| 网笔号： | 翼王 | ||||||
| 籍贯： | 广西贵县 | ||||||
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早年
石达开早年在家务农，汉族，十六岁时加入拜上帝会，进入领导核心，称天父第七子。
金田起义后
1851年拜上帝会于金田起义后，石达开领左军主将。同年12月，在永安被封为翼王，其后屡立战功。1853年西征开始后，石达开被派到安徽主持当地政务。他认为当时未有足够条件实施《天朝田亩制度》定下的土地改革，于是在当地推行“照旧交粮纳税”，仍准地主向佃农收取田租，再由政府向地主征税，史称“安庆改制”，此制度后来扩至其它占领区。因为政府纵容佃农抗租，地主收租不易，佃农的负担得以减轻。1855年1至2月，石达开在湖口及九江两役大破湘军水师，敌方主帅曾国藩投水自杀，为部下所救。同年下半年石达开向江西进攻，在数月内除南昌外几乎攻占江西全省。
天京事变及出走
清咸丰六年（1856年）的天京事变中，石达开责备北王韦昌辉滥杀，而遭韦昌辉杀死石达开在天京的全部家属，石逃出城外后召集军队讨伐韦昌辉。在韦昌辉被杀后，石达开在天京奉洪秀全命辅政。洪秀全此时开始提防石达开，任用其兄洪仁发和洪仁达牵制他。石达开心中不安，于1857年从天京出走到安庆，一路上太平军相从者如云。洪秀全这时曾经撤去洪氏兄弟王爵以挽留石达开，不为石接受。洪秀全这时另任命中军主将，架空了石达开身为通军主将的名分[来源请求]，但石达开终生以天国翼王身份自居，不肯另立旗号。后来石达开领兵到江西，1858年经浙江到福建，再到江西，1859年入湖南，攻宝庆府（今邵阳市）不克，南下广西。
残存的各种史料表明，石达开远征期间仍与天京有书令来往，以兵力配合为天京战场解围[来源请求]，天京当局把他的出走视为远征而不是分裂。
后期
石达开有意攻取四川作为根据地，可是许多部下希望返回天京，或者自立为主，以正名分[来源请求]。石拒绝自封，一些部队开始离开他。1860年，部将彭大顺、朱衣点等人劝石达开返回天京，石不听，彭大顺、吉庆元、朱衣点及多位将领决定率领所部向天京出发。这些部队脱离石达开后，有些成功通过清军控制区返回天京一带会合太平军本部，有些则在半途被清军打散。彭大顺在途中战死，吉庆元、朱衣点与部队约20万人在1861年到达江西会合本部。
在大批部队离开后，石达开在广西招兵数万人，在1861年率十万之众北上湘西，再经湖北进入川东。石达开在四川南部时，多次企图渡过长江北上，为清军所阻。石达开其后命赖裕新、李福猷分兵北上及东进，以分散清军兵力。同治二年（1863年）初，石达开终于渡过金沙江。石达开担心大路有清军防守，取冕宁小路向北前进，亲率数万人在5月到达大渡河边。当日，大雨滂沱山洪暴发，河水“陡涨数丈”，百年不见。（一说因王娘生子，于是下令全军犒赏休养三日，错过了渡河时机。）当地西番族土千户王应元在松林河拆桥防河，清军亦到达大渡河北岸布防。石军强渡大渡河失败，后欲西渡松林河，又被王应元击退，石军的退路也被土司岭承恩带兵攻占。石达开部队在紫打地（今四川石棉县安顺场附近）进退无路，被困二十余日，粮食将尽，多次突围也不成功，部队损失过半。6月13日，石达开向四川总督骆秉章请降，愿“舍命以全三军”，清方将领伪称同意。石达开与部属曾仕和、黄再忠、韦普成身着天国正服入清营，后被押解到成都，审问时石“枭杰坚强之气，溢于颜面，词色不亢不卑，不作摇尾乞怜之语”。石达开与三位部属于6月25日在成都科甲巷被凌迟处死，曾仕和不堪痛楚，出声呼痛，石达开制止他说：“何遂不能忍此须臾？”曾遂闭口无言。石达开本人“自就绑至刑场，均神气湛然，无一毫畏缩态，且系以凌迟极刑处死，至死亦均默然无声，真奇男子也！”石达开的降兵中，老弱及新加入者四千多人被遣散，剩下的二千人不久被杀。
评价
石达开被认为是太平天国将领中最富有谋略的人。曾国藩说“查贼渠以石为最悍，其诳煽莠民，张大声势，亦以石为最谲”，曾国藩的幕僚薛福成则赞其为“绝代英物”。左宗棠说“石逆狡悍着闻，素得群贼之心，其才智出诸贼之上，而观其所为，颇以结人心，求人才为急，不甚附会邪教俚说，是贼之宗主，而我所畏忌也”。
太平军的高级将领们对石达开的胆略十分推崇，如忠王李秀成谈及各王优劣才能时“皆云中中，而独服石王，言其谋略甚深”，英王陈玉成认为太平军将领“皆非将才，独冯云山石达开差可耳”。不只如此，他还赢得了众多与他敌对立场的人的敬重，如文人周洵在《蜀海丛谈》中称其为“奇男子”，清朝一位贡生在湘军军宴上公开说他有“龙凤之姿，天日之表”，在大渡河畔与他为敌的王松林，许亮儒，都对他的英雄气概与仁义之风钦佩不已。直到他死去近40年后，由清朝文人所撰的著作《江表忠略》之中还有这样的记叙：“至今江淮间犹称……石达开威仪器量为不可及。”
但是，客观的评价石达开的军事才能，除了九江一战大败湘军，几乎生擒湘军领袖曾国藩之外，其余的作战却乏可圈可点之处，理由有二：其一，石达开天京出走之后，在军事指导思想上一直不够明确，战略混乱，导致四处流窜作战，白白耗费了大量的有生力量；其二，战术太为取巧，当时石达开分兵数路，取浙江，福建等地，部下将领均开创了较好的局面，但是石达开却一再贻误战机，依然迷信自己的分兵套路，不愿硬战，战法过于取巧，导致浙江，福建等地先后沦陷，最终大部队不得不远走西行，被骆秉章全歼。总之，石达开的军事谋略从当下的历史观来看，说其为一锦上添花的将领倒是更为恰当，若论硬战恶战等石达开实属不才[来源请求]。
诗文
虽然不少诗文被传为石达开所作，惟《白龙洞诗刻》及《五言告示》可证以外，其余不能证明为石的作品。
Remnants of a variety of historical materials show that the Ground in an expedition, during which there are books and Tianjing make contact, to battlefield troops with the Tianjing Disembarrassing [citation needed], Tianjing the exodus of his expedition, rather than as a division.
In a large number of troops after the departure of tens of thousands of Ground in recruitment in Guangxi, in 1861, annual rate of thousands of people were going north western Hunan, Hubei enter via East Sichuan. Ground in the south of Sichuan, the repeated attempts through the north of Yangtze River, the resistance to the Qing. Ground in later life depends on the new margin, Lifu You divide our forces north and east, to diversify the Qing troops. Tongzhi years (1863) early, Shi finally cross the Jinsha River. Ground in a Qing defensive worries road, take the north path forward Mianning, personally led tens of thousands of people arrive in May Dadu River Edge. Day downpour flash floods, river water, "Douzhangshuozhang" not seen a hundred years. (I say that because of the king your mother had children, then ordered the army to reward three days rest, missed the opportunity to cross the river.) Earth 1000 local families Zephaniah Wang Ying Yuan, Pine River Chaiqiao anti River, the Dadu River north to reach the Qing also deployed. Shijun Jiang crossing the Dadu River failed, after crossing the Pine River For the West, but also by Wang Ying Yuan defeat, the military's retreat Stone Ridge Cheng'en soldier was captured chieftain. Ground in troops to fight in the purple (now near the Sichuan Shimian Anshunchang) trapped in a blind alley and trapped two Shi Yuri, food will do, many do not successfully break through the army lost more than half. June 13, Lo Ping-chang Qing Xiang Shi Dakai to the Governor of Sichuan, is willing to "risk your life to the whole armed forces," party general pretend clear consent. Ground in with subordinates Zeng Shi and Huang Zhong again, Wei Pucheng dressed in Ching Dynasty, the kingdom of heaven is serving a camp, after being escorted to Chengdu, the questioning Stone "Xiao Jie strong atmosphere, and overflow in the face, a position of the word color, not for fawning the language. " Ground in the Ministry and three are on June 25 in Chengdu imperial examination Lane was lynching, Zeng Shi and unbearable pain, speak Hutong, Shi stop him, said: "He thus can not tolerate this even for a moment?" Has thus rebels. Ground in me "from the tie to the place of execution, all air Zhan, no single cent shrink state, and the department to lingering death death death, death always make silent, really strange man has!" Ground in the prisoners of war, the elderly and new entrants 4000 people were laid off, the remaining 2000 people were killed soon.
Although many of the poems are transferred to Ground in, but "Bailongdong poem inscribed" and "Wu Yan notices" may permit, the rest can not prove the stone work.