| 姓： | 孛儿只斤 | |||||||||
| 名： | 铁木真 | |||||||||
| 网笔号： | 法天启运圣武皇帝 | |||||||||
| 庙号： | 太祖 | |||||||||
| 陵墓： | 内蒙古伊金霍洛成吉思汗陵 | |||||||||
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出生：1162年
出生地：斡难河右岸迭里温孛勒塔合（孛勒塔合有“孤山”之意）
武器：苏鲁定（枪）
身高：1.80米
属相：猪
卒年：宋理宗寳庆二年成吉思汗二十二年金哀宗正大四年
（1227年）
享年：66岁
庙号：太祖
谥号：圣武皇帝 加谥：法天启运圣武皇帝（至大二年加谥）
陵寝：蒙古肯特山起辇谷
父亲：孛儿只斤·也速该把阿秃儿
母亲：弘吉剌氏·诃额仑（也译月伦）
兄弟：拙赤合撒儿（简称合撒儿），合赤温，帖木格，别勒古台，别克贴儿（别勒古台，别克贴儿均为也速该别妻所生，别克贴儿被铁木真与合撒儿联手杀死，当时三人均为少年）
妻妾：孛儿帖、忽鲁伦、阔里桀担、脱忽思、帖木伦、亦怜真八剌、不颜忽秃皇后、忽胜海妃子
姐妹：帖木伦
儿子：术赤、察合台、窝阔台、拖雷(为孛儿帖所生)
女儿：阿剌海别吉
孙子：忽必烈(元世祖）
骄傲：开创蒙古帝国
遗憾：父亲被塔塔儿人以毒酒毒死
妻子被蔑儿乞人抢走
十三翼之战失败
妹妹贴木伦被堂兄忽察儿射杀
孙子与女婿在花喇子模被射杀（后屠其城民以报仇）
生前没有看见西夏覆灭（死后完成）
在位：(1206～1227),在位二十一年
【具体介绍】
元太祖，即成吉思汗（hán）(Ghinggis Khan)，孛儿只斤氏，名铁木真。蒙古族，世界历史上的杰出政治家、军事家。公元1206年，被推举为蒙古帝国的大汗，统一蒙古高原各部落。在位期间，多次发动征服战争，征服地域西达黑海海滨，东括几乎整个东亚，建立了世界历史上著名的横跨欧亚两洲的大帝国之一。投奔克烈部王汗，收集亡父旧部，逐渐恢复实力。约在金大定未建立宫帐，称汗。与札答阑部札木合等作战，败绩，史称十三翼之战。金承安元年（1196），与王汗联兵助金截击塔塔儿部翰里札河（今蒙古乌勒吉河），金授察兀忽鲁(即众部落之首)之官。又随王汗与乃蛮部战，战后诸部来附，势力增强。金泰和元年（1201）二月，与王汗战胜以札木合为首的蒙古高原十余部盟军。灭塔塔儿四部，据呼伦贝尔草原，实力大增。三年，被王汗发兵掩袭，败退至班朱尼河（呼伦湖西南）。不久，乘王汗不备，奇袭王汗牙帐，灭克烈部。次年与乃蛮部决战，灭乃蛮。六年于翰难河（今鄂嫩河）畔召开忽里台大会，建大蒙古国，即大汗位，加号成吉思，颁布札撒，建万人怯薛，分封九十五千户，设札鲁忽赤(成吉思汗母亲的养子)掌行政司法诸事。即位四年（1209），大举入侵西夏，引河水淹中兴府（今宁夏银川）迫使西夏纳女请和。六年，率大军南下攻金，分兵三路破华北各地。九年，因金帝献岐国公主请和，乃退兵。十年复以金帝迁都南京（今河南开封）为口实，攻占中都（今北京）。病死于六盘山。元世祖至元二年（1265）上庙号太祖。次年，追上谥号圣武皇帝，至大二年（1309）加谥法天启运圣武皇帝。
成长经历
出生于蒙古乞颜部贵族世家。 六世祖海都、高祖敦必乃、曾祖葛不律汗及族曾祖俺巴孩汗等都曾是蒙古部的显赫人物或首领；父也速该有拔都(勇士)称号。时漠北高原有百余部落，互相攻战。铁木真降生时，适逢其父在作战中俘获塔塔儿部首领铁木真兀格，为纪念是役武功，故取此名。
生于额尔古纳河北部的河边（今内蒙古 呼伦贝尔 额尔古纳市 莫尔道嘎镇）。9岁时,其父被塔塔儿部人毒死,部众离散,随寡母诃额仑艰难度日,曾被其他部落捉获,险些遇害，凭其机敏逃脱。稍长，依附蒙古高原最强大的克烈部首领脱里(后称王汗)，并尊之为父，得以收聚其父旧部；又与札答阑部首领札木合结为安答(义兄弟)，逐步发展势力。为报复蔑儿乞部抢妻之仇，求王汗、札木合出兵，合本部兵共数万，突然袭击蔑儿乞部，斩杀许多仇敌，夺回妻子。
金大定末年，移营怯绿连河(今克鲁伦河)上游,独立建帐,广结盟友，选贤任能，宽厚待人，吸引许多蒙古部众和乞颜氏贵族来投，被推为可汗。约在金大定末年或明昌初，札木合反目为仇，率13部联军3万之众来攻，铁木真召集诸部兵3万，分13翼(翼，意为营或圈子)迎战，失利退兵，史称十三翼之战。因铁木真善于争取人心，致札木合部众纷纷叛附，反而壮大了力量。
承安元年(1196)，与王汗一起，配合金丞相完颜襄击杀塔塔儿部部长以下多人，被金朝封授札兀忽里(部族官)。再与王汗联兵，大败正在会盟的哈答斤等11部联军。
泰和元年(1201)，率军大破札木合组织的松散联盟。次年，遭乃蛮联军进攻，退入金边墙内,大败乃蛮联军于阔亦田(今哈拉哈河上游)之野，乘胜攻灭塔塔儿四部。因势力渐强,引起王汗嫉恨和敌视。三年，遭王汗突袭,败走班朱尼河(今呼伦湖西南)，以饮浊水与从者盟誓,共度难关。再转移至合泐合(哈拉哈)河中游， 收集溃散部众4600(一说2600)余骑,经过休整，逐渐恢复元气。后侦悉王汗骄怠不备，夜袭王汗大营，大溃其众。王汗只身败逃，被乃蛮人捕杀，克烈部亡。
四年，建怯薛(护卫军)。不久，乘乃蛮首领太阳汗来攻，巧布疑阵，擒杀太阳汗，征服其部众，迫哈答斤、朵鲁班等部来降。至成吉思汗元年(1206)，蒙古高原百余个大小部落先后败亡，塔塔儿、克烈、蔑儿乞、乃蛮和蒙古五大部均统一在铁木真的旗帜下。铁木真遂在斡难河(今鄂嫩河)之源举行大聚会，建立也客·蒙古·兀鲁思(大蒙古国)，被尊为成吉思汗(此号有“海洋”或“强大”的皇帝之义)。将怯薛扩充至万人，称大中军。以兵民合一的千户制编组民众,上马则备战斗,下马则屯聚牧养。命“四杰”博尔忽、博尔术、木华黎、赤老温为四怯薛长。
成吉思汗立国后，势力益盛，开始对外发动大规模征服战争。经过二十余年与西夏的战争，屡创西夏军主力，迫西夏国王乞降，削除金朝西北屏障，得以顺利南下攻金。六年，亲率大军进攻金朝，开始了为时24年的蒙金战争。首战乌沙堡(今河北张北西北)获捷；再战野狐岭(今河北万全西北)、会河堡(今怀安东南)，歼灭金军大量精锐；又战怀来(今属河北)、缙山(今北京延庆)，大败金军十余万；还重创金军于东京(今辽宁辽阳)、西京(今山西大同)、居庸关等地。后来不断改变战法，分兵三路攻掠中原腹地及辽西地区。
成吉思汗九年三月，集兵中都(今北京)城下。料一时难以克城，遂遣使逼和，迫金朝奉献岐国公主、金帛和马匹，引兵退出居庸关。六月，以金朝迁都南京(今河南开封)而“违约”为藉口，乘金国人心浮动及憋军哗变降蒙之机，遣部将三摸合拔都、石抹明安率军，会合降蒙乣（乣 音jiǔ 辽、金、元时代对被征服的北方诸部族人的泛称）军进攻中都，以围城打援和招降之策，于次年五月克城。为适应攻城需要，成吉思汗采纳部将建策，逐步建立了炮军，攻城以炮石为先。后来攻城作战，一次用炮即达数百座，迅即破城。同时，为吸取各民族的先进技术，四处掠夺工匠艺人，一城即掠得数万。随后建立工匠军，设厂冶铁制造兵器。在通信联络上创建了“箭速传骑”，日速数百里，军令传递和军队调遣速度增快。善于发挥骑兵之长，有“蒙古旋风”之称。
成吉思汗十二年，成吉思汗封木华黎为太师、国王，指挥攻金战争，自率主力返回蒙古准备西征。
成吉思汗十三年，遣先锋将领哲别灭西辽屈出律势力，扫清西征障碍。
成吉思汗十四年,以西域花剌子模国杀蒙古商人和使者为由,以军事扩张和掳掠财物为目的，亲率大军约20万分路西征。数年间先后攻破讹答剌(在今锡尔河中游)、布哈拉及撒马尔罕等地。遣哲别、速不台率军追击花剌子模国王摩诃末,迫其逃至宽田吉思海（今里海）中小岛(后病死)。再命哲别、速不台继续西进，远抵克里米亚半岛；自率一军追击摩诃末之子札兰丁至申河(印度河)。
成吉思汗十九年，班师返漠北。
成吉思汗二十一年，率军10万歼灭西夏军主力(次年西夏灭亡)。成吉思汗正欲集中全力攻金，于二十二年七月十二(1227年8月25日)在六盘山下清水县(今属甘肃)病逝，年66岁。临终遗嘱：利用宋金世仇，借道宋境，联宋灭金。其子窝阔台和拖雷遵此遗策，于窝阔台汗六年(1234)灭亡金朝。
崛起，弯弓射大雕
一代天骄成吉思汗生于12世纪60年代初期（1162）。当时，中国北方处在女真族的金朝统治之下。大漠南北草原各部还各自独立， 互不统属。金朝对其实行“分而治之”和屠杀掠夺的“减丁”政策。1146年，蒙古部首领俺巴孩汗被金熙宗以“惩治叛部法”的名义，残酷地钉死在木驴之上。蒙古部落联盟曾经组织了多次反抗斗争，他们的几代先人为此付出了鲜血与生命。在这种社会环境下出生的铁木真，自然也将对金国的胜利看作是他一生中最主要的奋斗目标。
他一直把这个仇恨记在心里，正是这种几代冤仇导致了草原内外的长期征战，铁木真的母亲诃额仑夫人出出征雕像身于弘吉剌部，同蔑儿乞人赤列都结亲。1161年秋，蒙古乞颜部首领也速该在斡难河畔打猎，发现了途经蒙古部驻地的诃额仑。他在几位兄弟朋友的协助下，根据当时的“抢亲”传统，打败了蔑儿乞人，抢来了诃额仑夫人，于是诃额仑成为也速该的妻子。第二年，也速该活捉了塔塔儿部首领铁木真兀格，恰好这时第一个儿子降生了。为了庆祝战争的胜利，也速该给自己刚刚出生的长子取名为“铁木真”。铁木真9岁那年，父亲被塔塔儿人铁木真兀格之子札邻不合毒死。也速该死后，俺巴孩汗的孙子泰赤兀部的塔里忽台乘机兴风作浪，他煽动蒙古部众抛弃铁木真母子，使他们一家从部落首领的地位一下子跌入苦难的深渊。
铁木真18岁时，昔日的仇敌蔑儿乞部的脱脱部长又抢走了他的妻子。铁木真向蔑儿乞部开战，打败了蔑儿乞人。1184年前后，铁木真被推举为蒙古乞颜部的可汗。铁木真称汗引起了雄心勃勃的札木合的忌恨，札木合纠合塔塔儿、泰赤兀等13部向铁木真发动了“十三翼之战”。在铁木真一生所经历的60余场战争中，这是惟一一次没有打胜的战争。
随着自己力量的不断强大，铁木真开始向杀害父祖的敌人发动进攻。打败了主儿乞部，其首领被杀，部将木华黎父子则投到铁木真帐下。后来木华黎成为铁木真的第一名将，被封为太师国王，让他独当一面地经略中原。
草原各部贵族害怕铁木真的崛起，推举札木合为“古儿汗”，即众汗之汗，誓与铁木真为敌。他们组成了12部联军，向铁木真和克烈部发动了阔亦田之战。札木合率领的乌合之众经不住铁木真、王汗联军的猛烈打击，不到一天就土崩瓦解了，札木合投降了王汗。随后铁木真进攻塔塔儿部，其首领札邻不合战败后服毒自杀，塔塔儿部另一首领也客扯连投降。铁木真追击泰赤兀部，在指挥作战中被泰赤兀部将射中脖颈，生命垂危。第二天清晨，泰赤兀部众就向铁木真投降了。
泰赤兀部的覆灭，铲除了铁木真进一步统一蒙古各部的巨大障碍，而其手下几员部将如神箭手哲别、纳牙阿等却成为铁木真征服天下的得力助手和一代英雄。后来远征西辽消灭屈出律的是他们，第一次在西征中哲别和速不台作用最为特殊，追赶苏丹的是他们，活捉秃儿罕太后的是他们，打败罗斯基辅大公的也是他们。
1202年秋，铁木真集中兵力，消灭了其宿敌塔塔儿部。1203年秋，铁木真袭击了一直与自己争战不休的王汗的金帐，王汗父子被打败。1204年成吉思汗征服乃蛮部。
王汗只身一人想投奔乃蛮部，在乃蛮边界被边将当作奸细杀死，王汗的儿子桑昆也身死异乡。
强大的克烈部被消灭了，铁木真占据了水草丰美的东部草原——呼伦贝尔草原。在蒙古草原上只剩下乃蛮部还有力量能够与铁木真对抗，败于铁木真之手的各部贵族先后汇集于乃蛮汗廷，企图借助太阳汗的支持夺回自己失去的牛羊和牧场。但草原人民并不希望部落林立的局面重演，而未经战阵、不自量力的太阳汗也不堪一击，经过纳忽崖之战，貌似强大的乃蛮部被彻底消灭。
身世
铁木真9岁那年，父亲带他到弘吉剌部去求亲。弘吉剌部的智者德薛禅将自己的女儿孛儿帖许配给铁木真。但也速该在返回蒙古草原途中，被塔塔儿人的铁木真兀格之子札邻不合毒死。也速该临终前要求其部众，将来为他报仇时，高于车轮的塔塔儿人要统统杀掉。也速该死后，铁木真一家在草原上艰难度日。诃额仑夫人将家族振兴的希望寄托在铁木真兄弟身上，尤其是长子铁木真，希望他能成为将来蒙古部的首领。但铁木真的异母弟别克帖儿并不服从他的权威，已经有了领袖感觉的铁木真是不能容忍这种挑战的。铁木真13岁那年，几位小兄弟偶然发生了一次“抢鱼”、“抢鸟”事件，铁木真、哈撒儿与别克帖儿发生冲突。铁木真、哈撒儿一前一后，射死了别克帖儿。母亲悲愤地责打他，教育他，说：现在除了影子之外没有伴当，除了马尾巴之外没有鞭子，越是在这种时刻，越应该兄弟一心，这样才能担负起振兴家族的大业。经过母亲的教育，他真诚地承认了自己的错误，表示永不忘记母亲的教训，一定要团结一致，为家族的振兴而团结奋斗。铁木真16岁那年，主儿乞人盗走了铁木真家的9匹银合马。铁木真在追马的过程中结识了一位知心朋友博尔术。后来博尔术成为蒙古帝国的一员名将，成吉思汗手下的四杰之一。
塔里忽台本来以为铁木真一家一定会被饿死，不料诃额仑却领着孩子们熬了过来，铁木真长成了少年英雄。于是他听从祖母的指教，以长辈教训晚辈的名义，借口铁木真射杀了弟弟这件事，要捉拿铁木真。塔里忽台企图用铁木真的人头祭天祭山，铁木真却打伤看守逃走了，闹得那位老太婆（塔里忽台的祖母）死不瞑目。在此生死关头，铁木真巧遇合答安一家。合答安是塔里忽台捅马乳奴隶锁儿罕失剌的女儿，她心地善良，冒着生命危险搭救了铁木真，并根据“遇客婚”的传统，二人在羊毛堆里产生了一段难忘的情缘。铁木真对恩人加恋人的合答安发誓说：如果能活着逃出去，将来一定要娶她为妻。而作为奴隶的合答安知道铁木真已经同弘吉剌部的贵族女儿孛儿帖订了亲，少女的心里只有一个心愿——将来你真有了出头之日，让我做一个奴婢，侍侯你一辈子吧！与塔塔儿部阔亦田之战后，铁木真少年时代的救命恩人和情人合答安终于来到铁木真身边。这时合答安已经是近40岁的妇人了。可是她一刻也不曾忘记过铁木真，多少次为了他的平安而祈祷，为他的成功而喜悦。铁木真也不曾忘过合答安，不料刚一见面，自己的部众便杀死了合答安的丈夫傻骆驼，铁木真非常内疚。其实，合答安对自己的丈夫是无所谓爱也无所谓恨的，她是个奴隶的女儿，一个女奴还敢奢望按自己的意愿谈婚论嫁吗？只是她厌恶傻骆驼跟随塔里忽台与铁木真为敌而已。铁木真知道合答安成了寡妇，便想实践自己的诺言，纳她为侧妃。合答安深爱铁木真，正因如此她拒绝了铁木真。因为她不是施恩图报的人，她知道铁木真这时需要的是年轻貌美的侧妃来调节由于血腥的厮杀带来的压力，自己还是坚持实践自己的心愿，给铁木真做奴婢，侍侯他一辈子。于是她以特殊的身份成为铁木真的一个家庭成员。不过铁木真并没有把她当奴隶看待。
面对着一个又一个突如其来的灾难，铁木真母子没有被吓倒、被征服，而是不息地奋斗，勇敢地抗争。在危难中，铁木真不仅结识了几个可以生死相托的知心朋友，1206年成吉思汗建立了大蒙古汗国，巧遇品德高尚的恩人与情人，而且“射雕英雄”的名声也在此时传遍了蒙古草原，爱和恨的种子在他们心中生根发芽，深深影响了铁木真兄弟的成长历程。
铁木真18岁时，弘吉剌部的德薛禅根据原来的婚约，将自己的女儿孛儿帖嫁给了铁木真。但美好的生活仅仅过了几个月，他的妻子就被昔日的仇敌蔑儿乞部的脱脱部长抢走了，并被强迫与赤列都之弟赤列格儿结合。铁木真杀父之仇未报，蔑儿乞人的夺妻之恨又降临到他的头上。为了夺回自己的妻子，他面对不儿罕山向长生天祷告，决定向强大的敌人蔑儿乞部开战。
1206年，铁木真在蒙古的根本之地斡难河源头举行库里台选汗大会，铁木真被推举为成吉思汗，蒙古汗国宣告成立，这在蒙古史乃至中国和世界历史上都是一件大事。通天巫阔阔出以天神名义给铁木真上尊号为成吉思汗。铁木真分封功臣与诸子、诸弟和功臣，实行了具有草原特色的领户分封制——千户、万户与诸王制；并创造了畏兀字书，制定了法律制度；征服了林中百姓和畏兀儿族政权。蒙古草原统一的时代终于到来了。
领户分封制
军队是国家政权的主要组成部分。有兵就有权，兵强则国固。在以征服战争为职业的历史阶段尤其如此。因此，成吉思汗统一蒙古草原后，第一件事就是大封功臣、宗室，把在战争中已经实行的千户制进一步完善和制度化，创立了军政合一的千户制，先后任命了一批千户官、万户官和宗室诸王，建立了一个层层隶属、指挥灵活、便于统治、能征善战的军政组织。成吉思汗把占领区的人户编为95个千户，分封给开国功臣和贵戚们，分别进行统治。《史集》和《蒙古秘史》一一列举了这些千户官的姓名、出身、主要经历以及各千户的组成情况，其中包括78位功臣，10位驸马，有3位驸马共领有10千户，因此当时实际分封的只有88人，这就是蒙古汗国历史上著名的八十八功臣。千户制的建立，标志着部落和氏族制的最后瓦解。这是一种军事、政治、经济三位一体的制度，是蒙古汗国统治体制中最重要的一环。建立特殊功勋的那颜，还被授予种种特权，那颜阶层是成吉思汗“黄金家族”统治蒙古人民的支柱。这实际上是用战争打败了原来各部的奴隶主和氏族贵族，又重新培植了一个新的奴隶主阶层，这是以成吉思汗所在的黄金家族为主、各级功臣为辅的新的奴隶主阶层。
塔塔统阿创蒙古文字
蒙古族原来没有文字，只靠结草刻木记事。在铁木真讨伐乃蛮部的战争中，捉住一个名叫塔塔统阿的畏兀儿人。他是乃蛮部太阳汗的掌印官，太阳汗尊他为国傅，让他掌握金印和钱谷。铁木真让塔塔统阿留在自己左右，“是后，凡有制旨，始用印章，仍命掌之”。不久，铁木真又让塔塔统阿用畏兀儿文字母拼写蒙古语，教太子诸王学习，这就是所谓的“畏兀字书”。从此以后，蒙古汗国的文书，“行于回回者则用回回字”，“回回字只有二十一个字母，其余只就偏旁上凑成。行于汉人、契丹、女真诸亡国者只用汉字”。而在一个相当时期内，在蒙古本土还是“只用小木”。“回回字”就是指的“畏兀字书”。虽然忽必烈时曾让国师八思巴创制“蒙古新字”，但元朝灭亡后就基本上不用了，而“畏兀字书”经过14世纪初的改革，更趋完善，一直沿用到今天。塔塔统阿创制蒙古文字，这在蒙古汗国历史上是一个创举。正是由于有了这种文字，成吉思汗才有可能颁布成文法和青册，而在他死后不久成书的第一部蒙古民族的古代史——《蒙古秘史》，就是用这种畏兀字书写成的。
蒙古成文法——大札撒的颁布
在成吉思汗统一蒙古以前，由于蒙古族还没有文字，因此也不可能有成文法。1206年成吉思汗建国时，就命令失吉忽秃忽着手制定青册，这是蒙古族正式颁布成文法的开端。但蒙古族的第一部成文法——《札撒大典》却是十几年之后，在西征花剌子模之前制定的。据《史集》记载，1219年，“成吉思汗高举征服世界的旗帜出征花剌子模”，临出师前，“他召集了会议，举行了忽里勒台，在他们中间对自己的领导规则、律令和古代习惯重新做了规定”，这就是所谓《札撒大典》。志费尼在《世界征服者史》中专门写了一章“成吉思汗制定的律令和他兴起后颁布的札撒”，其中说：“因为鞑靼人没有自己的文字，他便下令蒙古儿童习写畏兀文，并把有关的札撒和律令记在卷帙上。这些卷帙，称为‘札撒大典’，保存在为首宗王的库藏中。每逢新汗登基、大军调动或诸王会集共商国是和朝政，他们就把这些卷帙拿出来，依照上面的话行事，并根据其中规定的方式去部署军队，毁灭州郡、城镇。”现在，《札撒大典》已经失传，但在中外史籍中还片断记载了其中一部分条款。俄国人里亚赞诺夫斯基曾汇集波斯、阿拉伯和欧洲史料中的有关记载，得到成吉思汗的札撒条款36条、训言29条，以及其他有关蒙古法律的记述若干条。汉文史料中保存的札撒和训言也相当多，还有待于收集整理。根据以上这些不完整的记载，我们可以大致了解成吉思汗法律的若干内容。在蒙古社会中，大汗、合罕是最高统治者，享有至高无上的权威，大汗的言论、命令就是法律，成吉思汗颁布的“大札撒”记录的就是成吉思汗的命令。成吉思汗的“训言”，也被称为“大法令”。
西征花剌子模与长春真人西行
花剌子模讹答剌城的海儿汗杀死了蒙古汗国的499名和平商人，其国王摩诃末又武断地杀死了成吉思汗派去交涉的正使。
这成为成吉思汗西征的导火线。
如何看待成吉思汗西征，古今中外一直有不少争议。蒙古族是个马上民族，他们在马背上降生，在马背上成长，甚至在马背上死亡。成吉思汗是个马上皇帝，他跨马挥刀统一了蒙古草原，攻下了金朝的中都，又将马蹄所到之处视为自己的领土，掠夺人口和财物，为自己的子孙经营一片理想的领地，这确实是成吉思汗西征的真正目的。
出师前的争吵——西征出师之前，成吉思汗诸子之间发生了一场关于长子术赤的出身与汗位继承问题的争吵：术赤是不是成吉思汗的亲生骨肉，并非当时争论的焦点，其关键在于究竟由谁继承汗位。能否使自己的事业发扬光大，是成吉思汗考虑问题的出发点。在这场冲突中，成吉思汗确定三子窝阔台为汗位继承人，主要就是从政治稳定和个人才能方面考虑的。同时它说明当时蒙古汗位的继承还没有实行嫡长子继承制，而是保留了一些原始社会末期推举制的痕迹：从嫡子的“贤者”中选拔继位者，最后由库里台大会予以确认。正是这种汗位继承制度，导致了成吉思汗死后蒙古皇族的皇位之争。术赤是长子，当时关于此人是不是成吉思汗亲儿子的争论，在成吉思汗心理上留下了阴影，这个阴影一直伴随他走完自己的一生。察合台是孛儿帖生的二儿子，打起仗来不失为一个勇士，有不服输的性格。不过他生性鲁莽、好斗、残忍，成吉思汗知道他不是继承自己事业的材料。窝阔台是老三，论战功和勇敢他都不如两个哥哥。可是他比两个哥哥聪明，能体察成吉思汗的心思，为人也随和，从不参与兄弟之间的争斗，从不对继承汗位表现出任何热衷。正是这一点，使他得到成吉思汗的信赖，并把汗位传给了他。
扫清边界，中间突破
成吉思汗对花剌子模的进攻采取了“扫清边界，中间突破”的战略。花剌子模的新都撒马尔罕在不花剌以东，旧都玉龙杰赤在不花剌西北。国王驻新都，母后秃儿罕驻旧都。
成吉思汗首战的目标是攻取讹答剌等边界城市，同时亲率中军进攻不花剌，目的在于避实击虚，从中间突破，切断花剌子模新旧二都之间的联系，使其首尾不能相顾。这场战争打得最激烈的地方就是讹答剌城，海儿汗最后被活捉。成吉思汗为了给被杀的商队和使臣报仇，融化了银液灌在他的眼睛里。
摩诃曼国王之死
花剌子模在当时的中东地区相当强大，他们的国王摩诃曼苏丹，号称世界征服者。中东地区和相邻的欧洲诸国都十分惧怕他，连斡罗思的不少公国，也常常被他们袭扰，以致花剌子模的集市上常常有斡罗思人被拍卖。摩诃末不可一世、目空一切，他除了对母后有所忌惮之外，将西辽人、乃蛮人全不放在眼里。对于蒙古人，开始他知之甚少，太后的兄弟海儿汗贪财害死了蒙古商队，他并不赞成，也不知情，但因为太后支持国舅，他也只得以强硬的态度对待蒙古的使团。当时他真的相信那是一群野蛮的异教徒，骑着像兔子一样矮小的马，根本不堪一击。他第一次在西辽边境同者别率领的蒙古小股部队遭遇的时候，才领略了蒙古人的战斗力。
面对着蒙古大军的进攻，摩诃曼国王拒绝了集中兵力决战的正确建议，采取了分兵把关、城自为战的被动挨打的战略。而当蒙古大军日益逼近时，他又放弃首都，放弃天险，率众逃跑，从未组织过一次像样的抵抗。根据成吉思汗的命令，蒙古名将者别、速不台率军追击摩诃末。成吉思汗要求他们要像猎犬一样咬住自己的猎物不放，即使其躲入山林、海岛，也要像疾风闪电般追上去。躲入山林的秃儿罕王后被迫投降了，逃往海岛的摩诃曼也悲惨地死去。
摩诃末死后，者别、速不台又挥军北上，进入钦察草原与斡罗思地区。因术赤与察合台意见不合，玉龙杰赤久攻不下。成吉思汗命令窝阔台为前线指挥，最后才攻下玉龙杰赤城。不可一世的花剌子模被消灭了，钦察骑兵和斡罗思诸公国也一败涂地，古印度河、伏尔加河一带成为激烈争夺的战场。花剌子模的王子札兰丁率领残部进行抵抗，在八鲁弯之战中一举消灭了近3万蒙古兵。但花剌子模大势己去，札兰丁被成吉思汗围困在申河边上，最后突围逃往印度。
回军路上接见长春真人——在西征回军的路上，成吉思汗接见了中国北方道教全真派首领长春真人丘处机，日本学者称之为是为西征送去的一股清风。丘处机是道教全真派的掌门人，成吉思汗待他也如同朋友一般。丘处机与成吉思汗的相会时间不长，但是在成吉思汗人生道路上起的作用却相当大，使其性格也发生了重大变化。丘祖殿、丘处机清楚地告诉他，人是不能长生不老的，只能养生。还告诉他一条治国之道，劝他要清静无为，不要滥杀无辜等。
回军灭西夏太祖二十年（1225）秋，经过了7年西征的成吉思汗回到了蒙古草原。因西夏背盟，主将木华黎含恨而死，成吉思汗不顾64岁高龄，坚持亲征西夏。途中围猎受伤，高烧不起，但他仍不退兵。西夏王被迫派使者求降。
成吉思汗病危，在六盘山休养，留下了三条著名的遗嘱。太祖二十二年（1227）秋，成吉思汗死于六盘山附近的清水县。
他虽然未能在自己的有生之年灭亡西夏，更未能征服中原，却为自己的子孙留下了灭夏、灭金的方略。
【死因说法】
成吉思汗的死因说法
关于成吉思汗的死因，大概有五种，多与西夏有关。
1、雷电击中。蒙古人迷信“上天以雷电警告不孝者”，成吉思汗因惹母亲生气导致母亲去世，有不孝之嫌，所以特别害怕雷电，1227年夏，成吉思汗误入雷区，被雷电击中致死。
成吉思汗陵2、美女刺杀。据俄罗斯探险家搜集的资料表明，成吉思汗在西夏作战时俘获一西夏后妃，在宠幸她时，这位后妃切下了他的那“一部分”为夫报仇，然后投河自尽。成吉思也因伤重不治而亡。
但是，根据史料记载，这两个说法的时间和地点都明显错误，成吉思汗死时，蒙古还在隐瞒其死亡消息，西夏当时还没有灭亡。
史料记载，1227年初成吉思汗在西夏作战时膝部中了毒箭，最终致命。意大利著名旅行家马可·波罗在自己的遗著中认为：成吉思汗死于箭伤。《圣武亲征录》说，成吉思汗受箭伤有三次：1202年阔奕坛之战、1212年攻西京之战、1226年攻西夏时膝部中箭。估计最后一次箭伤对其身体影响较大。《世界侵略者传略》、《史集》、《元史译文》、《纲目译文》等国外、国内书籍都说“汗病八日死”。
在避暑期间还挽留辽国国王耶律留哥的长子薛"，“俾其亲见西夏都城之攻拔”。他连续作战且每个月都能攻破一个西夏属地城池，并邀请辽国王子观看西夏都城的消亡，这证明成吉思汗在一路攻城拔地中，对身后取得胜利及眼前要取得的胜利很有信心，而且，他身体状况还不错。8日后死亡，箭伤能让这个身体健壮的人突然死亡。成吉思汗死于西夏军队的连发弩射出的毒箭之下，带有巨毒的箭头射伤成吉思汗的膝部，再加上长子术赤病死、流动作战的辛劳、酷热的天气等因素影响，都会加重病情 个月前在内蒙古阿尔寨就因落马膝部受伤的成吉思汗仅仅挺过了8天时间就驾崩。
在灭亡西夏的前夕，成吉思汗的生命也走到了尽头，因斑疹伤寒病死于军中，临终前提出联宋灭金的战略。同年西夏被彻底灭亡。
其中最正统的，也为更多人的知道的，就是《元史》中采信的“坠马说”。
蒙古人撰编的《元朝秘史》（卷十四）记载，“成吉思既住过冬，欲征唐兀。从新整点军马，至狗儿年秋，去征唐兀，以夫人也遂从行。冬间，于阿儿不合地面围猎，成吉思骑一匹红沙马，为野马所惊，成吉思坠马跌伤，就于搠斡儿合惕地面下营。次日，也遂夫人对大王并众官人说：‘皇帝今夜好生发热，您可商量’。”
“唐兀”，是当年蒙古人对西夏人的叫法；“狗儿年”，是宋理宗宝庆二年（公元1226年）。这里交代一个史实，成吉思汗于1226年秋天，带着夫人也遂去征讨西夏国。冬季时，在一个叫阿儿不合的地方打猎。不想他的骑的一匹红沙马，却让一匹野马惊了，导致没有防备的成吉思汗坠落马下受伤，当夜就发起了高烧。1227七月“不豫”，病根即在此。为什么一次坠马伤重成这样？据说是流血太多。
当时，也遂请随从的将领商议这事怎么办，有人建议反正西夏城池都在，一时半会也逃走不了，干脆回去养伤，等好了再来攻打。成吉思汗一生要强，心想如果这样回去会让西夏人笑话。也该他魂断西夏，成吉思汗派员去西夏国探听情况时，正好西夏一叫阿沙敢不的大臣讥笑，有本事你就来过招。成吉思汗听说后，表示宁死不退兵，遂挺进贺兰山，将阿沙敢不灭了。但此后，成吉思汗的伤病一直未好，反而加重，到1227年农历七月十二（今阳历8月25号）病死了，时虚岁67。如果当时成吉思汗回去了，这病根子就不会落下了。
“雷击说” 这种说法比较离奇。出使蒙古的罗马教廷使节约翰·普兰诺·加宾尼在其所文章透露，成吉思汗是可能是被雷电击中身亡。约翰·普兰诺·加宾尼当时到达蒙古国时，发现夏天的雷电伤人事故频发，“在那里却有凶猛的雷击和闪电，致使很多人死亡。”因为这原因，蒙古人很怕雷电。南宋彭达雅所著《黑鞑事略》记载，“鞑人每闻雷霆，必掩耳屈身至地，若躲避状。”约翰·普兰诺·加宾尼为葡萄牙人，出使中国的确实时间是公元1245-1247年，由教皇诺森四世派遣而来，回去后向教皇提交了题为《被我们称为鞑靼的蒙古人的历史》出使报告。约翰·普兰诺·加宾尼来时距成吉思汗死亡只有18年，比马可·波罗早30年，记叙并非空穴来风。
“中毒说” 这种说法，来源于《马可·波罗游记》。马可·波罗是十三世纪意大利商人，于1275年到达中国。其时正是元世祖忽必烈当政时间，在元朝有过17年的交往。其在游记中记叙的成吉思汗的死因：在进攻西夏时围攻太津（吉州，古要塞）时，膝部不幸中了西夏兵士射来的毒箭。结果可想而知，毒箭攻心，伤势益重，一病不起。但民间另有传说，成吉思汗是“中毒”而死，但却不是中了西夏兵士的毒箭，而是让被俘虏的西夏王妃古尔伯勒津郭斡哈屯下了毒，当时这位西夏王妃乘陪寑之机行事的。
铁木真雕像“被刺说” 这种说法与上面说的被俘西夏王妃古尔伯勒津郭斡哈屯有关，是下毒说法的另一种版本。在蒙古民间传，成吉思汗的军队进攻西夏的过程中，兵士俘虏到了很漂亮的西夏王妃古尔伯勒津郭斡哈屯，进献给成吉思汗。就在陪寑首夜，这位西夏王妃刺了放松警惕性的成吉思汗。被刺一说，源于成书于清朝康熙元年（公元1662年）《蒙古源流》。此书很珍贵，100年后，即1766年蒙古喀尔喀部亲王成衮扎布作为礼物，将此书手抄本进献乾隆皇帝。乾隆令人将其译为满、汉两种文本，并题书名《饮定蒙古源流》，收入《四库全书》。应该说，成吉思汗被刺一说是有很高的可信度的。
【丧葬习俗】
1127年六十六岁的成吉思汗病死在六盘山。他葬于今天蒙古国境内的肯特山起撵谷。蒙古族盛行“密葬”，所以真正的成吉思汗陵究竟在何处始终是个谜。现今的成吉思汗陵乃是一座衣冠冢，它经过多次迁移，直到1954年才由湟中县的塔尔寺迁回故地伊金霍洛旗。
陵墓坐落在内蒙古鄂尔多斯草原中部的鄂尔多斯市伊金霍洛旗甘德利草原上，距包头市185公里。这里牧草腾碧浪，羊群卷雪花，蓝天绿草之间。三座蒙古包式的大殿肃然伫立，明黄的墙壁、朱红的门窗、辉煌夺目的金黄琉璃宝顶，使这座帝陵显得格外庄严。陵园占地面积5万多平方米，主体建筑由三座蒙古包式的大殿和与之相连的廊房组成。陵园分作正殿、寝宫、东殿、西殿、东廊、西廊六个部分。整个陵园的造型，犹如展翅欲飞的雄鹰，极富浓厚的蒙古民族独特的艺术风格。
【世人评说】
成吉思汗是古今中外著名的历史人物，同时又是最有争议的人物。七八百年来，中外各国的政治家、军事家和名人学者从不同角度研究和探讨这位伟大人物。
马克思在谈到成吉思汗时曾说：“成吉思汗戎马倥偬，征战终生，统一了蒙古，为中国统一而战，祖孙三代鏖战六七十年，其后征服民族多至720部。”在《马克思印度史编年稿》一书中，马克思写道，成吉思汗在统一蒙古的过程中组建了一支军队，他“依靠这支军队征服了东蒙与华北，然后征服了阿姆河以北的地方与呼罗珊，还征服了突厥族地区，即不花剌、花剌子模和波斯，并且还侵入印度。他的帝国的疆土从里海一直沿伸到北京，南面伸展到印度洋和喜马拉雅山西面到阿斯特拉汗和嘉桑。他卒后这个帝国分为钦察汗国、伊儿汗国、察合台汗国、窝阔台汗国和元朝；前四部分由汗分别统治；最后一部分作为帝国的主要部分，由大汗直接统治”。
孙中山先生说：“亚洲早期最强大的民族之中元朝蒙古人居首位。”“元朝时期几乎整个欧洲被元朝所占领，远比中国最强盛的时期更强大了”。
毛泽东同志将成吉思汗称为“一代天骄”，将他与中国历史上著名的帝王秦皇、汉武、唐宗、宋祖相提并论。
东方战神——世界历史上最伟大的军事统帅成吉思汗及其继承者，不仅组建了一支当时天下无敌的强大骑兵，出色地解决了军队给养、后勤供应，还创造性地运用了一系列符合骑兵作战特点的战略战术，取得了一个又一个胜利。
印度前总理尼赫鲁在《怎样对待世界历史》一书中说：“蒙古人在战场上取得如此伟大的胜利，这并不靠兵马之众多，而靠的是严谨的纪律、制度和可行的组织。也可以说，那些辉煌的成就来自于成吉思汗的指挥艺术。”他非常赞成勒?加特的说法：“蒙古人所进行的征战，就其规模和艺术、突然性和灵活性、包围的战略和战术而言，是史无前例的。”“成吉思汗即使不是世界上惟一的、最伟大的统帅，无疑也是世界上最伟大的统帅之一”。
美国五星上将麦克阿瑟说：“如果有关战争的记载都从历史上抹掉，只留下成吉思汗战斗情况的详细记载，且被保存得很好，那么军人将仍然拥有无穷无尽的财富。从那些记载中，军人可以获得有用的知识，塑造一支用于未来战争的军队。那位令人惊异的领袖（成吉思汗）的成功使历史上大多数指挥官的成就黯然失色。”“他渡江河、翻高山，攻克城池，灭亡国家，摧毁整个文明。在战场上，他的部队运用得如此迅速和巧妙，横扫千军如卷席，无数次打败了数量上占压倒优势的敌人”。“虽然他毁灭一切，残酷无情，野蛮凶猛，但他清楚地懂得战争的种种不变的要求”。
俄国将军以葛那吉夫说：“横览宇内，历年之少，而开拓疆土之广大，如成吉思汗者，千古所未尝见也。成吉思汗登蒙古大汗位之初，兵籍之户数约一万三千而已（约3万），其后征服民族之数凡七百二十部之多，其言语信仰，大抵异类。其子孙蒙业开拓，所奄有之全版图，包括今之清朝大半，印度的北部，朝鲜半岛全部，中亚细亚的全域，俄罗斯帝国大半，底格里斯河与幼发拉底河间之南部，兵刃之所斩刈，马足之所蹂躏，由东达西，成一直线，径长六千英里（约当中国1万6千里），其间列国数十，成吉思汗及其子孙才以六七十年之短日月次第削平者也。此最大盖世之雄，果如何而崛起者耶？”
俄国军事家柯列金也说：“通观世界历史，用很少兵力（拉施德丁说12万，小林高四郎说20万），在很短时间内（1207年到1227年共20年），攻略广大土地（欧亚两洲的大部），统治众多人口（中小路彰说6亿人口，我认为有些夸大），除成吉思汗时代的鞑靼人和帖木儿时代的中亚细亚人之外，开天辟地以来从未有过。”
有人曾经统计过，成吉思汗一生共进行了60多次战争，除十三翼之战因实力悬殊主动撤退外，没有一次失败过。因此中国学者刘乐土先生在其《成吉思汗》一书中说：“成吉思汗是后人难以比肩的战争奇才。他逢敌必战、战必胜的神奇，将人类的军事天赋穷尽到了极点。”“他麾下的铁骑，势如破竹，硝烟漫卷到了罗斯、阿富汗及印度北部。在广袤的欧亚大陆，成吉思汗已经成了战无不胜的神，对手无不闻风丧胆，屈服于脚下”。“什么人才能称得上战神？惟有成吉思汗!”
信仰自由——实行开明的宗教政策成吉思汗及其子孙建立的蒙古汗国横跨欧亚两洲，当时世界上的各种宗教，在其统治的范围之内几乎是应有尽有。其中包括蒙古人原来信奉的萨满教，西藏、西夏和汉人信奉的佛教，金和南宋的道教、摩尼教，畏兀儿和西方各国信奉的伊斯兰教（回回教、答失蛮），蒙古高原一些部落乃至钦察、斡罗思各国信奉的基督教（包括景教，即聂斯托利派；也里可温，罗马派）等等。蒙古贵族征服天下，基本上是采取屠杀和掠夺政策，但其宗教政策却比较开明，并不强迫被征服者改信蒙古人的宗教，而是宣布信教自由，允许各个教派存在，而且允许蒙古人自由参加各种教派，对教徒基本上免除赋税和徭役。实行这一政策，在一定程度上减少了被征服者的反抗，对蒙古贵族的得天下和治天下都曾发挥过不小的作用。随着中亚、波斯等地被征服，来到东方的回回人空前增加。蒙古贵族利用回回上层和富商大贾作为压迫与剥削中原汉民的帮手，如花剌子模人牙剌瓦赤，不花剌贵族赛典赤赡思丁，富商奥都剌合蛮、阿合马等，都在统治机构中担任很重要的职务。移居漠北与中原各地的回回人被允许保留自己的宗教信仰，在其聚居地建立清真寺，回教教师答失蛮、苦行者迭里威失，享受与僧道、也里可温同样的免税待遇。但一般的回教徒——木速鲁蛮则同于编民，一样要交纳赋税，负担差发。总之，“在中国，由于蒙古人采取‘信仰自由’和‘兼容并包’的政策，伊斯兰教乘机往东发展，大批穆斯林迁居来华，为穆斯林民族的形成奠定了基础”。自忽必烈以后，元朝统治者主要提倡喇嘛教，西藏人八思巴被尊为“大宝法王”、“大元帝师”。以后每一帝师死，必自西藏取一人为嗣，一直到元朝灭亡。由此佛教掌握了西藏地方的政权，并将教义传入了蒙古地区。
经商与战争——打破东西方壁垒的千年伟人成吉思汗西征导因于一次东西方的商业冲突：讹答剌城守将海儿汗残杀蒙古商队，成为成吉思汗西征的导火线，并为此付出了惨痛的代价。德山先生在《元代交通史》中说：“国际陆路交通是成吉思汗祖孙三代三次西征的产物。”由此“开辟了中国通往波斯的国际交通——波斯道”。
法国学者格鲁塞在《蒙古帝国史》中说：“蒙古人几乎将亚洲全部联合起来，开辟了洲际的通道，便利了中国和波斯的接触，以及基督教和远东的接触。中国的绘画和波斯的绘画彼此相识并交流。马可波罗得知了释迦牟尼，北京有了天主教总主教。”“从蒙古人的传播文化这点说，差不多和罗马人传播文化一样有利。对于世界的贡献，只有好望角的发现和美洲的发现，才能够在这一点与之相似”。
加拿大史学家斯塔夫里阿塔斯说：“由于蒙古帝国的兴起，陆上贸易发生了一场大变革。历史上第一次，也是惟一一次，一个政权横跨欧亚大陆，即从波罗的海到太平洋，从西伯利亚到波斯湾。”“往来于这条大道的商人们说，无论白天还是黑夜，在塔那到中国的路上行走，是绝对安全的”。这条“横穿中亚的商路”，对于当时东西方商业的发展具有“重大意义”。
美国作家哈罗兰姆将成吉思汗称为“人类帝王”，他在著作中说：“虽然当初的成吉思汗从未接受过物质文明的熏染，竟能为50多个民族建立了切实可行的典章，维持大半个世界的和平与秩序”；“信使可以纵横50个经度，一个少女怀揣一袋金子，可以安心遨游这个广大的帝国”。使得东西交流为之畅通、欧亚文化为之交流，“这是人类之间最广大而开放的一次握手”。
1999年6月，韩国总统金大中说：“有人认为，由于有了蒙古人，人类才第一次拥有了世界史，而蒙古人倔强不拔、勇猛无敌的精神和机智敏捷的性格却塑造了伟大的成吉思汗。同样，我也赞成一些人的评价，网络还未出现的七百年以前的蒙古人，却打通了世界各国的关系，建立了国际往来关系。”亚洲人眼中的成吉思汗
《世界征服者史》的作者波斯人志费尼说：亚历山大在世也会将成吉思汗尊为自己的老师。他认为，全能的真主使成吉思汗才智出众，使他思想之敏捷、权力之无限为世上诸王之冠。所以，史书虽然记载了古代伟大的库萨和的实施，以及法老恺撒的法令律文，但是成吉思汗却凭借自己的脑子创造出来了类似的东西，既没有劳神去查阅文献，也没有费力去遵循传统。征服他国的方略、消灭敌军、擢升部署等措施，也全是他自己领悟的结果。说实话，倘若那善于运筹帷幄、料敌如神的亚历山大活在成吉思汗时代，他会在使计用策方面做成吉思汗的学生，而且，在攻略城池的种种妙策中，他会发现最好的方法莫如盲目地跟着成吉思汗走。
日本前首相桥本龙太郎是个成吉思汗迷。日本人事院一年一度的理想老板调查结果最近出炉，结果令调查人员大吃一惊：许多新任公务员心目中理想的老板并不是首相桥本龙太郎，而是13世纪中国的成吉思汗！
日本政府在一项实习训练中，调查了520名新任公务员，问他们心目中最敬佩的老板是谁，结果79人选成吉思汗。这是1991年起进行类似调查以来，第一个荣登榜首的非日本人。人事院官员说，许多新任命的公务员认为成吉思汗是“一个有组织能力的领袖，而不仅是一个征服者”。日本首相桥本龙太郎仅得了8票，排名第九。不过他本人对此似乎不太在意，因为他也是个成吉思汗迷。桥本最喜爱的书就是日本最近出版的一本有关成吉思汗及其家庭的小说。
谈起成吉思汗，尼赫鲁印象深刻：成吉思汗在占领朝鲜、唐古特之后，本想停止扩张，他并没有打算攻占西方诸国，而是想要同花剌子模沙阿和平相处。但是沙阿的一个督统杀了蒙古商人，在这种情况下，成吉思汗仍然是希望和平相处，派使团要求处理杀死蒙古商人的督统。沙阿不但没有同意成吉思汗的要求，反而杀死了使团团长，其余的成员被剃光胡须押出国境。成吉思汗当然不能忍让这种无理行径，做好准备后于1219年进攻并且摧毁了花剌子模。布哈拉城的多处宫殿和他们的百万市民被洗劫一空，首都撒麻耳干被彻底摧毁，只剩下50万人。多年来中亚繁荣昌盛的文化、文明以及手工业全部毁尽。伊朗、中亚的文明似乎消失。成吉思汗的马蹄所到之处几乎成了无人烟的旷野。人们把成吉思汗描写的非常残忍，可是与同时代的其他征服者相比较，也就没有什么两样了。当时来过印度的阿富汗人也很残忍，只是他们占领的范围不同而已。阿富汗人于1150年占领嘎资尼，凡是男人一个不留，全部杀尽，女人都成了俘虏。穆罕默德闻名于世的宫殿、建筑物全部被毁。阿富汗占领时期在印度发生的一系列破坏行为同成吉思汗在伊朗、中亚造成的破坏在本质上没有什么区别。沙阿杀了成吉思汗的使者，这是血仇，所以成吉思汗攻打花剌子模，报了仇。成吉思汗在其他地方也进行过大规模破坏，但是破坏的程度比中亚略轻一些。
1999年韩国总统金大中说：有人认为，由于有了蒙古人，人类才第一次拥有了世界史，而蒙古人的倔强、勇猛无敌的精神和机智敏捷的性格却塑造了伟大的成吉思汗。在网络还未出现的700年前，蒙古人就打通了世界各国，建立国际往来的关系。
欧洲人眼中的成吉思汗
拿破仑说：我不如成吉思汗。不要以为蒙古大军入侵欧洲是亚洲散沙在盲目移动，这个游牧民族有严格的军事组织和深思熟虑的指挥，他们要比自己的对手精明得多。我不如成吉思汗，他的四个虎子都争为其父效力，我没有这种好运。
黑格尔谈及成吉思汗时说，蒙古人用马乳做饮料，所以马匹是他们作战的利器，也是他们营养的食品。他们长期的生活方式虽然如此，但是他们时常集合为大群人马，在任何一种冲动之下，便激发为对外的活动。他们先前虽然倾向和平，可是这时却如洪水一般，泛滥到文明的国土上，一场大乱的结果，只是满目疮痍。这样的骚动，当这些部落由成吉思汗和帖木儿做领袖时，就曾经发生过：他们从高原横冲到低谷，摧毁了当前的一切，又象一道爆发的山洪那样退得无影无踪——绝对没有什么固有的生存原则。
英国史学家韦尔斯在他的《世界史纲》中说：“蒙古人的征服故事确实是全部历史中最出色的故事之一。亚历山大大帝的征服，在范围上不能和它相比。在散播和扩大人们的思想以及刺激他们的想象力上，他所起的影响是巨大的……作为一个有创造力的民族，作为知识和方法的传播者，他们对历史的影响是很大的”。1970年出版的《全球通史(1500年以前的世界，)》同样强调蒙古的侵略“促进了欧亚大陆间的相互影响”，书中举了不少事例，最后说：“由这种相互影响提供的机会，又被正在欧洲形成的新文明所充分利用。这一点具有深远的意义，直到现在，仍对世界历史的进程产生影响”七八百年过去了，成吉思汗的影响并没有因时间的推移而黯淡。对整个世界来讲，他去世以后的影响远比生前更大，而且渗透到了政治、军事、经济和文化等各个领域，出现了世界的成吉思汗热。
德国嘉桑大学教授费朗索儿·冯·额尔多满称成吉思汗为“不屈之王铁木真”，在他所著《不屈之王铁木真》中写道：“在欧罗巴也与西部亚细亚同样，不重新树立自然的秩序是不行的。那样无论在欧洲和亚洲，使他们从沉睡状态中苏醒过来，需要一只强有力的手去摇动他们是迫切必要的。这样摇醒他们的强有力的手出现了，这就是不屈之王铁木真及其后裔。那样，他们是完成支配世界的至上命运后不久撤离了历史舞台的。俄罗斯人和德意志人及其他西欧诸国民，能够达到现在这样强大和文明无疑是蒙古人和蒙古军征服的刺激和赐物。”
德国前总理施密特说：类似一体化在人类历史上，只有成吉思汗等人的时代出现过。
《国际先驱导报》驻柏林记者郑汉根曾经在一篇报道中写道：“……但是另一方面，欧洲过去上千年的历史也是一部出现的危机，之后危机又得到解除的历史，目前欧洲一体化面临的危机也将得到解除。所以，也可能在50年之后出现能力的欧盟。那么这将是人类历史上一个辉煌的成就。这种辉煌成就相当于亚洲国家成为一个联盟。类似这样的一体化在人类历史上还没有出现过，只是在一些征服者的时代出现过，比如成吉思汗、亚历山大以及拿破仑等，但是自愿形成的联合还没有出现。所以这种联合是很难得，即使可能形成，那么也需要很长的时间，我也不会活那么长，所以也就不去做预测了。”
再看看普希金笔下的成吉思汗吧：俄罗斯人民掩护了西欧，使西欧免受蒙古人压迫的灾祸。鞑靼人不像摩尔人，他们征服俄罗斯后，既没有给予它代表，也没有给予它亚里士多德。崇高的使命落到了俄罗斯身上；他那一望无际的平原吞噬了蒙古人的力量，使他们的侵略停止在欧洲的边缘。美洲人眼中的成吉思汗
前苏联著名藏学家尼古拉•列里赫说：亘古开天辟地以来没有一个民族如此强大。
美国五星上将麦克阿瑟经曾经号召军人向成吉思汗学习。他在给陆军部长的一份报告中说：如果有关战争的记载（除了成吉思汗的战争记载以外）都从历史上抹掉，只留下成吉思汗战斗情况的详细记载，并且被保存得很好，那么军人将仍然拥有无穷无尽的财富。从那些记载中，军人可以获取有用知识，塑造一支用于未来战争的军队。那位令人惊异的领袖（成吉思汗）的成功使历史上大多数指挥官的成就黯然失色。他的成功证明了他有充分的、准确无误的本能作为指挥一支军队的基本资格。他发明了一种适合当时条件的编制。把部队的纪律和士气提高到一个其他军队从未有过的水平（也许克伦威尔的军队达到了这个水平），利用每一个和平时期，提高下属指挥官的能力。他的部队的运动速度与他同时代其他部队相比，几乎令人难以置信。虽然他以当时亚洲所能产生的最好的进攻和防御装备来武装士兵，却不愿使军队负荷过重，失去机动性。他的庞大兵团从很远的地方运动得如此神速和神秘，使得敌人惊慌失措，实际上失去了抵抗的能力。他渡江河、翻高山，攻克城池，灭亡国家，摧毁整个文明。在战场上，他的部队运动得如此迅速和巧妙，横扫千军如卷席，无数次打败了在数量上占压倒优势的敌人。虽然他毁灭了一切，残酷无情，野蛮凶猛，但是他清楚地懂得战争的种种不变的要求。
美国前总统罗斯福高度赞扬《蒙古人的历史》。蒙古学学家杰里迈·柯廷（1835~1906年）曾经写了3本大部头的有关蒙古学的著作。第一部书《蒙古人的历史》，于1908年在伦敦出版。当时的美国总统罗斯福以优雅的笔文为该书写了长达7页的前言，高度赞扬该书的出版。《蒙古人的历史》，共19章，426页，写法十分紧凑。书的开头部分，首先概述了俄文、汉文、波斯文中关于蒙古人的起源、发展的传说和故事，铁木真的成长和他的业绩，接着分别论述了花子模之战、成吉思汗之死、成吉思汗死后的波斯、旭烈兀的统治、对金朝的战争、窝阔台之死、忽必烈汗和宋朝、妥欢帖睦儿和蒙古人被逐出中原。
联合国秘书长安南谈到成吉思汗时说：“游牧民族的文化是全人类伟大的文化。13世纪成吉思汗统一蒙古部落，建立了世界上举世无双的庞大的蒙古帝国。他所建立的政权和法律，至今对世界各国和地区仍然有积极意义。我早就有个愿望，很想到具有悠久历史的成吉思汗家乡去看看。”
成吉思汗的精神
由于成吉思汗儿时失去父亲，由母亲携带生活在树林里，靠母亲一个人打猎，采集来生活，练就了他刚强的性格
他曾说过：拼杀冲锋的时候，要像雄鹰一样；高兴的时候，要像三岁牛犊一般欢快；在明亮的白昼，要深沉细心；在黑暗的夜里，要有坚强的忍耐力 。
以此育人，体现了他坚强刚毅的精神。
香港tvb电视剧《成吉思汗》
上映：1987年
地区：中国香港
出品：电视广播（国际）有限公司
主演：万梓良、刘青云、黄日华、陈庭威、刘美娟、谢宁、郑伊健 、郭富城、陶大宇、苏永康、关礼杰
大陆电视剧《成吉思汗》
导 演：王文杰
动作导演：谢维崇
执行导演：王文晟、王永泉
总监制：张国民
制片人：姜昆、杜杰
演员：巴森、萨仁高娃、赵恒煊
剧情梗概：
一代天骄成吉思汗是闻名中外的蒙古族的英雄，是公元后第二个千年最伟大的人物之一。该剧全面介绍了成吉思汗的一生：十二世纪中叶，中国北方在金朝统治之下。大漠南北草原各部还各自独立，互不统属。金朝对其实行“分而治之”和屠杀掠夺的“减丁”政策，蒙古部首领俺巴孩就曾被金熙宗残酷地钉死在木驴上。正是这种几代冤仇导致了草原内外的长期征战，孕育了以征战为主要生活内容的一代天骄！ 在12世纪末至13世纪初，成吉思汗以其杰出的政治谋略和正确的战略战术结束了蒙古草原四分五裂的局面，完成了蒙古族的统一。十三世纪初，他又以血族复仇的名义率领十万蒙古铁骑直指金朝的中都(今北京)，能征惯战的女真人不堪一击，中都很快被攻克。后因林木中百姓叛乱，成吉思汗率主力回到蒙古草原；又因西方大国边将杀死近五百人的商队，其国王又杀死蒙古正使，成吉思汗才被迫进行了西征。蒙古铁骑兵锋所指，多少支军队被打得人仰马翻，多少个王公贵族纷纷人头落地：不可一世的西方对手被消灭了，其统治区域成为剧烈争夺的战场。成吉思汗临死前还逼迫西夏王表示投降，并留下了灭金、灭夏和如何巩固政权的三条遗嘱。
【网络游戏】成吉思汗
《成吉思汗》是北京麒麟网信息科技有限公司自主研发的第一款国产网游历史大片。
Weapons: Sulu set (gun)
Death: Song Baoqing Lizong two years of Genghis Khan, Golden Isles are being examined two large four-year
Temple name: Dynasty
Father: Bei jin also speed the child only to A bald children
Wives: Bei child posts, suddenly Ruellan, Liquori Jie Tam, off suddenly thought, Timur London, also eight stab of pity for real, do not suddenly bald queen Yan, Sheng-Hai concubine suddenly
Daughter: A stab Ji Hai Do
Regret: his father poisoned by Tatars people with poisoned wine
Paste moron cousin sister was suddenly shot and killed the police child
Reign: (1206 ~ 1227), twenty-year reign
Yuantaizu, it became, that is, Genghis Khan (hán) (Ghinggis Khan), Marco jin's children only, name Temujin. Mongolian, world history and an outstanding statesman, military strategist. AD 1206 and was elected as the Mongol Empire sweat, unified the Mongolian Plateau tribes. During the reign of repeatedly launched wars of conquest, conquest of the west Black Sea coastal region, including almost the entire East Asia, established the history of the world famous across Europe and Asia one of the great empire. King Khan defected Kerait Department to collect the old unit of his late father, gradually recovered strength. About the Golden Palace Dading not established account, said Khan. Sapporo A Lanna with the Department of Jamukha, and other war, defeat, known to history as the Battle of 13 wing. Jincheng An first year (1196), in conjunction with the King Khan intercept Tatar soldiers grants the Department of River John in Sapporo (today 蒙古乌勒吉 River), benefits are granted to the police suddenly Wu Lu (that is, the first minority tribes) of the officer. Also with the Department of King Khan and Naiman war, war tribes to attached, force enhancement. Kim Tae and first year (1201) in February, and Wang Khan defeated the Mongolian Plateau to Jamukha led coalition Shiyu Bu. Tatars destroyed four, according to grassland, strength greatly increased. Three years, was King Khan sent troops Yan Xi, defeated Nigeria to Ban Zhu River (Hulun Southwest). Soon, by King Khan is not prepared, surprise Wang Khan teeth off, off Kerait Department. The following year a decisive battle with the Naiman Department, destroy Naiman. Difficult years in the Han River (now the Onon River) River Conference held ignored in Taiwan, established the Mongol Empire, the sweat-bit, plus Genghis, enacted Zhasa, building people cowardly Xue, feudal 95 1000 , set Zhalu suddenly red (Genghis Khan's adopted son mother) affairs in charge of administrative justice. Four-year reign (1209), large-scale invasion of Western Xia, diversion canal flooded Restoration House (now the Ningxia Yinchuan) forced Xixia Na female please. Six years, the rate of army south to attack gold, breaking three-way divide our forces throughout the North. Nine offered by Jindi Qi Princess please, is the retreat. Years moved the capital to Nanjing Complex to Jindi (now Kaifeng) as an excuse, captured in all (now Beijing). Died in Liupanshan. Yuanshizhu Emperor Yuan two years (1265) on the Temple name Taejo. The next year, catch up with the posthumous title of Sheng-wu emperor, the great two years (1309) plus Posthumous Heaven shipped Sheng-wu emperor.
Growth experience
Gold Dading Dynasty, moved the Green camp mood with River (now herlen) upstream and independent builds accounts, broad alliance of Friends, selected the talented, generous with people and attract many of the Department of Public and Qi Yan Mongolian aristocrats to vote, was push for the Khan. About late payments or Mingchang Dading early Jamukha become enemies, rate 13 coalition 30 000 people were to attack, Temujin 30,000 soldiers called tribes, sub-13 wing (wing, means business or circle) against , loss retreat, known to history as the Battle of 13 wing. By Temujin good for the people, caused Jamukha Tribes have rebelled against laws, but expanding the force.
Years of Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan seal Muqali as Grand Preceptor, the King, commanding attack gold war, since the rate of return to Mongolia to prepare main expedition.
Genghis Khan 19 years, the triumphant return back to Mobei.
Proud Son of Heaven Genghis Khan was born in the early 12th century, 60 (1162). At that time, in northern China under the rule of Jurchen Jin family. Desert steppe north and south of their respective departments and also independently of each of command. Jin on its implementation of "divide and rule" and the massacre of plunder "by the small" policy. In 1146, the Mongolian Ministry of leaders Ambaghai Khan was Jinxi Zong to "betray the Department of Law of Punishment" in the name of brutally crucified on a wooden donkey. Mongolia has organized a number of tribal alliance against the struggle of several generations of their ancestors to pay with blood and life. In this social environment was born Temujin, naturally, the country will win gold as his main goal in life.
With his strength from strength to strength, Temujin began to attack the enemy killing Fuzu. Defeated Zhu Er Qi Department, its leaders were killed, the Ministry will be charged against Muqali father and son were put into Temujin. Temujin later became the first Muqali will, been called the Grand Preceptor king, let him who have special skills to the Central Plains.
1202 autumn, Temujin concentration of forces, eliminating his enemies Tatars Department. 1203 autumn, Temujin had attacked the king with his endless war gold account Khan, King Khan, his son was defeated. 1204 Department of Genghis Khan conquered Naiman.
Life experience
Temujin 9 years old, his father took him to the Department to Qiuqin Onggirat. Onggirat wise Dexue Chan Department of Polo's own daughter, betrothed to Temujin child posts. But also speed the way back to Mongolia, Genghis Khan, who was Tatar's son, Wu Sapporo adjacent sub-cell poison. The death rate also asked the Department before the public, will take revenge for him when the wheels of the Tatar people than to kill all. Too damn fast, the Temjin family struggling to survive in the grasslands. The amount of Lunfu people blame the family hopes the revitalization of the body in Temujin brothers, especially the eldest son of Temujin, the future hope that he will become head of the Department Mongolia. Temujin's half brother, but children do not obey Buick quote his authority, already has felt the Temujin leaders can not tolerate such a challenge. Temujin 13 years old, several of the brothers accidentally place a "grab the fish," "grab a bird" event, Temujin, 哈撒 children and children in conflict Buick posts. Temujin, 哈撒 children one after the other, shot the children Buick posts. Mother bitterly chastise him, educate him, said: with the exception of when there is no shadow beyond, in addition to horse tail whip than not, more at times, the more should be brothers as one, so as to take the revitalization of the family cause. After the mother's education, he sincerely admitted his mistake, said his mother never forgot the lessons, we must unite, for the revitalization of family unity. Temujin 16 years old, Zhu Er begging people stole Temujin home nine silver horse together. Temujin horse in the chase to get to know the process of operation of a bosom friend Bor. Bor surgery later becoming a member of the famous Mongol Empire, Genghis Khan, one of the men's four-Jie.
Taiwan originally thought suddenly tower will be starved to death Temujin a Unexpectedly, the amount of Lun blame has led the children stayed up over, Temujin grew into a young hero. So he listened grandmother teach to younger elders learned the name, Temujin killed his brother excuse this, to arrest Temujin. Tower suddenly attempted to Temujin's head Taiwan Heaven Jishan, Temujin was injured guards fled, who spin old woman (the tower suddenly Taiwan grandmother) wasted step. In this life and death, Temujin A security cooperation, a chance encounter. A security is a combined barrel horse milk station tower suddenly lock child slave rare assassination lost daughter, her good-natured, risked their lives to rescue the Temujin, and under the "off marriage encounter" traditional, two in the wool pile affinity for a memorable production. Temujin plus lovers together on the benefactor A. An oath: If you escape alive, will definitely marry her. As a combined A slave has the same security that Temujin Onggirat aristocratic daughter of the Department of Posts provides a pro-Polo child, a girl's heart is only desire - you really will have the light of day, let me make a slaves, going to treat your life now! And the Tatars have wide field of post-war Department, Temujin youth savior and lover finally came to Temujin Hop A security side. Then co A security is already nearly 40-year-old woman. But she had never forgotten Temujin, the number of times for his peace and pray for his success and happiness. Temujin had not been forgotten co-A security, surprise, just a meeting, their Tribes killed the husband of co-Answer On silly camel, Temujin is guilty. In fact, the combined A Security does not matter to the love of her husband is fine to hate, she is the daughter of a slave, a slave girl would dare to expect you gonna get married according to their wishes? She hate stupid camel just follow the tower it suddenly hostile Taiwan and Temujin. Temujin became a widow that together A safety and he wanted to practice their own promises, accept her side of the Princess. A security co-love Temujin, why she refused Temujin. Because she is not gracious to repay the people she knew Temujin was young and beautiful time needed to adjust the side Princess bloody battle was because the pressure, or adhere to the practice of their own desire to do Temujin slaves, going to treat his life. So her special status as Temujin's a family member. But Temujin did not treat her as a slave.
Facing the unexpected disaster, one after another, Genghis Khan is not intimidated by the mother, was conquered, but the endless struggles, the courage to fight. In times of crisis, Temujin met only a few can state the death of close friends, in 1206 Genghis Khan established the great Mongol Empire, the benefactor of chance encounter with the lover of high moral character, and "Eagle Shooting Heroes" fame at this time spread throughout Mongolia, the seeds of love and hate take root in their hearts, deeply affected the growth process Temujin brothers.
Collar households feudal system
The military is a major component of state power. With soldiers on the right, a strong military power is solid state. In order to overcome the historical stage of the war as a career, especially. Therefore, Genghis Khan united the Mongolian steppe, the first thing big letters hero, the imperial clan, the war system has been implemented in 1000 to further improve and institutionalize the creation of a military and political unity of the 1000 system, has appointed a number of 1000 officials, 10,000 officials and the imperial clan kings, the establishment of a layer under the command and can be easily rule, can sign and skilled military and political organization. Genghis Khan to the occupied territories were classified as 95 1 000 households, and Guiqi packet to the Founders who were to rule. "History Collection" and "The Secret History of Mongolia" to enumerate the names of these 1000 officers, origin, mainly through the composition as well as the 1000, including 78 hero, 10 consort prince, there are three Fuma were issued with 10 1000, so the actual packet was only 88, this is the history of the famous Mongol Empire 88 hero. 1000 system, the establishment of tribal and clan system marks the final collapse. This is a military, political, economic trinity system, the Mongol Khanate rule system is the most important part. The establishment of special contributions of those smiles, was also awarded many privileges, that class is the Genghis Khan Yen "golden family" rule of the pillars of the Mongolian people. This in fact is the war to defeat the original departments of the slave and noble clan, once again cultivate a new slave class, which is where Genghis Khan's Golden family-based, supplemented by a new hero at all levels, master class .
Mongolian original, no words, rely on wood carving knot grass notes. Temujin crusade Naiman in the Department of War, to catch a Mingjiaotata Commission A of the Uighur people. He is the sun Naiman Khan handprint Department official, Sun Fu Khan him as a country, let him grasp the golden seal and Zenitani. Temujin to Tata to stay in their own system around Afghanistan, "the latter, where the system aims, though the use of seals, still life palm of." Soon, Temujin letting Tata Commission A Survey of Uighur alphabet, spelling with the Mongolian, learning to teach Prince kings, this is the so-called "Wei Wu word book." Since then, the Mongolian instrument, "line in the back and forth back and forth by the use of the word," "Hui is only 21 letter word, the other only on the radical on the make up. Line in the Han Chinese, Khitan, Jurchen only characters who all perished . " In a considerable period of time in Mongolia, local or "only wooden." "Hui word" refers to the "Wei Wu word book." Although the National Division Pagba Kublai had to create "the Mongolian word", but after basically not the demise of the Yuan Dynasty, and "Wei Wu word book" After the reform of the early 14th century, more perfect, has been in use to today. Tata created Mongolian writing system A, which in the history of the Mongol Empire is an innovation. It was because of the language, Genghis Khan may have enacted statutes and blue books, and a book shortly after his death, the first Mongolian to ancient history - "The Secret History of Mongolia" is the word written by this fear Wu into the.
In Genghis Khan united the Mongolian ago, the Mongolians have not yet written, and therefore there can be no statute. 1206 when the founding of Genghis Khan, the command lost Kat suddenly bald suddenly start to develop blue book, this is the beginning of the Mongolian statute promulgated. However, the first Mongolian statute - "Zhasa ceremony" is 10 years later, before the expedition Hualazimo developed. According to "History Collection" records, 1219, "Genghis Khan to conquer the world hold high the banner of expeditions Hualazaimo" Pro apprenticeship before, "he convened a meeting, held in Le suddenly Taiwan, among them leaders of their own rules precepts and practices of ancient re-done rule ", which is the so-called" Zhasa ceremony. " Chi Fei Nigeria in the "History of the World Conqueror," wrote a chapter specifically "the precepts established by Genghis Khan and his rise and promulgation of Zhasa", which said: "Because Tatars not have their own language, he ordered the Mongolian children learning to write Wei Wu Man, and the relevant Zhasa and decrees written in a clear responsibility on. The voluminous, known as 'Zhasa ceremony', save for the first possession of the king's library. whenever new Khan ascended the throne, army mobilization or kings would set discuss state and affairs of state, they put out such a clear responsibility, to act in accordance with the above remarks, and in accordance with the provisions of the manner in which to deploy the army, destroy gun, cities and towns. "Now," Zhasa ceremony "has been lost, but in foreign historical records also documented some of these terms of fragments. Russians praise Janowski Liberia has brought together Persian, Arab and European historical data in the records obtained Terms of Genghis Khan's Zhasa 36, made 29 training, and other relevant Mongolian laws account certain. Saved Zhasa Chinese Historical and training are also quite a lot of words, yet to be collected. According to these incomplete records, we can roughly understand the contents of Genghis Khan, a number of laws. In Mongolian society, the sweat, the supreme ruler of cooperation is rare, have the supreme authority of the Khan's words, order is the law, Genghis Khan promulgated the "big Zhasa" record is the command of Genghis Khan. Genghis Khan's "Motto", also known as the "big act."
Live westbound expedition Hualazaimo and Changchun
How to look footsteps of Genghis Khan, has been much controversy at all times. Mongolia is a nation at once, they are born on horseback, on horseback growth, even death on horseback. Genghis Khan was once the emperor, he Kuama brandished a knife and unified Mongolia, capture both the Jin Dynasty, in turn wherever horse as his territory, population and property looted for their children and grandchildren a good business territory, this is indeed the real purpose footsteps of Genghis Khan.
Mastered before the fight - before the expedition apprenticeship, a between Genghis Khan thinkers on the origin and Khan, the eldest son Jochi bit succession quarrel: Jochi is not Genghis Khan's own children was not a bone of contention, their Who inherits the key lies in how Khan bit. Can make their business flourish, is considered a starting point of Genghis Khan. In this conflict, the third son of Genghis Khan identified as Khan-bit successor ogadai, mainly from the political stability and personal skills could be considered. At the same time it shows the Mongolian Khan was not implemented inheritance bit primogeniture, but retained some traces of late primitive elected system: from Dizi's "Sage" in the selection of the throne, the last units from the library to the General Assembly confirmed. It is this Succession System Khan, Genghis Khan led to the throne after the death of the Mongolian royal family dispute. Jochi is the eldest son, who was not Genghis Khan on the pro-son dispute, Genghis Khan left a psychological shadow, this shadow has been associated with has completed his own life. Polo child posts Chagatai was the second son born, war broke out be a warrior, with unyielding character. But his reckless by nature, aggressive, brutal, Genghis Khan knew he did not inherit their business materials. Ogadai is the third child of his exploits and bravery are not as two brothers. But he was smarter than the two older brothers, to understand the minds of Genghis Khan, man is also easy-going, never involved in the struggle between the brothers, the successor Khan never showed any enthusiasm bit. It was this that made him get the trust of Genghis Khan and the Khan-bit to him.
Genghis Khan's attack on the Hualazaimo adopted a "clear border in the middle breakthrough" strategy. Hualazimo new capital Samarkand assassination in not spending the east of the old have not spent Yulong Jie Chi assassination Northwest. King in new capital, his mother in the old bald children are rare.
Changchun met with the military way back to reality - the way the military back in the expedition, Genghis Khan met with leaders of Changchun in northern China real Chuji Quanzhen Junta, Taoism, Japanese scholars called for the expedition sent a breath of fresh air. Chuji is the head of Quanzhen Junta, Taoism, Genghis Khan as a friend when he was general. Chuji and Genghis Khan came face to face time is not long, but in the life of Genghis Khan the role of the road is quite large, so that character has undergone major changes. Qiuzu Hall, Chuji clearly told him that people do not live forever, only health. Also told him that a governance and advised him to passive inaction, not killing the innocent.
Although he failed to die in his lifetime Xia, also failed to conquer the Central Plains, but for their children and grandchildren left off the summer off payment strategy.
About Genghis Khan's death, about five more with the Western Xia.
However, according to historical records, these two statements are obviously wrong time and place, death of Genghis Khan, Mongolia is still concealing news of his death, the Western Xia was not destroyed.
The eve of the demise of the Western Xia, Genghis Khan's life has come to an end, died because of typhus in the army, death, destruction before the United Sung Kim's strategy. In the same year the Western Xia was completely destroyed.
"Wu Tang" is the year the Mongols to the Western Xia people, it is called; "dog years", is the exception to the Song Baoqing years (AD 1226). Here a historical account of Genghis Khan in the fall of 1226, with his wife, also then to crusade against the Western Xia country. In winter, Jiao A child in a substandard place to hunt. Do not want to ride the horse of his red Sharma and allows a wild panic, resulting in unsuspecting horse fall under Genghis Khan were injured, launched a high fever on that night. July 1227 "no-yu", the root cause of that here. Why was injured in one fell off the horse into this? Is said to be bleeding too much.
"Poisoning that" this view comes from the "Travels of Marco Polo." Is a 13-century Italian merchant Marco Polo, arrived in China in 1275. The time is the time of Kublai Khan came to power in the Yuan Dynasty had 17 years of contacts. Travels in the narrative in the death of Genghis Khan: The siege attack too when the Western Xia Jin (Ji states, the ancient fortress), the knee unfortunate soldiers in the Western Xia to the poisoned arrow shot. The results were predictable poisoned arrow hearts and minds, re-injury benefits, a terminal. However, another folk legend, Genghis Khan is a "poisoned" to death, but not in the Western Xia soldiers of the poisoned arrow, but to allow the captured Princess Guerbole Western Xia Guo Jin Ha Tuen turn down the drugs, then the Western Xia Princess took the opportunity to accompany 寢 act.
1127 60-year-old Genghis Khan died in Mount. He was buried in the territory of Mongolia today, Kent Hill Valley from the thrust. Mongolian popular "secret burial", and so the Genghis Khan Mausoleum exactly where remains a mystery. Mausoleum of Genghis Khan today but a cenotaph, which repeated movement, until 1954 by the Huang to return to familiar places in the county of Tar Yinjinhuoluo.
Genghis Khan is a famous historical figure at all times, but it is also the most controversial figures. Seven or eight years, the Chinese and foreign statesmen, military experts and famous scholars from different angles and explore the great man.
Comrade Mao Zedong, the Genghis Khan known as the "Proud Son of Heaven", will be his famous emperor in Chinese history Wangqin Huang, Han Wudi, Tang cases SONG Zu par.
People used to have statistics, Khan lifetime total of over 60 war, in addition to 13 because of an unequal war wing of the withdrawal initiative, no one failed. Therefore, Mr. Liu Letu Chinese scholars in his "Genghis Khan", a book said: "The descendants of Genghis Khan is a war wizard can not match. He will fight every enemy, always win the magic, the military genius of human beings to the extreme end." " his command of the cavalry, irresistible force, smoke Manjuan to Ross, Afghanistan and northern India. in the vast Eurasian continent, Genghis Khan has become invincible God, opponents are all afraid, succumbed to the foot. " "Who deserves to be called God of War? Only Genghis Khan!"
Freedom of belief - the religious policy of enlightened Khan and his descendants established the Mongol Empire across Europe and Asia, when world religions, in their rule almost everything within. Including the Mongols had believed in Shamanism, Tibet, the Western Xia and Han Chinese believe in Buddhism, gold, and the Southern Song Dynasty Taoism, Manichaeism, Uighur and Western countries believe in Islam (Hui religion, A Man lost), some of the Mongolian Plateau tribes and even Kipchak, turn Roth countries believe in the Christian (including Nestorian, or send Nie Stolley; also be warm in Rome to send) and so on. Mongolian nobility conquer the world, basically the policy of massacres and looting, but more liberal religious policy is not to force the Mongols conquered the religious conversion, but that freedom of religious belief, to allow the existence of various sects, but also allowed the Mongols freedom to participate in various denominations, the church essentially eliminates the taxes and compulsory labor. The implementation of this policy, to a certain extent, reduce the resistance of the vanquished, on the Mongolian nobles to gain power and rule the world have played no small role. With Central Asia, Persia and other places conquered, came to an unprecedented increase in the Orient Hui people. Mongolian nobility and the wealthy use the upper back and forth as the oppression and exploitation of large Zhongyuan Jia Han's help, such as red tile Hualazaimo human dental assassination, do not take the assassination of Sayyid age support Siding aristocratic, wealthy Austrian assassination together are very, Ahe horses , are in ruling as a very important body functions. Moved back and forth across the Central Plains Mobei were allowed to retain their religious beliefs, in their colonies to establish mosques, Islamic teachers A lost Man, ascetics Diego loss in prestige, and enjoy the monk, but also in the same duty-free treatment may be warm . However, Muslims in general - the reckless speed of wood are the same in the preparation of the people, as to pay taxes, the burden of bad hair. In short, "In China, due to the Mongols 'belief' and 'inclusive' policy, Islam took the opportunity to develop the east, a large number of Muslims moved to China, as the Muslims laid the foundation for the formation of the nation." Since Kublai Khan later, the Yuan rulers of the main advocates of Lamaism, the Tibetan Pagba the title of "Karmapa", "Great Emperor Yuan division." After the death of each emperor division, will take a person from Tibet, heir, until the demise of the Yuan Dynasty. Tibetan Buddhist master this regime, and teaching was introduced to Mongolia.
French scholar Grousset in the "History of the Mongol Empire," said: "The Mongols almost all of Asia combined, has opened up intercontinental channels, to facilitate contacts between China and Persia, and the Christian and the Far East contacts. Chinese painting and Persian The painting known each other and exchange. Marco Polo learned of the Buddha, with the Catholic Archbishop of Beijing. "" the spread of culture from the Mongols this point that the spread of culture and Romans almost as favorable. for the contribution to the world, Only the discovery of Cape of Good Hope and the discovery of America, was able to point with like. "
June 1999, South Korean President Kim Dae-jung, said: "Some people think that, thanks to the Mongols, the first time mankind has the world's history, but the Mongols did not pull stubborn, brave invincible spirit and quick wit has shaped the character The great Genghis Khan. Likewise, I also agree that some people's evaluation, the network has not yet appeared in seven hundred years ago the Mongols, but open up relations between countries in the world, has established international exchange relationships. "Asians in the eyes of Genghis Khan
Japanese government in a practical training, the survey of 520 new civil servants, and asked them to admire most in mind who the boss is the result of 79 candidates for Genghis Khan. This is a similar survey conducted in 1991 has risen to the top of the first non-Japanese. Personnel hospital officials said many of the newly appointed civil servants that Genghis Khan was "the leader of an organized capacity, not a conqueror." Japanese Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto, only got 8 votes, ranking ninth. But he did not seem concerned about this because he is a fan of Genghis Khan. Hashimoto's favorite book is one of Japan's recently published novel about Genghis Khan and their families.
About Genghis Khan, Nehru was impressed by: Genghis Khan in the occupation of Korea, Tangut, Ben would like to stop the expansion, he did not intend to occupy the western countries, but want to live in peace with Hualazaimo Shah. But the Shah Commission Governor killed a businessman Mongolia, in this case, the Genghis Khan still want peace, sent a mission to kill the Mongolian businessmen seeking to address the governor system. Shah has not agreed to the request of Genghis Khan, instead of killing the chief of mission, and the remaining members of the beard was shaved extrusion border. Genghis Khan, of course can not be patient this outrage, ready to attack and destroy in 1219 after a Hualazimo. Bukhara city and their many palaces were looted of millions of people, capital, ear dry hemp Caesar was completely destroyed, leaving only 50 million people. Over the years the Central Asian prosperity, culture, civilization, and do crafts all the damage. Iran, Central Asia, of civilization seems to disappear. Genghis Khan's horse almost a no smoking wherever the wilderness. It's very cruel to describe Genghis Khan, conqueror, but with other contemporary comparison was also no different. Afghans have been to India was also very cruel, but they occupy a different range. Afghans in the 1150 occupation of Ga owned Nepal, those who do not leave a man, all without mercy, women have become prisoners. Mohammed world-famous palace, buildings destroyed. Occupation of Afghanistan took place in India with a series of destruction Genghis Khan in Iran, Central Asia, the damage is essentially no difference. Shah killed Genghis Khan's messengers, which is the vendetta, so Genghis Khan to attack Hualazimo, revenge. Genghis Khan also conducted in other places of mass destruction, but the extent of the damage a little lighter than in Central Asia.
Europeans in the eyes of Genghis Khan
British historian Wells in his "World History" said: "Mongol conquest of the story is really all the story of the history of one of the best. Alexander the Great's conquest, the scope can not compare with it. In dissemination and expansion of people's minds and stimulate their imagination, he played a huge influence on ... ... as a creative nation, as disseminators of knowledge and methods, they have a great impact on history. " Published in 1970, "Global History (1500 years ago the world)" also stressed the Mongolian invasion "to promote the interaction between the Eurasian continent", the book cites many examples, and finally said: "by this interaction provide opportunities, but also by the formation of a new civilization to Europe by the well-used. This is a far-reaching significance, until now, still affect the process of world history, "seven or eight hundred years later, Genghis Khan did not affect the passage of time be dampened. The whole world is concerned, the impact after his death more than his lifetime, and penetrated into the political, military, economic and cultural fields, Genghis Khan emerged in the world hot.
Five Star General Douglas MacArthur after the United States has called on the military to learn from Genghis Khan. In his report to the Secretary of the Army, said: If the records of the war (in addition to Genghis Khan's war record outside) are erased from history, leaving only the documented cases of Genghis Khan fight, and was well preserved, then the military will still have unlimited wealth. From those records, the military can obtain some useful knowledge, create a military for future wars. Amazing leader who (Genghis Khan) The success of the history eclipsed the achievements of the majority of commanders. His success proves that he has the full, accurate instinct as a military command of the basic qualifications. He invented a condition for the establishment at that time. Discipline and morale of the troops of other armed forces to a level not seen (perhaps Cromwell's army reached this level), take advantage of every time of peace, improve the ability of subordinate commanders. The velocity of his troops and his contemporaries compared to other forces, almost unbelievable. Although he was the best in Asia can produce offensive and defensive equipment to armed soldiers, but do not want to overload the military and lost mobility. He's huge corps from far away and mystical movement was so rapid, so the enemy panicked, actually lost the ability to resist. He cross the river River, turning mountains, capturing cities, destroyed country, destroyed the entire civilization. In the battlefield, his troops movement so quickly and cleverly, Total Annihilation, such as volume I, defeated countless times overwhelming in the number of enemies. Although he destroyed everything, and ruthless, brutal violent, but he clearly understood the requirements of the war all the same.
The spirit of Genghis Khan
Thus educating people, embodies the spirit of his strong determination.
Location: Hong Kong, China
China TV series "Genghis Khan"
Executive Director: Wang Sheng, Wang Yongquan
Cast: Basson, Sa gaowa, Zhao Heng Xuan
Proud Son of Heaven is the famous Genghis Khan Mongolian hero, is the second millennium AD, the most one of the great figures. Play is a comprehensive introduction to the life of Genghis Khan: 12 century, in the Jin Dynasty in northern China under the rule. Desert steppe north and south of their respective departments and also independently of each of command. Jin on its implementation of "divide and rule" and the massacre of plunder "by the small" policy, Mongolia Ministry chief Ambaghai Jinxi Zong was brutally crucified on a wooden donkey on. It is this generations of enmity led to long-term grassland outside the campaign, gave birth to campaign as the main content of the Proud Son of Heaven live! In the late 12th century to early 13th century, Genghis Khan with his outstanding political strategy and the right end of Mongolia strategic and tactical divisions, the complete unity of the Mongolian. 13 century, He used the name of Revenge, led thousands of Chinese and Mongolian cavalry were directed at the Jin (now Beijing), can be used to combat the Jurchen levy vulnerable, both to be overcome soon. After the rebellion because of trees in people, Genghis Khan led the main body back to Mongolia; because of the Western powers will kill nearly 500 people side of the business team, the king is to kill Mongolia, Genghis Khan was forced to carry out the expedition. Mongolian cavalry front iron referred to, how many armies were beaten off their feet, how many of the nobility have their heads chopped off: all-powerful Western rivals were eliminated, the rule of the region into a battlefield of fierce. Genghis Khan was dying, said Wang Xia was also forced to surrender, and left off gold, off the summer and to consolidate the political power of three will.
【Network Games Genghis Khan
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