閱讀伊凡·謝爾蓋耶維奇·屠格涅夫 Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev在小说之家的作品!!! 閱讀伊凡·謝爾蓋耶維奇·屠格涅夫 Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev在散文天地的作品!!! | |||||||||||
伊凡·谢尔盖耶维奇·屠格涅夫屠格涅夫生於奧廖爾省奧廖爾一個舊式富裕家庭，父親是一個騎兵團團長，十六歲的時候父親去世。屠格涅夫的媽媽脾氣很不好，經常打駡自己的孩子。屠格涅夫進入莫斯科大學學習一年，隨後轉入聖彼得堡大學學習經典著作，文學和哲學。1838年前往柏林大學學習黑格爾哲學。在歐洲屠格涅夫見到了更加現代化的社會制度，被視為"歐化"的知識分子，主張學習西方，廢除包括農奴製在內的封建制度。
1843年春，屠格涅夫發表敘事長詩《巴拉莎》受別林斯基好評，二人建立深厚友誼。
1847 -- 1851年，他在進步刊物《現代人》上發表其成名作《獵人筆記》。以一個獵人在狩獵時所寫的隨筆形式出現的，包括25個短篇故事。 這是幾年來他觀察平民生活，和各界人士交談等生活經驗的提取。作者藉一個獵人的視角，站在溫和的主義立場，對俄羅斯農民的遭遇進行了真實而富有詩意的描寫，同時給予了深厚的同情。這部作品被社會各階層廣泛閱讀，當時正在考慮農奴制度改革的沙皇也對其非常贊賞。
1855年屠格涅夫發表著名劇本《村中一月》，開始逐漸關心知識分子與貴族的衝突問題。1856年他發表小說《羅亭》，塑造了一個具有，但是缺乏行動的小貴族的叛逆者的形象。1859年屠格涅夫發表《貴族之傢》。1860年他發表小說《前夜》。塑造了一個這英紮羅夫的形象，杜勃羅留波夫非常看重這片小說，發表了著名評論《真正的白天何時到來？》斷言"前夜離隨之而來的白天總是不遠的"認為屠格涅夫描繪了的前夜。屠格涅夫不同意這一斷語，希望涅剋拉索夫不要發表這篇評論，涅剋拉索夫沒有同意，導致了屠格涅夫和《現代人》雜志的决裂。
1862年屠格涅夫發表《父與子》主人公巴紮羅夫狂傲，重視行動，重視科學實驗。是作者假想的新人形象，但是遭到派的抨擊。
從60年代起，屠格涅夫大部分時間在西歐度過，結交了許多著名作傢、藝術傢，如左拉、莫泊桑、都德、龔古爾等。參加了在巴黎舉行的"國際文學大會"，被選為副主席（主席為維剋多.雨果）。屠格涅夫對俄羅斯文學和歐洲文學的溝通交流起到了橋梁作用。
Life
Turgenev was born into a wealthy landed family of the Russian aristocracy in Oryol, Russia, on 28 October 1818. His father, Sergei Nikolaevich Turgenev, a colonel in the Imperial Russian cavalry, was a chronic philanderer. Ivan's mother, Varvara Petrovna Lutovinova, was a wealthy heiress, who had had an unhappy childhood and suffered in her marriage. Ivan's father died when Ivan was sixteen, leaving him and his brother Nicholas to be brought up by their abusive mother. After the standard schooling for a son of a gentleman, Turgenev studied for one year at the University of Moscow and then moved to the University of Saint Petersburg, focusing on Classics, Russian literature, and philology. He was sent in 1838 to the University of Berlin to study philosophy, particularly Hegel, and history. Turgenev was impressed with German society and returned home believing that Russia could best improve itself by incorporating ideas from the Age of Enlightenment. Like many of his educated contemporaries, he was particularly opposed to serfdom.
When Turgenev was a child, a family serf had read to him verses from the Rossiad of Mikhail Kheraskov, a celebrated poet of the 18th century. Turgenev's early attempts in literature, poems, and sketches gave indications of genius and were favorably spoken of by Vissarion Belinsky, then the leading Russian literary critic. During the latter part of his life, Turgenev did not reside much in Russia: he lived either at Baden-Baden or Paris, often in proximity to the family of the celebrated singer Pauline Viardot, with whom he had a lifelong affair.
Turgenev never married, although he had a daughter with one of his family's serfs. He was tall and broad-shouldered, but was timid, restrained, and soft-spoken. His closest literary friend was Gustave Flaubert. His relations with Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoyevsky were often strained, as the two were, for various reasons, dismayed by Turgenev's seeming preference for Western Europe. His rocky friendship with Tolstoy in 1861 wrought such animosity that Tolstoy challenged Turgenev to a duel, afterwards apologizing. The two did not speak for 17 years. Dostoyevsky parodies Turgenev in his novel The Devils (1872) through the character of the vain novelist Karmazinov, who is anxious to ingratiate himself with the radical youth. However, in 1880, Dostoyevsky's speech at the unveiling of the Pushkin monument brought about a reconciliation of sorts with Turgenev, who, like many in the audience, was moved to tears by his rival's eloquent tribute to the Russian spirit.
Turgenev upon receiving his Honorary Doctorate at Oxford in 1879
Turgenev occasionally visited England, and in 1879 the honorary degree of Doctor of Civil Law was conferred upon him by the University of Oxford.
Turgenev died at Bougival, near Paris, on 4 September 1883. On his death bed he pleaded with Tolstoy: "My friend, return to literature!" After this Tolstoy wrote such works as The Death of Ivan Ilyich and The Kreutzer Sonata.
Career
Turgenev first made his name with A Sportsman's Sketches (Записки охотника), also known as Sketches from a Hunter's Album or Notes of a Hunter, a collection of short stories, based on his observations of peasant life and nature, while hunting in the forests around his mother's estate of Spasskoye. Most of the stories were published in a single volume in 1852, with others being added in later editions. The book is credited with having influenced public opinion in favour of the abolition of serfdom in 1861. Turgenev himself considered the book to be his most important contribution to Russian literature; It is reported that Pravda, and Tolstoy, among others, agreed wholeheartedly, adding that Turgenev's evocations of nature in these stories were unsurpassed. One of the stories in A Sportsman's Sketches, known as "Bezhin Lea" or "Byezhin Prairie", was later to become the basis for the controversial film Bezhin Meadow (1937) - directed by Sergei Eisenstein.
In the 1840s and early 1850s, during the rule of Tsar Nicholas I, the political climate in Russia was stifling for many writers. This is evident in the despair and subsequent death of Gogol, and the oppression, persecution, and arrests of artists, scientists, and writers, including Fyodor Dostoyevsky. During this time, thousands of Russian intellectuals, members of the intelligentsia, emigrated to Europe. Among them were Alexander Herzen and Turgenev himself, although the latter's decision to settle abroad probably had more to do with his fateful love for Pauline Viardot than anything else.
In 1852, when his first major novels of Russian society were still to come, Turgenev wrote an obituary for Nikolai Gogol, intended for publication in the Saint Petersburg Gazette. The key passage reads: "Gogol is dead!... What Russian heart is not shaken by those three words?... He is gone, that man whom we now have the right (the bitter right, given to us by death) to call great." The censor of Saint Petersburg did not approve of this and banned publication, but the Moscow censor allowed it to be published in a newspaper in that city. The censor was dismissed; but Turgenev was held responsible for the incident, imprisoned for a month, and then exiled to his country estate for nearly two years.
Pauline Viardot in the 1840s. Drawing by P.F. Sokolov
While he was still in Russia in the early 1850s, Turgenev wrote several novellas (povesti in Russian): "The Diary of a Superfluous Man ("Дневник лишнего человека"), Faust ("Фауст"), The Lull ("Затишье"), expressing the anxieties and hopes of Russians of his generation.
In 1854 he moved to Western Europe, and during the following year produced the novel Rudin ("Рудин"), the story of a man in his thirties, who is unable to put his talents and idealism to any use in the Russia of Nicholas I. Rudin is also full of nostalgia for the idealistic student circles of the 1840s.
In 1858 Turgenev wrote the novel A Nest of the Gentry ("Дворянское гнездо", published 1859) also full of nostalgia for the irretrievable past and of love for the Russian countryside. It contains one of his most memorable female characters, Liza, whom Dostoyevsky paid tribute to in his Pushkin speech of 1880, alongside Tatiana and Tolstoy's Natasha Rostova.
Alexander II ascended the Russian throne in 1855, and the political climate became more relaxed. In 1859, inspired by reports of positive social changes, Turgenev wrote the novel On the Eve ("Накануне"), portraying the Bulgarian revolutionary Insarov.
The following year saw the publication of one of his finest novellas, First Love ("Первая любовь"), which was based on bitter-sweet childhood memories, and the delivery of his speech ("Hamlet and Don Quixote", at a public reading in Saint Petersburg) in aid of writers and scholars suffering hardship. The vision presented therein of man torn between the self-centred scepticism of Hamlet and the idealistic generosity of Don Quixote is one that can be said to pervade Turgenev's own works. It is worth noting that Dostoyevsky, who had just returned from exile in Siberia, was present at this speech, for eight years later he was to write The Idiot, a novel whose tragic hero, Prince Myshkin, resembles Don Quixote in many respects. Turgenev, whose knowledge of Spanish, thanks to his contact with Pauline Viardot and her family, was good enough for him to have considered translating Cervantes's novel into Russian, played an important role in introducing this immortal figure of world literature into the Russian context.
Fathers and Sons ("Отцы и дети"), Turgenev's most famous and enduring novel, appeared in 1862. Its leading character, Bazarov, was in turns heralded and reviled as either a glorification or a parody of the 'new men' of the 1860s. However, the issues treated in the novel transcend the merely contemporary. Many radical critics at the time (with the notable exception of Dimitri Pisarev) did not take Fathers and Sons seriously; and, after the relative critical failure of his masterpiece, Turgenev was disillusioned and started to write less.
Turgenev's next novel, Smoke ("Дым"), was published in 1867 and was again received less than enthusiastically in his native country, as well as triggering a quarrel with Dostoyevsky in Baden-Baden.
His last substantial work attempting to do justice to the problems of contemporary Russian society, Virgin Soil ("Новь"), was published in 1877.
Stories of a more personal nature, such as Torrents of Spring ("Вешние воды"), King Lear of the Steppes ("Степной король Лир"), and The Song of Triumphant Love ("Песнь торжествующей любви"), were also written in these autumnal years of his life. Other last works included the Poems in Prose and "Clara Milich" ("After Death"), which appeared in the journal European Messenger.
"The conscious use of art for ends extraneous to itself was detestable to him... He knew that the Russian reader wanted to be told what to believe and how to live, expected to be provided with clearly contrasted values, clearly distinguishable heroes and villains... Turgenev remained cautious and sceptical; the reader is left in suspense, in a state of doubt: problems are raised, and for the most part left unanswered" - Isaiah Berlin, Lecture on Fathers and Children
Turgenev wrote on themes similar to those found in the works of Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky, but he did not approve of the religious and moral preoccupations that his two great contemporaries brought to their artistic creation. Turgenev was closer in temperament to his friends Gustave Flaubert and Theodor Storm, the North German poet and master of the novella form, who also often dwelt on memories of the past and evoked the beauty of nature.
Legacy
Turgenev's artistic purity made him a favorite of like-minded novelists of the next generation, such as Henry James and Joseph Conrad, both of whom greatly preferred Turgenev to Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky. James, who wrote no fewer than five critical essays on Turgenev's work, claimed that "his merit of form is of the first order" (1873) and praised his "exquisite delicacy", which "makes too many of his rivals appear to hold us, in comparison, by violent means, and introduce us, in comparison, to vulgar things" (1896). The notoriously critical Vladimir Nabokov praised Turgenev's "plastic musical flowing prose", but criticized his "labored epilogues" and "banal handling of plots". Nabokov stated that Turgenev "is not a great writer, though a pleasant one", and ranked him fourth among nineteenth-century Russian prose writers, behind Tolstoy, Gogol, and Anton Chekhov, but ahead of Dostoyevsky. His idealistic ideas about love, specifically the devotion a wife should show her husband, were cynically referred to by characters in Chekhov's "An Anonymous Story."
This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
Selected novels
* 1857 - Rudin (Рудин), English translation: Rudin
* 1859 - Dvoryanskoye Gnezdo (Дворянское гнездо), English translation: A Nest of Gentlefolk
* 1860 - Nakanune (Накануне), English translation: On the Eve
* 1862 - Otzy i Deti (Отцы и дети); English translation: Fathers and Sons
* 1867 - Dym (Дым); English translation: Smoke
* 1877 - Nov (Новь); English translation: Virgin Soil
Selected shorter fiction
* 1850 - Dnevnik Lishnego Cheloveka (Дневник лишнего человека); novella, English translation: The Diary of a Superfluous Man
* 1852 - Zapiski Okhotnika (Записки охотника); collection of stories, English translations: A Sportsman's Sketches, The Hunter's Sketches
* 1855 - Yakov Pasynkov (Яков Пасынков); novella
* 1855 - Faust (Фауст); novella
* 1858 - Asya (Aся); novella, English translation: Asya
* 1860 - Pervaia Liubov (Первая любовь); novella, English translation: First Love
* 1870 - Stepnoy Korol' Lir (Степной король Лир); novella, English translation: King Lear of the Steppes
* 1872 - Veshnie Vody (Вешние воды); English translation: Torrents of Spring
* 1881 - Pesn' Torzhestvuyushey Lyubvi (Песнь торжествующей любви); novella, English translation: The Song of Triumphant Love
* 1883 - Klara Milich (Клара Милич); novella, English translation: The Mysterious Tales
Selected plays
* 1843 - Neostorozhnost (Неосторожность); A Rash Thing to Do
* 1847 - Gde Tonko Tam i Rvetsya (Где тонко, там и рвется); It Tears Where It is Thin
* 1849/1856 - Zavtrak u Predvoditelia (Завтрак у предводителя); Breakfast at the Chief's
* 1850/1851 - Razgovor na Bol'shoi Doroge (Разговор на большой дороге); A Conversation on the Highway
* 1846/1852 - Bezdenezh'e (Безденежье); Lack of Money
* 1851 - Provintsialka (Провинциалка); English translation: A Provincial Lady
* 1857/1862 - Nakhlebnik (Нахлебник); English translation: The Hanger-On; Fortune's Fool; The Family Charge
* 1855/1872 - Mesiats v Derevne (Месяц в деревне); English translation: A Month in the Country
* 1882 - Vecher v Sorrento (Вечер в Сорренто); An Evening in Sorrento