| 姓： | 孛兒衹斤 | |||||||||
| 名： | 鐵木真 | |||||||||
| 網筆號： | 法天啓運聖武皇帝 | |||||||||
| 廟號： | 太祖 | |||||||||
| 陵墓： | 內蒙古伊金霍洛成吉思汗陵 | |||||||||
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出生：1162年
出生地：斡難河右岸迭裏溫孛勒塔合（孛勒塔合有“孤山”之意）
武器：蘇魯定（槍）
身高：1.80米
屬相：豬
卒年：宋理宗寳慶二年成吉思汗二十二年金哀宗正大四年
（1227年）
享年：66歲
廟號：太祖
謚號：聖武皇帝 加謚：法天啓運聖武皇帝（至大二年加謚）
陵寢：蒙古肯特山起輦𠔌
父親：孛兒衹斤·也速該把阿禿兒
母親：弘吉剌氏·訶額侖（也譯月倫）
兄弟：拙赤合撒兒（簡稱合撒兒），合赤溫，帖木格，別勒古臺，別剋貼兒（別勒古臺，別剋貼兒均為也速該別妻所生，別剋貼兒被鐵木真與合撒兒聯手殺死，當時三人均為少年）
妻妾：孛兒帖、忽魯倫、闊裏桀擔、脫忽思、帖木倫、亦憐真八剌、不顔忽禿皇后、忽勝海妃子
姐妹：帖木倫
兒子：術赤、察合臺、窩闊臺、拖雷(為孛兒帖所生)
女兒：阿剌海別吉
孫子：忽必烈(元世祖）
驕傲：開創蒙古帝國
遺憾：父親被塔塔兒人以毒酒毒死
妻子被衊兒乞人搶走
十三翼之戰失敗
妹妹貼木倫被堂兄忽察兒射殺
孫子與女婿在花喇子模被射殺（後屠其城民以報仇）
生前沒有看見西夏覆滅（死後完成）
在位：(1206～1227),在位二十一年
【具體介紹】
元太祖，即成吉思汗（hán）(Ghinggis Khan)，孛兒衹斤氏，名鐵木真。蒙古族，世界歷史上的傑出政治傢、軍事傢。公元1206年，被推舉為蒙古帝國的大汗，統一蒙古高原各部落。在位期間，多次發動徵服戰爭，徵服地域西達黑海海濱，東括幾乎整個東亞，建立了世界歷史上著名的橫跨歐亞兩洲的大帝國之一。投奔剋烈部王汗，收集亡父舊部，逐漸恢復實力。約在金大定未建立宮帳，稱汗。與札答闌部札木合等作戰，敗績，史稱十三翼之戰。金承安元年（1196），與王汗聯兵助金截擊塔塔兒部翰裏札河（今蒙古烏勒吉河），金授察兀忽魯(即衆部落之首)之官。又隨王汗與乃蠻部戰，戰後諸部來附，勢力增強。金泰和元年（1201）二月，與王汗戰勝以札木合為首的蒙古高原十餘部盟軍。滅塔塔兒四部，據呼倫貝爾草原，實力大增。三年，被王汗發兵掩襲，敗退至班朱尼河（呼倫湖西南）。不久，乘王汗不備，奇襲王汗牙帳，滅剋烈部。次年與乃蠻部决戰，滅乃蠻。六年於翰難河（今鄂嫩河）畔召開忽裏臺大會，建大蒙古國，即大汗位，加號成吉思，頒布札撒，建萬人怯薛，分封九十五千戶，設札魯忽赤(成吉思汗母親的養子)掌行政司法諸事。即位四年（1209），大舉入侵西夏，引河水淹中興府（今寧夏銀川）迫使西夏納女請和。六年，率大軍南下攻金，分兵三路破華北各地。九年，因金帝獻岐國公主請和，乃退兵。十年復以金帝遷都南京（今河南開封）為口實，攻占中都（今北京）。病死於六盤山。元世祖至元二年（1265）上廟號太祖。次年，追上謚號聖武皇帝，至大二年（1309）加謚法天啓運聖武皇帝。
成長經歷
出生於蒙古乞顔部貴族世傢。 六世祖海都、高祖敦必乃、曾祖葛不律汗及族曾祖俺巴孩汗等都曾是蒙古部的顯赫人物或首領；父也速該有拔都(勇士)稱號。時漠北高原有百餘部落，互相攻戰。鐵木真降生時，適逢其父在作戰中俘獲塔塔兒部首領鐵木真兀格，為紀念是役武功，故取此名。
生於額爾古納河北部的河邊（今內蒙古 呼倫貝爾 額爾古納市 莫爾道嘎鎮）。9歲時,其父被塔塔兒部人毒死,部衆離散,隨寡母訶額侖艱難度日,曾被其他部落捉獲,險些遇害，憑其機敏逃脫。稍長，依附蒙古高原最強大的剋烈部首領脫裏(後稱王汗)，並尊之為父，得以收聚其父舊部；又與札答闌部首領札木合結為安答(義兄弟)，逐步發展勢力。為報復衊兒乞部搶妻之仇，求王汗、札木合出兵，合本部兵共數萬，突然襲擊衊兒乞部，斬殺許多仇敵，奪回妻子。
金大定末年，移營怯緑連河(今剋魯倫河)上遊,獨立建帳,廣結盟友，選賢任能，寬厚待人，吸引許多蒙古部衆和乞顔氏貴族來投，被推為可汗。約在金大定末年或明昌初，札木合反目為仇，率13部聯軍3萬之衆來攻，鐵木真召集諸部兵3萬，分13翼(翼，意為營或圈子)迎戰，失利退兵，史稱十三翼之戰。因鐵木真善於爭取人心，緻札木合部衆紛紛叛附，反而壯大了力量。
承安元年(1196)，與王汗一起，配合金丞相完顔襄擊殺塔塔兒部部長以下多人，被金朝封授札兀忽裏(部族官)。再與王汗聯兵，大敗正在會盟的哈答斤等11部聯軍。
泰和元年(1201)，率軍大破札木合組織的鬆散聯盟。次年，遭乃蠻聯軍進攻，退入金邊墻內,大敗乃蠻聯軍於闊亦田(今哈拉哈河上遊)之野，乘勝攻滅塔塔兒四部。因勢力漸強,引起王汗嫉恨和敵視。三年，遭王汗突襲,敗走班朱尼河(今呼倫湖西南)，以飲濁水與從者盟誓,共度難關。再轉移至合泐合(哈拉哈)河中遊， 收集潰散部衆4600(一說2600)餘騎,經過休整，逐漸恢復元氣。後偵悉王汗驕怠不備，夜襲王汗大營，大潰其衆。王汗衹身敗逃，被乃蠻人捕殺，剋烈部亡。
四年，建怯薛(護衛軍)。不久，乘乃蠻首領太陽汗來攻，巧布疑陣，擒殺太陽汗，徵服其部衆，迫哈答斤、朵魯班等部來降。至成吉思汗元年(1206)，蒙古高原百餘個大小部落先後敗亡，塔塔兒、剋烈、衊兒乞、乃蠻和蒙古五大部均統一在鐵木真的旗幟下。鐵木真遂在斡難河(今鄂嫩河)之源舉行大聚會，建立也客·蒙古·兀魯思(大蒙古國)，被尊為成吉思汗(此號有“海洋”或“強大”的皇帝之義)。將怯薛擴充至萬人，稱大中軍。以兵民合一的千戶製編組民衆,上馬則備戰鬥,下馬則屯聚牧養。命“四傑”博爾忽、博爾術、木華黎、赤老溫為四怯薛長。
成吉思汗立國後，勢力益盛，開始對外發動大規模徵服戰爭。經過二十餘年與西夏的戰爭，屢創西夏軍主力，迫西夏國王乞降，削除金朝西北屏障，得以順利南下攻金。六年，親率大軍進攻金朝，開始了為時24年的蒙金戰爭。首戰烏沙堡(今河北張北西北)獲捷；再戰野狐嶺(今河北萬全西北)、會河堡(今懷安東南)，殲滅金軍大量精銳；又戰懷來(今屬河北)、縉山(今北京延慶)，大敗金軍十餘萬；還重創金軍於東京(今遼寧遼陽)、西京(今山西大同)、居庸關等地。後來不斷改變戰法，分兵三路攻掠中原腹地及遼西地區。
成吉思汗九年三月，集兵中都(今北京)城下。料一時難以剋城，遂遣使逼和，迫金朝奉獻岐國公主、金帛和馬匹，引兵退出居庸關。六月，以金朝遷都南京(今河南開封)而“違約”為藉口，乘金國人心浮動及憋軍嘩變降蒙之機，遣部將三摸合拔都、石抹明安率軍，會合降蒙乣（乣 音jiǔ 遼、金、元時代對被徵服的北方諸部族人的泛稱）軍進攻中都，以圍城打援和招降之策，於次年五月剋城。為適應攻城需要，成吉思汗采納部將建策，逐步建立了炮軍，攻城以炮石為先。後來攻城作戰，一次用炮即達數百座，迅即破城。同時，為吸取各民族的先進技術，四處掠奪工匠藝人，一城即掠得數萬。隨後建立工匠軍，設廠冶鐵製造兵器。在通信聯絡上創建了“箭速傳騎”，日速數百裏，軍令傳遞和軍隊調遣速度增快。善於發揮騎兵之長，有“蒙古旋風”之稱。
成吉思汗十二年，成吉思汗封木華黎為太師、國王，指揮攻金戰爭，自率主力返回蒙古準備西徵。
成吉思汗十三年，遣先鋒將領哲別滅西遼屈出律勢力，掃清西徵障礙。
成吉思汗十四年,以西域花剌子模國殺蒙古商人和使者為由,以軍事擴張和擄掠財物為目的，親率大軍約20萬分路西徵。數年間先後攻破訛答剌(在今錫爾河中遊)、布哈拉及撒馬爾罕等地。遣哲別、速不臺率軍追擊花剌子模國王摩訶末,迫其逃至寬田吉思海（今裏海）中小島(後病死)。再命哲別、速不臺繼續西進，遠抵剋裏米亞半島；自率一軍追擊摩訶末之子札蘭丁至申河(印度河)。
成吉思汗十九年，班師返漠北。
成吉思汗二十一年，率軍10萬殲滅西夏軍主力(次年西夏滅亡)。成吉思汗正欲集中全力攻金，於二十二年七月十二(1227年8月25日)在六盤山下清水縣(今屬甘肅)病逝，年66歲。臨終遺囑：利用宋金世仇，藉道宋境，聯宋滅金。其子窩闊臺和拖雷遵此遺策，於窩闊臺汗六年(1234)滅亡金朝。
崛起，彎弓射大雕
一代天驕成吉思汗生於12世紀60年代初期（1162）。當時，中國北方處在女真族的金朝統治之下。大漠南北草原各部還各自獨立， 互不統屬。金朝對其實行“分而治之”和屠殺掠奪的“減丁”政策。1146年，蒙古部首領俺巴孩汗被金熙宗以“懲治叛部法”的名義，殘酷地釘死在木驢之上。蒙古部落聯盟曾經組織了多次反抗鬥爭，他們的幾代先人為此付出了鮮血與生命。在這種社會環境下出生的鐵木真，自然也將對金國的勝利看作是他一生中最主要的奮鬥目標。
他一直把這個仇恨記在心裏，正是這種幾代冤仇導致了草原內外的長期徵戰，鐵木真的母親訶額侖夫人出出徵雕像身於弘吉剌部，同衊兒乞人赤列都結親。1161年秋，蒙古乞顔部首領也速該在斡難河畔打獵，發現了途經蒙古部駐地的訶額侖。他在幾位兄弟朋友的協助下，根據當時的“搶親”傳統，打敗了衊兒乞人，搶來了訶額侖夫人，於是訶額侖成為也速該的妻子。第二年，也速該活捉了塔塔兒部首領鐵木真兀格，恰好這時第一個兒子降生了。為了慶祝戰爭的勝利，也速該給自己剛剛出生的長子取名為“鐵木真”。鐵木真9歲那年，父親被塔塔兒人鐵木真兀格之子札鄰不合毒死。也速該死後，俺巴孩汗的孫子泰赤兀部的塔裏忽臺乘機興風作浪，他煽動蒙古部衆拋棄鐵木真母子，使他們一傢從部落首領的地位一下子跌入苦難的深淵。
鐵木真18歲時，昔日的仇敵衊兒乞部的脫脫部長又搶走了他的妻子。鐵木真嚮衊兒乞部開戰，打敗了衊兒乞人。1184年前後，鐵木真被推舉為蒙古乞顔部的可汗。鐵木真稱汗引起了雄心勃勃的札木合的忌恨，札木合糾合塔塔兒、泰赤兀等13部嚮鐵木真發動了“十三翼之戰”。在鐵木真一生所經歷的60餘場戰爭中，這是惟一一次沒有打勝的戰爭。
隨着自己力量的不斷強大，鐵木真開始嚮殺害父祖的敵人發動進攻。打敗了主兒乞部，其首領被殺，部將木華黎父子則投到鐵木真帳下。後來木華黎成為鐵木真的第一名將，被封為太師國王，讓他獨當一面地經略中原。
草原各部貴族害怕鐵木真的崛起，推舉札木合為“古兒汗”，即衆汗之汗，誓與鐵木真為敵。他們組成了12部聯軍，嚮鐵木真和剋烈部發動了闊亦田之戰。札木合率領的烏合之衆經不住鐵木真、王汗聯軍的猛烈打擊，不到一天就土崩瓦解了，札木合投降了王汗。隨後鐵木真進攻塔塔兒部，其首領札鄰不合戰敗後服毒自殺，塔塔兒部另一首領也客扯連投降。鐵木真追擊泰赤兀部，在指揮作戰中被泰赤兀部將射中脖頸，生命垂危。第二天清晨，泰赤兀部衆就嚮鐵木真投降了。
泰赤兀部的覆滅，鏟除了鐵木真進一步統一蒙古各部的巨大障礙，而其手下幾員部將如神箭手哲別、納牙阿等卻成為鐵木真徵服天下的得力助手和一代英雄。後來遠征西遼消滅屈出律的是他們，第一次在西徵中哲別和速不臺作用最為特殊，追趕蘇丹的是他們，活捉禿兒罕太後的是他們，打敗羅斯基輔大公的也是他們。
1202年秋，鐵木真集中兵力，消滅了其宿敵塔塔兒部。1203年秋，鐵木真襲擊了一直與自己爭戰不休的王汗的金帳，王汗父子被打敗。1204年成吉思汗徵服乃蠻部。
王汗衹身一人想投奔乃蠻部，在乃蠻邊界被邊將當作姦細殺死，王汗的兒子桑昆也身死異鄉。
強大的剋烈部被消滅了，鐵木真占據了水草豐美的東部草原——呼倫貝爾草原。在蒙古草原上衹剩下乃蠻部還有力量能夠與鐵木真對抗，敗於鐵木真之手的各部貴族先後匯集於乃蠻汗廷，企圖藉助太陽汗的支持奪回自己失去的牛羊和牧場。但草原人民並不希望部落林立的局面重演，而未經戰陣、不自量力的太陽汗也不堪一擊，經過納忽崖之戰，貌似強大的乃蠻部被徹底消滅。
身世
鐵木真9歲那年，父親帶他到弘吉剌部去求親。弘吉剌部的智者德薛禪將自己的女兒孛兒帖許配給鐵木真。但也速該在返回蒙古草原途中，被塔塔兒人的鐵木真兀格之子札鄰不合毒死。也速該臨終前要求其部衆，將來為他報仇時，高於車輪的塔塔兒人要統統殺掉。也速該死後，鐵木真一傢在草原上艱難度日。訶額侖夫人將傢族振興的希望寄托在鐵木真兄弟身上，尤其是長子鐵木真，希望他能成為將來蒙古部的首領。但鐵木真的異母弟別剋帖兒並不服從他的權威，已經有了領袖感覺的鐵木真是不能容忍這種挑戰的。鐵木真13歲那年，幾位小兄弟偶然發生了一次“搶魚”、“搶鳥”事件，鐵木真、哈撒兒與別剋帖兒發生衝突。鐵木真、哈撒兒一前一後，射死了別剋帖兒。母親悲憤地責打他，教育他，說：現在除了影子之外沒有伴當，除了馬尾巴之外沒有鞭子，越是在這種時刻，越應該兄弟一心，這樣才能擔負起振興傢族的大業。經過母親的教育，他真誠地承認了自己的錯誤，表示永不忘記母親的教訓，一定要團结一致，為傢族的振興而團结奮鬥。鐵木真16歲那年，主兒乞人盜走了鐵木真傢的9匹銀合馬。鐵木真在追馬的過程中結識了一位知心朋友博爾術。後來博爾術成為蒙古帝國的一員名將，成吉思汗手下的四傑之一。
塔裏忽臺本來以為鐵木真一傢一定會被餓死，不料訶額侖卻領着孩子們熬了過來，鐵木真長成了少年英雄。於是他聽從祖母的指教，以長輩教訓晚輩的名義，藉口鐵木真射殺了弟弟這件事，要捉拿鐵木真。塔裏忽臺企圖用鐵木真的人頭祭天祭山，鐵木真卻打傷看守逃走了，鬧得那位老太婆（塔裏忽臺的祖母）死不瞑目。在此生死關頭，鐵木真巧遇合答安一傢。合答安是塔裏忽臺捅馬乳奴隸鎖兒罕失剌的女兒，她心地善良，冒着生命危險搭救了鐵木真，並根據“遇客婚”的傳統，二人在羊毛堆裏産生了一段難忘的情緣。鐵木真對恩人加戀人的合答安發誓說：如果能活着逃出去，將來一定要娶她為妻。而作為奴隸的合答安知道鐵木真已經同弘吉剌部的貴族女兒孛兒帖訂了親，少女的心裏衹有一個心願——將來你真有了出頭之日，讓我做一個奴婢，侍侯你一輩子吧！與塔塔兒部闊亦田之戰後，鐵木真少年時代的救命恩人和情人合答安終於來到鐵木真身邊。這時合答安已經是近40歲的婦人了。可是她一刻也不曾忘記過鐵木真，多少次為了他的平安而祈禱，為他的成功而喜悅。鐵木真也不曾忘過合答安，不料剛一見面，自己的部衆便殺死了合答安的丈夫傻駱駝，鐵木真非常內疚。其實，合答安對自己的丈夫是無所謂愛也無所謂恨的，她是個奴隸的女兒，一個女奴還敢奢望按自己的意願談婚論嫁嗎？衹是她厭惡傻駱駝跟隨塔裏忽臺與鐵木真為敵而已。鐵木真知道合答安成了寡婦，便想實踐自己的諾言，納她為側妃。合答安深愛鐵木真，正因如此她拒絶了鐵木真。因為她不是施恩圖報的人，她知道鐵木真這時需要的是年輕貌美的側妃來調節由於血腥的廝殺帶來的壓力，自己還是堅持實踐自己的心願，給鐵木真做奴婢，侍侯他一輩子。於是她以特殊的身份成為鐵木真的一個家庭成員。不過鐵木真並沒有把她當奴隸看待。
面對着一個又一個突如其來的災難，鐵木真母子沒有被嚇倒、被徵服，而是不息地奮鬥，勇敢地抗爭。在危難中，鐵木真不僅結識了幾個可以生死相托的知心朋友，1206年成吉思汗建立了大蒙古汗國，巧遇品德高尚的恩人與情人，而且“射雕英雄”的名聲也在此時傳遍了蒙古草原，愛和恨的種子在他們心中生根發芽，深深影響了鐵木真兄弟的成長歷程。
鐵木真18歲時，弘吉剌部的德薛禪根據原來的婚約，將自己的女兒孛兒帖嫁給了鐵木真。但美好的生活僅僅過了幾個月，他的妻子就被昔日的仇敵衊兒乞部的脫脫部長搶走了，並被強迫與赤列都之弟赤列格兒結合。鐵木真殺父之仇未報，衊兒乞人的奪妻之恨又降臨到他的頭上。為了奪回自己的妻子，他面對不兒罕山嚮長生天禱告，决定嚮強大的敵人衊兒乞部開戰。
1206年，鐵木真在蒙古的根本之地斡難河源頭舉行庫裏臺選汗大會，鐵木真被推舉為成吉思汗，蒙古汗國宣告成立，這在蒙古史乃至中國和世界歷史上都是一件大事。通天巫闊闊出以天神名義給鐵木真上尊號為成吉思汗。鐵木真分封功臣與諸子、諸弟和功臣，實行了具有草原特色的領戶分封製——千戶、萬戶與諸王製；並創造了畏兀字書，製定了法律制度；徵服了林中百姓和畏兀兒族政權。蒙古草原統一的時代終於到來了。
領戶分封製
軍隊是國傢政權的主要組成部分。有兵就有權，兵強則國固。在以徵服戰爭為職業的歷史階段尤其如此。因此，成吉思汗統一蒙古草原後，第一件事就是大封功臣、宗室，把在戰爭中已經實行的千戶製進一步完善和制度化，創立了軍政合一的千戶製，先後任命了一批千戶官、萬戶官和宗室諸王，建立了一個層層隸屬、指揮靈活、便於統治、能徵善戰的軍政組織。成吉思汗把占領區的人戶編為95個千戶，分封給開國功臣和貴戚們，分別進行統治。《史集》和《蒙古秘史》一一列舉了這些千戶官的姓名、出身、主要經歷以及各千戶的組成情況，其中包括78位功臣，10位駙馬，有3位駙馬共領有10千戶，因此當時實際分封的衹有88人，這就是蒙古汗國歷史上著名的八十八功臣。千戶製的建立，標志着部落和氏族製的最後瓦解。這是一種軍事、政治、經濟三位一體的制度，是蒙古汗國統治體製中最重要的一環。建立特殊功勳的那顔，還被授予種種特權，那顔階層是成吉思汗“黃金傢族”統治蒙古人民的支柱。這實際上是用戰爭打敗了原來各部的奴隸主和氏族貴族，又重新培植了一個新的奴隸主階層，這是以成吉思汗所在的黃金傢族為主、各級功臣為輔的新的奴隸主階層。
塔塔統阿創蒙古文字
蒙古族原來沒有文字，衹靠結草刻木記事。在鐵木真討伐乃蠻部的戰爭中，捉住一個名叫塔塔統阿的畏兀兒人。他是乃蠻部太陽汗的掌印官，太陽汗尊他為國傅，讓他掌握金印和錢𠔌。鐵木真讓塔塔統阿留在自己左右，“是後，凡有製旨，始用印章，仍命掌之”。不久，鐵木真又讓塔塔統阿用畏兀兒文字母拼寫蒙古語，教太子諸王學習，這就是所謂的“畏兀字書”。從此以後，蒙古汗國的文書，“行於回回者則用回回字”，“回回字衹有二十一個字母，其餘衹就偏旁上湊成。行於漢人、契丹、女真諸亡國者衹用漢字”。而在一個相當時期內，在蒙古本土還是“衹用小木”。“回回字”就是指的“畏兀字書”。雖然忽必烈時曾讓國師八思巴創製“蒙古新字”，但元朝滅亡後就基本上不用了，而“畏兀字書”經過14世紀初的改革，更趨完善，一直沿用到今天。塔塔統阿創製蒙古文字，這在蒙古汗國歷史上是一個創舉。正是由於有了這種文字，成吉思汗纔有可能頒布成文法和青册，而在他死後不久成書的第一部蒙古民族的古代史——《蒙古秘史》，就是用這種畏兀字書寫成的。
蒙古成文法——大札撒的頒布
在成吉思汗統一蒙古以前，由於蒙古族還沒有文字，因此也不可能有成文法。1206年成吉思汗建國時，就命令失吉忽禿忽着手製定青册，這是蒙古族正式頒布成文法的開端。但蒙古族的第一部成文法——《札撒大典》卻是十幾年之後，在西徵花剌子模之前製定的。據《史集》記載，1219年，“成吉思汗高舉徵服世界的旗幟出徵花剌子模”，臨出師前，“他召集了會議，舉行了忽裏勒臺，在他們中間對自己的領導規則、律令和古代習慣重新做了規定”，這就是所謂《札撒大典》。志費尼在《世界徵服者史》中專門寫了一章“成吉思汗製定的律令和他興起後頒布的札撒”，其中說：“因為韃靼人沒有自己的文字，他便下令蒙古兒童習寫畏兀文，並把有關的札撒和律令記在捲帙上。這些捲帙，稱為‘札撒大典’，保存在為首宗王的庫藏中。每逢新汗登基、大軍調動或諸王會集共商國是和朝政，他們就把這些捲帙拿出來，依照上面的話行事，並根據其中規定的方式去部署軍隊，毀滅州郡、城鎮。”現在，《札撒大典》已經失傳，但在中外史籍中還片斷記載了其中一部分條款。俄國人裏亞贊諾夫斯基曾匯集波斯、阿拉伯和歐洲史料中的有關記載，得到成吉思汗的札撒條款36條、訓言29條，以及其他有關蒙古法律的記述若幹條。漢文史料中保存的札撒和訓言也相當多，還有待於收集整理。根據以上這些不完整的記載，我們可以大致瞭解成吉思汗法律的若幹內容。在蒙古社會中，大汗、合罕是最高統治者，享有至高無上的權威，大汗的言論、命令就是法律，成吉思汗頒布的“大札撒”記錄的就是成吉思汗的命令。成吉思汗的“訓言”，也被稱為“大法令”。
西徵花剌子模與長春真人西行
花剌子模訛答剌城的海兒汗殺死了蒙古汗國的499名和平商人，其國王摩訶末又武斷地殺死了成吉思汗派去交涉的正使。
這成為成吉思汗西徵的導火綫。
如何看待成吉思汗西徵，古今中外一直有不少爭議。蒙古族是個馬上民族，他們在馬背上降生，在馬背上成長，甚至在馬背上死亡。成吉思汗是個馬上皇帝，他跨馬揮刀統一了蒙古草原，攻下了金朝的中都，又將馬蹄所到之處視為自己的領土，掠奪人口和財物，為自己的子孫經營一片理想的領地，這確實是成吉思汗西徵的真正目的。
出師前的爭吵——西徵出師之前，成吉思汗諸子之間發生了一場關於長子術赤的出身與汗位繼承問題的爭吵：術赤是不是成吉思汗的親生骨肉，並非當時爭論的焦點，其關鍵在於究竟由誰繼承汗位。能否使自己的事業發揚光大，是成吉思汗考慮問題的出發點。在這場衝突中，成吉思汗確定三子窩闊臺為汗位繼承人，主要就是從政治穩定和個人才能方面考慮的。同時它說明當時蒙古汗位的繼承還沒有實行嫡長子繼承製，而是保留了一些原始社會末期推舉製的痕跡：從嫡子的“賢者”中選拔繼位者，最後由庫裏臺大會予以確認。正是這種汗位繼承制度，導致了成吉思汗死後蒙古皇族的皇位之爭。術赤是長子，當時關於此人是不是成吉思汗親兒子的爭論，在成吉思汗心理上留下了陰影，這個陰影一直伴隨他走完自己的一生。察合臺是孛兒帖生的二兒子，打起仗來不失為一個勇士，有不服輸的性格。不過他生性魯莽、好鬥、殘忍，成吉思汗知道他不是繼承自己事業的材料。窩闊臺是老三，論戰功和勇敢他都不如兩個哥哥。可是他比兩個哥哥聰明，能體察成吉思汗的心思，為人也隨和，從不參與兄弟之間的爭鬥，從不對繼承汗位表現出任何熱衷。正是這一點，使他得到成吉思汗的信賴，並把汗位傳給了他。
掃清邊界，中間突破
成吉思汗對花剌子模的進攻采取了“掃清邊界，中間突破”的戰略。花剌子模的新都撒馬爾罕在不花剌以東，舊都玉竜傑赤在不花剌西北。國王駐新都，母後禿兒罕駐舊都。
成吉思汗首戰的目標是攻取訛答剌等邊界城市，同時親率中軍進攻不花剌，目的在於避實擊虛，從中間突破，切斷花剌子模新舊二都之間的聯繫，使其首尾不能相顧。這場戰爭打得最激烈的地方就是訛答剌城，海兒汗最後被活捉。成吉思汗為了給被殺的商隊和使臣報仇，融化了銀液灌在他的眼睛裏。
摩訶曼國王之死
花剌子模在當時的中東地區相當強大，他們的國王摩訶曼蘇丹，號稱世界徵服者。中東地區和相鄰的歐洲諸國都十分懼怕他，連斡羅思的不少公國，也常常被他們襲擾，以致花剌子模的集市上常常有斡羅思人被拍賣。摩訶末不可一世、目空一切，他除了對母後有所忌憚之外，將西遼人、乃蠻人全不放在眼裏。對於蒙古人，開始他知之甚少，太後的兄弟海兒汗貪財害死了蒙古商隊，他並不贊成，也不知情，但因為太後支持國舅，他也衹得以強硬的態度對待蒙古的使團。當時他真的相信那是一群野蠻的異教徒，騎着像兔子一樣矮小的馬，根本不堪一擊。他第一次在西遼邊境同者別率領的蒙古小股部隊遭遇的時候，纔領略了蒙古人的戰鬥力。
面對着蒙古大軍的進攻，摩訶曼國王拒絶了集中兵力决戰的正確建議，采取了分兵把關、城自為戰的被動挨打的戰略。而當蒙古大軍日益逼近時，他又放棄首都，放棄天險，率衆逃跑，從未組織過一次像樣的抵抗。根據成吉思汗的命令，蒙古名將者別、速不臺率軍追擊摩訶末。成吉思汗要求他們要像獵犬一樣咬住自己的獵物不放，即使其躲入山林、海島，也要像疾風閃電般追上去。躲入山林的禿兒罕王後被迫投降了，逃往海島的摩訶曼也悲慘地死去。
摩訶末死後，者別、速不臺又揮軍北上，進入欽察草原與斡羅思地區。因術赤與察合臺意見不合，玉竜傑赤久攻不下。成吉思汗命令窩闊臺為前綫指揮，最後纔攻下玉竜傑赤城。不可一世的花剌子模被消滅了，欽察騎兵和斡羅思諸公國也一敗塗地，古印度河、伏爾加河一帶成為激烈爭奪的戰場。花剌子模的王子札蘭丁率領殘部進行抵抗，在八魯彎之戰中一舉消滅了近3萬蒙古兵。但花剌子模大勢己去，札蘭丁被成吉思汗圍困在申河邊上，最後突圍逃往印度。
回軍路上接見長春真人——在西徵回軍的路上，成吉思汗接見了中國北方道教全真派首領長春真人丘處機，日本學者稱之為是為西徵送去的一股清風。丘處機是道教全真派的掌門人，成吉思汗待他也如同朋友一般。丘處機與成吉思汗的相會時間不長，但是在成吉思汗人生道路上起的作用卻相當大，使其性格也發生了重大變化。丘祖殿、丘處機清楚地告訴他，人是不能長生不老的，衹能養生。還告訴他一條治國之道，勸他要清靜無為，不要濫殺無辜等。
回軍滅西夏太祖二十年（1225）秋，經過了7年西徵的成吉思汗回到了蒙古草原。因西夏背盟，主將木華黎含恨而死，成吉思汗不顧64歲高齡，堅持親徵西夏。途中圍獵受傷，高燒不起，但他仍不退兵。西夏王被迫派使者求降。
成吉思汗病危，在六盤山休養，留下了三條著名的遺囑。太祖二十二年（1227）秋，成吉思汗死於六盤山附近的清水縣。
他雖然未能在自己的有生之年滅亡西夏，更未能徵服中原，卻為自己的子孫留下了滅夏、滅金的方略。
【死因說法】
成吉思汗的死因說法
關於成吉思汗的死因，大概有五種，多與西夏有關。
1、雷電擊中。蒙古人迷信“上天以雷電警告不孝者”，成吉思汗因惹母親生氣導致母親去世，有不孝之嫌，所以特別害怕雷電，1227年夏，成吉思汗誤入雷區，被雷電擊中致死。
成吉思汗陵2、美女刺殺。據俄羅斯探險傢搜集的資料表明，成吉思汗在西夏作戰時俘獲一西夏後妃，在寵幸她時，這位後妃切下了他的那“一部分”為夫報仇，然後投河自盡。成吉思也因傷重不治而亡。
但是，根據史料記載，這兩個說法的時間和地點都明顯錯誤，成吉思汗死時，蒙古還在隱瞞其死亡消息，西夏當時還沒有滅亡。
史料記載，1227年初成吉思汗在西夏作戰時膝部中了毒箭，最終致命。意大利著名旅行傢馬可·波羅在自己的遺著中認為：成吉思汗死於箭傷。《聖武親徵錄》說，成吉思汗受箭傷有三次：1202年闊奕壇之戰、1212年攻西京之戰、1226年攻西夏時膝部中箭。估計最後一次箭傷對其身體影響較大。《世界侵略者傳略》、《史集》、《元史譯文》、《綱目譯文》等國外、國內書籍都說“汗病八日死”。
在避暑期間還輓留遼國國王耶律留哥的長子薛"，“俾其親見西夏都城之攻拔”。他連續作戰且每個月都能攻破一個西夏屬地城池，並邀請遼國王子觀看西夏都城的消亡，這證明成吉思汗在一路攻城拔地中，對身後取得勝利及眼前要取得的勝利很有信心，而且，他身體狀況還不錯。8日後死亡，箭傷能讓這個身體健壯的人突然死亡。成吉思汗死於西夏軍隊的連發弩射出的毒箭之下，帶有巨毒的箭頭射傷成吉思汗的膝部，再加上長子術赤病死、流動作戰的辛勞、酷熱的天氣等因素影響，都會加重病情 個月前在內蒙古阿爾寨就因落馬膝部受傷的成吉思汗僅僅挺過了8天時間就駕崩。
在滅亡西夏的前夕，成吉思汗的生命也走到了盡頭，因斑疹傷寒病死於軍中，臨終前提出聯宋滅金的戰略。同年西夏被徹底滅亡。
其中最正統的，也為更多人的知道的，就是《元史》中采信的“墜馬說”。
蒙古人撰編的《元朝秘史》（捲十四）記載，“成吉思既住過鼕，欲徵唐兀。從新整點軍馬，至狗兒年秋，去徵唐兀，以夫人也遂從行。鼕間，於阿兒不合地面圍獵，成吉思騎一匹紅沙馬，為野馬所驚，成吉思墜馬跌傷，就於搠斡兒合惕地面下營。次日，也遂夫人對大王並衆官人說：‘皇帝今夜好生發熱，您可商量’。”
“唐兀”，是當年蒙古人對西夏人的叫法；“狗兒年”，是宋理宗寶慶二年（公元1226年）。這裏交代一個史實，成吉思汗於1226年秋天，帶着夫人也遂去徵討西夏國。鼕季時，在一個叫阿兒不合的地方打獵。不想他的騎的一匹紅沙馬，卻讓一匹野馬驚了，導致沒有防備的成吉思汗墜落馬下受傷，當夜就發起了高燒。1227七月“不豫”，病根即在此。為什麽一次墜馬傷重成這樣？據說是流血太多。
當時，也遂請隨從的將領商議這事怎麽辦，有人建議反正西夏城池都在，一時半會也逃走不了，幹脆回去養傷，等好了再來攻打。成吉思汗一生要強，心想如果這樣回去會讓西夏人笑話。也該他魂斷西夏，成吉思汗派員去西夏國探聽情況時，正好西夏一叫阿沙敢不的大臣譏笑，有本事你就來過招。成吉思汗聽說後，表示寧死不退兵，遂挺進賀蘭山，將阿沙敢不滅了。但此後，成吉思汗的傷病一直未好，反而加重，到1227年農歷七月十二（今陽歷8月25號）病死了，時虛歲67。如果當時成吉思汗回去了，這病根子就不會落下了。
“雷擊說” 這種說法比較離奇。出使蒙古的羅馬教廷使節約翰·普蘭諾·加賓尼在其所文章透露，成吉思汗是可能是被雷電擊中身亡。約翰·普蘭諾·加賓尼當時到達蒙古國時，發現夏天的雷電傷人事故頻發，“在那裏卻有兇猛的雷擊和閃電，致使很多人死亡。”因為這原因，蒙古人很怕雷電。南宋彭達雅所著《黑韃事略》記載，“韃人每聞雷霆，必掩耳屈身至地，若躲避狀。”約翰·普蘭諾·加賓尼為葡萄牙人，出使中國的確實時間是公元1245-1247年，由教皇諾森四世派遣而來，回去後嚮教皇提交了題為《被我們稱為韃靼的蒙古人的歷史》出使報告。約翰·普蘭諾·加賓尼來時距成吉思汗死亡衹有18年，比馬可·波羅早30年，記敘並非空穴來風。
“中毒說” 這種說法，來源於《馬可·波羅遊記》。馬可·波羅是十三世紀意大利商人，於1275年到達中國。其時正是元世祖忽必烈當政時間，在元朝有過17年的交往。其在遊記中記敘的成吉思汗的死因：在進攻西夏時圍攻太津（吉州，古要塞）時，膝部不幸中了西夏兵士射來的毒箭。結果可想而知，毒箭攻心，傷勢益重，一病不起。但民間另有傳說，成吉思汗是“中毒”而死，但卻不是中了西夏兵士的毒箭，而是讓被俘虜的西夏王妃古爾伯勒津郭斡哈屯下了毒，當時這位西夏王妃乘陪寑之機行事的。
鐵木真雕像“被刺說” 這種說法與上面說的被俘西夏王妃古爾伯勒津郭斡哈屯有關，是下毒說法的另一種版本。在蒙古民間傳，成吉思汗的軍隊進攻西夏的過程中，兵士俘虜到了很漂亮的西夏王妃古爾伯勒津郭斡哈屯，進獻給成吉思汗。就在陪寑首夜，這位西夏王妃刺了放鬆警惕性的成吉思汗。被刺一說，源於成書於清朝康熙元年（公元1662年）《蒙古源流》。此書很珍貴，100年後，即1766年蒙古喀爾喀部親王成袞紮布作為禮物，將此書手抄本進獻乾隆皇帝。乾隆令人將其譯為滿、漢兩種文本，並題書名《飲定蒙古源流》，收入《四庫全書》。應該說，成吉思汗被刺一說是有很高的可信度的。
【喪葬習俗】
1127年六十六歲的成吉思汗病死在六盤山。他葬於今天蒙古國境內的肯特山起攆𠔌。蒙古族盛行“密葬”，所以真正的成吉思汗陵究竟在何處始終是個謎。現今的成吉思汗陵乃是一座衣冠塚，它經過多次遷移，直到1954年纔由湟中縣的塔爾寺遷回故地伊金霍洛旗。
陵墓坐落在內蒙古鄂爾多斯草原中部的鄂爾多斯市伊金霍洛旗甘德利草原上，距包頭市185公裏。這裏牧草騰碧浪，羊群捲雪花，藍天緑草之間。三座蒙古包式的大殿肅然伫立，明黃的墻壁、朱紅的門窗、輝煌奪目的金黃琉璃寶頂，使這座帝陵顯得格外莊嚴。陵園占地面積5萬多平方米，主體建築由三座蒙古包式的大殿和與之相連的廊房組成。陵園分作正殿、寢宮、東殿、西殿、東廊、西廊六個部分。整個陵園的造型，猶如展翅欲飛的雄鷹，極富濃厚的蒙古民族獨特的藝術風格。
【世人評說】
成吉思汗是古今中外著名的歷史人物，同時又是最有爭議的人物。七八百年來，中外各國的政治傢、軍事傢和名人學者從不同角度研究和探討這位偉大人物。
馬剋思在談到成吉思汗時曾說：“成吉思汗戎馬倥傯，徵戰終生，統一了蒙古，為中國統一而戰，祖孫三代鏖戰六七十年，其後徵服民族多至720部。”在《馬剋思印度史編年稿》一書中，馬剋思寫道，成吉思汗在統一蒙古的過程中組建了一支軍隊，他“依靠這支軍隊徵服了東蒙與華北，然後徵服了阿姆河以北的地方與呼羅珊，還徵服了突厥族地區，即不花剌、花剌子模和波斯，並且還侵入印度。他的帝國的疆土從裏海一直沿伸到北京，南面伸展到印度洋和喜馬拉雅山西面到阿斯特拉汗和嘉桑。他卒後這個帝國分為欽察汗國、伊兒汗國、察合臺汗國、窩闊臺汗國和元朝；前四部分由汗分別統治；最後一部分作為帝國的主要部分，由大汗直接統治”。
孫中山先生說：“亞洲早期最強大的民族之中元朝蒙古人居首位。”“元朝時期幾乎整個歐洲被元朝所占領，遠比中國最強盛的時期更強大了”。
毛澤東同志將成吉思汗稱為“一代天驕”，將他與中國歷史上著名的帝王秦皇、漢武、唐宗、宋祖相提並論。
東方戰神——世界歷史上最偉大的軍事統帥成吉思汗及其繼承者，不僅組建了一支當時天下無敵的強大騎兵，出色地解决了軍隊給養、後勤供應，還創造性地運用了一係列符合騎兵作戰特點的戰略戰術，取得了一個又一個勝利。
印度前總理尼赫魯在《怎樣對待世界歷史》一書中說：“蒙古人在戰場上取得如此偉大的勝利，這並不靠兵馬之衆多，而靠的是嚴謹的紀律、制度和可行的組織。也可以說，那些輝煌的成就來自於成吉思汗的指揮藝術。”他非常贊成勒?加特的說法：“蒙古人所進行的徵戰，就其規模和藝術、突然性和靈活性、包圍的戰略和戰術而言，是史無前例的。”“成吉思汗即使不是世界上惟一的、最偉大的統帥，無疑也是世界上最偉大的統帥之一”。
美國五星上將麥剋阿瑟說：“如果有關戰爭的記載都從歷史上抹掉，衹留下成吉思汗戰鬥情況的詳細記載，且被保存得很好，那麽軍人將仍然擁有無窮無盡的財富。從那些記載中，軍人可以獲得有用的知識，塑造一支用於未來戰爭的軍隊。那位令人驚異的領袖（成吉思汗）的成功使歷史上大多數指揮官的成就黯然失色。”“他渡江河、翻高山，攻剋城池，滅亡國傢，摧毀整個文明。在戰場上，他的部隊運用得如此迅速和巧妙，橫掃千軍如捲席，無數次打敗了數量上占壓倒優勢的敵人”。“雖然他毀滅一切，殘酷無情，野蠻兇猛，但他清楚地懂得戰爭的種種不變的要求”。
俄國將軍以葛那吉夫說：“橫覽宇內，歷年之少，而開拓疆土之廣大，如成吉思汗者，千古所未嘗見也。成吉思汗登蒙古大汗位之初，兵籍之戶數約一萬三千而已（約3萬），其後徵服民族之數凡七百二十部之多，其言語信仰，大抵異類。其子孫蒙業開拓，所奄有之全版圖，包括今之清朝大半，印度的北部，朝鮮半島全部，中亞細亞的全域，俄羅斯帝國大半，底格裏斯河與幼發拉底河間之南部，兵刃之所斬刈，馬足之所蹂躪，由東達西，成一直綫，徑長六千英裏（約當中國1萬6千裏），其間列國數十，成吉思汗及其子孫纔以六七十年之短日月次第削平者也。此最大蓋世之雄，果如何而崛起者耶？”
俄國軍事傢柯列金也說：“通觀世界歷史，用很少兵力（拉施德丁說12萬，小林高四郎說20萬），在很短時間內（1207年到1227年共20年），攻略廣大土地（歐亞兩洲的大部），統治衆多人口（中小路彰說6億人口，我認為有些誇大），除成吉思汗時代的韃靼人和帖木兒時代的中亞細亞人之外，開天闢地以來從未有過。”
有人曾經統計過，成吉思汗一生共進行了60多次戰爭，除十三翼之戰因實力懸殊主動撤退外，沒有一次失敗過。因此中國學者劉樂土先生在其《成吉思汗》一書中說：“成吉思汗是後人難以比肩的戰爭奇才。他逢敵必戰、戰必勝的神奇，將人類的軍事天賦窮盡到了極點。”“他麾下的鐵騎，勢如破竹，硝煙漫捲到了羅斯、阿富汗及印度北部。在廣袤的歐亞大陸，成吉思汗已經成了戰無不勝的神，對手無不聞風喪膽，屈服於腳下”。“什麽人才能稱得上戰神？惟有成吉思汗!”
信仰自由——實行開明的宗教政策成吉思汗及其子孫建立的蒙古汗國橫跨歐亞兩洲，當時世界上的各種宗教，在其統治的範圍之內幾乎是應有盡有。其中包括蒙古人原來信奉的薩滿教，西藏、西夏和漢人信奉的佛教，金和南宋的道教、摩尼教，畏兀兒和西方各國信奉的伊斯蘭教（回回教、答失蠻），蒙古高原一些部落乃至欽察、斡羅思各國信奉的基督教（包括景教，即聶斯托利派；也裏可溫，羅馬派）等等。蒙古貴族徵服天下，基本上是采取屠殺和掠奪政策，但其宗教政策卻比較開明，並不強迫被徵服者改信蒙古人的宗教，而是宣佈信教自由，允許各個教派存在，而且允許蒙古人自由參加各種教派，對教徒基本上免除賦稅和徭役。實行這一政策，在一定程度上減少了被徵服者的反抗，對蒙古貴族的得天下和治天下都曾發揮過不小的作用。隨着中亞、波斯等地被徵服，來到東方的回回人空前增加。蒙古貴族利用回回上層和富商大賈作為壓迫與剝削中原漢民的幫手，如花剌子模人牙剌瓦赤，不花剌貴族賽典赤贍思丁，富商奧都剌合蠻、阿合馬等，都在統治機構中擔任很重要的職務。移居漠北與中原各地的回回人被允許保留自己的宗教信仰，在其聚居地建立清真寺，回教教師答失蠻、苦行者迭裏威失，享受與僧道、也裏可溫同樣的免稅待遇。但一般的回教徒——木速魯蠻則同於編民，一樣要交納賦稅，負擔差發。總之，“在中國，由於蒙古人采取‘信仰自由’和‘兼容並包’的政策，伊斯蘭教乘機往東發展，大批穆斯林遷居來華，為穆斯林民族的形成奠定了基礎”。自忽必烈以後，元朝統治者主要提倡喇嘛教，西藏人八思巴被尊為“大寶法王”、“大元帝師”。以後每一帝師死，必自西藏取一人為嗣，一直到元朝滅亡。由此佛教掌握了西藏地方的政權，並將教義傳入了蒙古地區。
經商與戰爭——打破東西方壁壘的千年偉人成吉思汗西徵導因於一次東西方的商業衝突：訛答剌城守將海兒汗殘殺蒙古商隊，成為成吉思汗西徵的導火綫，並為此付出了慘痛的代價。德山先生在《元代交通史》中說：“國際陸路交通是成吉思汗祖孫三代三次西徵的産物。”由此“開闢了中國通往波斯的國際交通——波斯道”。
法國學者格魯塞在《蒙古帝國史》中說：“蒙古人幾乎將亞洲全部聯合起來，開闢了洲際的通道，便利了中國和波斯的接觸，以及基督教和遠東的接觸。中國的繪畫和波斯的繪畫彼此相識並交流。馬可波羅得知了釋迦牟尼，北京有了天主教總主教。”“從蒙古人的傳播文化這點說，差不多和羅馬人傳播文化一樣有利。對於世界的貢獻，衹有好望角的發現和美洲的發現，才能夠在這一點與之相似”。
加拿大史學家斯塔夫裏阿塔斯說：“由於蒙古帝國的興起，陸上貿易發生了一場大變革。歷史上第一次，也是惟一一次，一個政權橫跨歐亞大陸，即從波羅的海到太平洋，從西伯利亞到波斯灣。”“往來於這條大道的商人們說，無論白天還是黑夜，在塔那到中國的路上行走，是絶對安全的”。這條“橫穿中亞的商路”，對於當時東西方商業的發展具有“重大意義”。
美國作傢哈羅蘭姆將成吉思汗稱為“人類帝王”，他在著作中說：“雖然當初的成吉思汗從未接受過物質文明的熏染，竟能為50多個民族建立了切實可行的典章，維持大半個世界的和平與秩序”；“信使可以縱橫50個經度，一個少女懷揣一袋金子，可以安心遨遊這個廣大的帝國”。使得東西交流為之暢通、歐亞文化為之交流，“這是人類之間最廣大而開放的一次握手”。
1999年6月，韓國總統金大中說：“有人認為，由於有了蒙古人，人類纔第一次擁有了世界史，而蒙古人倔強不拔、勇猛無敵的精神和機智敏捷的性格卻塑造了偉大的成吉思汗。同樣，我也贊成一些人的評價，網絡還未出現的七百年以前的蒙古人，卻打通了世界各國的關係，建立了國際往來關係。”亞洲人眼中的成吉思汗
《世界徵服者史》的作者波斯人志費尼說：亞歷山大在世也會將成吉思汗尊為自己的老師。他認為，全能的真主使成吉思汗才智出衆，使他思想之敏捷、權力之無限為世上諸王之冠。所以，史書雖然記載了古代偉大的庫薩和的實施，以及法老愷撒的法令律文，但是成吉思汗卻憑藉自己的腦子創造出來了類似的東西，既沒有勞神去查閱文獻，也沒有費力去遵循傳統。徵服他國的方略、消滅敵軍、擢升部署等措施，也全是他自己領悟的結果。說實話，倘若那善於運籌帷幄、料敵如神的亞歷山大活在成吉思汗時代，他會在使計用策方面做成吉思汗的學生，而且，在攻略城池的種種妙策中，他會發現最好的方法莫如盲目地跟着成吉思汗走。
日本前首相橋本竜太郎是個成吉思汗迷。日本人事院一年一度的理想老闆調查結果最近出爐，結果令調查人員大吃一驚：許多新任公務員心目中理想的老闆並不是首相橋本竜太郎，而是13世紀中國的成吉思汗！
日本政府在一項實習訓練中，調查了520名新任公務員，問他們心目中最敬佩的老闆是誰，結果79人選成吉思汗。這是1991年起進行類似調查以來，第一個榮登榜首的非日本人。人事院官員說，許多新任命的公務員認為成吉思汗是“一個有組織能力的領袖，而不僅是一個徵服者”。日本首相橋本竜太郎僅得了8票，排名第九。不過他本人對此似乎不太在意，因為他也是個成吉思汗迷。橋本最喜愛的書就是日本最近出版的一本有關成吉思汗及其家庭的小說。
談起成吉思汗，尼赫魯印象深刻：成吉思汗在占領朝鮮、唐古特之後，本想停止擴張，他並沒有打算攻占西方諸國，而是想要同花剌子模沙阿和平相處。但是沙阿的一個督統殺了蒙古商人，在這種情況下，成吉思汗仍然是希望和平相處，派使團要求處理殺死蒙古商人的督統。沙阿不但沒有同意成吉思汗的要求，反而殺死了使團團長，其餘的成員被剃光鬍須押出國境。成吉思汗當然不能忍讓這種無理行徑，做好準備後於1219年進攻並且摧毀了花剌子模。布哈拉城的多處宮殿和他們的百萬市民被洗劫一空，首都撒麻耳幹被徹底摧毀，衹剩下50萬人。多年來中亞繁榮昌盛的文化、文明以及手工業全部毀盡。伊朗、中亞的文明似乎消失。成吉思汗的馬蹄所到之處幾乎成了無人煙的曠野。人們把成吉思汗描寫的非常殘忍，可是與同時代的其他徵服者相比較，也就沒有什麽兩樣了。當時來過印度的阿富汗人也很殘忍，衹是他們占領的範圍不同而已。阿富汗人於1150年占領嘎資尼，凡是男人一個不留，全部殺盡，女人都成了俘虜。穆罕默德聞名於世的宮殿、建築物全部被毀。阿富汗占領時期在印度發生的一係列破壞行為同成吉思汗在伊朗、中亞造成的破壞在本質上沒有什麽區別。沙阿殺了成吉思汗的使者，這是血仇，所以成吉思汗攻打花剌子模，報了仇。成吉思汗在其他地方也進行過大規模破壞，但是破壞的程度比中亞略輕一些。
1999年韓國總統金大中說：有人認為，由於有了蒙古人，人類纔第一次擁有了世界史，而蒙古人的倔強、勇猛無敵的精神和機智敏捷的性格卻塑造了偉大的成吉思汗。在網絡還未出現的700年前，蒙古人就打通了世界各國，建立國際往來的關係。
歐洲人眼中的成吉思汗
拿破侖說：我不如成吉思汗。不要以為蒙古大軍入侵歐洲是亞洲散沙在盲目移動，這個遊牧民族有嚴格的軍事組織和深思熟慮的指揮，他們要比自己的對手精明得多。我不如成吉思汗，他的四個虎子都爭為其父效力，我沒有這種好運。
黑格爾談及成吉思汗時說，蒙古人用馬乳做飲料，所以馬匹是他們作戰的利器，也是他們營養的食品。他們長期的生活方式雖然如此，但是他們時常集合為大群人馬，在任何一種衝動之下，便激發為對外的活動。他們先前雖然傾嚮和平，可是這時卻如洪水一般，泛濫到文明的國土上，一場大亂的結果，衹是滿目瘡痍。這樣的騷動，當這些部落由成吉思汗和帖木兒做領袖時，就曾經發生過：他們從高原橫衝到低𠔌，摧毀了當前的一切，又象一道爆發的山洪那樣退得無影無蹤——絶對沒有什麽固有的生存原則。
英國史學家韋爾斯在他的《世界史綱》中說：“蒙古人的徵服故事確實是全部歷史中最出色的故事之一。亞歷山大大帝的徵服，在範圍上不能和它相比。在散播和擴大人們的思想以及刺激他們的想象力上，他所起的影響是巨大的……作為一個有創造力的民族，作為知識和方法的傳播者，他們對歷史的影響是很大的”。1970年出版的《全球通史(1500年以前的世界，)》同樣強調蒙古的侵略“促進了歐亞大陸間的相互影響”，書中舉了不少事例，最後說：“由這種相互影響提供的機會，又被正在歐洲形成的新文明所充分利用。這一點具有深遠的意義，直到現在，仍對世界歷史的進程産生影響”七八百年過去了，成吉思汗的影響並沒有因時間的推移而黯淡。對整個世界來講，他去世以後的影響遠比生前更大，而且滲透到了政治、軍事、經濟和文化等各個領域，出現了世界的成吉思汗熱。
德國嘉桑大學教授費朗索兒·馮·額爾多滿稱成吉思汗為“不屈之王鐵木真”，在他所著《不屈之王鐵木真》中寫道：“在歐羅巴也與西部亞細亞同樣，不重新樹立自然的秩序是不行的。那樣無論在歐洲和亞洲，使他們從沉睡狀態中蘇醒過來，需要一隻強有力的手去搖動他們是迫切必要的。這樣搖醒他們的強有力的手出現了，這就是不屈之王鐵木真及其後裔。那樣，他們是完成支配世界的至上命運後不久撤離了歷史舞臺的。俄羅斯人和德意志人及其他西歐諸國民，能夠達到現在這樣強大和文明無疑是蒙古人和蒙古軍徵服的刺激和賜物。”
德國前總理施密特說：類似一體化在人類歷史上，衹有成吉思汗等人的時代出現過。
《國際先驅導報》駐柏林記者鄭漢根曾經在一篇報道中寫道：“……但是另一方面，歐洲過去上千年的歷史也是一部出現的危機，之後危機又得到解除的歷史，目前歐洲一體化面臨的危機也將得到解除。所以，也可能在50年之後出現能力的歐盟。那麽這將是人類歷史上一個輝煌的成就。這種輝煌成就相當於亞洲國傢成為一個聯盟。類似這樣的一體化在人類歷史上還沒有出現過，衹是在一些徵服者的時代出現過，比如成吉思汗、亞歷山大以及拿破侖等，但是自願形成的聯合還沒有出現。所以這種聯合是很難得，即使可能形成，那麽也需要很長的時間，我也不會活那麽長，所以也就不去做預測了。”
再看看普希金筆下的成吉思汗吧：俄羅斯人民掩護了西歐，使西歐免受蒙古人壓迫的災禍。韃靼人不像摩爾人，他們徵服俄羅斯後，既沒有給予它代表，也沒有給予它亞裏士多德。崇高的使命落到了俄羅斯身上；他那一望無際的平原吞噬了蒙古人的力量，使他們的侵略停止在歐洲的邊緣。美洲人眼中的成吉思汗
前蘇聯著名藏學家尼古拉•列裏赫說：亙古開天闢地以來沒有一個民族如此強大。
美國五星上將麥剋阿瑟經曾經號召軍人嚮成吉思汗學習。他在給陸軍部長的一份報告中說：如果有關戰爭的記載（除了成吉思汗的戰爭記載以外）都從歷史上抹掉，衹留下成吉思汗戰鬥情況的詳細記載，並且被保存得很好，那麽軍人將仍然擁有無窮無盡的財富。從那些記載中，軍人可以獲取有用知識，塑造一支用於未來戰爭的軍隊。那位令人驚異的領袖（成吉思汗）的成功使歷史上大多數指揮官的成就黯然失色。他的成功證明了他有充分的、準確無誤的本能作為指揮一支軍隊的基本資格。他發明了一種適合當時條件的編製。把部隊的紀律和士氣提高到一個其他軍隊從未有過的水平（也許剋倫威爾的軍隊達到了這個水平），利用每一個和平時期，提高下屬指揮官的能力。他的部隊的運動速度與他同時代其他部隊相比，幾乎令人難以置信。雖然他以當時亞洲所能産生的最好的進攻和防禦裝備來武裝士兵，卻不願使軍隊負荷過重，失去機動性。他的龐大兵團從很遠的地方運動得如此神速和神秘，使得敵人驚慌失措，實際上失去了抵抗的能力。他渡江河、翻高山，攻剋城池，滅亡國傢，摧毀整個文明。在戰場上，他的部隊運動得如此迅速和巧妙，橫掃千軍如捲席，無數次打敗了在數量上占壓倒優勢的敵人。雖然他毀滅了一切，殘酷無情，野蠻兇猛，但是他清楚地懂得戰爭的種種不變的要求。
美國前總統羅斯福高度贊揚《蒙古人的歷史》。蒙古學學家傑裏邁·柯廷（1835~1906年）曾經寫了3本大部頭的有關蒙古學的著作。第一部書《蒙古人的歷史》，於1908年在倫敦出版。當時的美國總統羅斯福以優雅的筆文為該書寫了長達7頁的前言，高度贊揚該書的出版。《蒙古人的歷史》，共19章，426頁，寫法十分緊湊。書的開頭部分，首先概述了俄文、漢文、波斯文中關於蒙古人的起源、發展的傳說和故事，鐵木真的成長和他的業績，接着分別論述了花子模之戰、成吉思汗之死、成吉思汗死後的波斯、旭烈兀的統治、對金朝的戰爭、窩闊臺之死、忽必烈汗和宋朝、妥歡帖睦兒和蒙古人被逐出中原。
聯合國秘書長安南談到成吉思汗時說：“遊牧民族的文化是全人類偉大的文化。13世紀成吉思汗統一蒙古部落，建立了世界上舉世無雙的龐大的蒙古帝國。他所建立的政權和法律，至今對世界各國和地區仍然有積極意義。我早就有個願望，很想到具有悠久歷史的成吉思汗家乡去看看。”
成吉思汗的精神
由於成吉思汗兒時失去父親，由母親攜帶生活在樹林裏，靠母親一個人打獵，採集來生活，練就了他剛強的性格
他曾說過：拼殺衝鋒的時候，要像雄鷹一樣；高興的時候，要像三歲牛犢一般歡快；在明亮的白晝，要深沉細心；在黑暗的夜裏，要有堅強的忍耐力 。
以此育人，體現了他堅強剛毅的精神。
香港tvb電視劇《成吉思汗》
上映：1987年
地區：中國香港
出品：電視廣播（國際）有限公司
主演：萬梓良、劉青雲、黃日華、陳庭威、劉美娟、謝寧、鄭伊健 、郭富城、陶大宇、蘇永康、關禮傑
大陸電視劇《成吉思汗》
導 演：王文傑
動作導演：謝維崇
執行導演：王文晟、王永泉
總監製：張國民
製片人：薑昆、杜傑
演員：巴森、薩仁高娃、趙恆煊
劇情梗概：
一代天驕成吉思汗是聞名中外的蒙古族的英雄，是公元後第二個千年最偉大的人物之一。該劇全面介紹了成吉思汗的一生：十二世紀中葉，中國北方在金朝統治之下。大漠南北草原各部還各自獨立，互不統屬。金朝對其實行“分而治之”和屠殺掠奪的“減丁”政策，蒙古部首領俺巴孩就曾被金熙宗殘酷地釘死在木驢上。正是這種幾代冤仇導致了草原內外的長期徵戰，孕育了以徵戰為主要生活內容的一代天驕！ 在12世紀末至13世紀初，成吉思汗以其傑出的政治謀略和正確的戰略戰術結束了蒙古草原四分五裂的局面，完成了蒙古族的統一。十三世紀初，他又以血族復仇的名義率領十萬蒙古鐵騎直指金朝的中都(今北京)，能徵慣戰的女真人不堪一擊，中都很快被攻剋。後因林木中百姓叛亂，成吉思汗率主力回到蒙古草原；又因西方大國邊將殺死近五百人的商隊，其國王又殺死蒙古正使，成吉思汗纔被迫進行了西徵。蒙古鐵騎兵鋒所指，多少支軍隊被打得人仰馬翻，多少個王公貴族紛紛人頭落地：不可一世的西方對手被消滅了，其統治區域成為劇烈爭奪的戰場。成吉思汗臨死前還逼迫西夏王表示投降，並留下了滅金、滅夏和如何鞏固政權的三條遺囑。
【網絡遊戲】成吉思汗
《成吉思汗》是北京麒麟網信息科技有限公司自主研發的第一款國産網遊歷史大片。
Weapons: Sulu set (gun)
Death: Song Baoqing Lizong two years of Genghis Khan, Golden Isles are being examined two large four-year
Temple name: Dynasty
Father: Bei jin also speed the child only to A bald children
Wives: Bei child posts, suddenly Ruellan, Liquori Jie Tam, off suddenly thought, Timur London, also eight stab of pity for real, do not suddenly bald queen Yan, Sheng-Hai concubine suddenly
Daughter: A stab Ji Hai Do
Regret: his father poisoned by Tatars people with poisoned wine
Paste moron cousin sister was suddenly shot and killed the police child
Reign: (1206 ~ 1227), twenty-year reign
Yuantaizu, it became, that is, Genghis Khan (hán) (Ghinggis Khan), Marco jin's children only, name Temujin. Mongolian, world history and an outstanding statesman, military strategist. AD 1206 and was elected as the Mongol Empire sweat, unified the Mongolian Plateau tribes. During the reign of repeatedly launched wars of conquest, conquest of the west Black Sea coastal region, including almost the entire East Asia, established the history of the world famous across Europe and Asia one of the great empire. King Khan defected Kerait Department to collect the old unit of his late father, gradually recovered strength. About the Golden Palace Dading not established account, said Khan. Sapporo A Lanna with the Department of Jamukha, and other war, defeat, known to history as the Battle of 13 wing. Jincheng An first year (1196), in conjunction with the King Khan intercept Tatar soldiers grants the Department of River John in Sapporo (today 蒙古乌勒吉 River), benefits are granted to the police suddenly Wu Lu (that is, the first minority tribes) of the officer. Also with the Department of King Khan and Naiman war, war tribes to attached, force enhancement. Kim Tae and first year (1201) in February, and Wang Khan defeated the Mongolian Plateau to Jamukha led coalition Shiyu Bu. Tatars destroyed four, according to grassland, strength greatly increased. Three years, was King Khan sent troops Yan Xi, defeated Nigeria to Ban Zhu River (Hulun Southwest). Soon, by King Khan is not prepared, surprise Wang Khan teeth off, off Kerait Department. The following year a decisive battle with the Naiman Department, destroy Naiman. Difficult years in the Han River (now the Onon River) River Conference held ignored in Taiwan, established the Mongol Empire, the sweat-bit, plus Genghis, enacted Zhasa, building people cowardly Xue, feudal 95 1000 , set Zhalu suddenly red (Genghis Khan's adopted son mother) affairs in charge of administrative justice. Four-year reign (1209), large-scale invasion of Western Xia, diversion canal flooded Restoration House (now the Ningxia Yinchuan) forced Xixia Na female please. Six years, the rate of army south to attack gold, breaking three-way divide our forces throughout the North. Nine offered by Jindi Qi Princess please, is the retreat. Years moved the capital to Nanjing Complex to Jindi (now Kaifeng) as an excuse, captured in all (now Beijing). Died in Liupanshan. Yuanshizhu Emperor Yuan two years (1265) on the Temple name Taejo. The next year, catch up with the posthumous title of Sheng-wu emperor, the great two years (1309) plus Posthumous Heaven shipped Sheng-wu emperor.
Growth experience
Gold Dading Dynasty, moved the Green camp mood with River (now herlen) upstream and independent builds accounts, broad alliance of Friends, selected the talented, generous with people and attract many of the Department of Public and Qi Yan Mongolian aristocrats to vote, was push for the Khan. About late payments or Mingchang Dading early Jamukha become enemies, rate 13 coalition 30 000 people were to attack, Temujin 30,000 soldiers called tribes, sub-13 wing (wing, means business or circle) against , loss retreat, known to history as the Battle of 13 wing. By Temujin good for the people, caused Jamukha Tribes have rebelled against laws, but expanding the force.
Years of Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan seal Muqali as Grand Preceptor, the King, commanding attack gold war, since the rate of return to Mongolia to prepare main expedition.
Genghis Khan 19 years, the triumphant return back to Mobei.
Proud Son of Heaven Genghis Khan was born in the early 12th century, 60 (1162). At that time, in northern China under the rule of Jurchen Jin family. Desert steppe north and south of their respective departments and also independently of each of command. Jin on its implementation of "divide and rule" and the massacre of plunder "by the small" policy. In 1146, the Mongolian Ministry of leaders Ambaghai Khan was Jinxi Zong to "betray the Department of Law of Punishment" in the name of brutally crucified on a wooden donkey. Mongolia has organized a number of tribal alliance against the struggle of several generations of their ancestors to pay with blood and life. In this social environment was born Temujin, naturally, the country will win gold as his main goal in life.
With his strength from strength to strength, Temujin began to attack the enemy killing Fuzu. Defeated Zhu Er Qi Department, its leaders were killed, the Ministry will be charged against Muqali father and son were put into Temujin. Temujin later became the first Muqali will, been called the Grand Preceptor king, let him who have special skills to the Central Plains.
1202 autumn, Temujin concentration of forces, eliminating his enemies Tatars Department. 1203 autumn, Temujin had attacked the king with his endless war gold account Khan, King Khan, his son was defeated. 1204 Department of Genghis Khan conquered Naiman.
Life experience
Temujin 9 years old, his father took him to the Department to Qiuqin Onggirat. Onggirat wise Dexue Chan Department of Polo's own daughter, betrothed to Temujin child posts. But also speed the way back to Mongolia, Genghis Khan, who was Tatar's son, Wu Sapporo adjacent sub-cell poison. The death rate also asked the Department before the public, will take revenge for him when the wheels of the Tatar people than to kill all. Too damn fast, the Temjin family struggling to survive in the grasslands. The amount of Lunfu people blame the family hopes the revitalization of the body in Temujin brothers, especially the eldest son of Temujin, the future hope that he will become head of the Department Mongolia. Temujin's half brother, but children do not obey Buick quote his authority, already has felt the Temujin leaders can not tolerate such a challenge. Temujin 13 years old, several of the brothers accidentally place a "grab the fish," "grab a bird" event, Temujin, 哈撒 children and children in conflict Buick posts. Temujin, 哈撒 children one after the other, shot the children Buick posts. Mother bitterly chastise him, educate him, said: with the exception of when there is no shadow beyond, in addition to horse tail whip than not, more at times, the more should be brothers as one, so as to take the revitalization of the family cause. After the mother's education, he sincerely admitted his mistake, said his mother never forgot the lessons, we must unite, for the revitalization of family unity. Temujin 16 years old, Zhu Er begging people stole Temujin home nine silver horse together. Temujin horse in the chase to get to know the process of operation of a bosom friend Bor. Bor surgery later becoming a member of the famous Mongol Empire, Genghis Khan, one of the men's four-Jie.
Taiwan originally thought suddenly tower will be starved to death Temujin a Unexpectedly, the amount of Lun blame has led the children stayed up over, Temujin grew into a young hero. So he listened grandmother teach to younger elders learned the name, Temujin killed his brother excuse this, to arrest Temujin. Tower suddenly attempted to Temujin's head Taiwan Heaven Jishan, Temujin was injured guards fled, who spin old woman (the tower suddenly Taiwan grandmother) wasted step. In this life and death, Temujin A security cooperation, a chance encounter. A security is a combined barrel horse milk station tower suddenly lock child slave rare assassination lost daughter, her good-natured, risked their lives to rescue the Temujin, and under the "off marriage encounter" traditional, two in the wool pile affinity for a memorable production. Temujin plus lovers together on the benefactor A. An oath: If you escape alive, will definitely marry her. As a combined A slave has the same security that Temujin Onggirat aristocratic daughter of the Department of Posts provides a pro-Polo child, a girl's heart is only desire - you really will have the light of day, let me make a slaves, going to treat your life now! And the Tatars have wide field of post-war Department, Temujin youth savior and lover finally came to Temujin Hop A security side. Then co A security is already nearly 40-year-old woman. But she had never forgotten Temujin, the number of times for his peace and pray for his success and happiness. Temujin had not been forgotten co-A security, surprise, just a meeting, their Tribes killed the husband of co-Answer On silly camel, Temujin is guilty. In fact, the combined A Security does not matter to the love of her husband is fine to hate, she is the daughter of a slave, a slave girl would dare to expect you gonna get married according to their wishes? She hate stupid camel just follow the tower it suddenly hostile Taiwan and Temujin. Temujin became a widow that together A safety and he wanted to practice their own promises, accept her side of the Princess. A security co-love Temujin, why she refused Temujin. Because she is not gracious to repay the people she knew Temujin was young and beautiful time needed to adjust the side Princess bloody battle was because the pressure, or adhere to the practice of their own desire to do Temujin slaves, going to treat his life. So her special status as Temujin's a family member. But Temujin did not treat her as a slave.
Facing the unexpected disaster, one after another, Genghis Khan is not intimidated by the mother, was conquered, but the endless struggles, the courage to fight. In times of crisis, Temujin met only a few can state the death of close friends, in 1206 Genghis Khan established the great Mongol Empire, the benefactor of chance encounter with the lover of high moral character, and "Eagle Shooting Heroes" fame at this time spread throughout Mongolia, the seeds of love and hate take root in their hearts, deeply affected the growth process Temujin brothers.
Collar households feudal system
The military is a major component of state power. With soldiers on the right, a strong military power is solid state. In order to overcome the historical stage of the war as a career, especially. Therefore, Genghis Khan united the Mongolian steppe, the first thing big letters hero, the imperial clan, the war system has been implemented in 1000 to further improve and institutionalize the creation of a military and political unity of the 1000 system, has appointed a number of 1000 officials, 10,000 officials and the imperial clan kings, the establishment of a layer under the command and can be easily rule, can sign and skilled military and political organization. Genghis Khan to the occupied territories were classified as 95 1 000 households, and Guiqi packet to the Founders who were to rule. "History Collection" and "The Secret History of Mongolia" to enumerate the names of these 1000 officers, origin, mainly through the composition as well as the 1000, including 78 hero, 10 consort prince, there are three Fuma were issued with 10 1000, so the actual packet was only 88, this is the history of the famous Mongol Empire 88 hero. 1000 system, the establishment of tribal and clan system marks the final collapse. This is a military, political, economic trinity system, the Mongol Khanate rule system is the most important part. The establishment of special contributions of those smiles, was also awarded many privileges, that class is the Genghis Khan Yen "golden family" rule of the pillars of the Mongolian people. This in fact is the war to defeat the original departments of the slave and noble clan, once again cultivate a new slave class, which is where Genghis Khan's Golden family-based, supplemented by a new hero at all levels, master class .
Mongolian original, no words, rely on wood carving knot grass notes. Temujin crusade Naiman in the Department of War, to catch a Mingjiaotata Commission A of the Uighur people. He is the sun Naiman Khan handprint Department official, Sun Fu Khan him as a country, let him grasp the golden seal and Zenitani. Temujin to Tata to stay in their own system around Afghanistan, "the latter, where the system aims, though the use of seals, still life palm of." Soon, Temujin letting Tata Commission A Survey of Uighur alphabet, spelling with the Mongolian, learning to teach Prince kings, this is the so-called "Wei Wu word book." Since then, the Mongolian instrument, "line in the back and forth back and forth by the use of the word," "Hui is only 21 letter word, the other only on the radical on the make up. Line in the Han Chinese, Khitan, Jurchen only characters who all perished . " In a considerable period of time in Mongolia, local or "only wooden." "Hui word" refers to the "Wei Wu word book." Although the National Division Pagba Kublai had to create "the Mongolian word", but after basically not the demise of the Yuan Dynasty, and "Wei Wu word book" After the reform of the early 14th century, more perfect, has been in use to today. Tata created Mongolian writing system A, which in the history of the Mongol Empire is an innovation. It was because of the language, Genghis Khan may have enacted statutes and blue books, and a book shortly after his death, the first Mongolian to ancient history - "The Secret History of Mongolia" is the word written by this fear Wu into the.
In Genghis Khan united the Mongolian ago, the Mongolians have not yet written, and therefore there can be no statute. 1206 when the founding of Genghis Khan, the command lost Kat suddenly bald suddenly start to develop blue book, this is the beginning of the Mongolian statute promulgated. However, the first Mongolian statute - "Zhasa ceremony" is 10 years later, before the expedition Hualazimo developed. According to "History Collection" records, 1219, "Genghis Khan to conquer the world hold high the banner of expeditions Hualazaimo" Pro apprenticeship before, "he convened a meeting, held in Le suddenly Taiwan, among them leaders of their own rules precepts and practices of ancient re-done rule ", which is the so-called" Zhasa ceremony. " Chi Fei Nigeria in the "History of the World Conqueror," wrote a chapter specifically "the precepts established by Genghis Khan and his rise and promulgation of Zhasa", which said: "Because Tatars not have their own language, he ordered the Mongolian children learning to write Wei Wu Man, and the relevant Zhasa and decrees written in a clear responsibility on. The voluminous, known as 'Zhasa ceremony', save for the first possession of the king's library. whenever new Khan ascended the throne, army mobilization or kings would set discuss state and affairs of state, they put out such a clear responsibility, to act in accordance with the above remarks, and in accordance with the provisions of the manner in which to deploy the army, destroy gun, cities and towns. "Now," Zhasa ceremony "has been lost, but in foreign historical records also documented some of these terms of fragments. Russians praise Janowski Liberia has brought together Persian, Arab and European historical data in the records obtained Terms of Genghis Khan's Zhasa 36, made 29 training, and other relevant Mongolian laws account certain. Saved Zhasa Chinese Historical and training are also quite a lot of words, yet to be collected. According to these incomplete records, we can roughly understand the contents of Genghis Khan, a number of laws. In Mongolian society, the sweat, the supreme ruler of cooperation is rare, have the supreme authority of the Khan's words, order is the law, Genghis Khan promulgated the "big Zhasa" record is the command of Genghis Khan. Genghis Khan's "Motto", also known as the "big act."
Live westbound expedition Hualazaimo and Changchun
How to look footsteps of Genghis Khan, has been much controversy at all times. Mongolia is a nation at once, they are born on horseback, on horseback growth, even death on horseback. Genghis Khan was once the emperor, he Kuama brandished a knife and unified Mongolia, capture both the Jin Dynasty, in turn wherever horse as his territory, population and property looted for their children and grandchildren a good business territory, this is indeed the real purpose footsteps of Genghis Khan.
Mastered before the fight - before the expedition apprenticeship, a between Genghis Khan thinkers on the origin and Khan, the eldest son Jochi bit succession quarrel: Jochi is not Genghis Khan's own children was not a bone of contention, their Who inherits the key lies in how Khan bit. Can make their business flourish, is considered a starting point of Genghis Khan. In this conflict, the third son of Genghis Khan identified as Khan-bit successor ogadai, mainly from the political stability and personal skills could be considered. At the same time it shows the Mongolian Khan was not implemented inheritance bit primogeniture, but retained some traces of late primitive elected system: from Dizi's "Sage" in the selection of the throne, the last units from the library to the General Assembly confirmed. It is this Succession System Khan, Genghis Khan led to the throne after the death of the Mongolian royal family dispute. Jochi is the eldest son, who was not Genghis Khan on the pro-son dispute, Genghis Khan left a psychological shadow, this shadow has been associated with has completed his own life. Polo child posts Chagatai was the second son born, war broke out be a warrior, with unyielding character. But his reckless by nature, aggressive, brutal, Genghis Khan knew he did not inherit their business materials. Ogadai is the third child of his exploits and bravery are not as two brothers. But he was smarter than the two older brothers, to understand the minds of Genghis Khan, man is also easy-going, never involved in the struggle between the brothers, the successor Khan never showed any enthusiasm bit. It was this that made him get the trust of Genghis Khan and the Khan-bit to him.
Genghis Khan's attack on the Hualazaimo adopted a "clear border in the middle breakthrough" strategy. Hualazimo new capital Samarkand assassination in not spending the east of the old have not spent Yulong Jie Chi assassination Northwest. King in new capital, his mother in the old bald children are rare.
Changchun met with the military way back to reality - the way the military back in the expedition, Genghis Khan met with leaders of Changchun in northern China real Chuji Quanzhen Junta, Taoism, Japanese scholars called for the expedition sent a breath of fresh air. Chuji is the head of Quanzhen Junta, Taoism, Genghis Khan as a friend when he was general. Chuji and Genghis Khan came face to face time is not long, but in the life of Genghis Khan the role of the road is quite large, so that character has undergone major changes. Qiuzu Hall, Chuji clearly told him that people do not live forever, only health. Also told him that a governance and advised him to passive inaction, not killing the innocent.
Although he failed to die in his lifetime Xia, also failed to conquer the Central Plains, but for their children and grandchildren left off the summer off payment strategy.
About Genghis Khan's death, about five more with the Western Xia.
However, according to historical records, these two statements are obviously wrong time and place, death of Genghis Khan, Mongolia is still concealing news of his death, the Western Xia was not destroyed.
The eve of the demise of the Western Xia, Genghis Khan's life has come to an end, died because of typhus in the army, death, destruction before the United Sung Kim's strategy. In the same year the Western Xia was completely destroyed.
"Wu Tang" is the year the Mongols to the Western Xia people, it is called; "dog years", is the exception to the Song Baoqing years (AD 1226). Here a historical account of Genghis Khan in the fall of 1226, with his wife, also then to crusade against the Western Xia country. In winter, Jiao A child in a substandard place to hunt. Do not want to ride the horse of his red Sharma and allows a wild panic, resulting in unsuspecting horse fall under Genghis Khan were injured, launched a high fever on that night. July 1227 "no-yu", the root cause of that here. Why was injured in one fell off the horse into this? Is said to be bleeding too much.
"Poisoning that" this view comes from the "Travels of Marco Polo." Is a 13-century Italian merchant Marco Polo, arrived in China in 1275. The time is the time of Kublai Khan came to power in the Yuan Dynasty had 17 years of contacts. Travels in the narrative in the death of Genghis Khan: The siege attack too when the Western Xia Jin (Ji states, the ancient fortress), the knee unfortunate soldiers in the Western Xia to the poisoned arrow shot. The results were predictable poisoned arrow hearts and minds, re-injury benefits, a terminal. However, another folk legend, Genghis Khan is a "poisoned" to death, but not in the Western Xia soldiers of the poisoned arrow, but to allow the captured Princess Guerbole Western Xia Guo Jin Ha Tuen turn down the drugs, then the Western Xia Princess took the opportunity to accompany 寢 act.
1127 60-year-old Genghis Khan died in Mount. He was buried in the territory of Mongolia today, Kent Hill Valley from the thrust. Mongolian popular "secret burial", and so the Genghis Khan Mausoleum exactly where remains a mystery. Mausoleum of Genghis Khan today but a cenotaph, which repeated movement, until 1954 by the Huang to return to familiar places in the county of Tar Yinjinhuoluo.
Genghis Khan is a famous historical figure at all times, but it is also the most controversial figures. Seven or eight years, the Chinese and foreign statesmen, military experts and famous scholars from different angles and explore the great man.
Comrade Mao Zedong, the Genghis Khan known as the "Proud Son of Heaven", will be his famous emperor in Chinese history Wangqin Huang, Han Wudi, Tang cases SONG Zu par.
People used to have statistics, Khan lifetime total of over 60 war, in addition to 13 because of an unequal war wing of the withdrawal initiative, no one failed. Therefore, Mr. Liu Letu Chinese scholars in his "Genghis Khan", a book said: "The descendants of Genghis Khan is a war wizard can not match. He will fight every enemy, always win the magic, the military genius of human beings to the extreme end." " his command of the cavalry, irresistible force, smoke Manjuan to Ross, Afghanistan and northern India. in the vast Eurasian continent, Genghis Khan has become invincible God, opponents are all afraid, succumbed to the foot. " "Who deserves to be called God of War? Only Genghis Khan!"
Freedom of belief - the religious policy of enlightened Khan and his descendants established the Mongol Empire across Europe and Asia, when world religions, in their rule almost everything within. Including the Mongols had believed in Shamanism, Tibet, the Western Xia and Han Chinese believe in Buddhism, gold, and the Southern Song Dynasty Taoism, Manichaeism, Uighur and Western countries believe in Islam (Hui religion, A Man lost), some of the Mongolian Plateau tribes and even Kipchak, turn Roth countries believe in the Christian (including Nestorian, or send Nie Stolley; also be warm in Rome to send) and so on. Mongolian nobility conquer the world, basically the policy of massacres and looting, but more liberal religious policy is not to force the Mongols conquered the religious conversion, but that freedom of religious belief, to allow the existence of various sects, but also allowed the Mongols freedom to participate in various denominations, the church essentially eliminates the taxes and compulsory labor. The implementation of this policy, to a certain extent, reduce the resistance of the vanquished, on the Mongolian nobles to gain power and rule the world have played no small role. With Central Asia, Persia and other places conquered, came to an unprecedented increase in the Orient Hui people. Mongolian nobility and the wealthy use the upper back and forth as the oppression and exploitation of large Zhongyuan Jia Han's help, such as red tile Hualazaimo human dental assassination, do not take the assassination of Sayyid age support Siding aristocratic, wealthy Austrian assassination together are very, Ahe horses , are in ruling as a very important body functions. Moved back and forth across the Central Plains Mobei were allowed to retain their religious beliefs, in their colonies to establish mosques, Islamic teachers A lost Man, ascetics Diego loss in prestige, and enjoy the monk, but also in the same duty-free treatment may be warm . However, Muslims in general - the reckless speed of wood are the same in the preparation of the people, as to pay taxes, the burden of bad hair. In short, "In China, due to the Mongols 'belief' and 'inclusive' policy, Islam took the opportunity to develop the east, a large number of Muslims moved to China, as the Muslims laid the foundation for the formation of the nation." Since Kublai Khan later, the Yuan rulers of the main advocates of Lamaism, the Tibetan Pagba the title of "Karmapa", "Great Emperor Yuan division." After the death of each emperor division, will take a person from Tibet, heir, until the demise of the Yuan Dynasty. Tibetan Buddhist master this regime, and teaching was introduced to Mongolia.
French scholar Grousset in the "History of the Mongol Empire," said: "The Mongols almost all of Asia combined, has opened up intercontinental channels, to facilitate contacts between China and Persia, and the Christian and the Far East contacts. Chinese painting and Persian The painting known each other and exchange. Marco Polo learned of the Buddha, with the Catholic Archbishop of Beijing. "" the spread of culture from the Mongols this point that the spread of culture and Romans almost as favorable. for the contribution to the world, Only the discovery of Cape of Good Hope and the discovery of America, was able to point with like. "
June 1999, South Korean President Kim Dae-jung, said: "Some people think that, thanks to the Mongols, the first time mankind has the world's history, but the Mongols did not pull stubborn, brave invincible spirit and quick wit has shaped the character The great Genghis Khan. Likewise, I also agree that some people's evaluation, the network has not yet appeared in seven hundred years ago the Mongols, but open up relations between countries in the world, has established international exchange relationships. "Asians in the eyes of Genghis Khan
Japanese government in a practical training, the survey of 520 new civil servants, and asked them to admire most in mind who the boss is the result of 79 candidates for Genghis Khan. This is a similar survey conducted in 1991 has risen to the top of the first non-Japanese. Personnel hospital officials said many of the newly appointed civil servants that Genghis Khan was "the leader of an organized capacity, not a conqueror." Japanese Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto, only got 8 votes, ranking ninth. But he did not seem concerned about this because he is a fan of Genghis Khan. Hashimoto's favorite book is one of Japan's recently published novel about Genghis Khan and their families.
About Genghis Khan, Nehru was impressed by: Genghis Khan in the occupation of Korea, Tangut, Ben would like to stop the expansion, he did not intend to occupy the western countries, but want to live in peace with Hualazaimo Shah. But the Shah Commission Governor killed a businessman Mongolia, in this case, the Genghis Khan still want peace, sent a mission to kill the Mongolian businessmen seeking to address the governor system. Shah has not agreed to the request of Genghis Khan, instead of killing the chief of mission, and the remaining members of the beard was shaved extrusion border. Genghis Khan, of course can not be patient this outrage, ready to attack and destroy in 1219 after a Hualazimo. Bukhara city and their many palaces were looted of millions of people, capital, ear dry hemp Caesar was completely destroyed, leaving only 50 million people. Over the years the Central Asian prosperity, culture, civilization, and do crafts all the damage. Iran, Central Asia, of civilization seems to disappear. Genghis Khan's horse almost a no smoking wherever the wilderness. It's very cruel to describe Genghis Khan, conqueror, but with other contemporary comparison was also no different. Afghans have been to India was also very cruel, but they occupy a different range. Afghans in the 1150 occupation of Ga owned Nepal, those who do not leave a man, all without mercy, women have become prisoners. Mohammed world-famous palace, buildings destroyed. Occupation of Afghanistan took place in India with a series of destruction Genghis Khan in Iran, Central Asia, the damage is essentially no difference. Shah killed Genghis Khan's messengers, which is the vendetta, so Genghis Khan to attack Hualazimo, revenge. Genghis Khan also conducted in other places of mass destruction, but the extent of the damage a little lighter than in Central Asia.
Europeans in the eyes of Genghis Khan
British historian Wells in his "World History" said: "Mongol conquest of the story is really all the story of the history of one of the best. Alexander the Great's conquest, the scope can not compare with it. In dissemination and expansion of people's minds and stimulate their imagination, he played a huge influence on ... ... as a creative nation, as disseminators of knowledge and methods, they have a great impact on history. " Published in 1970, "Global History (1500 years ago the world)" also stressed the Mongolian invasion "to promote the interaction between the Eurasian continent", the book cites many examples, and finally said: "by this interaction provide opportunities, but also by the formation of a new civilization to Europe by the well-used. This is a far-reaching significance, until now, still affect the process of world history, "seven or eight hundred years later, Genghis Khan did not affect the passage of time be dampened. The whole world is concerned, the impact after his death more than his lifetime, and penetrated into the political, military, economic and cultural fields, Genghis Khan emerged in the world hot.
Five Star General Douglas MacArthur after the United States has called on the military to learn from Genghis Khan. In his report to the Secretary of the Army, said: If the records of the war (in addition to Genghis Khan's war record outside) are erased from history, leaving only the documented cases of Genghis Khan fight, and was well preserved, then the military will still have unlimited wealth. From those records, the military can obtain some useful knowledge, create a military for future wars. Amazing leader who (Genghis Khan) The success of the history eclipsed the achievements of the majority of commanders. His success proves that he has the full, accurate instinct as a military command of the basic qualifications. He invented a condition for the establishment at that time. Discipline and morale of the troops of other armed forces to a level not seen (perhaps Cromwell's army reached this level), take advantage of every time of peace, improve the ability of subordinate commanders. The velocity of his troops and his contemporaries compared to other forces, almost unbelievable. Although he was the best in Asia can produce offensive and defensive equipment to armed soldiers, but do not want to overload the military and lost mobility. He's huge corps from far away and mystical movement was so rapid, so the enemy panicked, actually lost the ability to resist. He cross the river River, turning mountains, capturing cities, destroyed country, destroyed the entire civilization. In the battlefield, his troops movement so quickly and cleverly, Total Annihilation, such as volume I, defeated countless times overwhelming in the number of enemies. Although he destroyed everything, and ruthless, brutal violent, but he clearly understood the requirements of the war all the same.
The spirit of Genghis Khan
Thus educating people, embodies the spirit of his strong determination.
Location: Hong Kong, China
China TV series "Genghis Khan"
Executive Director: Wang Sheng, Wang Yongquan
Cast: Basson, Sa gaowa, Zhao Heng Xuan
Proud Son of Heaven is the famous Genghis Khan Mongolian hero, is the second millennium AD, the most one of the great figures. Play is a comprehensive introduction to the life of Genghis Khan: 12 century, in the Jin Dynasty in northern China under the rule. Desert steppe north and south of their respective departments and also independently of each of command. Jin on its implementation of "divide and rule" and the massacre of plunder "by the small" policy, Mongolia Ministry chief Ambaghai Jinxi Zong was brutally crucified on a wooden donkey on. It is this generations of enmity led to long-term grassland outside the campaign, gave birth to campaign as the main content of the Proud Son of Heaven live! In the late 12th century to early 13th century, Genghis Khan with his outstanding political strategy and the right end of Mongolia strategic and tactical divisions, the complete unity of the Mongolian. 13 century, He used the name of Revenge, led thousands of Chinese and Mongolian cavalry were directed at the Jin (now Beijing), can be used to combat the Jurchen levy vulnerable, both to be overcome soon. After the rebellion because of trees in people, Genghis Khan led the main body back to Mongolia; because of the Western powers will kill nearly 500 people side of the business team, the king is to kill Mongolia, Genghis Khan was forced to carry out the expedition. Mongolian cavalry front iron referred to, how many armies were beaten off their feet, how many of the nobility have their heads chopped off: all-powerful Western rivals were eliminated, the rule of the region into a battlefield of fierce. Genghis Khan was dying, said Wang Xia was also forced to surrender, and left off gold, off the summer and to consolidate the political power of three will.
【Network Games Genghis Khan
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