明代 人物列表
朱百六 Zhu Bailiu朱四九 Zhu Sijiu朱初一 Zhu Chuyi
朱世珍 Zhu Shizhen朱元璋 Zhu Yuanzhang朱标 Zhu Biao
朱允炆 Zhu Yunwen朱棣 Zhu Di朱高炽 Zhu Gaochi
朱瞻基 Zhu Zhanji朱祁镇 Zhu Qizhen朱祁钰 Zhu Qiyu
朱见深 Zhu Jianshen朱祐樘 Zhu Youcheng朱厚照 Zhu Houzhao
朱厚熜 Zhu Houcong朱载垕 Zhu Zaihou朱翊钧 Zhu Yijun
朱常洛 Zhu Changluo朱由校 Zhu Youjiao朱由检 Zhu Youjian
朱祐杬 Zhu Youyuan
朱祁镇 Zhu Qizhen
明代  (1427年1464年)
网笔号: 法天立道仁明诚敬昭文宪武至德广孝睿皇帝
庙号: 英宗
陵墓: 裕陵
开端终结
在位1436年1464年
正统1436年1449年
天顺1457年1464年

  明英宗朱祁镇(1427年-1464年),是明朝的第六位皇帝,明宣宗长子。先后用过正统(1436年-1449年)、天顺(1457年-1464年)两个年号。死后谥睿皇帝。
  
  早年
  明英宗是明宣宗长子,生母为孙贵妃(后立为皇后),《明史·后妃传》说其母为身份不详的宫人,为孙贵妃所养。生后四月即立为皇太子。
  
  正统时期
  宣德十年(1435年)正月,宣宗崩,时年9岁的朱祁镇即位,是为英宗,改次年为正统元年。英宗在位初期由太皇太后张氏辅政,内阁由三杨(杨士奇、杨荣、杨溥)主持,仁宣之治得以延续。正统七年(1442年),张太后卒,三杨以年老淡出政坛,宦官王振开始专权,其党羽遍天下,百官为之侧目。正统十四年(1449年),瓦剌蒙古大举南侵,王振劝英宗以五十万大军亲征,沿途铺张。返师途中,八月十五行至土木堡被瓦剌太师也先所败,明军“死者数十万”(《明史·英宗本纪》),英宗被俘,王振被乱军所杀,史称土木堡之变。随后,也先挟持英宗南下进攻北京,皇太后孙氏命英宗之弟郕王朱祁钰监国,不久郕王即帝位,是为明景帝,改次年为景泰元年,尊英宗为太上皇。
  
  正统时期宰辅
  * 杨士奇
  * 杨荣
  * 杨溥
  * 马愉
  * 曹鼐
  * 陈循
  * 苗衷
  * 高谷
  * 张益
  
  景泰时期
  于谦领导的北京保卫战胜利后,瓦剌倡议和谈,欲送还英宗。景帝不欲英宗还銮,在大臣的劝谏下虽于景泰元年(1450年)将英宗迎归,然而将其幽禁于南宫,防守严密。景泰三年又废原立为太子的英宗长子朱见深为沂王,另立己子朱见济为储。英宗在南宫饮食常缺,又不得礼遇,赖钱皇后宽解度日。后太子朱见济死,但景帝仍不同意复立朱见深为太子。景泰八年(1457年)正月,景帝病重,不能临朝,手握重兵的武清侯石亨、副都御史徐有贞等人勾结太监曹吉祥进入南宫,拥英宗复辟。十六日夜,英宗自东华门入宫,于奉天殿升座,黎明时开宫门告知百官太上皇复位,改元天顺,史称“夺门之变”。废景帝为郕王,迁之西内。不久,景帝崩,死因不明,有谓乃英宗使太监蒋安以布帛勒死(明人陆釴《病逸漫记》)。郕王死后,仍得不到英宗的谅解,谥曰戾,葬于西郊金山(玉泉山北)。英宗即位后,内阁首辅徐有贞诬陷于谦,称:“不杀于谦,此举(夺门)无名”,此言建立在于谦迎立外藩的谎言基础上。明英宗即日下于谦于狱,并杀之。后李贤为英宗揭开背后秘密,“夺门之变”没有用处。因为景帝无子,拥立朱祁镇的孙太后仍在世上,所以皇位一定是英宗的,不需要夺门。夺门只是徐有贞导演的一出戏。英宗处罚徐有贞,石亭,曹吉祥。于谦冤情昭雪。
  
  天顺时期
  英宗复辟后,即以谋逆罪将兵部尚书于谦、大学士王文等人下狱,初尚言“于谦实有功”而不忍杀之,因徐有贞力主“不杀于谦,今日之事无名”,遂于五日后斩于谦、范广于西市。天下冤之,后英宗亦悔(《明史·于谦传》)。
  
  天顺朝,英宗勤于理政,并任用李贤、彭时等贤臣,先后惩治石亨、徐有贞、曹吉祥等小人,政治尚算清明。又不顾左右反对,释放建庶人(建文帝幼子朱文圭,靖难后被幽禁宫中逾五十年,已猪狗不识),并提供饮食住行;听钱皇后之言恢复前朝胡皇后的位号;遗诏罢明代自太祖以来的宫妃殉葬制度,《稗事汇编》记载:“用人殉葬,吾不忍也。此事宜自我止,后世勿复为。”《明史》誉“罢宫妃殉葬,则盛德之事可法后世者矣。”,王世贞在《奔州山人别集》中称:“此诚千古帝王之盛节。”。
  
  天顺八年(1464年)正月崩,时年38岁。葬入明十三陵中的裕陵。英宗与钱皇后感情颇深,钱皇后无子,担心死后嗣子宪宗(周氏所生)不尊崇她的地位,所以遗命“钱皇后千秋万岁后,与朕同葬。”后来钱皇后死时,周太后果然不欲其祔葬裕陵,经过大臣力争方得与英宗合葬(《明史·后妃传》)。
  
  天顺时期宰辅
  * 徐有贞
  * 许彬
  * 薛瑄
  * 李贤
  * 吕原
  * 岳正
  * 彭时
  * 陈文
  
  太监
  * 金英:正统时期掌刑部、都察院、大理寺。景泰时,同于谦、石亨等,总理军务。
  * 李永昌:司礼近侍。同于谦、石亨等,总理军务。
  * 兴安:金英失宠后,景帝所信任。有廉操,且知于谦贤,力护之。
  * 阮安:正统时,重建三殿,治杨村河,并有功。景泰中,治张秋河,道卒,囊无十金。
  * 阮浪:被英宗追赠浪太监。
  * 王振:英宗称之为先生(老师)。时称翁父。导致英宗亲征,土木之变的始作俑者。
  * 曹吉祥:王振门下。英宗复位,与石亨把持朝政,并掌京营,司礼太监,总督三大营。
  * 刘永诚:永乐时,尝为偏将,累从北征。曾出击兀良哈。后监镇甘、凉,战沙漠,有功。助英宗复辟。
  
  妻
  1. 孝庄睿皇后钱氏,皇后
  2. 孝肃皇后周氏,贵妃,宪宗生母
  3. 靖庄安穆宸妃万氏
  4. 端靖安和惠妃王氏
  5. 庄静安荣淑妃高氏
  6. 恭端庄惠德妃韦氏
  7. 恭和安静顺妃樊氏
  8. 庄僖端肃安妃杨氏
  9. 昭肃靖端贤妃王氏
  10. 贞顺懿恭敬妃刘氏
  11. 安和荣靖丽妃刘氏
  12. 端庄昭妃武氏
  13. 恭安和妃宫氏
  14. 昭静恭妃刘氏
  15. 昭顺丽妃张氏
  16. 昭懿贤妃李氏
  17. 恭靖庄妃赵氏
  18. 恭僖成妃张氏
  19. 恭惠和妃梁氏
  20. 僖恪充妃余氏
  21. 惠和丽妃陈氏
  22. 荣靖贞妃王氏
  23. 和惠静妃岳氏
  
  子
  1. 朱见深,长子,明宪宗,母孝肃皇后周氏
  2. 朱见潾,次子,德庄王,母宸妃万氏,初名见清
  3. 朱见湜,三子,早卒,母宸妃万氏
  4. 朱见淳,四子,许悼王,母惠妃王氏
  5. 朱见澍,五子,秀怀王,母淑妃高氏
  6. 朱见泽,六子,崇简王,母孝肃皇后周氏
  7. 朱见浚,七子,吉简王,母宸妃万氏
  8. 朱见治,八子,忻穆王,母宸妃万氏
  9. 朱见沛,九子,徽庄王,母德妃韦氏
  
  女
  1. 重庆公主,母孝肃皇后周氏。下嫁周景。
  2. 嘉善公主,母惠妃王氏。成化二年下嫁王增,兵部尚书骥孙也。弘治十二年薨。
  3. 淳安公主,下嫁蔡震
  4. 崇德公主,母安妃杨氏。成化二年下嫁兴济伯杨善孙杨伟。弘治二年薨。
  5. 广德公主朱延祥,母宸妃万氏。成化八年下嫁樊凯。二十年八月薨。
  6. 宜兴公主,母德妃韦氏。成化九年下嫁马诚。正德九年薨。
  7. 隆庆公主,母淑妃高氏。成化九年下嫁游泰。十五年薨。
  8. 嘉祥公主,母妃刘氏。成化十三年下嫁黄镛。后六年薨。


  Ming Hidemune Zhu Qizhen (1427 -1464), the sixth emperor of the Ming Dynasty, the eldest son of the Ming Emperor Xuan Zong. Have used the orthodox (1436 -1 449), the Skyway (1457 -1464 years) 2 reign. Rui emperor after the death of posthumous title.
  Orthodox period
  * Yang Shiqi
  * Ma Yu
  * Miao Zhong
  Jingtai period
  Battle of Yu Qian Beijing led after the victory, Wala peace initiative, wish to return Hidemune. The emperor does not want Hidemune also luan, although the minister's admonition to the next in Jingtai first year (1450) will Hidemune welcome return, but their confinement in the Shadows, tight defense. Jingtai years they spent primary legislation for the eldest son of Prince Hidemune see deep Zhu Yi Wang, Zhu see separate sub economic to have storage. Hidemune often lacking in the Shadows diet, it may not courtesy, Lai minds, relieving the Queen of money live. Economy after the death of Prince Zhu see, but the emperor did not agree to see the deep Zhu Felix Prince. Jingtai eight years (in 1457) the first month, the emperor was seriously ill and can not Powerbut, hand heavily in Wuqing Houshi Heng, Vice Censor Xuyou Zhen, who have colluded with the eunuch Cao Jixiang into the Shadows, owned Hidemune restoration. 16 day and night, Hidemune from the gate of the Forbidden palace, enthroned at the Mukden Palace, palace at dawn to open this Baiguan overlord reset, reign title Tianshun, known to history as "running for the door of change." Abolition of the emperor as Cheng Wang, to move within the West. Soon, King Dibeng, the cause of death is unknown, there is that security is Hidemune make eunuchs Jiang strangled with cloth (Ming Lu Yi "disease Yi Star over China"). Cheng Wang's death is still not Hidemune understanding posthumous say brutal, buried in the western suburbs of Gold Mountain (Jade Spring Hill North). Hidemune throne, the Cabinet Minister Xu Youzhen framed Yu Qian, said: "do not kill Yu Qian, this (running for the door) unknown," This remark was based on lies Yu Qian Ying Li Outlying Prefectures basis. Yu Qian Ming Hidemune the subsolar in prison, and kill. Li Xian as Hidemune opened after the secret behind the "running for the door of change" useless. Because the emperor had no sons, his position and Zhu Qizhen Sun Empress is still the world, it certainly is Hidemune the throne, and does not require running for the door. Running for the door just Xuyou Zhen director of a play. Hidemune punishment Xu Youzhen, shiting, Cao Jixiang. Yu Qian injustice to be reversed.
  Hidemune after restoration, that plotters against him will be Bingbushangshu Yu Qian, scholar Wang and others imprisoned, yet the beginning of words, "Yu Qian real merit" and could not bear to kill, because Xu Youzhen advocated "do not kill Yu Qian, today than unknown," and to five days after the cut Yu Qian, Guang Fan in West City. Injustice of the world, after the Hidemune also regret ("History of the Ming Yu Qian Biography").
  Tianshun period Saisuke
  * Xue Xuan
  * Yue is
  Eunuch
  * Larix: Kim out of favor, the emperor trusted. There Lian Cao, Yu Qian Yin and knowledge, protect the force.
  * Wang: Hidemune called Mr. (teacher). Weng, said the father. Cause Hidemune personal expedition, civil initiator of change.
  Wife
  3. Jing Fei Wan Chong An Mu Chen's
  6. CHRISTINE side Zhuanghui De Fei Webster
  9. Chao Su Xian Fei Wang Jing-side
  12. Dignified Zhao Fei Vu Thi
  15. Zhaoshun Li Fei Zhang
  18. CHRISTINE Xi Zhang Cheng Fei
  21. Hui and Li-Fei Chen
  Son
  3. Zhu, see Shi, three sons, earlier death, Chen Fei Wan's Mother
  6. Zhu Misawa, six, Chong Chien Wang, the mother Empress Xiao Su Zhou
  9. Zhu, see Pei, nine sons, Prince Zhuang Hui, mother Defei Webster
  2. Jiashan Gong master, Master Hui-Wang. Wang Chenghua by two married, Bingbushangshu Ji Sun also. Hongzhi years pass away.
  5. Guangde Princess Yen-Hsyang Chu, Chen Fei Wan's mother. Fan Kai Chenghua married for eight years. Two years in August death of a prince.
  8. Jiaxiang Gong master, master Fei Liu. Huang Yong Chenghua 10 years married. Six years after the death of a prince.
    

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