused on European affair
Since 1997, Havel has hosted a conference entitled Forum 2000. In 2005, the former President occupied the Kluge Chair for Modern Culture at the John W. Kluge Center of the United States Library of Congress, where he continued his research in human rights. In November and December 2006, Havel spent eight weeks as a visiting artist in residence at Columbia University. The stay was sponsored by the Columbia Arts Initiative and featured "performances, and panels center[ing] on his life and ideas", including a public "conversation" with former U.S. President Bill Clinton. Concurrently, the Untitled Theater Company #61 launched a Havel Festival, the first complete festival of his plays in various venues throughout New York City, including The Brick Theater, in celebration of his 70th birthday.
Havel's memoir of his experience as President, To the Castle and Back, was published in May 2007. The book mixes an interview in the style of Disturbing the Peace with actual memoranda he sent to his staff with modern diary entries and recollections.
On 4 August 2007, Havel met with members of the Belarus Free Theatre at his summer cottage in the Czech Republic in a show of his continuing support, which has been instrumental in the theatre's attaining international recognition and membership in the European Theatrical Convention. Havel's first new play in over 18 years, Leaving (Odcházení), was published in November 2007, and was to have had its world premiere in June 2008 at the Prague theater Divadlo na Vinohradech, but the theater withdrew it in December. The play instead premiered on 22 May 2008 at the Archa Theatre to standing ovations. Havel based the play on King Lear, by William Shakespeare, and on The Cherry Orchard, by Anton Chekhov; "Chancellor Vilém Rieger is the central character of Leaving, who faces a crisis after being removed from political power." In September, the play had its English language premiere at the Orange Tree Theatre in London. Currently, Havel is working on directing a film version of that play.
In 2008 Havel became Member of the European Council on Tolerance and Reconciliation, an NGO designed to monitor tolerance in Europe and to prepare practical recommendations on fighting anti-Semitism, racism and xenophobia on the continent.
Havel met with U. S. President Barack Obama at the European Union (EU) and United States (US) summit in Prague on 5 April 2009. He had written Obama a letter inviting the president to come to Prague.
Havel is the chair of the International Council of the Human Rights Foundation.
Award
On 4 July 1994 Václav Havel was awarded the Philadelphia Liberty Medal. In his acceptance speech, he said: "The idea of human rights and freedoms must be an integral part of any meaningful world order. Yet I think it must be anchored in a different place, and in a different way, than has been the case so far. If it is to be more than just a slogan mocked by half the world, it cannot be expressed in the language of departing era, and it must not be mere froth floating on the subsiding waters of faith in a purely scientific relationship to the world." In 1997 he was the recipient of the Prix mondial Cino Del Duca.
In 2002, he was the third recipient of the Hanno R. Ellenbogen Citizenship Award presented by the Prague Society for International Cooperation. In 2003 he was awarded the International Gandhi Peace Prize, named after Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi by the government of India for his outstanding contribution towards world peace and upholding human rights in most difficult situations through Gandhian means. In 2003, Havel was the inaugural recipient of Amnesty International's Ambassador of Conscience Award for his work in promoting human rights. In 2003, he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom. In January 2008, the Europe-based A Different View cited Havel to be one of the 15 Champions of World Democracy. Other champions mentioned were Nelson Mandela, Lech Wałęsa, and Corazon Aquino. As a former Czech President, Havel is a member of the Club of Madrid. In 2009 he was awarded the Quadriga Award.
Havel has also received multiple honorary doctorates from various universities.
He was elected in 1993 an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature
State Award
Country Awards Date Place
Argentina Order of the Liberator San Martin Collar 09/1996 Buenos Aire
Austria Decoration for Science and Art 11/2005 Vienna
Brazil Order of the Southern Cross Grand Collar
Order of Rio Branco Grand Cross 10/1990
09/1996 Prague
Brasília
Canada Order of Canada Honorary Companion 03/2004 Prague
Czech Republic Order of the White Lion 1st Class (Civil Division) with Collar Chain
Order of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk 1st Class 10/2003 Prague
Estonia Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana The Collar of the Cross 04/1996 Tallinn
France Légion d'honneur Grand Cro
Order of Arts and Letters Commander 03/1990
02/2001 Pari
Germany Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Special class of the Grand Cross 05/2000 Berlin
Hungary Order of Merit of Hungary Grand Cross with Chain 09/2001 Prague
India Gandhi Peace Prize 08/2003 Delhi
Italy Order of Merit of the Italian Republic Grand Cross with Cordon 04/2002 Rome
Jordan Order of Hussein ibn' Ali Collar 09/1997 Amman
Latvia Order of the Three Stars Grand Cross with Collar 08/1999 Prague
Lithuania Order of Vytautas the Great Grand Cross 09/1999 Prague
Poland Order of the White Eagle 10/1993 Warsaw
Portugal Order of Liberty Grand Collar 12/1990 Lisbon
Republic of China (Taiwan) Order of Brilliant Star with Special Grand Cordon 11/2004 Taipei
Slovakia Order of the White Double Cross 01/2003 Bratislava
Slovenia The Golden honorary Medal of Freedom 11/1993 Ljubljana
Spain Order of Isabella the Catholic Grand Cross with Collar 07/1995 Prague
Turkey National Decoration of Republic of Turkey 10/2000 Ankara
Ukraine Order of Yaroslav the Wise 10/2006 Prague
United Kingdom Order of the Bath Knight Grand Cross(Civil Division) 03/1996 Prague
USA Presidential Medal of Freedom 07/2003 Washington D.C.
Uruguay Medal of the Republic 09/1996 Montevideo
Work
Havel with American poet, Hedwig Gorski
Collections of poetry
Čtyři rané básně
Záchvěvy I & II, 1954
První úpisy, 1955
Prostory a časy (poesie), 1956
Na okraji jara (cyklus básní), 1956
Anticodes, (Antikódy)
Play
Motormorphosis 1960
An Evening with the Family, 1960, (Rodinný večer)
The Garden Party (Zahradní slavnost), 1963
The Memorandum, 1965, (Vyrozumění)
The Increased Difficulty of Concentration, 1968, (Ztížená možnost soustředění)
Butterfly on the Antenna, 1968, (Motýl na anténě)
Guardian Angel, 1968, (Strážný anděl)
Conspirators, 1971, (Spiklenci)
The Beggar's Opera, 1975, (Žebrácká opera)
Unveiling, 1975, (Vernisáž)
Audience, 1975, (Audience) - a Vanӗk play
Mountain Hotel 1976, (Horský hotel)
Protest, 1978, (Protest) - a Vanӗk play
Mistake, 1983, (Chyba) - a Vanӗk play
Largo desolato 1984, (Largo desolato)
Temptation, 1985, (Pokoušení)
Redevelopment, 1987, (Asanace)
Tomorrow, 1988, (Zítra to spustíme)
Leaving (Odcházení), 2007
Non-fiction book
The Power of the Powerless (1985) [Includes 1978 titular essay.]
Living in Truth (1986)
Letters to Olga (Dopisy Olze) (1988)
Disturbing the Peace (1991)
Open Letters (1991)
Summer Meditations (1992/93)
Towards a Civil Society (Letní přemítání) (1994)
The Art of the Impossible (1998)
To the Castle and Back (2007)
Cultural allusions and interest
Havel was a major supporter of The Plastic People of the Universe, becoming a close friend of its members, such as its leader Milan Hlavsa, its manager Ivan Martin Jirous and guitarist/vocalist Paul Wilson (who later became Havel's English translator and biographer) and a great fan of the rock band The Velvet Underground, sharing mutual respect with the principal singer-songwriter Lou Reed, and is also a lifelong Frank Zappa fan.
Havel is also a great supporter and fan of jazz and frequented such Prague clubs as Radost FX and the Reduta Jazz Club, where President Bill Clinton played the saxophone when Havel brought him there.
The period involving Havel's role in the Velvet Revolution and his ascendancy to the presidency is dramatized in part in the play Rock 'n' Roll, by Czech-born English playwright Tom Stoppard. One of the characters in the play is called Ferdinand, in honor of Ferdinand Vaněk, the protagonist of three of Havel's plays and a Havel stand-in.
In 1996, due to his contributions to the arts, he was honorably mentioned in the rock opera Rent during the song La Vie Boheme, though his name was mispronounced on the original soundtrack.
Samuel Beckett's 1982 short play "Catastrophe" was dedicated to Havel while he was held as a political prisoner in Czechoslovakia.
"What makes... the Gaia hypothesis so inspiring?" Mr. Havel asked in a 1994 talk.