| 籍贯： | 庆元叶村 | ||||||
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叶宗留（1404—1448年）浙江庆元叶村人(今淤上)，出身贫苦，幼年丧父，随叔父在宣平读私塾，稍长习武，立志“刀劈人间不平事，枪打世上不平人”。流落到处州(今浙江丽水)当过府署皂隶，因不堪受压迫，于正统七年(1442)十二月，与处州人叶希八、陈善恭等带领数百名流民到福建福安，私自开宝峰场(今寿宁南)银矿。闽浙一带山区多银矿，是明朝封闭的禁区，地方官吏经常派巡卒搜山驱逐入山开矿的流民。因叶宗留带领的人多，地方官府便上报了朝廷，明廷命福建、浙江两省派兵搜捕。叶宗留即据守要地，铸造兵器，武装自卫。明朝官府早就颁令严禁“偷开坑穴”、“私煎银矿”，违者“处以极刑”，家属发配边疆，“如有不服追究者，即调军剿捕”。(《明英宗实录》卷四十九，正统三年十二月乙丑)叶宗留对官府的禁令不予理睬。九年七月，福建参议竺渊、兵马指挥佥事刘海率千余官兵进剿。叶宗留即领导矿工武装起义，对抗官兵。起义军诱敌深入，以设埋伏、挖陷井等手段大败官兵，擒杀竺渊，箭伤刘海。起义军首战告捷，闽北各坑场矿工纷纷响应，附近有些贫苦农民也到矿区参加起义军，起义军的势力迅速发展到仙霞岭铜塘山一带。十年十二月，江西承宣布政使司命广信(今上饶)府和铅山县的官兵进剿。起义军抢先攻占了官兵必经的永丰(今广丰)县城，并乘官兵抵城下立足未稳，出城袭击，歼敌过半，官兵残部逃回。此后，起义军活动于闽浙赣三省边境山区，采取流动战术对付官兵的“搜剿”。官军“东剿则西走，南搜则北移”，常于隘路设伏杀伤官兵，有利则主动出击，多次粉碎了明军的“进剿”。
正统十一年春，起义军发展到数千人，叶希八等一致推举叶宗留为领袖，称“大王”。三月，明廷见地方官兵镇压不力，“贼势滋蔓”，命御史柳华提督闽浙赣三省兵马合力“征剿”。柳华到福建后，一面派兵“进剿”，一面令各府县，在城镇巷道首尾建隘门(上有重屋)，在乡村建望楼，置金鼓器械在上面，把居民编为总小甲，由总小甲长带领轮流值宿在隘门、望楼上，进行瞭望和警戒。起义军在永丰、浦城、庆元、政和、福安一带与官军周旋，相机杀敌，多次给官兵予重创。柳华终因“搜剿”无功，被弹劾问罪。
正统十二年二月以后，矿工起义军遍掘了政和少阳坑、少亭坑和闽北其它坑场银矿，所获不足费用。叶宗留认为，“与其取于山，劳而不获，孰若取于人，一举而有余”，遂带领义军打出矿区，攻陷了政和县城和各大乡镇。九月，叶宗留带领起义军回庆元，“召龙泉良葛山人叶七为教师，训练武艺”，并吸收了千余名青壮年充实队伍。十二月，叶宗留挥军南下，一举攻克浦城。十三年正月，攻陷建阳，沿途又有大批农民参加，队伍已达近万人，遂进军闽北重镇建宁(今建瓯)。由于官吏潜逃，便顺利占领了府城。为了遏阻明军入闽，起义军一部越过铜塘山进入江西，占领了闽赣交通要道上的车盘岭，屡挫官兵的进攻。不久，叶宗留率起义军主力转战浙南。这时，叶宗留的好友陶得二在处州领导千余农民响应起义，起义军声势更大，控制了闽浙赣三省边境地区和交通要道。
正统十三年二月，在矿工起义的推动下，邓茂七领导佃农在沙县西南的陈山寨起义。邓茂七原名邓云，建昌(今江西南城)人，佃农出身，“勇悍自智”，因杀死恶霸地主，逃到福建宁化县投靠陈政景，化名茂七。福建地主对农民进行残酷剥削，茂七常聚集佃户谋划抗租斗争，被当地官府察觉，便转移到沙县。柳华在闽督剿叶宗留矿工起义军时，各地组织总小甲，茂七被推为巡警总甲，“时郡邑长吏受富民贿，纵其多取田租，倍征债息。小民赴愬无所”。沙县佃户遭受剥削尤为严重，交租必须送到地主指定的地点，称为“送租”，逢年过节还要向地主奉献鸡鸭之类的物品，名为“冬牲”。邓茂七利用总甲的身份，号召废除“冬牲”，拒绝“送租”，要地主自行收租。附近农民纷纷响应。地主们即向官府投诉，县衙派兵丁缉捕，茂七拒捕，并打死了来捕的兵丁。随后，沙县县令亲带三百名官兵进行围捕，茂七组织佃农武装抵抗，杀了县令和巡检，三百名官兵几乎被杀尽，并“劫其富民，尽杀之”。于是，邓茂七率众占据陈山寨，正式宣布起义，自称“铲平王”，设官属，歃血誓众，宣布要铲平天下的不平。
当时，靠贿赂宦官王振上台的福建左布政使宋彰，“浸鱼贪恶，民不能堪”(《明史》卷一百六十五《丁瑄传》)。因此，邓茂七起义后附近各县贫苦农民“皆举金鼓器械应之” “远近至者，皆附其党”，西有陈政景领导的宁化农民响应起义，东有蒋福成领导的尤溪万余炉丁(炼铁工人)和农民声援。起义军以沙县、尤溪为根据地，建立地方政权，积极向外扩展势力。四月，邓茂七带领农民军主力，从间道北上占领杉关，攻克光泽，顺北屯溪而下，陷邵武，入顺昌，农民军所到之处，官吏、豪绅纷纷逃匿。同时，宁化农民军进攻连城、汀州(今长汀)等地。邓茂七与蒋福成便联合进逼延平(今南平)，八闽震动。
正统十三年八月，明英宗命御史丁瑄驰闽“剿抚”，并以都督刘聚为总兵，都督陈荣为副总兵，陈诏(一作韶)、刘德新为左右参将，佥都御史张楷监军，率重兵随后入闽，以解延平之危。丁瑄一到延平，即命同知邓洪率兵二千往沙县征剿，遭到邓茂七、蒋福成联合反击，全军覆没。丁瑄又改变手法，派人前去招降，要农民军 “解散，得免死”。邓茂七坚定地说：“吾岂畏死求免者！吾取延平，据建宁，塞二关，传檄南下八闽，谁敢窥焉！”遂杀来使。延平守城御史张海急忙派都指挥张某带兵四千前去阻击。农民军于王台南部双溪口隘路上设伏待敌。以20余人隐藏在两侧村店中，大部队埋伏于就近山上。当官兵大队人马已过，殿后都指挥将至之际，村店中的农民军突然举排栅塞道，迅速把都指挥及数名从兵擒杀了。等官兵前驱发觉回援，山上伏兵从侧面冲下掩杀，一举歼敌数千。邓茂七便乘胜进围延平府城。张海再次上城诱降，未能得逞。接着双方大战于城外，农民军连斩明军都指挥范真、指挥彭玺二将，官兵不敢再战，闭城固守待援。
正统十三年九月，张楷率南京、江西、浙江八千官兵及数百名蒙古骑兵向福建进军。邓茂七派人与叶宗留联系，商讨协同对明军作战问题。叶宗留即派重兵扼守闽赣边境要道，阻止明军入闽。张楷派遣刘德新率偏师由建昌入邵武，自率主力由浙江经广信入闽北。张楷至广信时，其前锋陈诏与矿工起义军交战，败死。张楷遂逗留不敢进。至十一月，张楷怕朝廷追究，才命都督陈荣、指挥戴礼率兵二千进攻铅山的黄柏铺。叶宗留亲率起义军与明军激战，不幸中矢牺牲(当时明军不知)。起义军退入山中，推举叶希八为领袖，继续坚持斗争。叶希八派人从铅山、弋阳绕道入闽，与邓茂七取得联系，并分兵四百，加入邓茂七领导的农民军。叶希八除留部分兵力扼控车盘岭外，主力迂回山岭之间，伺机歼敌。不久，明军前来搜山，叶希八在玉山十二都设伏，杀死了陈荣、戴礼和大批明军，为叶宗留报了仇。
在矿工的支援和配合下，邓茂七继续围攻延平，派部将黄琴、刘宗、罗海扼控建阳、邵武等要塞，以防明军南下。同时分兵出击。一路由陈敬德、吴都总带领，连克德化、永春、安溪，直抵闽中沿海重镇泉州府，于城南五陵坡(一作古陵坡)活捉率兵来战的知府熊尚初。一路指向闽西，由将乐、连城，攻达上杭。此外，还以二千义兵北攻建宁府，遭到建宁知府张瑛的袭击，败绩退回。农民军出击时，沿途焚烧衙门，破牢释囚，开仓济贫，深得受苦民众的拥护，数月之间连克二十余州县，队伍发展到十余万人，建立了十九寨三十六营，对明王朝在东南的统治构成很大威胁。
正统十四年二月，明英宗闻报，下诏严斥刘聚、张楷“进军日久，全无实效”，“再不用心，必杀不宥”。同时，又命宁阳候陈懋为征南(一作平夷)将军，保定伯梁瑶、平江伯陈豫为副将军，都督同知范雄、都督佥事董兴为左右参将，刑部尚书金濂参赞军务，太监曹吉祥、王瑾、陈梧监军，统率京营和江浙兵四万，配备神机铳、炮火器，入闽“征剿”。滞留广信的张楷，因刘德新已破杉关，入光泽，占邵武，才从间道入闽北，与刘会攻建阳。此时，农民军由于黄琴叛变投敌，并为官军诱杀了刘宗、罗海等义军将领，明军终于打通了南下的通道。
南部的农民军在杨福的带领下，接连攻陷了漳浦、南靖、长泰、龙岩等地，于进攻漳州时被明军守将卫指挥顾斌击退。邓茂七久攻延平不下，遂移兵北攻建宁。当时，张楷已率兵抵建宁，金濂的大军也将入闽，形势对农民军不利，邓茂七便主动撤兵退守陈山寨一带。二月，由于潜伏农民军内部的叛徒张由孙、罗汝先的引诱，邓茂七再次率兵进攻延平。当农民军从溪南渡河时，明军埋伏在溪北的铳、炮突然齐发。农民军伤亡数百，溃退下来。明军指挥刘福又率埋伏在附近的官兵掩击，在混战中邓茂七不幸中流矢阵亡(一说被斩)。
邓茂七牺牲后，形势急转直下。驻守沙县的农民军推举邓茂七的侄子邓伯孙为领袖，率农民军余部据守陈山寨、后洋、贡川、九龙山等地。继续抗击官兵。张楷、金濂一面分兵进剿，一面派叛徒招降，并施展离间计使邓伯孙杀了农民军骁将张留孙，使邓伯孙陷于孤立。三月，九龙山等据点相继失守。五月，陈山寨最后陷落，邓伯孙被捕遭害，农民军将士二百余人殉难。至此邓茂七领导的农民起义被镇压下去。
叶希八、陶得二领导的矿工起义军，在明军入闽后转战浙南，屡败官兵，围困处州达数月之久。后张楷回师浙南，起义军受挫，于景泰元年(1450)进攻武义、永康失利，陶得二被俘就义。这支起义军也告失败。
叶宗留、邓茂七领导的矿工和农民起义，是明朝中叶较大规模的农民起义。他们联合反对封建统治的斗争，在我国农民战争史上具有重大的意义。
Yezong Liu (1404-1448 years) Zhejiang Qingyuan leaf village (now the silt on), born poor, childhood death of his father, with his uncle read the declared level private school, longer martial arts, determined to "Dao Pi human grievance, gun fight grievances of people the world. " Scattered around the state (now Zhejiang Lishui) had been a government department Zaoli, as unbearable oppression, on conventional seven years (1442) in December, and the State Department, who leaves the Greek VIII, Chen Shangong led hundreds of celebrities and other people in Fujian Fuan, without permission Baofeng open field (this life Ningxia) silver. Silver Mine in the mountains along the Fujian and Zhejiang, the restricted area closed to the Ming Dynasty, local officials often send patrols into the mountains Death Search Mountain expulsion of displaced mines. Led by Ye Zongliu many people, the local government will be submitted to the court, Ming court life of Fujian and Zhejiang provinces troops arrest. Ye Zongliu that entrenched location, casting weapons, armed self-defense. Early Ming Dynasty official order is prohibited to "steal open pits," "Private fried silver" offenders "capital punishment", the families of exiled frontier, "if dissatisfied investigated, namely, Diao Chao Bu." ("Ming Hidemune Record," volume IV 19, the orthodox three years in December Yi Chou) Yezong Liu ignored on the official ban. Nine in July, Fujian Services Zhu Yuan, Liu rate of more than a thousand officers and men of troops and horses Zhihuiqianshi military offensive. Ye Zongliu armed uprising that led the miners, against the officers and men. Rebels to lure the enemy in depth, to set up an ambush, soldiers digging traps and other means to defeat, Qin Sha Zhu Yuan, Jian Shang Hai. The rebels won the first battle and the Northern miners have to respond to the pit field, near some poor farmers to participate in mining areas the rebels, the rebel army forces have grown rapidly to xianxia ling Tong Hill copper. Years in December, Jiangxi Cheng Guang Xin Xuan administrative commissioner Siming (now Shangrao) and Yanshan county government military offensive against the officers and men. Officers and soldiers the rebels captured the first to go through the Yuen Foong (now Guangfeng) county, and arrival in the city by the officers and men under the weak footing, out of the city attacked, annihilated more than half of the officers and men escaped remnants. Since then, the rebels activities in the mountainous border provinces of Fujian, Zhejiang, to mobile tactics on Fuguan Bing's "ferreting." Government troops, "destroy the West to go East, South seized the north", and often had laid an ambush at the narrow passage of anti-men, enabling you to take the initiative, repeatedly smashed the Ming army's "military offensive."
Orthodox years in February after the rebels all over the miners dug a pit governance and Shaoyang, less Pavilion pit and pit fields in northern Fujian other silver, received less than the cost. Yezong Liu believes that "his take on the mountain, not by labor, Shuruo access to people, but more than one stroke," and to lead the volunteers to play mine, captured the governance and the county seat and major towns. In September, led the rebels back Yezong Liu Qingyuan, "Zhao Liang Ge Longquan Hermit leaves seven for teachers, training, martial arts," and absorbed substantial contingent of more than a thousand young. December, Yezong Liu Huijun south, captured in one fell swoop Pucheng. 10 years the first month, Jianyang captured along the way there are a large number of farmers to participate, the team has reached nearly ten thousand people, then into the northern Fujian city of Jianning (now Jianou). As the officials fled, they occupied the city with the smooth. In order to curb the Ming army to Fujian, the rebels of a hill into the pond over the copper Jiangxi, Fujian and Jiangxi, occupying a lane of car traffic to disk Ridge, repeatedly attacked the officers and men fell. Soon, Ye Zongliu rate main rebels fought south of Zhejiang. At this time, Yezong Liu Tao were two friends led more than a thousand farmers in the State Department response to the uprising, the rebels even greater momentum to control the border provinces of Fujian, Zhejiang and traffic arteries.
Orthodox 10 years in February, under the impetus of the uprising in the miners, the leadership of Deng Mao-seven tenants in the southwest Sa Chen cottage uprising. Deng Mao-seven formerly Yun Deng, Jianchang (now Jiangxi Nan) who was born tenant farmers, "Zhi Yong Han from the" despotic landlord for killing, fled to seek refuge in Fujian Ninghua Chen Jing, a pseudonym Moshichi. Fujian landlords cruel exploitation of the peasants, Mao often gathered seven planning Struggle Against the tenant was aware of the local authorities, they moved to Sa. Liu Hua, Min Ye Zongliu miners Governor destroy the rebels, the Organization of small parts A, Mao pushed to seven the total A police officer, "the enriching Jun Yi prefecture officials by bribery, vertical take their multi-farm rents, times the debt service levy . Xiaomin went to Su nothing. " Sa tenant exploitation is particularly serious, the rent must be sent to the designated host location, called the "free rental" holidays, but also contribute to the host of items like poultry, known as "winter sacrifice." Deng Mao-7 using the identity of the total A, called repeal "winter sacrifice" refused "to send rent" to the landlords own rental. Nearby farmers have to respond. Landowners official complaint immediately, County of Sichuan troops arrest Ding, Mao seven resisting arrest, and to catch the soldiers killed. Subsequently, pro-Shaxian magistrate conducted with 300 officers and soldiers rounded up, Mao organized peasant seven armed resistance, killing the magistrate and the patrol, killing nearly 300 officers and men do, and "rob the rich people, every kill." Thus, Deng Mao-Chan cottage occupied seven leading his men, officially announced the uprising, claiming to be "leveling the king", based Guan Zhu, drink blood oath the public, announced leveling world of injustice.
Orthodox 10 years in August, Ming Yu Shi Dingxuan Chi Min Hidemune life "Suppression and Comfort", and to the military governor Liu clustered Chief General, the military governor for the Fuzong Bing Chen, Chen Chao (1 for Shao), the new left and right reference to Liu, Ye Qian Jianjun Yu Shi Zhangkai all, then to Fujian heavily rates to relieve the crisis, Yanping. Ding Xuan 1 to Yanping, Deng shuaibing 2000 that ordered sub-prefect to Sa conquering, seven were Deng Mao, Jiang Fucheng joint counter, completely annihilated. Ding Xuan has changed tactics, sent his staff to summon somebody to surrender, to peasant army "dissolution may be exempt from death." Deng Mao-7 said firmly: "I Qi seeking to avoid those afraid of dying! I take Yanping, according to Jianning, plug the second pass, entering a Chuanxi south, who would dare to peep Yan!" Then kill to make. Censor Zhang Yanping defenders were quickly sent troops in 4000 went to check the command Zhang. Peasant army in the Wang Tai Xikou defile on the southern pair of when the enemy ambushed. More than 20 people on both sides of the village hidden in the store, large forces ambush close to the mountains. When the officers and men of Battalion troops have passed, bring up the rear were the occasion of the command approaching the village shop scheduling peasant army suddenly give Cyprus Road gate quickly to all command and several from the soldiers Qinsha the. And other officers and men returned to find assistance precursor, washed down the mountain ambush a surprise attack from the side, and destroy the enemy at one stroke of thousands. Deng Mao-7 will follow up a victory into the Wai Yanping Tainan. Zhang once again on the City Seductive, did not succeed. Then the two battle outside the city, farmers even cut out the military command of the military are true Fan, Peng Xi II of command, officers and soldiers can not fight another day, stick to be closed city assistance.
Orthodox 10 years in September, Zhang Kai rate of Nanjing, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, 8,000 soldiers and hundreds of Mongolian cavalry march to Fujian. Deng Mao-7 and Ye Zongliu send contact to discuss collaboration on the next issue of military operations. Yezong Liu Ji Pai massive forces guarding the border in Fujian and Jiangxi arteries, to prevent the Ming troops into Fujian. Zhang Kai Liu to send the new rate of partial division into by the Jianchang Shaowu, since rates of main entry from the northern Fujian, Zhejiang been widely believed. Zhang Kai Kwong letter, the striker Chen Chao and miners fighting the rebels, was defeated and killed. Zhang Kai then stay can not enter. Nov, Zhang Kai afraid the court held, was ordered military governor Chen, Dai Li shuaibing 2000 directing the Cork attack Kanayama shop. Yezong Liu Ming army personally led a rebel army battle, unfortunately, Nakaya sacrifice (when the Ming troops do not know). The rebels retreated into the mountains, the Greek leaves eight elected as leaders, to continue the struggle. Ye sent from Kanayama Greek 8, Yiyang Bypass to Fujian, and Deng Mao-7 contact, and divide our forces 400, to join the leadership of Deng Mao's peasant army seven. Ye hope to remain part of the eight forces briefly controlled addition to a flat ridge, the main winding between mountains, opportunistic and destroy the enemy. Soon, the military came to search out mountains, leaves 12 Greek 8 have had laid an ambush in Yushan, killing Chen, Dai Li and the large number of out troops, as Yezong Liu avenged.
Ye Xi 8, Tao was the second rebel army led by miners, after the Ming troops fought in the south of Zhejiang to Fujian, and futile attempts of officers and soldiers, the siege of State Department for several months. Zhang Kai return in triumph after the south of Zhejiang, the rebels defeated in Jingtai first year (1450) attack Wuyi, Yongkang loss, Tao was the second prisoner died as a martyr. Zhezhi rebels have failed.