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China's Ming and Qing thinkers, philosophers. Words and Agriculture, No. Yun Zhai, scholars said Mr. Chuanshan. Hunan Hengyang people, Han Chinese. Words and Agriculture, No. Jiangzhai, alias pot of Taoist, is the Ming and Qing outstanding philosophers, thinkers, and Fang Yi, Gu, xi Ming with the three scholars said. Shan stone old age home in Hengyang, scholars said, "Mr. shan." Hunan Hengyang people, Han Chinese. Ming Chongzhen years, Wang Fu school Yuelu Academy, where he studied under WU Dao-line, Chongzhen 10 year (1638) graduated from. In school, WU Dao-line teaching to Hunan family learning, teaching Zhu Zhang Tao, Wang Fu-chih earlier affected the idea of forming the school of Wang Fu Hunan country and people in the world relief the basic context. After the fall of the Ming and Qing Shunzhi five years (1648), resist the Qing Ju-Bing Wang Fu in Hengyang, check the Qing south, defeated retired Zhaoqing, Rennan Ming Gui Wang Government Secretary pedestrian pedestrians to oppose the king of Cheng, a few stuck to prison. To Guilin by Qu-type plow, Guilin settlement did not, type plow martyrdom, is determined to recluse. Onward, Western and Chen, Yong, Lian, Shao, the Cuanshen Yao-dong, V Department mountains, then returned home to devote themselves to scholarly research in Hengyang, thatched cottage built in stone under the door Chuanshan, known as the "Western Cottage," written in the many important academic works. Fuzhi 30-year-old began after the "habitat Fu Lin Gu, anywhere care track," and even changed the name of Yao people to retire from the world until he died. Study hard, diligent writing, hanging four decades, was "made to complete the final", still has not shaved. This is a people who aloof Kosuke is a rare figure in the Chinese intellectuals.
Wang Fu-chih scholarship and a broad, astronomy, calendar, mathematics, geography and other studies have, especially skilled in classical studies, history, literature. Summarized the philosophy and the development of Chinese traditional materialism. That "between heaven and earth to do, no not gas, that is, not without reason also" ("Four Books Daquan said," volume 10), that "qi" is the physical entity, while "Reason" was the objective law. Used "magic emanation Yun biochemical" to illustrate the "gas" the dialectical nature of the changes in Nisshin, that "Yin and Yang each into its image, the phase is right, rigid-flexible, cold temperature, life and death, will be opposite the phase of hatred." Stressed that "the world but just carry on device," "no its not its device Tao" ("Book of rumor," Volume). From the "Tao" relationship building its historical evolution, degradation against conservative thinking. Also that "the nature and practice into a" human nature change with environmental practices, so "immature can become, have become available reforming" the education to "raise their children study in Mongolia." The relationship between knowledge and action in the stressed line is the basis for knowledge, against Miss King "to know the line" and the Zen family, "they know there is something off" point of view. Political opposition to despotic landlords, that the "big Gu Fumin" is "country Siming", agricultural trade and industry can produce wealth. Literature, good poetry, lyrics work. The "Poetry Yi", "Xi Tong Ever introduction," Poetry and more insights. Book compiled by later generations as "shan testament." Uphold his life fighting spirit of patriotism and materialism, it lives. Which the philosophy of the most important of "Book of outsiders," "Book of lead," and "Reading through four, said," "Zhang Zheng Meng Note," "Si Lu Inner and Outer", "yellow book", "nightmare" and so on. Ink handed down scarce. "Great Cloud Folk Songs" book Fengshen Qing Shu Qi, a rare treasure indeed. Ming Thought, is a major integrated ancient thinking. Ming scholars of past thinkers, accused of ills, some very pertinent.
Wang Fu-chih's thinking, especially in history and political thought, the most expressed in his "Reading Chronicle theory" and "Song on the" two books. "Reading Chronicle theory" has 30 volumes, "Song Dynasty" has 15 volumes. According to Wang Fu's son, Wang Yu-in, "stated Ginger Vegetarian line," saying, Wang Fu - Dynasty as "Reading Chronicle on the" 30 volumes, the "Song of" 15 volumes, ancient and modern rise and fall under the above gains and losses, therefore, to make them more important original. Zhu Zhong voluminous and heavy, hand-recorded all regular script. Poor without pen and paper books, and more enemies leave the disciples, to teach him the book causes; its hidden speaker at home with children, little Yan. From this we can see the process of writing these books is very difficult.
Wang Fu said in his epitaph of "Shigenobu era" is the first year ZHU Yuan Hongwu, the Ming Dynasty founder of time. And special emphasis on "tombstone from time to", if made, is "not by loss of the word," "back from this person ignorant of his heart."
Wang Fu-chih's political and ideological thrust is "through the world of the public." In this subject, he lashed "Solitary Qin," "humble Song," which exposes the emperor and the kings of the world as the practice of private property
1. Life and Works
Wang Fu-chih was born in September Ming Dynasty started this 40 years, died two days of the Qing Emperor Kangxi 30 year of the first month. Years of his life, when Chinese feudal society, capitalist economy, the occasion of germination. During this period, along with socio-economic changes, increase productivity and scientific level, class conflicts and ethnic complexity of interlacing. Under such special conditions, resulting in criticism of Song-Ming Confucianism to the common tendency of the early Enlightenment. Wang Fu-chih is a representative of this trend. He was born in the fall of the landlord family of intellectuals, young, traditional and cultural upbringing. In his youth, he the one hand, imperial nostalgia career, concerned about the volatile political situation on the other hand, and Friends Organization "agents on the", "Marina Society", generously when there is salvation Marina ambition. 1642, 24-year-old Wang Fu comprehensive examination of lifts in Wuchang. 1643, Zhang Xianzhong peasant army captured Wuchang, stationed in Hengyang, had invited him to participate in power of peasants, he pretended injuries refused. Qingjunruguan, his letter to the governor of Hubei Ming, advocated joint peasant army to resist the Qing. 1647, the Qing forces captured Hengyang, Wang Fu-chih's Second Brother, uncle, father, are fleeing in panic in confronted by danger. The following year, he and friends such as pipe Si Qiu Ju-Bing in the Hengshan against the Qing Dynasty, defeated Ben Ming, so got to know Qu-type plow, Golden Fort, Mongolia is made, Fang Yi, etc., either as a pedestrian after the regime Yongli Division pedestrians. For the impeachment □, narrowly escaped harm, by the farmers of the leaders of high-power generous attempts a rescue, may only escape. Taogui Hunan, hidden yeah □ Mountain. 1652, John Reading, the military recovered Hengyang rate of Atlantic farmers, but also sent to recruit Wang Fu-chih, he "drifted advance and retreat," finally did not go. Since then, the hidden southern Hunan area, after 3 years in exile. People posing as Yao has changed the name, stranger barren Pomiao during and after the village moved Ningxi often the source of teaching for a living. It twists and turns of the life experience of 10 years, gave him access to lower-class people, and also led him to sum up lessons Duxue ponder the Ming Dynasty, energies into writing, write "Book of rumored", "Lao Zi Yan" two philosophical works , also written as "yellow book" This book publicist. After the half, he retired desolate foothills of the stone boat, in difficult conditions persist in academic research, write a lot of work. Since the title at age 51, his court together, "Six Classics I opened dough, seven feet from the days of begging buried alive", reflects his style of study and needs. Since the title at age 71, his headstone: "adopt a solitary stone Liu Yue Zhong", "Greek Exploration of the Science of being," to express his political ambitions and style of study.
Wang Fu-chih very profound knowledge. Ju Fan by schools, primary schools, child studies, history, literature, politics and law, ethics and other academic portal, skills are all deep, astronomy, listing, medical knowledge, tactics and even divination, astrology, also beside the related skills and modern, and look at the incoming "Western . " His surviving writings of some 73 species, 401 volume, scattered and lost of some 20. Major philosophical works are: "Book of rumored", "Book of Biography," "Book of lead," and "Zhang Zheng Meng Note", "read the Four Books Daquan", "the poem spreading," "Si asked Lu", "Lao Zi Yan "" Zhuangzi links "," contact with cases of cable "," yellow book "," nightmare "," Bo added Zuo Zhuan discussion "," Autumn of the world, "" Reading Chronicle theory "and" Song of " and so on.
2. "Void a reality" of Materialism
In ontology, the Wang Fu Zai developed "knowledge Emptiness is no''free''air" ideology, the "gas" category give the provisions of the new philosophy of qi relationships, the relationship between Tao and carried out more in-depth theoretical discussion made clear the materialist interpretation.
Li and Qi relations, Wang Fu-chih adhere to the "reasonable under the gas," gas the theory, rejected arguments based Neo to view. He stressed that the "gas" is the yin and yang, physical changes, but change management process showing a regularity. Chi and Li is the rationale for external reasons do not have a care in isolation. To criticism from yi Zhu insisted to the air from outside the idealist theory of management. Wang Fu combined with the "reunification center, sex, days on Reason" objective idealism critical systems, emphasized that: "cover made heart made of, made day made by management, all will be said at the air, without aeration, then all No also. "explicitly upheld the materialism of Qi.
3. Materialist concept of Tao
Wang Fu-chih adhere to the "no its not his tools," and "make device in which the Road," the materialist view of Dao and systematically refuted separated, reversed the relationship between Tao and idealistic thinking. His areas of the traditional DAO and a new explanation that the "metaphysical" and "Road" and "physical", "device" flag of the general (common nature, common law) and individual (specific things and their special rules), The two are "unified in this one thing," the two are inseparable. He proposed "the world but device just say," the proposition, surely the universe, everything is the existence of specific, concrete things have any special nature, but also has the same common nature of things, "Dao Tao device", generally only exist in the individual can only exist through the individual, "without a dangling end of the road alone caused." As if there will be no Okimichi not traveling, not prison acyl, bi currency, Zhong Qing, orchestral there is no way the same ritual. He clearly pointed out that device, the device of the first placement of a "soft on" the spirit of the body, but a kind of absurdities. Through his argument, "Road" to "device" of dependence, obtained "according to device and Road deposit, from the device and the Road destroyed" conclusion, rejected the "reasonable prior," "Road of the device at the end" point of view. Wang Fu-chih materialism materialism of ancient China, the development of the peak.
4. "Void Nisshin this move heaven and earth" in Dialectics
In view of development, the Wang Fu-rich comprehensive understanding of the past achievements, and his face complex social contradictions in philosophy summary of ancient Chinese theory of dialectics has made important contributions.
Wang Fu-chih on "□ □ biochemical" natural history, and Ming Tranquility since the popular opposition to insist on the initiative. His "things move only," and "to move into the restless and does not stagnate," "Heaven and Earth Qi, Hang Seng was born in dynamic rather than static", the natural world as a perpetual motion the process of metaplasia with the material. He denied yi, Xi preached Tai Chi movement born of yin and yang of view, said: "Activity and Health and yang, moving the action too, quiet and Yin, moving the static also, waste However, without moving, but quiet, overcast evil from birth zai. " Description movement is inherent in the material world and denying the movement of things from the air looking for reasons other than the external causes of. He for Bi "quiet for the impatient monarch," "the dynamic non-static" in static and dynamic concept, a clear positive "by the move too quiet" and "movement are moving." But still he did not deny the significance and role, that is static relative to the formation of all the necessary conditions. Yang became overcast and the movement of co-movement itself contains two states: an absolute move, relative quiet. This denial of Tranquility, also criticized the movement fragmented view of the various metaphysical movement, a deeper exposition of the dialectical connection between static and dynamic.
Wang Fu Zai qi development, stressing that "the universe of Nisshin," the growth and decay of metabolism, passes as a gateway to the fundamental law of the universe. He believes that life and body are experiencing any embryos, wandering, perfusion, attenuation, scattered off various stages, the first three is the growth process, the latter two is the decay process, is in "decay", "San destroy" the process has been conceived "Push Guer unique of its new" opportunity, the death of the old things have prepared the conditions for the birth of new things, "the cause of the new terms, the death has created the health of the carry on." This change in outlook on development, have some theoretical depth, and rich innovative.
Wang Fu-chih movement to change things because, clearly attributed to the internal contradictions of things that the "Particulars of the students, because almost 2 gas." He Zai "a thing of two-body" carried out based on the theory of the contradictions of his view that "heaven and earth, and build", "yin and yang, heaven and earth is not alone among the lines," the universality of certain conflicts. The contradictory relationship between opposites, he further analysis that are opposite aspects of any conflict, on the one hand, "will contrast the phase hatred", which is exclusive relationship; on the other hand, "opposite the solid will be its links", This is the same relationship. Relationship between the two heavy, indivisible, "combining two one-person, one in two of the points are inherent." But he also stressed that "the two and see a" not completely separate the two sides that conflict, but rather "anti-anti-those who do not keep those who have." According to his analysis, "Yin and Yang who, Hengtong but not necessarily with thin, thin those who carry on their infrequently." Conflict with each other to force the two sides, locked in a battle in which "abnormal", and each joint, through, maintain the identity of the state is "normal". In his view, conflicts are transformed into each other, sometimes a mutation, but in more cases, the conversion is in constant back and forth, and maintain a dynamic equilibrium dynamics achieved.
Wang Fu's concept of dialectical development, in particular, the contradictions of his theory, has important theoretical value, but he too stressed the contradictions of identity, it is time to give his limitations.
5. Because so fat, energy, and energy will be the Deputy its epistemological materialism
Wang Fu-chih use and transformation of the Buddhist philosophy of "can, the" scope of activities on the understanding of the subject and object, subjective and objective understanding of cognitive ability to be a clear distinction between objects and rules, stressing that "are not included," "will actually have their body "and" can not out "," will actually have to use ", the two should not be confused, upside down. He said, "can" and "the" relationship can only be "issued by it can," "will, vice they can," the subjective understanding of the object caused by the resulting objective, the objective is primary, the subjective is objective copy. To grasp the core issues of epistemology, reflecting the expression of the basic principles. Accordingly, he criticized Buddhism followed Lu and Wang Xin Xue "eliminate it into the can", the "for the" point of view, and expose its internal contradictions, said: "Wei Xin Wei knowledge of that conflict from the attack and not inhibiting legislation. "He" said Wei Xin Wei knowledge of "critical, not simply negative, but no idealist Mind exaggerated the role of the subjective spirit, lessons and transform some of these speculative elements, such as the requirement to recognize objects as a "once throughout the users", the cognitive ability of people defined as "used almost throughout the merit increase," noted the dynamic nature of human knowledge.
6. With science complementary to each other
That people see days of history and socio-political ideology
Wang Fu-chih in the history of the ancient historians critical aspects of the system was filled with the theological view of history and retro fallacy, the Hunan-Guangxi minority was living on field observations and historical literature together, boldly breaking the beautification of the three generations of ancient history and superstition, to refute a "Neanderthal thin this" point of view, illustrates the history of mankind from barbarism to civilization evolution. Based on his "management by the gas," "Dao phase to be" consistent ideology, put forward the "reasonable potential complementary to each other" theory and the history of law "that people see the sky" dynamic theory of history.
Wang Fu-chih the traditional areas of "days" as the decisive force of historical development dominated, but with a "reasonable potential one" to rule "days" of content. He further use of "days of audio-visual audio-visual self-Man" and the old proposition, the "day" directly attributed to "people of the same natural persons," "people of common ground were" giving "days" to the actual objective content. Thus affirming the people's "visual", "smart", "Disgusting", "Germany regrets" and "all working right" premise, as stressed the need to "fear the people", "re-people" and proposed "that the people to see Heaven "and" move heaven are the people ", aware of public support, the great historical role.
7. There For Sri Lanka justified Ethics
Article: Tang Kailin
Wang Fu-chih advocate changes in human development, and stressed the unity of the moral doctrine of Desire. He proposed the "physical nature of those who have" point of view, that virtue and moral sense is, of course constitute the basic elements of human nature, but they can not do without "catering accommodation, knowledge made action" of daily life, the two are "together the two and each other's body ". In his view, human nature is not static, it is "Health and on into the day." Formation and development of human nature, is that the people in the "Practice" schools, knowledge, lines of dynamic activities, the process, thus negating the dualism of human nature, human nature change of view. Wang Fu-chih also opposed Neo School "Keeping the desire to" point of view, certain moral and material life of human desire are inextricably linked. He believes that the desire for material life, "one of the large total," "There For Sri Lanka right", moral people's desires, but is adjusted so that reasonable guidelines. He also against the moral tendency to equate with the utilitarian, stressing that "Desire to reason", the "justice system benefit", that only the full role of morality, social order, "the rank of its points," ", with its security" . From the above point of view, Wang Fu advocated the unity of health and justice, stressing the significance of ambition and of life that people should not only "Jane health" and also "the meaning of" contempt of life, life does not work, but human life, life is not based on ethical principles, and no value. He said: Zhi Festival is a sign of people different from animals, a person should know how to turn life and death, success or failure of phase with the truth because, that holds a 1 "to any world body," the noble objective, determinedly fought.
Wang Fu-chih's ethical thinking, did not exceed the scope of feudalism, but it includes some elements of Enlightenment thought, with the patriotic spirit of reformism Ethics in Modern China (see Ethics in Modern China) formation had a profound effect.
8. Within a very talented, physical aesthetics of peripheral
Article: Hou Minze
Wang Fu Jing on the art of Manpower and the relationship, there have been brilliant exposition that he thinks "Although in mind, in the matter of minutes," but the real beauty in any artistic creation, the King students of Feeling King, the two are complementary and not fragmented. Who specializes in art of poetry, it is good to reach the two Guangqian, seamless level. The real art of beauty should be "lovingly and can reach, will be King and health center, physical properties derived from God." Wang Fu-chih inherited the traditional Chinese aesthetics in view of the scenes, the elucidation of this depth, the objective that inspired the later discussion of this issue for Wang Guowei.
Discussed the creation of the United States in time, borrowing by the Ming Wang Fu School "is the amount," said it was emphasized that good poetry from "the eye", "direct search" in the concrete obtained by sensing, "may not famous truth Xiangqiu." In addition, Wang Fu in the literature in the text and quality, meaning and potential, the true and the false, empty and solid, and Spirit, and "Xing, Guan, Qun, Yuan", and many other important issues, the traditional aesthetics There are new play and elaborated.
9. Evaluation and impact
Wang Fu-chih's philosophy, is the 17th century, China's special historical conditions, the essence of the spirit of the times, in the history of Chinese philosophy holds a high position. But his philosophy by the age and class limitations, with duality, the value of both shows valuable, but also bound by feudal serious weaknesses in the traditional sense. Wang Fu thought this contradiction is the contradiction between 17th century mirror of the times.
Wang Fu's thought exerted great influence on later. Wang Fu-chih made on highly Tan, said, "all things World of Dr. Su-Shu, to clap of thunder with the Southern Mountain" ("On the Six Arts quatrains"), that was five hundred years of so of people who really Babel. ZHANG also praised "When clear of the quarter, Zoran stubborn cowardly to rise to as recovery of outstanding achievements and independence, it depends on the family farm" ("shan testament Order").
Wang Fu-chih Writing Books secluded wilderness home, none of all his works during his lifetime legacy deeply. After his death, his son King □ election carved more than 10 books, also spread very little. Until after the Opium War, China's progress thinkers seek national self-help ideological weapon, Wang Fu works Caibei attention up to compile the "shan suicide note," has several general circulation, at home and spread. The People's Republic of China established, Wang Fu-chih's posthumous editing and publishing, publishing a collection of Lost and other attention in Japan, the Soviet Union and the United States and Europe have Chuanshan monographs, translations of poetry, Wang Fu-chih's academic heritage has become a common idea of human wealth.
Translated by Google