字: | 芝泉 | ||||||
网笔号: | 正道老人 | ||||||
籍贯: | 安徽合肥 | ||||||
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民国初年,北洋军阀集团把持政局,北京政府如同走马灯,“乱哄哄,你方唱罢我登场”。其中,合肥人段祺瑞曾六次主政:1913年5月1日至7月31日代理国务总理,1916年4月22日至6月28日任政事堂国务卿,1916年6月29日至1917年5月23日、1917年7月17日至12月22日、1918年3月23日至10月10日三次出任国务院总理,1924年11月24日至1926年4月20日任中华民国临时执政。
在天津武备学堂,段祺瑞先后学习了兵法、地利、军器、炮台、算法、测绘等新式课程。1887年,他以“最优等”成绩从天津武备学堂毕业。1889年春,段祺瑞等5人到德国,以官费入柏林军校。在用一年半时间系统学习理论课程后,段祺瑞又单独奉派入克虏伯炮厂学习半年(其他4人先期回国)。克虏伯炮厂是当时世界上第一流的兵工厂,他在这里耳濡目染,有了实践的机会,获益匪浅。1890年底,段祺瑞学成归国,任职北洋军械局。次年,调往威海,任随营学堂教习。
1895年底,上谕由袁世凯主持在天津小站练兵。段祺瑞在袁世凯编练新军过程中,一直充任重要角色。1905年和1906年,清廷接连在直隶河间(今河北省河间县)和河南彰德(今河南安阳)举行两次大规模秋操,段祺瑞皆任演习中“北军”的总统官。两次秋操使段祺瑞的知名度和权力迅速上升。秋操前后,段祺瑞先后就任第三、第四、第六镇的统制,并曾兼任保定陆军学堂总办。书法
1911年10月10日爆发的武昌起义,使中国的政局发生了急剧变化。旨在推翻帝制、建立共和的辛亥革命,遭到清廷的疯狂镇压。为了对付武昌首义后成立的湖北军政府,清廷急调北洋军主力前往镇压。袁世凯被清廷任命为钦差大臣全面节制调遣陆海军,旋又被任命为内阁总理大臣。他把段祺瑞从江北提督任上调出,担任北洋军第二军总统,又署湖广总督,兼领北洋第一军与湖北军政府对峙。
1912年1月,以孙中山为首的资产阶级革命派在南京成立中华民国临时政府。从1月23日起,段祺瑞迭次向朝廷进言,谓共和思想“颇有勃勃不可遏之势”,26日,他联名北洋集团46名高级将领,发出致内阁代奏电,直接要求清廷“请明降谕旨,宣示中外,立定共和政体”,电文中还提出“以现在内阁及国务大臣等暂时代表政府……再行召集国会,组织共和政府。”显然,这是撇开已成立的南京临时政府,而将政权由清廷直接旁移给袁世凯的办法。2月5日,段祺瑞又联合第一军8名协统以上的将领发出代奏电,称“共和国体,原以致君于尧舜,拯民于水火。乃因二三王公迭次阻挠,以至恩旨不颁,万民受困”,“瑞等不忍宇内有此败类也”,将“率全体将士入京,与王公剖陈利害”,并将其司令部由湖北孝感回迁至河北保定。这一明对“二三王公”,实对朝廷的兵谏式招法果然灵验。2月12日,隆裕太后以“宣统皇帝”名义颁退位诏,清王朝终于正式覆亡。2月15日,袁世凯被南京临时参议院推举为中华民国临时大总统,段祺瑞随之被袁世凯委以陆军总长,成为袁世凯政权的主将。
天津段祺瑞旧居自1912年3月至1915年8月,段祺瑞在北京政府内阁中连任7届陆军总长。其间由拥袁转而反袁、反洪宪帝制。
1915年12月12日,袁世凯决定称帝,并定次年为“洪宪元年”。但好景不长,举国反对。各省纷纷宣布独立,北洋系内部也有人暗中倒袁。在内外交困、走投无路的情况下,袁世凯只得考虑取消帝制,“洪宪”皇袍穿了不过83天。在反对袁世凯的斗争中,段祺瑞的辞职、不合作和暗中抵制发挥了不可忽视的作用。
袁世凯下台,名义上的共和重新确立。段祺瑞也就势登上了权力顶峰——出任国务总理,并逐步接管了中央政府的全部军政大权。
袁世凯死后,黎元洪继任大总统,黎、段之间的“府院之争”剑拔弩张。在这种情况下,安徽督军张勋主动率其“辫子军”于6月14日进京“调停”。张勋解散国会,将黎元洪赶入使馆区。黎后的总统是冯国璋,段平时称其为“四哥”可是面对权利,这两兄弟争得更厉害,段与黎是水火相斗。他们却是真刀真枪!段的霸道与跋扈逼得冯国璋走投无路,自带了一旅精兵,22箱子弹,以巡视南方战场为名,沿津浦线南下,直奔南京老巢去了。段却派心腹段芝贵截住了大总统,冯大总统不可能看不到围在火车周围的荷枪士兵,只好眼望近在咫尺的南京恨在心头不敢言声,乖乖的回到北京,从此彻底放权给段祺瑞。7月1日,他公然拥废帝溥仪复辟,自封议政大臣兼直隶总督、北洋大臣,并改民国六年(1917年)为宣统九年。全国舆论大哗,“讨逆”呼声鹊起。
在黎段之争中已退居天津的段祺瑞对张勋进京自然是求之不得,但对其拥溥仪复辟亦有所闻。“张勋复辟”给段祺瑞诉诸武力以东山再起制造了一个绝好借口。段祺瑞旋即在天津组织“讨逆军”总司令部,自任总司令,以段芝贵、曹锟分任东、西路总司令,吴佩孚为前敌总司令,并于马厂誓师“讨逆”,还通电复任国务总理,重新组阁。在“讨逆军”的强大攻势下,“辫子军”很快失败,张勋于12日被迫避入荷兰使馆。这场“复辟”闹剧不过上演了12天。7月14日,段祺瑞凯旋还京,重新执掌中央政权。1918年8月10日,段祺瑞改革币制。1919年,五四运动中,段祺瑞控制的北京亲日政府,成为众矢之的。对学生运动的镇压,更激起举国上下愤怒声讨。直、奉两系适时地利用全国人民反对北京政府的情绪,开始从军事上掀起倒皖运动,意在打击急剧发展的皖系军事力量,抵制段祺瑞武力统一中国的政策。1920年初,7月14日,直皖战争爆发。
直皖战争以皖系失败告终,段祺瑞被逐出北京。他避居天津日本租界寿街,开始吃素念佛,表面上静心养性,实际上仍密切注视着政坛风云,以待复出。当直奉失和,奉系在第一次直奉战争中获胜后,段祺瑞及时地派段芝贵到东北联络张作霖,又派徐树铮到南方交好于孙中山。在各方的利害关系暂趋于一致的情况下,段祺瑞、张作霖、孙中山结成“三角同盟”,共同反直。1924年9月,第二次直奉战争爆发,直系将领冯玉祥已暗中接受孙中山的国民革命主张和段祺瑞的游说,于战场上突然倒戈,进而挥师入京,发动政变,推翻并囚禁了贿选总统曹锟,直系战败。冯玉祥将其所部改称为国民军,通电拥戴段祺瑞为国民军大元帅,并电邀段祺瑞、孙中山入京共商国是。
11月中旬,冯玉祥、张作霖、段祺瑞在天津举行会议,决定组织中华民国临时执政府,以段祺瑞为临时执政。11月24日,段祺瑞就职典礼在北京铁狮子胡同陆军部旧址执政府办公处举行。鉴于以往迭次“府院之争”,此次《中华民国临时政府制》乃将总统、总理合一,规定临时执政兼有二者之权力。段祺瑞表面上大权总揽,不受任何约束,实际上由于自身已没有什么军事实力,而奉军羽毛正丰,国民军又驻扎京畿,他不得不按张作霖、冯玉祥的眼色行事。今非昔比,段祺瑞这个“执政”有其名而无其实,他的政务活动多受掣肘。1926年3月18日,北京学生、工人、市民等各界群众在天安门举行声势浩大的反对八国“最后通牒”的国民大会,会后游行示威。当队伍到铁狮子胡同执政府和国务院门前请愿时,执政府卫队在不加任何警告的情况下,向请愿队伍实弹平射,顿时血肉横飞,造成47人死亡,100余人受伤。这就是震惊中外的“三·一八”惨案。
“三·一八”惨案导致了段祺瑞执政府的垮台,皖系北洋军阀集团也不复存在。息影津门的段祺瑞曾表示只谈佛经不问政治,实际上在政坛活动了几十年的他岂甘寂寞,并且,“政治”不时地来过问他。日本特务土肥原等企图拉他出山,组织一个与南京国民政府相对立的完全效忠于日本人的傀儡政权。段祺瑞没有答应。段祺瑞亲日,原先是有目共睹的,但在日本人把侵略战火烧进国门后,他不愿被日本人牵着鼻子走。为不使段祺瑞落入日本人手中,南京政府方面不断派遣民间人士北上做段祺瑞工作,劝其南下。1933年1月19日,国民政府专使钱永铭持蒋介石欢迎段氏南下的亲笔信函到天津,请段“南下颐养”,“俾得随时就商国事”。段祺瑞顺水推舟,先抵南京拜会蒋介石,随即到上海定居。
段祺瑞到上海后,初寓世界学社,不久即搬至霞飞路国民政府军事委员会军事参议院院长陈调元公馆。他在这里专意念佛,坚持吃素。
1936年11月2日,段祺瑞因病不治离世,终年72岁。12月9日,段祺瑞灵柩运抵北平,暂厝于西北卧佛寺。1937年7月抗日战争爆发后,段祺瑞家人匆匆将段埋葬于北平西郊。直到1963年,段祺瑞侄子段宠纲和章士钊方在北京万安公墓觅地安葬了段,章士钊题写了墓碑:“合肥段公芝泉之墓”。
January 1912, to the bourgeois revolutionaries led by Sun Yat-sen in Nanjing Provisional Government set up the Republic of China. From January 23 onwards, Duan Qirui a alternate word for the court, that the idea of republicanism "can not contain the situation quite exuberant," 26, he joint the Northern Group of 46 senior officers, and also sent the Cabinet on behalf of the player power to directly request the clear ting "Please specify drop imperial decrees, declared foreign, standing republican form of government", the message also suggests that "the cabinet and is now temporarily on behalf of the Minister of State, etc. ... ... re-convene Parliament, organized a republican government." Obviously, this is aside the established Nanjing Provisional Government, which will be directly next to the power transfer from the Qing Dynasty to the Yuan approach. February 5, Duan Qirui it the first joint military co-president of more than 8 general power to issue on behalf of the player, called "Republic of body, so the king and the original Yao and Shun, save the people from untold miseries. The extent that 23 kings and a alternate to obstruct and Enzhi not awarded, and the people trapped, "" Ray, etc. also can not bear to buildings or have this scum, "the" rate of all the soldiers into the capital, and vocal kings and profile control ", and its headquarters moved from the Hubei Xiaogan back to Baoding. The next on the "23 Princes" by the soldiers on the court admonished the style tactics really come true. February 12, Empress Dowager of "Xuantong Emperor" award on behalf of abdication Chao, Qing dynasty was finally overthrown. Feb. 15, Yuan Shikai was elected as the Republic of China Nanjing Provisional Senate provisional president, followed by Duan Qi-rui Yuan appointed to the army chief, as chief commander Yuan Shikai regime.
Yuan to step down, to re-establish nominal Republican. Duan Qirui also boarded the potential peak power - as prime minister and the central government gradually took over all military and political power.
Paragraph in the Lebanon war has been relegated to Tianjin to Beijing Duan Qi-rui Zhang Xun nature of the holy grail, but also the restoration of its own Pu Yi heard. "Zhang Xun restoration" to Duan Qi-rui resort to force to create a perfect excuse to stage a comeback. Duan Qirui immediately organized in Tianjin, "Tao Ni Army" General Headquarters, to serve as commander in chief, to segment your Chi, Cao Kun, and sub-office East, West Commander, Wu Pei-fu to the Front commander, and swearing at the horse factory "Tao Ni "Prime Minister also resume his power to re-form a cabinet. In the "Tao Ni Army" powerful offensive, the "pigtail army" quickly failed, Zhang Xun in the 12th was forced to avoid Ruhe Lan embassy. This "restoration" is a farce staged for 12 days, however. July 14, Duan Qirui triumph still here, back in control of the central government. August 10, 1918, Duan Qirui currency reform. 1919, Fourth Movement, Beijing Duan Qirui control pro-Japanese government, was targeted. The suppression of the student movement, but also provoked angry condemnation the whole country. Straight, two-line Feng timely use of the National People's sentiments against the Beijing government began to back off from Anhui military campaign aimed at combating the rapid development of the Anhui clique military force against Duan Qirui force to reunify China policy. Early 1920, July 14, until the outbreak of war Anhui.
November mid-Feng, Chang Tso-lin, Duan Qirui meeting in Tianjin, decided to organize the Republic of China Interim Executive Government to the Provisional Ruling Duan Qi-rui. November 24, Duan Qirui inauguration Iron Lion alley in Beijing, site of the Executive Department of the Army at the government office. In view of the past, a alternate "Disputes of Government", the "Provisional Government" system is the president, prime minister one, provided both the power of both the interim ruling. Duan Qirui commanding power on the surface, free from any constraint, in fact, because of their own have little military strength, while the Fengtien Yu Mao Zhengfeng, Gyeonggi National Army then stationed, he had by Chang Tso-lin, Feng Yuxiang cue. Less than before, Duan Qirui this "power" in name but not a matter of fact, his administrative activities and more subject to constraints. March 18, 1926, Beijing students, workers, citizens and other people in Tiananmen Square staged massive public opposition to the eight "ultimatum" of the National Assembly, after the demonstrations. When the teams to iron lion alley in front of the Executive Government and the State Council petition, the Executive Government Guard without any warning, live-fire team to the petition, flesh and blood flying immediately, resulting in 47 deaths and 100 injuries. This is what shocked the world, "318" tragedy.
Duan Qirui to Shanghai, the World Society for the beginning of Apartments, soon moved to the National Government Avenue Joffre President of the Senate Armed Services Committee, Chen stressed the military element mansion. Here he specifically intended to recite, adhere to a vegetarian.