| 籍貫： | 慶元葉村 | ||||||
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葉宗留（1404—1448年）浙江慶元葉村人(今淤上)，出身貧苦，幼年喪父，隨叔父在宣平讀私塾，稍長習武，立志“刀劈人間不平事，槍打世上不平人”。流落到處州(今浙江麗水)當過府署皂隸，因不堪受壓迫，於正統七年(1442)十二月，與處州人葉希八、陳善恭等帶領數百名流民到福建福安，私自開寶峰場(今壽寧南)銀礦。閩浙一帶山區多銀礦，是明朝封閉的禁區，地方官吏經常派巡卒搜山驅逐入山開礦的流民。因葉宗留帶領的人多，地方官府便上報了朝廷，明廷命福建、浙江兩省派兵搜捕。葉宗留即據守要地，鑄造兵器，武裝自衛。明朝官府早就頒令嚴禁“偷開坑穴”、“私煎銀礦”，違者“處以極刑”，傢屬發配邊疆，“如有不服追究者，即調軍剿捕”。(《明英宗實錄》捲四十九，正統三年十二月乙醜)葉宗留對官府的禁令不予理睬。九年七月，福建參議竺淵、兵馬指揮僉事劉海率千餘官兵進剿。葉宗留即領導礦工武裝起義，對抗官兵。起義軍誘敵深入，以設埋伏、挖陷井等手段大敗官兵，擒殺竺淵，箭傷劉海。起義軍首戰告捷，閩北各坑場礦工紛紛響應，附近有些貧苦農民也到礦區參加起義軍，起義軍的勢力迅速發展到仙霞嶺銅塘山一帶。十年十二月，江西承宣佈政使司命廣信(今上饒)府和鉛山縣的官兵進剿。起義軍搶先攻占了官兵必經的永豐(今廣豐)縣城，並乘官兵抵城下立足未穩，出城襲擊，殲敵過半，官兵殘部逃回。此後，起義軍活動於閩浙贛三省邊境山區，采取流動戰術對付官兵的“搜剿”。官軍“東剿則西走，南搜則北移”，常於隘路設伏殺傷官兵，有利則主動出擊，多次粉碎了明軍的“進剿”。
正統十一年春，起義軍發展到數千人，葉希八等一致推舉葉宗留為領袖，稱“大王”。三月，明廷見地方官兵鎮壓不力，“賊勢滋蔓”，命御史柳華提督閩浙贛三省兵馬合力“徵剿”。柳華到福建後，一面派兵“進剿”，一面令各府縣，在城鎮巷道首尾建隘門(上有重屋)，在鄉村建望樓，置金鼓器械在上面，把居民編為總小甲，由總小甲長帶領輪流值宿在隘門、望樓上，進行瞭望和警戒。起義軍在永豐、浦城、慶元、政和、福安一帶與官軍周旋，相機殺敵，多次給官兵予重創。柳華終因“搜剿”無功，被彈劾問罪。
正統十二年二月以後，礦工起義軍遍掘了政和少陽坑、少亭坑和閩北其它坑場銀礦，所獲不足費用。葉宗留認為，“與其取於山，勞而不獲，孰若取於人，一舉而有餘”，遂帶領義軍打出礦區，攻陷了政和縣城和各大鄉鎮。九月，葉宗留帶領起義軍回慶元，“召竜泉良葛山人葉七為教師，訓練武藝”，並吸收了千餘名青壯年充實隊伍。十二月，葉宗留揮軍南下，一舉攻剋浦城。十三年正月，攻陷建陽，沿途又有大批農民參加，隊伍已達近萬人，遂進軍閩北重鎮建寧(今建甌)。由於官吏潛逃，便順利占領了府城。為了遏阻明軍入閩，起義軍一部越過銅塘山進入江西，占領了閩贛交通要道上的車盤嶺，屢挫官兵的進攻。不久，葉宗留率起義軍主力轉戰浙南。這時，葉宗留的好友陶得二在處州領導千餘農民響應起義，起義軍聲勢更大，控製了閩浙贛三省邊境地區和交通要道。
正統十三年二月，在礦工起義的推動下，鄧茂七領導佃農在沙縣西南的陳山寨起義。鄧茂七原名鄧雲，建昌(今江西南城)人，佃農出身，“勇悍自智”，因殺死惡霸地主，逃到福建寧化縣投靠陳政景，化名茂七。福建地主對農民進行殘酷剝削，茂七常聚集佃戶謀劃抗租鬥爭，被當地官府察覺，便轉移到沙縣。柳華在閩督剿葉宗留礦工起義軍時，各地組織總小甲，茂七被推為巡警總甲，“時郡邑長吏受富民賄，縱其多取田租，倍徵債息。小民赴愬無所”。沙縣佃戶遭受剝削尤為嚴重，交租必須送到地主指定的地點，稱為“送租”，逢年過節還要嚮地主奉獻雞鴨之類的物品，名為“鼕牲”。鄧茂七利用總甲的身份，號召廢除“鼕牲”，拒絶“送租”，要地主自行收租。附近農民紛紛響應。地主們即嚮官府投訴，縣衙派兵丁緝捕，茂七拒捕，並打死了來捕的兵丁。隨後，沙縣縣令親帶三百名官兵進行圍捕，茂七組織佃農武裝抵抗，殺了縣令和巡檢，三百名官兵幾乎被殺盡，並“劫其富民，盡殺之”。於是，鄧茂七率衆占據陳山寨，正式宣佈起義，自稱“鏟平王”，設官屬，歃血誓衆，宣佈要鏟平天下的不平。
當時，靠賄賂宦官王振上臺的福建左布政使宋彰，“浸魚貪惡，民不能堪”(《明史》捲一百六十五《丁瑄傳》)。因此，鄧茂七起義後附近各縣貧苦農民“皆舉金鼓器械應之” “遠近至者，皆附其黨”，西有陳政景領導的寧化農民響應起義，東有蔣福成領導的尤溪萬餘爐丁(煉鐵工人)和農民聲援。起義軍以沙縣、尤溪為根據地，建立地方政權，積極嚮外擴展勢力。四月，鄧茂七帶領農民軍主力，從間道北上占領杉關，攻剋光澤，順北屯溪而下，陷邵武，入順昌，農民軍所到之處，官吏、豪紳紛紛逃匿。同時，寧化農民軍進攻連城、汀州(今長汀)等地。鄧茂七與蔣福成便聯合進逼延平(今南平)，八閩震動。
正統十三年八月，明英宗命御史丁瑄馳閩“剿撫”，並以都督劉聚為總兵，都督陳榮為副總兵，陳詔(一作韶)、劉德新為左右參將，僉都御史張楷監軍，率重兵隨後入閩，以解延平之危。丁瑄一到延平，即命同知鄧洪率兵二千往沙縣徵剿，遭到鄧茂七、蔣福成聯合反擊，全軍覆沒。丁瑄又改變手法，派人前去招降，要農民軍 “解散，得免死”。鄧茂七堅定地說：“吾豈畏死求免者！吾取延平，據建寧，塞二關，傳檄南下八閩，誰敢窺焉！”遂殺來使。延平守城御史張海急忙派都指揮張某帶兵四千前去阻擊。農民軍於王臺南部雙溪口隘路上設伏待敵。以20餘人隱藏在兩側村店中，大部隊埋伏於就近山上。當官兵大隊人馬已過，殿後都指揮將至之際，村店中的農民軍突然舉排柵塞道，迅速把都指揮及數名從兵擒殺了。等官兵前驅發覺回援，山上伏兵從側面衝下掩殺，一舉殲敵數千。鄧茂七便乘勝進圍延平府城。張海再次上城誘降，未能得逞。接着雙方大戰於城外，農民軍連斬明軍都指揮範真、指揮彭璽二將，官兵不敢再戰，閉城固守待援。
正統十三年九月，張楷率南京、江西、浙江八千官兵及數百名蒙古騎兵嚮福建進軍。鄧茂七派人與葉宗留聯繫，商討協同對明軍作戰問題。葉宗留即派重兵扼守閩贛邊境要道，阻止明軍入閩。張楷派遣劉德新率偏師由建昌入邵武，自率主力由浙江經廣信入閩北。張楷至廣信時，其前鋒陳詔與礦工起義軍交戰，敗死。張楷遂逗留不敢進。至十一月，張楷怕朝廷追究，纔命都督陳榮、指揮戴禮率兵二千進攻鉛山的黃柏鋪。葉宗留親率起義軍與明軍激戰，不幸中矢犧牲(當時明軍不知)。起義軍退入山中，推舉葉希八為領袖，繼續堅持鬥爭。葉希八派人從鉛山、弋陽繞道入閩，與鄧茂七取得聯繫，並分兵四百，加入鄧茂七領導的農民軍。葉希八除留部分兵力扼控車盤嶺外，主力迂回山嶺之間，伺機殲敵。不久，明軍前來搜山，葉希八在玉山十二都設伏，殺死了陳榮、戴禮和大批明軍，為葉宗留報了仇。
在礦工的支援和配合下，鄧茂七繼續圍攻延平，派部將黃琴、劉宗、羅海扼控建陽、邵武等要塞，以防明軍南下。同時分兵出擊。一路由陳敬德、吳都總帶領，連剋德化、永春、安溪，直抵閩中沿海重鎮泉州府，於城南五陵坡(一作古陵坡)活捉率兵來戰的知府熊尚初。一路指嚮閩西，由將樂、連城，攻達上杭。此外，還以二千義兵北攻建寧府，遭到建寧知府張瑛的襲擊，敗績退回。農民軍出擊時，沿途焚燒衙門，破牢釋囚，開倉濟貧，深得受苦民衆的擁護，數月之間連剋二十餘州縣，隊伍發展到十餘萬人，建立了十九寨三十六營，對明王朝在東南的統治構成很大威脅。
正統十四年二月，明英宗聞報，下詔嚴斥劉聚、張楷“進軍日久，全無實效”，“再不用心，必殺不宥”。同時，又命寧陽候陳懋為徵南(一作平夷)將軍，保定伯梁瑤、平江伯陳豫為副將軍，都督同知範雄、都督僉事董興為左右參將，刑部尚書金濂參贊軍務，太監曹吉祥、王瑾、陳梧監軍，統率京營和江浙兵四萬，配備神機銃、炮火器，入閩“徵剿”。滯留廣信的張楷，因劉德新已破杉關，入光澤，占邵武，纔從間道入閩北，與劉會攻建陽。此時，農民軍由於黃琴叛變投敵，並為官軍誘殺了劉宗、羅海等義軍將領，明軍終於打通了南下的通道。
南部的農民軍在楊福的帶領下，接連攻陷了漳浦、南靖、長泰、竜岩等地，於進攻漳州時被明軍守將衛指揮顧斌擊退。鄧茂七久攻延平不下，遂移兵北攻建寧。當時，張楷已率兵抵建寧，金濂的大軍也將入閩，形勢對農民軍不利，鄧茂七便主動撤兵退守陳山寨一帶。二月，由於潛伏農民軍內部的叛徒張由孫、羅汝先的引誘，鄧茂七再次率兵進攻延平。當農民軍從溪南渡河時，明軍埋伏在溪北的銃、炮突然齊發。農民軍傷亡數百，潰退下來。明軍指揮劉福又率埋伏在附近的官兵掩擊，在混戰中鄧茂七不幸中流矢陣亡(一說被斬)。
鄧茂七犧牲後，形勢急轉直下。駐守沙縣的農民軍推舉鄧茂七的侄子鄧伯孫為領袖，率農民軍餘部據守陳山寨、後洋、貢川、九竜山等地。繼續抗擊官兵。張楷、金濂一面分兵進剿，一面派叛徒招降，並施展離間計使鄧伯孫殺了農民軍驍將張留孫，使鄧伯孫陷於孤立。三月，九竜山等據點相繼失守。五月，陳山寨最後陷落，鄧伯孫被捕遭害，農民軍將士二百餘人殉難。至此鄧茂七領導的農民起義被鎮壓下去。
葉希八、陶得二領導的礦工起義軍，在明軍入閩後轉戰浙南，屢敗官兵，圍困處州達數月之久。後張楷回師浙南，起義軍受挫，於景泰元年(1450)進攻武義、永康失利，陶得二被俘就義。這支起義軍也告失敗。
葉宗留、鄧茂七領導的礦工和農民起義，是明朝中葉較大規模的農民起義。他們聯合反對封建統治的鬥爭，在我國農民戰爭史上具有重大的意義。
Yezong Liu (1404-1448 years) Zhejiang Qingyuan leaf village (now the silt on), born poor, childhood death of his father, with his uncle read the declared level private school, longer martial arts, determined to "Dao Pi human grievance, gun fight grievances of people the world. " Scattered around the state (now Zhejiang Lishui) had been a government department Zaoli, as unbearable oppression, on conventional seven years (1442) in December, and the State Department, who leaves the Greek VIII, Chen Shangong led hundreds of celebrities and other people in Fujian Fuan, without permission Baofeng open field (this life Ningxia) silver. Silver Mine in the mountains along the Fujian and Zhejiang, the restricted area closed to the Ming Dynasty, local officials often send patrols into the mountains Death Search Mountain expulsion of displaced mines. Led by Ye Zongliu many people, the local government will be submitted to the court, Ming court life of Fujian and Zhejiang provinces troops arrest. Ye Zongliu that entrenched location, casting weapons, armed self-defense. Early Ming Dynasty official order is prohibited to "steal open pits," "Private fried silver" offenders "capital punishment", the families of exiled frontier, "if dissatisfied investigated, namely, Diao Chao Bu." ("Ming Hidemune Record," volume IV 19, the orthodox three years in December Yi Chou) Yezong Liu ignored on the official ban. Nine in July, Fujian Services Zhu Yuan, Liu rate of more than a thousand officers and men of troops and horses Zhihuiqianshi military offensive. Ye Zongliu armed uprising that led the miners, against the officers and men. Rebels to lure the enemy in depth, to set up an ambush, soldiers digging traps and other means to defeat, Qin Sha Zhu Yuan, Jian Shang Hai. The rebels won the first battle and the Northern miners have to respond to the pit field, near some poor farmers to participate in mining areas the rebels, the rebel army forces have grown rapidly to xianxia ling Tong Hill copper. Years in December, Jiangxi Cheng Guang Xin Xuan administrative commissioner Siming (now Shangrao) and Yanshan county government military offensive against the officers and men. Officers and soldiers the rebels captured the first to go through the Yuen Foong (now Guangfeng) county, and arrival in the city by the officers and men under the weak footing, out of the city attacked, annihilated more than half of the officers and men escaped remnants. Since then, the rebels activities in the mountainous border provinces of Fujian, Zhejiang, to mobile tactics on Fuguan Bing's "ferreting." Government troops, "destroy the West to go East, South seized the north", and often had laid an ambush at the narrow passage of anti-men, enabling you to take the initiative, repeatedly smashed the Ming army's "military offensive."
Orthodox years in February after the rebels all over the miners dug a pit governance and Shaoyang, less Pavilion pit and pit fields in northern Fujian other silver, received less than the cost. Yezong Liu believes that "his take on the mountain, not by labor, Shuruo access to people, but more than one stroke," and to lead the volunteers to play mine, captured the governance and the county seat and major towns. In September, led the rebels back Yezong Liu Qingyuan, "Zhao Liang Ge Longquan Hermit leaves seven for teachers, training, martial arts," and absorbed substantial contingent of more than a thousand young. December, Yezong Liu Huijun south, captured in one fell swoop Pucheng. 10 years the first month, Jianyang captured along the way there are a large number of farmers to participate, the team has reached nearly ten thousand people, then into the northern Fujian city of Jianning (now Jianou). As the officials fled, they occupied the city with the smooth. In order to curb the Ming army to Fujian, the rebels of a hill into the pond over the copper Jiangxi, Fujian and Jiangxi, occupying a lane of car traffic to disk Ridge, repeatedly attacked the officers and men fell. Soon, Ye Zongliu rate main rebels fought south of Zhejiang. At this time, Yezong Liu Tao were two friends led more than a thousand farmers in the State Department response to the uprising, the rebels even greater momentum to control the border provinces of Fujian, Zhejiang and traffic arteries.
Orthodox 10 years in February, under the impetus of the uprising in the miners, the leadership of Deng Mao-seven tenants in the southwest Sa Chen cottage uprising. Deng Mao-seven formerly Yun Deng, Jianchang (now Jiangxi Nan) who was born tenant farmers, "Zhi Yong Han from the" despotic landlord for killing, fled to seek refuge in Fujian Ninghua Chen Jing, a pseudonym Moshichi. Fujian landlords cruel exploitation of the peasants, Mao often gathered seven planning Struggle Against the tenant was aware of the local authorities, they moved to Sa. Liu Hua, Min Ye Zongliu miners Governor destroy the rebels, the Organization of small parts A, Mao pushed to seven the total A police officer, "the enriching Jun Yi prefecture officials by bribery, vertical take their multi-farm rents, times the debt service levy . Xiaomin went to Su nothing. " Sa tenant exploitation is particularly serious, the rent must be sent to the designated host location, called the "free rental" holidays, but also contribute to the host of items like poultry, known as "winter sacrifice." Deng Mao-7 using the identity of the total A, called repeal "winter sacrifice" refused "to send rent" to the landlords own rental. Nearby farmers have to respond. Landowners official complaint immediately, County of Sichuan troops arrest Ding, Mao seven resisting arrest, and to catch the soldiers killed. Subsequently, pro-Shaxian magistrate conducted with 300 officers and soldiers rounded up, Mao organized peasant seven armed resistance, killing the magistrate and the patrol, killing nearly 300 officers and men do, and "rob the rich people, every kill." Thus, Deng Mao-Chan cottage occupied seven leading his men, officially announced the uprising, claiming to be "leveling the king", based Guan Zhu, drink blood oath the public, announced leveling world of injustice.
Orthodox 10 years in August, Ming Yu Shi Dingxuan Chi Min Hidemune life "Suppression and Comfort", and to the military governor Liu clustered Chief General, the military governor for the Fuzong Bing Chen, Chen Chao (1 for Shao), the new left and right reference to Liu, Ye Qian Jianjun Yu Shi Zhangkai all, then to Fujian heavily rates to relieve the crisis, Yanping. Ding Xuan 1 to Yanping, Deng shuaibing 2000 that ordered sub-prefect to Sa conquering, seven were Deng Mao, Jiang Fucheng joint counter, completely annihilated. Ding Xuan has changed tactics, sent his staff to summon somebody to surrender, to peasant army "dissolution may be exempt from death." Deng Mao-7 said firmly: "I Qi seeking to avoid those afraid of dying! I take Yanping, according to Jianning, plug the second pass, entering a Chuanxi south, who would dare to peep Yan!" Then kill to make. Censor Zhang Yanping defenders were quickly sent troops in 4000 went to check the command Zhang. Peasant army in the Wang Tai Xikou defile on the southern pair of when the enemy ambushed. More than 20 people on both sides of the village hidden in the store, large forces ambush close to the mountains. When the officers and men of Battalion troops have passed, bring up the rear were the occasion of the command approaching the village shop scheduling peasant army suddenly give Cyprus Road gate quickly to all command and several from the soldiers Qinsha the. And other officers and men returned to find assistance precursor, washed down the mountain ambush a surprise attack from the side, and destroy the enemy at one stroke of thousands. Deng Mao-7 will follow up a victory into the Wai Yanping Tainan. Zhang once again on the City Seductive, did not succeed. Then the two battle outside the city, farmers even cut out the military command of the military are true Fan, Peng Xi II of command, officers and soldiers can not fight another day, stick to be closed city assistance.
Orthodox 10 years in September, Zhang Kai rate of Nanjing, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, 8,000 soldiers and hundreds of Mongolian cavalry march to Fujian. Deng Mao-7 and Ye Zongliu send contact to discuss collaboration on the next issue of military operations. Yezong Liu Ji Pai massive forces guarding the border in Fujian and Jiangxi arteries, to prevent the Ming troops into Fujian. Zhang Kai Liu to send the new rate of partial division into by the Jianchang Shaowu, since rates of main entry from the northern Fujian, Zhejiang been widely believed. Zhang Kai Kwong letter, the striker Chen Chao and miners fighting the rebels, was defeated and killed. Zhang Kai then stay can not enter. Nov, Zhang Kai afraid the court held, was ordered military governor Chen, Dai Li shuaibing 2000 directing the Cork attack Kanayama shop. Yezong Liu Ming army personally led a rebel army battle, unfortunately, Nakaya sacrifice (when the Ming troops do not know). The rebels retreated into the mountains, the Greek leaves eight elected as leaders, to continue the struggle. Ye sent from Kanayama Greek 8, Yiyang Bypass to Fujian, and Deng Mao-7 contact, and divide our forces 400, to join the leadership of Deng Mao's peasant army seven. Ye hope to remain part of the eight forces briefly controlled addition to a flat ridge, the main winding between mountains, opportunistic and destroy the enemy. Soon, the military came to search out mountains, leaves 12 Greek 8 have had laid an ambush in Yushan, killing Chen, Dai Li and the large number of out troops, as Yezong Liu avenged.
Ye Xi 8, Tao was the second rebel army led by miners, after the Ming troops fought in the south of Zhejiang to Fujian, and futile attempts of officers and soldiers, the siege of State Department for several months. Zhang Kai return in triumph after the south of Zhejiang, the rebels defeated in Jingtai first year (1450) attack Wuyi, Yongkang loss, Tao was the second prisoner died as a martyr. Zhezhi rebels have failed.