| 網筆號： | 文皇帝 | ||||||||||||
| 廟號： | 高祖 | ||||||||||||
| 陵墓： | 太陵 | ||||||||||||
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自從周武滅佛後，佛教元氣大傷，隋文帝登極後，大興佛教，隋唐佛教之盛，歷史上稱為黃金時代。
【文帝簡介】
隋文帝（公元541－604年）楊堅，漢族，鮮卑賜姓是普六茹，小字那羅延。隋朝開國皇帝，其父楊忠是西魏和北周的軍事貴族，北周武帝時官至柱國大將軍，封為隋國公，楊堅承襲父爵。初唐的李延壽在《北史》中贊美隋文帝， “皇考美須髯，身長七尺八寸，狀貌瑰偉，武藝絶倫；識量深重，有將率之略。”
公元581年二月甲子日，北周的靜帝以楊堅衆望有歸下詔宣佈禪讓。楊堅登基稱帝，定國號為大隋，改元開皇，宣佈大赦天下。
楊堅稱帝後，於開皇七年（公元587年）滅亡後梁，一年後下詔伐陳。開皇九年（公元589年）滅亡陳，統一了中國，結束了西晉末年以來近三百年的分裂局面。同年琉球群島歸降隋朝。隋文帝結束了中國長期混亂的局面，使中國又回到了和平年代。
隋朝建立以後，隋文帝精心治理，隋朝迅速強大繁榮起來。他不僅完成統一中國的大業，還使隋朝成為政權穩固，社會安定，戶口銳長，墾田速增，積蓄充盈，文化發展，甲兵精銳，威動殊俗的強盛國傢。在政治、經濟等制度方面進行了一係列的改革。在中央實行三省六部製，將地方的州、郡、縣三級製改為州、縣兩級製，地方官吏概由中央任免，由此鞏固了中央集權。
隋文帝下令修建西京大興城（即後來長安城所仿照原形）和東京洛陽城，大興城的設計和佈局思想，對後世都市建設及日本、朝鮮都市建設都有深刻的影響。隋文帝於公元584年命宇文愷率衆開漕渠。自大興城西北引渭水，略循漢代漕渠故道而東，至潼關入黃河，長150多公裏，名廣通渠。這是修建大運河的開始，大運河連接了兩個文明。使黃河流域長江流域逐漸成為一體。
他在不長的時間內將中國重新置於一個政權治理下，外禦強敵突厥、契丹，內令人民安寧生息，功業之偉大，連後世盛唐也沒有完全恢復隋朝的國土面積。然而，禦下過嚴，令不少功臣未獲善終；尤其立楊廣為太子，遺禍後代，竟使江山斷送，實為遺憾。文帝在位 24年，604年病逝於大興殿，終年64歲，葬於泰陵（今天陝西省楊陵（凌）區城西5公裏處）。
【文帝傢世】
西魏王朝期間，一個新興的貴族集團橫空出世，一飛衝天，延續了中國貴族時代的壽命，並開創了一個前所未有的偉大時代，這就是縱橫中國近二百年的關隴軍事貴族集團，它起源於代北武川，初建於關中，共創造出四個王朝，分別是西魏，北周，隋，唐，這在中國歷史上是絶無僅有的奇跡，並將中國推嚮了一個新的歷史高峰，其發端便是盛極一時的西魏八大柱國。
八柱國傢，分別為：宇文泰(李世民外曾祖父)、元欣、李虎（李淵祖父）、李弼（李密曾祖父）、趙貴、於謹、獨孤信（楊堅嶽父，李淵外祖父）、侯莫、陳崇。他們創造了西魏、北周、隋、唐四個朝代輝煌的歷史。唐朝史書曰：“今之稱門閥者，鹹推八柱國傢。當時榮盛，莫與為比。” 其中獨孤信是楊堅的嶽父。
此集團有兩大特徵：
1.“融治鬍漢民族之有武力才智者”；
2.此集團中人“入則為相，出則為將，自無文武分途之事”。
楊堅先輩武川鎮司馬楊元壽因輔助鮮卑有功被賜鬍姓普六茹，父親楊忠是北周政權的開國元勳，是西魏十二大將軍之一，戰功赫赫，官至柱國，封隨國公。楊堅十四歲就開始了仕途生涯，楊忠死後，楊堅襲父爵。後來娶大將軍獨孤信之女為妻。女兒為周宣帝的皇后。楊堅自稱漢太尉楊震十四世孫。
皇后
獨孤伽羅 文獻皇后
妃嬪
宣華夫人 南朝陳宣帝女寧遠公主
容華夫人 蔡氏
尉遲氏 尉遲迥孫女
子
廢太子楊勇 妃元氏
隋煬帝楊廣 皇后蕭氏
秦王楊俊 妃崔氏
蜀王楊秀 妃長孫氏、彭氏（追贈）
漢王楊諒 妃豆盧（慕容）氏
女
樂平公主 楊麗華 北周宣帝宇文贇皇后
襄國公主 內史侍郎、河州刺史、檢校秦州總管李長雅尚
廣平公主 熊州刺史、安德縣公宇文靜禮尚
蘭陵公主 儀同王奉孝尚，後嫁兵部尚書柳述
姊
安成長公主（萬安公主），尚隋洛州總管、陳國公竇榮
孫
元德太子楊昭 妃崔氏、韋氏
齊王楊暕 妃韋氏
趙王楊杲
南陽公主 宇文士及尚
楊妃 唐太宗李世民納
楊勇十男：長寧王儼、平原王裕、安城王筠雲昭訓生
安平王嶷、襄城王恪高良娣生
高陽王該、建安王韶王良媛生
潁川王煚成姬生
孝實、孝範後宮生
秦孝王楊浩 、滎陽太守楊湛、永豐公主
楊顥
宇文娥英 樂平公主女 適將作監李敏
【登基建隋】
楊堅的父親楊忠是北周政權的開國元勳，是西魏十二大將軍之一，戰功赫赫，官至柱國，封隨國公。楊堅十四歲就開始了仕途生涯，楊忠死後，楊堅襲父爵。後來娶大將軍獨孤信之女為妻，使他又多了一個雄厚的政治後盾。女兒為周宣帝的皇后。由此可見，楊堅不僅是關隴集團上層強有力的軍事統帥，還是皇親國戚，享有很高的政治地位。
建德中，率水軍三萬，破齊師於河橋。明年，從帝平齊，進位柱國。與宇文憲破齊任城王高湝於冀州，除定州總管。先是，定州城西門久閉不行，齊文宣帝時，或請開之，以便行路。帝不許，曰：“當有聖人來啓之。”及高祖至而開焉，莫不驚異。尋轉亳州總管。宣帝即位，以後父徵拜上柱國、大司馬。大象初，遷大後丞、右司武，俄轉大前疑。經過二十多年經營，公元580年，楊堅已爬升到驃騎大將軍、大興郡公的位置，其女也成為北周宣帝皇后。
北周宣帝病死後，年幼的靜帝繼位，楊堅勾結近臣作偽詔，以「入宮輔政」為由，取得了輔政大臣之職，總攬朝政，總攬軍政大權，號稱「假黃鉞左大丞相」，都督內外軍事。這時楊堅奪取北周政權已成“騎虎難下”之勢。他安插親信，部署力量，積極做準備。在果斷地鏟除了北周宗室中最有實力的“五王”之後，又鎮壓了尉遲迥、司馬消難等人的兵變。
581年，楊堅迫使北周靜帝禪位，二月甲子日，周靜帝以楊堅衆望有歸下詔宣佈禪讓。楊堅三讓而受天命，自相府常服入宮，備禮即皇帝位於臨光殿，定國號為大隋，改元開皇，宣佈大赦天下。楊堅由繼承父親楊忠的隨國公起傢，其傢族曾被賜姓普六茹，進稱隨王,故把自己新王朝的國號定為隨,他又感到隨字有走字旁，與走同義,不太吉利,便改隨為隋。楊堅登基當天，長安城出現了八百年一次的祥瑞天象----慶雲。
【統一全國】
隋朝建立以後，隋文帝準備攻打陳朝，統一全國，隋文帝召集大臣們商量滅陳的大計。僕射高熲說：“要滅陳，必須先破壞陳的糧食儲備。江南的房屋、糧倉多半是竹子、稻草蓋成的，衹要放一把火，就能化成灰燼。他們割稻子的時候，我們派兵去騷擾。等他們把割稻子的士兵集中起來，我們就收兵。這樣幾次，他們看我們並不真打，一定放鬆防備。到那時，我們乘機突破長江天險。”於是隋文帝一面派兵騷擾江南，一面派大臣楊素趕造戰船，準備渡江。
隋開皇八年（公元588年），隋文帝决定渡江滅陳。這時候，陳朝的陳後主仍在過着花天酒地的生活。發兵之前，隋文帝下詔書揭露陳後主的罪惡，把詔書抄寫了三十萬份，偷偷派人到江南各地散發。隨後，就派他的晉王楊廣為兵馬大元帥，率領五十萬大軍出發了。從東海到永安郡，隋軍分成八路，同時渡江。
告急文書雪片般地飛到建康，陳後主慌忙把大臣們找來商量對策。都官尚書孔範故作鎮靜，說：“長江古稱天塹，隋軍難道能長翅膀飛過來不成？這不過是守邊的將領謊報敵情，想要騙取奬賞罷了。殺他幾個，就沒人敢說謊了！”陳後主說：“此話有理！建康自古是帝王之都，從前，北齊三次攻打，都失敗了；北周兩次入侵，也都碰了壁。今天楊堅還能成多大氣候！”
開皇九年（公元589年）正月初一的清晨，大霧滿天，江面上霧氣茫茫，什麽也看不見。陳朝君臣還在酣睡，兩支隋軍分別由大將賀若弼、韓擒虎率領，悄悄渡過了長江，然後匯合在一起，包圍了建康城。
當時，建康城裏有十幾萬陳朝的軍隊，地勢又十分險要，如果組織得當，積極防守，是難以攻破的。但是，陳後主看到兵臨城下，急得日夜哭泣，拿不出一點辦法。大將蕭摩訶建議趁隋軍還沒站穩腳跟，立即出兵攻打隋軍。孔範也對陳後主說：“臣以為應該出兵决戰，如果戰死了，還會青史留名！”陳後主聽了他們的話，立即命令蕭摩訶、任忠帶兵出城决戰。陳軍士兵長久沒有訓練，將軍們又過慣了享樂生活，雙方剛一交手，陳軍掉頭就跑。任忠投降了隋軍，他帶着韓擒虎衝進建康城的正門朱雀門。守衛城門的陳軍持槍抵抗，任忠大聲喊道：“連老夫都投降了，你們還打什麽！”守戰士兵聽了一哄而散。賀若弼活捉了蕭摩訶，從北門衝進了建康城。
正月二十二日，晉王楊廣進入建康城，陳朝從此滅亡了。南北朝的分裂局面也結束了。隋朝從出兵攻陳，到最後滅陳，前後衹用了四個月的時間。
鑒於南北朝晚期，突厥藉強大的軍事力量，不時侵擾北周、北齊。故隋立國後，隋文帝便派將兵攻。隋文帝采用長孫晟的“遠交而近攻，離強而合弱”的戰略，主要運用和親拉攏分化突厥，使突厥耗於內戰，從而各個擊破。公元599年（開皇十八年）突厥內訌，突利可汗奔隋，以突利為啓民可汗，築大利城居之。公元602年（仁壽二年）隋軍大破突厥，奪回了河套地區，把邊界擴展到陰山以北。楊堅開創的“甲兵強盛”、“風行萬裏”的大隋王朝，致使“金陵失險” 、“單於款塞”。隋朝的軍隊殲滅或重創了吐𠔌渾、契丹、高麗，取得空前輝煌的勝利。
【開皇之治】
“鴻恩大德，前古未比。”“七德既敷，九歌已洽，要荒鹹暨，尉候無警。於是躬節儉，平徭賦，倉廩實，法令行
，君子鹹樂其生，小人各安其業，強無凌弱，衆不暴寡，人物殷阜，朝野歡娛。二十年間，天下無事，區宇之內晏如也。考之先王，足以參蹤盛烈。”這就是隋書裏的“開皇之治”。
隋文帝統一中國後，一面躬行儉樸，一面采取了許多有利於鞏固政權的措施。由於他明白到“古帝王沒有好奢侈而能持久的”之道理，所以由他輔政時開始，就提倡生活節儉，宮中的妃妾不作美飾，一般士人多用布帛，飾帶衹用銅鐵骨角，不用金玉。文帝曾想用鬍粉和織成的衣領，居然搜遍宮殿，都找不到。這種躬行節儉，使人民的負擔相應得到減輕，而且有利於各項措施的推行，隋文帝一係列的改革措施，大量地減少了國傢的財政開支，增加了國傢的財政收入。開皇十七年，戶口滋盛，中外倉庫，無不盈積。所有賚給，不逾經費，京司帑屋既充，積於廓廡之下，高祖遂停此年正賦，以賜黎元。隋文帝初登基時全國人口400萬戶，隋煬帝登基時已達 890萬戶，以一戶六口計，全國人口不下5000萬，這個數字大約直到唐玄宗時纔達到。直到唐太宗死後，唐高宗繼位，計戶口380萬戶。唐玄宗時，全國760萬戶，4100萬人。隋開皇九年已墾田地1944萬頃，大業中期已墾田地 5585萬頃。唐天寶十四年已墾田地1430萬頃。隋煬帝登基就有890萬戶，而唐太宗直到駕崩纔有380萬戶，國力之差距可以想見。
在隋朝雄厚而強大的經濟實力的前提下，隋文帝下令修建大興城，大興城的修建不僅是中國古代城市建設規劃高超水平的標志，也是當時國傢的經濟實力和科技水平的綜合體現。大興城乃當時的“世界第一城”，它的設計和佈局思想，對後世都市建設及日本、朝鮮都市建設都有深刻的影響。
隋文帝楊堅於公元584年命宇文愷率衆開漕渠。自大興城西北引渭水，略循漢代漕渠故道而東，至潼關入黃河，長150多公裏，名廣通渠。這是修建大運河的開始。大運河連接黃河流域長江流域，連接了兩個文明。使黃河流域長江流域逐漸成為一體。這條運河在他的兒子楊廣統治期間竣工，為中國南北統一起到了一定的作用。
楊堅使隋朝成為政權穩固，社會安定，戶口銳長，墾田速增，積蓄充盈，文化發展，甲兵犟銳，威動殊俗 無比輝煌的皇朝，留給我們子孫後代的財富、對後世中國造成深遠的影響很多。如長安城、三省六部製、開皇律、大運河、科舉制度、義倉的創立。
【內部改革】
隋朝建立初期，是一個百廢待興、百亂待治的局面。隋文帝一登上金鑾寶座，就施展他的雄纔大略。對政治制度進行了一係列重大改革。
（一）確立三省六部製
楊堅廢除不合時宜的北周六官（天、地、春、秋、鼕、夏）製，北周的官僚體製基本上是效仿原來西周時期的《周官》即《周禮》的形式，很原始、極混亂。六官製，稱謂復雜，職掌不明，辦事效率低下。楊堅恢復了漢魏時期的體製，基本上確立了三省六部制度。楊堅在中央設立三師、三公、五省。三師、三公衹是一種榮譽虛銜。掌握政權的的是五省，即內侍省、秘書省、門下省、內史省和尚書省。內侍省、秘書省在國傢政務中不起重要作用。內侍省是宮廷的宦官機構，管理宮中事務。秘書省掌管書籍歷法，事務較少。起作用的是其他三省，內史省、門下省、尚書省都是最高政務機構。以尚書令、納言、內史令為長官，行使宰相職能，輔助皇帝處理全國事務。內史省負責决策，門下省負責審議，尚書省負責執行。這就是後來被唐朝繼承的三省製。
尚書省是國傢最高行政機關。其下設吏部、禮部、兵部、都官、度支、工部六部。每部設尚書為長官，總管本部政務。具體辦事機構就是這是六部：吏部，掌管全國官吏的任免、考核、升降和調動；民部，掌管全國的土地、戶籍以及賦稅、財政收支；禮部，掌管祭祀、禮儀和對外交往；兵部，掌管全國武官的選拔和兵籍、軍械等；刑部，掌管全國的刑律、斷獄；工部，掌管各種工程、工匠、水利、交通等。開始的時候，六部叫做六曹，即六個辦事機構。六部的長官為尚書。六部的設置成為後代封建國傢中央政權的固定制度。三省六部製分工明確，組織嚴密，加強中央集權。
內史省和門下省是機要之司，內史省負責起草並宣行皇帝的製詔；門下省負責審查內史省起草的製詔和尚書省擬製的奏抄；尚書令下有尚書左、右僕射各一，左僕射判吏、禮、兵三部事，右僕射判度支、都官、工部三部事。尚書令與左、右僕射及六部尚書合稱「八座」。開皇三年（583），改度支為民部；都官為刑部。
另設御史、都水二臺，負責監察和水利，這樣不僅加強了中央集權，而且開創了中國封建社會政治體製的新階段。對唐及以後歷代王朝影響都十分巨大。隋文帝建立的這一整套規模龐大、組織完備的官僚機構，表明封建制度已發展到成熟階段。自隋定製，一直沿襲到清朝。
（二）簡化地方官製
隋初，楊堅在確立了三省六部製的中央機構後，又對地方機構進行了改革。南北朝以來，由於郡縣設置過繁，形成了「民少官多，十羊九牧」的局面。隋初沿北齊、北周製設州、郡、縣三級地方機構，開皇三年，楊堅從河南道行臺兵尚書楊尚希的建議，廢郡，改為州、縣二級製。州設刺史，縣設縣令。
公元590年隋文帝楊堅詔府兵入州縣戶籍，兵農合一始此。楊堅對於地方機構也進行了改革。他采納度支尚書楊尚希提出的“存要去閑、並大去小”的建議，將原來比較混亂的地方官製從州、郡、縣精簡為州、縣兩級，撤消境內500多郡。同時，裁汰了大量的冗官，將一些郡縣合併。大大節省了政府的開支，提高了行政效率，也減輕了人民的負擔。為了更好地行使權力，控製地方，楊堅下令，九品以上的官員一律由中央任免。官吏的任用權一概由吏部掌握，禁止地方官就地錄用僚佐。而且每年都要由吏部進行考核，以决定奬懲、升降。後來，又實行三年任期製。楊堅簡化了地方行政機構，廢九品宮人法，初創科舉製。隋文帝命令各州每年推選三個文章華美、有才能的人，到中央受官。後來，隋文帝又下令，京官五品以上，地方官部管刺史，要由有德有纔的舉人擔當。這種選拔政府官員的制度，使各個階層有才華的人都有機會為政府效力。楊堅開創建立的科舉制度，在中國歷史上留存長達1300多年，直到清朝末期纔廢除，但當時的美英等國稱奇並藉鑒了這種選拔制度作為政府文員的聘用方法。
（三）修訂「開皇律」
北周的法律既殘酷又混亂，“內外恐怖，人不自安” 。在楊堅掌握北周政權時就曾經進行過改革，親手刪定《刑書要製》，但不太徹底。隋朝建立後，開皇元年隋文帝下令命高□等人參考魏晉舊律，製訂《開皇律》。開皇三年, 隋文帝又命蘇威、牛弘修改新律，刪除苛酷條文。《開皇律》將原來的宮刑（破壞生殖器）、車裂（五馬分屍）、梟首（砍下頭懸挂在旗桿上示衆）等殘酷刑法予以廢除。規定一概不用滅族刑。減去死罪八十一條，流罪一百五十四條，徒、杖等罪千餘條，保留了律令五百條。刑罰分為死、流、徒、杖、笞五種。基本上完成了自漢文帝刑製改革以來的刑罰制度改革歷程，這就是封建五刑製。《讀通鑒論》這樣贊評道：“古肉刑之不復用，漢文之仁也。然漢之刑，多為之製，故五鬍以來，獸之食人也得恣其忿慘。至於拓拔、宇文、高氏之世，定死刑以五：曰磬、絞、斬、梟、磔，又有門房之誅焉，皆漢法之不定啓之也。政為隋定律，製死刑以二：曰絞、曰斬，改鞭為杖，改杖為笞，非謀反大逆無族刑，垂至於今，所承用者，皆政之製也。”死刑復奏制度是從開皇十五年形成定製的，隋文帝規定凡判處死刑的案件，須經 “三奏”才能處决死刑。《隋書 刑法志》：“（開皇）十五年製，死罪者三奏而决。”隋文帝還下詔：“天下死罪，諸州不得便决，皆令大理覆治。” 《開皇律》對後世律法影響深遠，楊堅修訂的法律唐朝都基本上繼承了。
修訂「開皇律」。對前代八十一條死罪、一五零條流罪、千餘條徒、杖等酷刑以及滅族等都一概廢止。同時，又減輕了許多法律的內容，如「流役六年，改為五載；刑徒五歲，變從三祀；其餘以輕代重、化死為生。」對犯人處置采取審慎態度，而不是草菅人命，有效地防止了冤案的發生。文帝對法律的改革，使法律減輕了殘酷和野蠻性，在中國法製上具有劃時代的意義。
（四）領均田令
實行均田製，隋初，在北齊、北周均田製的基礎上，繼續實行均田製，均田令規定：丁男、中男受露田（種植五榖）80畝，永業田20畝，婦女受露田40畝。奴婢5口給1畝。永業田不歸還，露田在受田者死後歸還。對一般農民，采取輕徭薄賦鼓勵農桑的政策，對於豪犟貴族兼併土地的行為則給予打擊，以保證農民的正常生産。
整頓戶籍。實行了“大索貌閱法”要求官吏經常檢查人口，根據相貌來檢查戶口，使編戶大增。和實行“輸籍定樣”在第一個的基礎上確定戶口數，編製“定簿”，以此為依據來收取賦稅。開皇三年，清理出陰漏丁男44.3萬人 共計 164.15萬口。高祖令州縣大索貌閱，戶口不實者，正長遠配，而又開相糾之科。大功已下，兼令析籍，各為戶頭，以防容隱。於是計帳進四十四萬三千丁，新附一百六十四萬一千五百口。”這些舉措防止地方豪強和官僚勾結，營私舞弊。將從豪強手裏依附的人口解放出來，增加了國傢的勞動力，調動貧苦農民的生産積極性。使國傢掌管的納稅人丁數量大增。
（五）設置糧倉
在隋朝政府各地都修建了許多糧倉，其中著名的有興洛倉，回洛倉，常平倉，黎陽倉、廣通倉等。存儲糧食皆在百萬石以上。貞觀11年，監察御史馬周對唐太宗李世民說：“隋傢儲洛口，而李密因之；西京府庫，亦為國傢之用，至今未盡。”隋朝已滅亡了20年，隋文帝已經死了33年，可那時的糧食布帛還未用完。 1969年在洛陽發現了一座隋朝糧倉——含嘉倉遺址。面積達45萬多平方米，內探出259個糧窖。其中還有一個糧窖還留有已經炭化的𠔌子50萬斤。由此可見的隋朝的富裕與強盛。
文帝時所設的倉，可分兩種，即官倉和義倉。官倉的糧儲，用以供養軍公人員。設置官倉的目的，即是在增加關東漕運的效率；也就是把原來關東各州對京師個別直接的輸糧辦法，改為集中和分段運輸的辦法。並在黃河沿岸設置米倉，先把關東各州的食糧集中在這些倉裏，然後利用黃河及廣通渠運到京師。因此時間及人力物力，都節省不少。據唐人的估計，文帝末年諸倉所存的食糧，已可供政府五六十年之用。義倉又稱社倉，設置於鄉間，其儲糧由人民捐納，以備饑荒時賑濟災民。百姓軍人，捐出的糧食，存入當地的社倉裏由「社司」專管賑目和儲存等事宜。如遇某地收成不好發生饑饉之時，便以某地社倉中的儲糧賑濟饑民。並規定民戶捐糧於社倉的標準：「上戶不過一石，中戶不過七鬥，下戶不過四鬥。」義倉之設，對人民的生活來說，自是一項有力的保障。
（六）改革幣製
隋文帝統一了幣製，廢除其他比較混亂的古幣以及私人鑄造的錢幣，改鑄五銖錢。“五銖錢”背面肉好，皆有周郭，重如其文，每錢一千重四斤二兩。 “車書混一，甲兵方息。”度量衡在隋文帝時重新統一。“隋氏混一南北，凡齊、周之故老，梁、陳之舊臣，鹹薈粹一朝，成文章之總匯。”
除此之外，隋文帝還曾頒布“人年五十，免役收庸”、“戰亡之傢，給復一年”等仁政措施。
【文化貢獻】
漢朝滅亡後中國經歷了漫長而混亂的四分五裂的時期。漢民族陷入了長達三個半世紀的廝殺戰亂之中。因為春秋、漢代的文化典籍因幾百年來的混戰，因戰火焚毀、遺失大半，公元583年隋文帝下詔求書，獻書一捲賞絹一匹。“民間異書，往往間出”，“一、二年間，篇籍稍備”。隋時的藏書量是中國歷代最多的，隋朝藏書最多時有37萬卷，77，000多類的圖書。可大部份圖書又毀於戰火，唐玄宗時藏書最多時8萬卷，唐學者自著28，467捲，唐以前圖書衹還剩28，469捲，這些圖書大部分也難逃戰火。
隋文帝楊堅登基後下過這樣一道詔書：“建國重道，莫先於學，尊主庇民，莫先於禮。自魏氏不競，周、齊抗衡，分四海之民，鬥二邦之力，遞為強弱，多歷年所。務權詐而薄儒雅，重幹戈而輕俎豆，民不見德，唯爭是聞。朝野以機巧為師，文吏用深刻為法，風澆俗弊，化之然也。雖復建立庠序，兼啓黌塾，業非時貴，道亦不行。其間服膺儒術，蓋有之矣，彼衆我寡，未能移俗。然其維持名教，奬飾彝倫，微相弘益，賴斯而已。王者承天，休咎隨化，有禮則祥瑞必降，無禮則妖孽興起。人稟五常，性靈不一，有禮則陰陽合德，無禮則禽獸其心。治國立身，非禮不可。朕受命於天，財成萬物，去華夷之亂，求風化之宜。戒奢崇儉，率先百闢，輕徭薄賦，冀以寬弘。而積習生常，未能懲革，閭閻士庶，吉兇之禮，動悉乖方，不依制度。執憲之職，似塞耳而無聞，莅民之官，猶蔽目而不察。宣揚朝化，其若是乎？古人之學，且耕且養。今者民丁非役之日，農畝時候之餘，若敦以學業，勸以經禮，自可傢慕大道，人希至德。豈止知禮節，識廉恥，父慈子孝，兄恭弟順者乎？始自京師，爰及州郡，宜祗朕意，勸學行禮。”《隋書》這樣說道：“自是天下州縣皆置博士習禮焉。”由此可見他對漢文明的復興起到的巨大的作用。
【諸子】
文帝有五個兒子，同為獨孤皇后所生，文帝非常滿足，公然說道：“前代皇帝內寵太多，往往由於嬖愛而廢嫡立幼，我沒有姬妾，五個兒子都是皇后所生，，必然會和睦相處，不會像前朝那樣發生爭奪。”隋文帝這樣得意地宣佈時，宮中爭奪繼承皇位的鬥爭早在進行。五個兒子互相猜忌，都不得終。長子楊勇在文帝稱帝前後，內領禁衛，外統封地，後來被立為太子，參决軍政大事，曾獲文帝的寵任。但他奢侈好色，使文帝與獨孤皇后失去了對他的信任。次子楊廣同樣奢侈好色，但卻善於文過飾非。貌似儉約，博得了父母寵愛。楊廣與越國公楊素勾結，揭發楊勇的過失，竟使文帝懷疑太子有奪皇位的意圖。開皇二十年（公元600年）文帝廢楊勇為庶人，改立楊廣為太子。
隋文帝的兒子秦王楊俊從小仁愛寬恕，愛好佛教，曾經請求出傢當和尚，隋文帝沒有答應。等到他擔任了並州總管以後，生活逐漸奢侈，後來發展到了違越朝廷制度規定，利用公款大肆修建裝飾自己的宮殿府第。楊俊還喜好女色，他的妃子崔氏生性妒忌，由於妒恨楊俊的好色就在瓜中置毒，楊俊因中毒得病，被文帝召回京師。文帝由於楊俊驕奢縱欲，下令罷免了他的官職，以王爵的身份回傢閑居。崔妃也因為下毒毒害楊俊被廢除了妃子名位，賜死在傢中。左武衛將軍劉升上諫言道：“秦王並沒有別的罪過，衹不過是耗費國傢錢財營造宮捨府第而已，我認為可以寬容他。”文帝回答說： “國傢的法律是不可以違背的。”尚書右僕射楊素又進諫說：“秦王所犯的過錯，不應該受到如此嚴厲的懲處，希望陛下再慎重考慮一下！”文帝又回答說：“難道我衹是我五個兒子的父親，不是天下百姓的君父嗎？如果像你說的那樣，為何不專門製定用於天子兒子的法律呢？以周公仁善的為人，尚且誅殺了造反的管叔和蔡叔，我比周公還差得很遠，又怎麽能枉法徇私呢？” 以後文帝也始終沒有答應大傢赦免楊俊的請求。
後來，秦孝王楊俊因久病不見好轉，就派遣使者嚮隋文帝上表陳謝。文帝對他派來的使者說：“我竭盡全力創下此大業，製定了典章制度讓大傢遵守，現在老百姓和衆大臣們都嚴格執行，你作為我的兒子卻要敗壞它，我應該如何責罰他呢！”楊俊聽使者轉達了文帝的話後既羞愧又恐懼，病勢愈加沉重，文帝知道後就再次授給了楊俊上柱國的職位。六月二十日，秦孝王楊俊去世。文帝得訊後哭了幾聲也就罷了，他還命令把楊俊生前所製做的奢侈華麗的物品全部燒掉。王府內的僚佐們請求為楊俊立碑，文帝說：“要是追求名節，一捲史書就足夠了，何必用碑記載呢？如果子孫們不能保持傢業，所立的碑豈不是白白給人傢作鎮石了嗎。”楊俊的兒子楊浩是崔王妃所生，另一個兒子楊湛是妾所生。群臣秉承文帝的旨意奏請說：“當初漢代慄姬的兒子劉榮，郭皇后的兒子劉疆都因其母獲罪而被廢黜。如今楊俊兩個兒子的母親也都犯了罪，所以他們也不應該成為王位的繼承人。”文帝聽從了他們的意見，並且讓秦孝王封國內的官員為喪主主持祭祀。
【喪命】
公元604年7月，文帝病重，臥於長安仁壽宮大寶殿內，楊廣認為登上皇位的時機已到，迫不及待地寫信給楊素，請教怎樣處理將要到來的文帝後事。不料送信人誤將楊素的回信送給了文帝。文帝讀後大怒，此時，宣華夫人衣衫不整地跑進來，哭訴楊廣乘她換衣時無恥地調戲她，使文帝更醒悟到受了楊廣的蒙騙，拍着床子大駡：“這個畜生如此無禮，怎能擔當治國的大任，皇后誤了我的大事。”急忙命在旁的大臣柳述、元岩草擬詔書，廢黜楊廣，重立楊勇為太子。楊廣得到密報，與大臣楊素、張衡、宇文述等人乘機發動宮廷政變，帶兵包圍仁壽宮，趕散宮人，逮捕了柳述、元岩，進入大寶殿害死了文帝。楊廣又派人假傳文帝遺囑，要楊勇自盡，楊勇還沒有作出回答，派去的人就將楊勇拖出殺死，就這樣，楊廣以弒父殺兄的手段奪取了皇位。史稱煬帝。第二年改年號為“大業”。
不過，史學界也對楊廣弒父一說感到質疑。認為楊廣已經是太子，隋文帝也病入膏肓，沒必要弒父。唐朝編寫的隋書極力貶低楊廣，在隋文帝和隋煬帝本紀裏皆說文帝是病死。在隋文帝本紀裏，隋文帝病情發展非常合理，絲毫沒有他殺跡象。
【傳說·故事】
《隋書 高祖本紀》載：高祖以大統七年六月癸醜夜生於馮翊般若寺，紫氣充庭神光滿室。有尼來自河東，謂皇妣曰：“此兒所從來甚異，不可於俗間處之。”尼將高祖捨於別館，躬自撫養。為人竜頷，額上有五柱入頂，目光外射，有文在手曰“王”。
周太祖見而嘆曰：“此兒風骨，不似代間人。”明帝即位，授右小宮伯，進封大興郡公。帝嘗遣善相者趙昭視之，昭詭對曰：“不過作柱國耳。”既而陰謂高祖曰：“公當為天下君，必大誅殺而後定。善記鄙言。”武帝即位，遷左小宮伯。出隋州刺史，進位大將軍。後徵還，遇皇妣寢疾三年，晝夜不離左右，代稱純孝。宇文護執政，尤忌高祖，屢將害焉，大將軍侯伏、侯壽等匡護得免。其後襲爵隋國公。武帝聘高祖長女為皇太子妃，益加禮重。齊王憲言於帝曰：“普六茹堅相貌非常，臣每見之，不覺自失。恐非人下，請早除之。”帝曰：“此止可為將耳。”內史王軌驟言於帝曰： “皇太子非社稷主，普六茹堅貌有反相。”帝不悅，曰：“必天命有在，將若之何！”高祖甚懼，深自晦匿。
每巡幸，恆委居守。時帝為《刑經聖製》，其法深刻。高祖以法令滋章，非興化之道，切諫，不納。高祖位望益隆，帝頗以為忌。帝有四幸姬，並為皇后，諸傢爭寵，數相毀譖。帝每忿怒，謂後曰：“必族滅爾傢！”因召高祖，命左右曰：“若色動，即殺之。”高祖既至，容色自若，乃止。
《資治通鑒》載：
陳後主遣散騎常侍周墳、通直散騎常侍袁彥聘於大隋。後主聞大隋高祖文皇帝狀貌異人，使彥畫像而歸。帝見，失態無狀，驚狂僕地，大駭曰：“吾不欲見此人！”亟命屏之。
《隋書》捲五十《龐晃傳》雲：
時高祖出為隨州刺史，路經襄陽，衛王令〔龐〕晃詣高祖。晃知高祖非常人，深自結納。及高祖去官歸京師，晃迎見高祖於襄邑。高祖甚歡。晃因白高祖曰：“公相貌非常，名在圖籙。九五之日，幸願不忘。”高祖笑曰：“何妄言也！”
《隋書》捲七十八雲：
韋鼎之聘周也，嘗與高祖相遇，鼎謂高祖曰：“觀公容貌，故非常人，而神監深遠，亦非群賢所逮也。不久必大貴，貴則天下一傢，歲一周天，老夫當委質。公相不可言，願深自愛。”
道士張賓、焦子順、雁門人董子華，此三人，當高祖竜潛時，並私謂高祖曰：“公當為天子，善自愛。”及踐阼，以賓為華州刺史，子順為開府，子華為上儀同。
茶之行世，常以廉儉為本。而據史籍記載，隋文帝勤於政務，自奉甚儉，茶卻也侍於左右。《隋書》中曾記有一個頗為怪誕的事：某夜，隨文帝做了個惡夢，夢見有位神人把他的頭骨給換了，夢醒以後便一直頭痛。後來遇一僧人，告訴他說："山中有茗草，煮而飲之當愈。"隋文帝服之以後果然見效。因為上有好者，下必甚焉，所以當時人們競相采啜，並有一贊雲："窮春秋，演河圖，不如載茗一車。"意為做人苦心鑽研孔子的《春秋》，殫精竭慮去演繹讖書《河圖》--想出人頭地--還不如有許多茶喝來得快活。
南朝齊武帝也是一個尊茶的君主，並明文規定天下無論貴賤，有祭奠必須供茶，但因南齊地偏南方，其上行下效的影響和成效卻遠不如隋文帝。隋文帝一統天下，結束了南北朝長期的對峙局面，南北的飲茶等風俗文化纔得以迅速交融。而且以他帝王之尊而嗜茶（《隋書》的記載過於神化），於是普天之下（尤其是黃河流域）茶不再被卑視為"酪奴"。
【相關評價】
隋朝的李德林《天命論》中說隋文帝，“帝體貌多奇，其面有日月河海，赤竜自通，天角洪大，雙上權骨，彎回抱目，口如四字，聲若釧鼓，手內有王文，乃受九錫。昊天成命，於是乎在。顧盼閑雅，望之如神，氣調精靈，括囊宇宙，威範也可敬，慈愛也可親，早任公卿，聲望自重。” 初唐的李延壽在《北史》中贊美隋文帝， “皇考美須髯，身長七尺八寸，狀貌瑰偉，武藝絶倫；識量深重，有將率之略。”
隋煬帝楊廣曾這樣歌頌過父親：“高祖文皇帝受天明命，奄有區夏，拯群飛於四海，革凋敝於百王，恤獄緩刑，生靈皆遂其性，輕徭薄賦，比屋各安其業。恢夷宇宙，混壹車書。”曾孫子越王楊侗這樣贊美他，“高祖文皇帝聖略神功，載造區夏。張四維而臨萬宇，侔三皇而並五帝。”
理學的祖師爺朱熹：“地憑宸極，天縱神武，開運握圖，創業垂統，聖德也；撥亂反正，濟國寧人，六合八紘，同文共軌，神功也；玄酒陶匏，雲和孤竹，禋祀上帝，尊極配天，大孝也；偃伯戢戈，正禮裁樂，納民壽域，驅俗福林，至政也。”
宋朝的陳普在《歷代傳授歌》中道：“北齊後周猶一隅，隋文混一朔南暨。”大儒王夫之贊評道：“隋文之待威也，固以古大臣之任望之；威之所以自見者，亦以平四海、正風俗為己功。”隋文帝是中國歷史上第一個黃袍加身的皇帝，《讀通鑒論》：“開皇元年，隋主服黃，定黃為上服之尊，建為永製。”自隋文帝開始穿黃袍以後，從此中國後代皇帝都穿黃色的衣服了。
後世的大文豪蘇東坡稱他“睿聖自天，英華獨秀，刑法與禮儀同運，文德共武功俱遠。愛萬物其如己，任兆庶以為憂。手運璣衡，躬命將士，芟夷姦宄，刷蕩氛昆，化通冠帶，威震幽遐。虞舜之大功二十，未足相比，姬發之合位三五，豈可足論。”魏徵贊嘆道： “皇帝載誕之初，神光滿室，具興王之表，韞大聖之能。或氣或云，蔭映於廊廟；如天如日，臨照於軒冕。內明外順，自險獲安，豈非萬福扶持，百祿攸集。”
後世的魏徵贊嘆道：“皇帝載誕之初，神光滿室，具興王之表，韞大聖之能。或氣或云，蔭映於廊廟；如天如日，臨照於軒冕。內明外順，自險獲安，豈非萬福扶持，百祿攸集。”可見隋文帝對後世中國造成深遠的影響很多。如三省六部製、開皇律、州縣兩級製、均田製、大運河、科舉制度、長安城、洛陽城、義倉的創立。
【楊堅復漢】
北齊和北周時期上層貴族，曾經一度熱衷於鮮卑化與西鬍化。雖然北周武帝親政之後，開始倡導漢化。577年，北周滅北齊，統一北方。但是由於北周武帝英年早逝，北周的漢化進程一度擱淺。]楊堅先輩武川鎮司馬楊元壽因輔助鮮卑有功被賜鬍姓普六茹，[楊堅上臺後立即恢復了自己的漢姓，立即力行漢化。楊堅對反叛舊臣、豪強大吏、上層貴族，誅夷罪退，毫不手軟。他罷黜了一些沒有才幹的大臣，包括對自己奪取帝位有功的人，將一些有真纔實幹的人提拔上來，輔佐自己管理國傢政務。隋文帝對平民百姓實行寬仁的政策。楊堅在政權基本穩定之後，楊堅便開始了一係列的改革，包括了中央和地方的政治體製、賦稅、土地制度、法律、錢幣、對外關係等方面。楊堅內修制度，外撫四夷，崇尚節儉，勤理政務。“求勞日昃，經營四方”，“大崇惠政，法令清簡，躬履節儉，天下悅之。”，“乘茲機運，逐遷周鼎”，“職方所載，並入疆理，禹貢所圖，鹹受正朔。”公元587年（開皇七年）隋滅後梁, 公元589年（開皇九年）隋滅陳，統一全國。隋文帝結束了中國上百年來分裂的局面，也結束了中國三、四百年的戰亂時代。 隋文帝采]用長孫晟的“遠交而近攻，離強而合弱”的戰略，主要運用和親拉攏分化突厥，使突厥耗於內戰，從而各個擊破。公元599年（開皇十八年）突厥內訌，突利可汗奔隋，以突利為啓民可汗，築大利城居之。公元602年（仁壽二年）隋軍大破突厥，奪回了河套地區，把邊界擴展到陰山以北。楊堅開創的“甲兵強盛”、“風行萬裏”的大隋王朝，致使“金陵失險” 、“單於款塞”。[隋的統一標志着鬍漢文化嫁接的完成。
楊堅拯救了漢文化，因為春秋、漢代的文化典籍因幾百年來的混戰，因戰火焚毀、遺失大半，公元 583年隋文帝下詔求書，獻書一捲賞絹一匹。“民間異書，往往間出”，“一、二年間，篇籍稍備”。隋時的藏書量是中國歷代最多的，隋朝藏書最多時有37萬卷，77，000多類的圖書。可大部份圖書又毀於戰火，唐玄宗時藏書最多時8萬卷，唐學者自著28，467捲，唐以前圖書衹還剩28，469捲，這些圖書大部分也難逃戰火。多少優秀的學者、多少偉大的著作、多少中國的文明、輝煌都消失在歷史的塵靄裏，但衹要是諸子百傢的書還在，衹要是儒傢經典還能留存，中華文明就不會死。
隋文帝楊堅登基後下過這樣一道詔書：“建國重道，莫先於學，尊主庇民，莫先於禮。自魏氏不競，周、齊抗衡，分四海之民，鬥二邦之力，遞為強弱，多歷年所。務權詐而薄儒雅，重幹戈而輕俎豆，民不見德，唯爭是聞。朝野以機巧為師，文吏用深刻為法，風澆俗弊，化之然也。雖復建立庠序，兼啓黌塾，業非時貴，道亦不行。其間服膺儒術，蓋有之矣，彼衆我寡，未能移俗。然其維持名教，奬飾彝倫，微相弘益，賴斯而已。王者承天，休咎隨化，有禮則祥瑞必降，無禮則妖孽興起。人稟五常，性靈不一，有禮則陰陽合德，無禮則禽獸其心。治國立身，非禮不可。朕受命於天，財成萬物，去華夷之亂，求風化之宜。戒奢崇儉，率先百闢，輕徭薄賦，冀以寬弘。而積習生常，未能懲革，閭閻士庶，吉兇之禮，動悉乖方，不依制度。執憲之職，似塞耳而無聞，莅民之官，猶蔽目而不察。宣揚朝化，其若是乎？古人之學，且耕且養。今者民丁非役之日，農畝時候之餘，若敦以學業，勸以經禮，自可傢慕大道，人希至德。豈止知禮節，識廉恥，父慈子孝，兄恭弟順者乎？始自京師，爰及州郡，宜祗朕意，勸學行禮。”《隋書儒林列傳》贊曰：“高祖膺期纂歷，平一寰宇，頓天網以掩之，賁旌帛以禮之，設好爵以縻之，於是四海九州強學待問之士，靡不畢集焉。天子乃整萬乘，率百僚，遵問道之儀，觀釋奠之禮。博士罄懸河之辯，侍中竭重席之奧，考正亡逸，研核異同，積滯群疑，渙然冰釋。於是超擢奇秀，厚賞諸儒，京邑達乎四方，皆啓黌校。齊、魯、趙、魏，學者尤多，負笈追師，不遠千裏，講誦之聲，道路不絶。中州儒雅之盛，自漢、魏以來，一時而已。”《北史》這樣說道：“自是天下州縣皆置博士習禮焉。”由此可見他對漢文明的復興起到的巨大的作用……
隋文帝統一了幣製，廢除其他比較混亂的古幣以及私人鑄造的錢幣，改鑄五銖錢。“五銖錢”背面肉好，皆有周郭，重如其文，每錢一千重四斤二兩。 “車書混一，甲兵方息。”度量衡在隋文帝時重新統一。“隋氏混一南北，凡齊、周之故老，梁、陳之舊臣，鹹薈粹一朝，成文章之總匯。”
北周的]法律既殘酷又混亂，“內外恐怖，人不自安” 。在楊堅掌握北周政權時就曾經進行過改革，親手刪定《刑書要製》，但不太徹底。隋朝建立後，開皇元年隋文帝下令命高□等人參考魏晉舊律，製訂《開皇律》。開皇三年, 隋文帝又命蘇威、牛弘修改新律，刪除苛酷條文。《開皇律》將原來的宮刑（破壞生殖器）、車裂（五馬分屍）、梟首（砍下頭懸挂在旗桿上示衆）等殘酷刑法予以廢除。規定一概不用滅族刑。減去死罪八十一條，流罪一百五十四條，徒、杖等罪千餘條，保留了律令五百條。刑罰分為死、流、徒、杖、笞五種。基本上完成了自漢文帝刑製改革以來的刑罰制度改革歷程，這就是封建五刑製。《讀通鑒論》這樣贊評道：“古肉刑之不復用，漢文之仁也。然漢之刑，多為之製，故五鬍以來，獸之食人也得恣其忿慘。至於拓拔、宇文、高氏之世，定死刑以五：曰磬、絞、斬、梟、磔，又有門房之誅焉，皆漢法之不定啓之也。政為隋定律，製死刑以二：曰絞、曰斬，改鞭為杖，改杖為笞，非謀反大逆無族刑，垂至於今，所承用者，皆政之製也。”死刑復奏制度是從開皇十五年形成定製的，隋文帝規定凡判處死刑的案件，須經“三奏”才能處决死刑。《隋書 刑法志》：“（開皇）十五年製，死罪者三奏而决。”隋文帝還下詔：“天下死罪，諸州不得便决，皆令大理覆治。” 《開皇律》對後世律法影響深遠，楊堅修訂的法律唐朝都基本上繼承了
【詩文】
“紅顔詎幾？玉貌須臾。一朝花落，白發難除。明年後歲，誰有誰無。”
——《宴秦孝王於並州作》
【楊堅年表】
公元541年，楊堅出生在馮翊般若寺內。
公元555年，年僅14歲的楊堅開始做官生涯，並逐漸升遷。
公元581年，楊堅代周稱帝，建立隋朝。
公元582年，楊堅營建“大興城”。
公元583年，楊堅廢郡，實行州、縣兩級製。
公元585年，隋頒布新的戶籍制度，
公元589年，隋滅南陳，統一天下。
公元590年，楊堅對府兵製進行改革。
公元597年，楊堅平定李賢叛亂。
公元599年，楊堅出徵伐遼東。
公元601年，楊堅下令廢除天下所有學校。
公元604年，楊堅病死。
AD 581 in February Jiazi day, the Northern Zhou Dynasty static the expectations of a return to Yang Jian edict announced demise. Yang Jian became the emperor ascended the throne, will be the country for large Sui, reign title to open Emperor, declared amnesty world.
Emperor Wen ordered the construction of Xijing Daxing Town (that are modeled on the prototype was Chang'an) and Tokyo, of Luoyang City, Daxing town thought the design and layout of urban construction and later in Japan, North Korea has a profound impact on urban development. Emperor Wen in AD 584 Yuwen Kai, leading his men in order to open canal drainage. Northwest cited Wei Xingcheng arrogant, a little drainage canal along the old course of the East Han Dynasty, to Tongguan into the Yellow River, over 150 km long, were wide drainage. This is the start of construction of the Grand Canal, the Grand Canal to connect the two civilizations. Yangtze River to the Yellow River has gradually become one.
During the Western Wei dynasty, a new elite group, turned out to skyrocket, extending the life of the Chinese aristocracy of the times, and created an unprecedented era of great, this is the aspect of China nearly two years of military aristocracy of Guanlong Group, which originated on behalf of the North Wuchuan, first built in the Guanzhong, create Zaochu four dynasties, namely, Western Wei, Northern Zhou, Sui, Tang, which is unprecedented in Chinese history, a miracle, and China into a new historical peak, the originator is the rage of Western Wei eight Zhu Guo.
1. "Financial administration of Hu and Han nationalities who are intelligent force";
Empress
Xuanhuafuren female Ningyuan Gong Chen Xuandi Southern Lord
Son
Fei Cui Qin Yang Jun
Female
Princess Bear Quang Binh prefectural governor, Anderson County public buildings still quiet ceremony
On growth Princess (Princess Ann million), still Sui Luo Zhou Zongguan, Dou Rong Chen Guogong
King of Qi Yang Jian Fei Webster
Yang Fei Tang Na Li Shimin
Gao Yang Wang of the built Anwang Shao Wang Liangyuan Health
Qinxiao Wang Yang Hao, Xingyang prefect Yang Zhan, WF Princess
Jian Sui】 【throne
North Zhouxuan Di died, the young emperor to the throne of static, Yang Jian Chao collusion Elegance fake to "Colonial palaces," the ground, made the post of Colonial Secretary, taking the affairs of state, has the overall military and political power, known as "false Huang Yue Zuo the prime minister, "the military and outside the military governor. Yang Jian Zhou then seize political power has become "riding a tiger" trend. He placed trusted aides, the deployment of forces, in preparation. Eradication of the Northern Zhou Dynasty in a decisive manner the most powerful imperial family, "the five kings", the further suppression of the Yuchi Jiong Sima consumers and others difficult to mutiny.
Since the establishment of the Sui Dynasty, Emperor Wen ready to attack the Chen Dynasty, unified the country, ministers convened to discuss eradicating Emperor Wen Chen's plan. Gao Jiong Pu She said: "To eliminate Chen, Chen must first destroy food reserves. Jiangnan housing, granaries mostly bamboo, rice straw, as long as the release of a fire, you can into ashes. When they cut the rice, We sent troops to harass. and so they cut the rice and soldiers together, we will withdraw troops. so a few times, they do not really see us play, we must prepare to relax. By that time, we took the opportunity to break through the natural barrier of Yangtze River. "side to send troops was Emperor Wen harassment south, side of warships built in time to send Minister Yang Su, ready to cross the river.
Open Huang nine (AD 589) the first month started this early morning, fog sky, on the river mist and fog, see nothing. Chen Zhaojun Chen snored, 2 SUI by general Heruo Bi, Han Qinhu lead, quietly crossed the Yangtze River, and then combined, has surrounded Jian Kang City.
Gentleman salty music its students, the villains in his or her business, not bullying the weak and strong, the public does not oppress the few, the characters of Yin Fu, government and joyous. Two decades, the world without incident, the district within the Yu Yan as also. Examination of the kings, Sheng strong enough to participate in track. "This is the book Sui's" King of the open rule. "
Sui Dynasty unified China, the side's commitment in frugal side has taken many measures to help consolidate political power. Because he understood that "the ancient imperial luxury and can not well sustained," the theory, so when he Colonial began life on the promotion of thrift, the palace of the Imperial Concubine Bu Zuomei ornaments, scholars and more general use of cloth, ribbons only angle iron and bone, not Ok. Hu Wen wanted to use powder and woven collar, actually went through the palace, can not find. This into practice thrift, to get people to reduce the burden of corresponding, but also conducive to the implementation of the measures, Emperor Wen series of reform measures, much less the country's fiscal expenditure, an increase of state revenue. Kai huang 17 years account Shigemori, foreign warehouse, are all surplus product. All confer to not more than funding, the Secretary for public funds in the estate both here full, active in the profile under the veranda, then stop the emperor is assigned in order to give Li Yuan. Emperor Wen ascended the throne when the first national population 4 million, has reached 8.9 million when the Emperor ascended the throne to one of six dollars, no less than 50 million population, this figure only reached about until the Emperor. Until after the death of Emperor Taizong, Gaozong successor, namely, 3.8 million accounts. Emperor, the country 7.6 million, 4100 million people. Suikai Huang nine 19,440,000 ares of cultivated land, cultivated land has been the great cause of mid-55850000 ares. Tang Tianbao 14 years 14.3 million ares of cultivated land. Emperor ascended the throne there are 8.9 million, while the Tang until Jiabeng only 3.8 million, the difference in strength can imagine.
Yang Jian in 584 AD, Emperor Wen Yuwen Kai, leading his men in order to open canal drainage. Northwest cited Wei Xingcheng arrogant, a little drainage canal along the old course of the East Han Dynasty, to Tongguan into the Yellow River, over 150 km long, were wide drainage. This is the start of construction of the Grand Canal. Grand Canal connecting the Yangtze River Yellow River, connecting the two civilizations. Yangtze River to the Yellow River has gradually become one. The canal during the reign of his son, Yang Guang completed North-South reunification of China has played a certain role.
The early period of the Sui is a undone, 100 to be rule of the situation chaotic. Majestic Emperor Wen of a board seat, displaying his bold vision on. The political system a series of major reforms.
(B) streamline the Local Official
590 AD, Emperor Wen Yang Jian Chao Fu Bing into the counties household, soldiers, farmers began this unity. Yang Jian also made for the reform of local institutions. Shang Yang Shangxi degree of support he proposed the adoption of the "keep going to busy, and big to small" proposal, where the original chaotic Bureaucracy from state, county, county to streamline the state and county levels, withdrawal of the territory of more than 500 counties. At the same time, weed out the superfluous and unqualified a large number of redundant officials, some of the counties combined. Significant savings in government expenditure, improve administrative efficiency, but also reduce the burden on the people. In order to exercise power, control over local, Yang Jian ordered Nine above all by the central appointment and removal of officials. Officials of the appointment power solely by the board of civil control, prohibiting local officials on the spot hiring Liaozuo. And conduct annual assessment by the Ministry of Personnel, to determine rewards and punishments, down. Subsequently, a three-year tenure system. Yang Jian simplify the local administration, waste Nine Palace Act, start-up examination system. Emperor Wen ordered the three states selected articles China and the United States each year, talented people, by the central government. Later, Emperor Wen ordered, Beijing officials Wupinyishang, local officials and the Department of the provincial governor control to the lifts, and play by the virtuous talent. This system of selecting government officials, so that each class of talented people have the opportunity for government effectiveness. Yang Jian open examination system established in China over 1300 years of history, retain, until the late Qing Dynasty abolished, but was amazed by United States and Britain and other countries and learn from this selection system, as government clerks employed methods.
(C) amendments to "open imperial law"
Zhou laws both cruel and chaotic, "internal and external terrorism, people do not own security." Yang Jian Zhou regime in the master had been on the reform, will personally delete the "punishment book to the system," but not quite. After the founding of the Sui Dynasty, Emperor Wen ordered the first year of life to open Emperor Gao Wei, □, and others refer to the old law, the formulation "open imperial law." Queen to open three years, Emperor Wen has ordered Solvay, Niuhong modify the new law, remove the harshness of the provisions. "Open imperial law" to the original castration (destruction of the genitals), tying a (Wumafenshi), owl's first (cut head hanging in the flag for public display) and other harsh criminal law be repealed. Provides Yigai not genocide criminal. Minus a capital 81, 154 current crime, only, sticks and other crimes more than a thousand articles, retains the legal code 500. Death penalty into the flow, thereby, stick, bamboo cane is five. Basically completed the reform since the Han Wen criminal penal system since the reform process, which is five chief forms of feudal system. "Reading Chronicle on the" Comments such praise: "The old shall no longer use corporal punishment, Science of jen. However, the penalty Han, whom the system more, so Five Barbarians been eating beasts, who have to do as one pleases their anger miserable. As Robert W., Yuwen, Gao of the world, will be the death penalty to five: Yue-Qing, twisted, cut, Owl, hall, another porter of punish Yan, both Qi and Chinese law are also adventitious. Administrative Law for the Sui Dynasty, the death penalty system 2: said, twisting, said, chopping, whip the rod change, change for the bamboo cane rod, non-ethnic rebellion took an unusual move without punishment, weeping For this, the contractor users, the system also are political. "Fu Zou death penalty system is to open Emperor 10 five years of the formation of custom, Emperor Wen requires that all death penalty cases, subject to the "three outs" in order to execute the death penalty. "Book of Sui Dynasty": "(to open Emperor) 10 five-year, a capital offense who played and never three." Emperor Wen also issued an edict: "There is a capital offense, states were not will never, repeat rule engraved in marble." "Open imperial law "far-reaching impact on later law, Yang Jian amended law are basically a continuation of the Tang Dynasty.
(D) lead Juntian Order
(E) set granary
Wen set when the warehouse can be divided into two types, namely, warehouse and granary official. Official positions of the grain storage, to provide military personnel the public. Set the official position of the objective is to increase the efficiency of water transport Kanto; is to the original state of the Imperial Kanto direct input of individual food approach, to focus and staging approach. And set the meter position along the Yellow River, first check the food concentrated in the eastern states, where these positions, and wide use of the Yellow River drainage and transported to the Capital. So time and resources are save. According to Chinese estimates, Wen dynasty food stored in various positions, has been used for the Government to 56 years. Granary, also known as social position, set in the countryside, its grain storage by the people contributing money to prepare for famine relief to victims. Military people to donate food, into the local community barn from "Social Division" specifically to deal with matters relating to relief projects and storage. In case of occurrence of a famine to the poor harvest, when the community a place to store it in the Grain Bread. And to provide public warehouse operators donate food to community standards: "the family, but one stone, but in seven households struggle, the next family, but four words." Granary of the set, on the lives of people who, naturally a strong protection.
(Vi) currency reform
】 【Cultural contributions
Accession to the throne after Emperor Wen Yang Jian had such a decree under: "re-founding Road, Mo before school, respect for the people the main shelter, MO prior to ceremony. Since the Wilcoxon non-competition, Zhou, Qi counter, sub-seas of the people, fighting the second state of power delivery is strong or weak, and more over the years. craftiness and thin and refined works, heavy arms and light ZU beans, the people not see Germany, the only dispute is heard. opposition to ingenious as a teacher, Wen Li profound as the method used, the wind pouring Popular disadvantages of the course also. Although complex to establish Xiangxu, and Kai Hong Sook, when your non-industry, Dow is not OK. During subscribe Confucianism, cover with the men, and Bizhong few I could not move custom. However, to maintain its name Education, awards decorations Yi Lun, microfacies Hongik, Rice only. king Edward, Xiujiu with technology, courtesy the good fortune will fall, the rise of insulting the evildoer. were intrinsic Wuchang, spirits mixed together courtesy the yin and yang, Germany , rude is an animal of their heart. sustains the country, not indecent assault. I ordered on the day, finance into things, to Hua Yi disorder should seek weathering. Ring thrift, the first Baipi, kept taxes low, wing to Hong wide. The habits students often failed to punish leather, Lu Yan Shi Shu, good and bad of the ceremony, noted the good side fixed, non system. executive post of the Constitution, no smell like ear plugs, hand people's government, which still cover head be aware of. promote the DPRK, and its almost if? science of the ancients, and the cultivation and support. this small non-served by the public the day when the rest of agricultural acres, if the London to their studies and advised to by the ceremony, could be home from Mu Boulevard , who hope D'. more than just a courtesy to know, know shame, Fucizaixiao, brother Christine brother who almost along? began in the Capital or embassies and the gun, should only Zhen Yi, Quan Xue salute. "" Sui Shu "It said: "Individuality counties are home world, Dr. Raymond Yan." This shows that Chinese civilization and the revival of his play a huge role.
】 【Scholars
Emperor Wen's son Emperor Qin Yang Jun childhood love forgiveness, love of Buddhism, monks have been requested as a monk, Emperor Wen did not agree. When he served, and Zhou Zongguan after the luxury of life gradually, and later developed to a violation of the court system requires more use of public funds to decorate their palaces built big mansion. HU also preferences in sex, his concubine Cui jealous by nature, due to the lustful ressentiment HU home in Guatemala in the drug, Yang Jun disease due to poisoning was Wen recalled the Capital. Wen Yang Jun Jiaoshe as lust, ordered the dismissal of his official position to Wang Jue home homebound status. Cui Fei Yang Jun poisoned because of poisoning was abolished concubine fame, Prince in the home. Rose on the left Bue General Liu made remonstrance: "The king and no other sin, only cost the state money to create a palace mansion house only, I think he can be tolerant." Wen said: "The state of the law is not the breach. "Shang You Pushe salicin it plain speaking, said:" king of the fault committed, should not be so severely punished, I hope His Majesty then seriously consider! "Wen said then:" Can I just I 5 son's father, not the common people of Junfu? If as you say, why not tailor-made for the emperor, the son of the law? to Zhou Gongren good man, yet it Heaven's a rebel Guan Shu and Cai Shu, I am far worse than the Duke, how can pervert the law to favoritism? "later also Wen Yang Jun has never promised us a pardon request.
Later, Yang Jun Qin Xiaowang not improve because of long illness, on the table to send envoys to the Emperor Wen Chen Xie. Emperor Wen of his emissaries, said: "I make every effort to set this cause, established laws and institutions so that we observe, and now the people and all the ministers are strictly enforced, as my son, you have to ruin it, I should his punishment to do! "Yang Jun listen messenger conveyed Wen's words not only shame and fear, even more heavy disease situation, the emperor granted again after that to the HU position on Zhu Guo. June 20, Qinxiao Wang Yang Jun's death. Emperor Wen was crying a few times after hearing it when he ordered the Yang Junsheng before making all the luxury items gorgeous burnt. Liaozuo within the palace are requested for Yang Junli monument, Wen said: "If the pursuit of name section, a roll of history books is enough, why use the tablet records? If children are unable to maintain the family business, the establishment of the monument Qibushibai white for others to you rock the town. "Yang Jun is the son of Yang Hao Cui Princess born, another son, concubine Yang Zhan was born. God's will petitioned ministers Bingcheng Wen said: "When the son of Rong Ji Han Li, Kuo Queen's son Liu Xinjiang have been deposed by his mother felon. HU now the mother of two sons have also committed a crime Therefore, they should not become heir to the throne. "Wen listened to their views, and let Qinxiao Wang Feng funeral home officials presided over the main ritual.
In July 604 AD, the emperor was seriously ill, Wo Yu Long An Renshou Palace palace, the Yang Guang think the time has come to ascend the throne, could not wait to write to salicin, ask how to deal with the arrival of the Emperor Wen to be funeral. Unexpectedly, the reply messenger mistakenly gave Yang Su Wen. Wen reading furious, this time, Xuanhuafuren Yishanbuzheng to run in, cried Yang Guang by shamelessly molested her when she Huanyi to Wen also awakened to the deceived by the Yang Guang, patting Chuangzi cursed: " The animal that disrespectful, how to play any of the country's largest, the Queen my big mistake. "hurried life out in the next minister Liu, Yuan Yan drafting the decree, deposed Yang Guang, re-established as the Prince Yong. Yang Guang get a tip, and the Minister Yang Su, Zhang Heng, Yuwen Shu, who took the opportunity to launch a palace coup, leading troops surrounded Renshou Palace, Palace were forced out, described the arrest of Liu, Yuan Yan, into the great palace killed the Emperor Wen. Yang Guang Chuan Wen will leave it sent to Yong himself, Yong has not responded, the person will be sent to kill Yong dragged, this way, Yang Guang to kill his father and brother to kill a means of seizing the throne . Known to history as Emperor Yang. Changed the second year reign as the "cause."
However, historians also Yang Guang kill his father and one said he was questioned. That Yang Guang has a Prince, Emperor Wen also ill, no need to kill his father. Written in the Sui Tang Yang Guang tried to play down in Emperor Wen and Emperor Wen of the discipline in all that is dead. In the Emperor Wen of the century, the Emperor Wen progression of the disease is very reasonable, and no signs of homicide.
Chen emperor of grave removal Sanqichangshi week, straight Sanjichangshi employed in large Sui Yuan Yan. Emperor of the Emperor Wen Wen Tai Sui Gaozu landscape ever different people, portraits and return to Yan. Tai See, gaffe-free form, Frantic servant, the Tai Hai said: "I do not want to met with the person!" Screen of urgent life.
"Sui Shu" VII 18 says:
Sui Li Delin "fatalism," said the Emperor Wen, "Imperial Aspect more strange, the sun and the moon surface with Hohai, Chilong self-taught, days horn loud, double-bone on the right, turn back to hold head, mouth, such as four words, sound and if chuan drums, hand there Wang, affected by the Investigation and Exposition. Haotian of order by reason that the. stare Elegant, look for like a god, atmosphere wizard, Kuonang universe, Wei Fan is also respectable, loving also amiable, early Rengong Qing, standing self-respect. "Early in the Li Yanshou in the" Northern History "in praise Emperor Wen," August Ones America Xu Ran, seven feet in length Bacun, landscape ever Gui Wei, martial arts preposterous; amount of profound knowledge There will rate a little. "
Song Chen Pu in the "teach ancient song" Mean: "Northern Qi Dynasty Later Zhou Dynasty still corner, Sui Wen Shuo South cum mixed one." Confucianist Wang Fu Chan comments: "The text of the question Sui Wei also, the Minister of any solid look to the ancient s; Wei reason from those who see, they also flat seas, is custom for their own success. "Emperor Wen is the first rule as emperor in Chinese history the emperor," Reading Chronicle ": the" open imperial emperor, Huang Sui Zhu services , will be yellow for the last service of the respect, the construction for the permanent system. "started wearing yellow robe from Emperor Wen after the offspring from the Emperor of China wear yellow clothes.
【Chinese】 Yang Jian Fu
Northern Qi and Northern Zhou period of the upper nobility, was once interested in Descent of the West of Wu. Although the North Yu Wen Yong reign, the beginning advocate finished. 577, Northern Zhou destroyed Northern Qi Dynasty, unified the north. However, due to premature death North Yu Wen Yong, Zhou's localization process has been delayed. ] Yang Jian Wu Chuan Zhen Sima Yang Yuanshou ancestors by supporting meritorious been given surname Hu Xianbei P 6 Ru, [Yang Jian took office immediately after the resumption of their surnames, immediately exercise finished. Yang Jian old veterans of the rebellion, despotic Dali, upper nobility, punish the crime Yi returned with no mercy. He did not dismiss a number of talented ministers, including his own people meritorious win throne, only hard work will be some people who really promoted up, his assistant, his management of state government. Emperor Wen of the benevolent policy of the implementation of the civilian population. Yang Jian, after the basic stability of the regime, Yang Jian began a series of reforms, including the political system of the central and local, tax, land system, law, money, foreign relations and so on. Yang Jian repair system within the outer ask Shii, advocating frugality, diligence and reasonable government. "Ensure that employees on Jackson, operating Quartet," "Big Chonghui Zheng, Qing dynasty law, personally assumed thrift, Yue of the world.", "Hereby airplane ride, gradually move Chow", "contained in the staff side, into Xinjiang Li, Yu Gong made, the salt by Zhengshuo. "AD 587 (open Huang seven) Sui off Girder, AD 589 (open Huang nine) off Chan Sui unified China. Emperor Wen of China at the end of a century the situation of division, but also the end of China's three or four hundred years of the war era. Emperor Wen mining] The Sun Sheng's "distant and recent attack from the strong and weak together" strategy, mainly used to draw differentiation and pro-Turk, Turks consumption to the civil war, and thus separately. AD 599 (open Huang 18 years) Turk strife, conflict Sui Lee Khan Ben to Tunisia for the Kai Man Lee Khan, built the city residence of Italy. AD 602 (Renshou years) SUI big break Turk, regain the Loop, north of the border extended to the Yin. Yang Jian create a "hoplite strong", "popular Miles" big Sui dynasty, with the result, "Jinling loss insurance," "Chanyu paragraph congestion." [Hu and Han Sui unified culture marks the completion of grafting.
Accession to the throne after Emperor Wen Yang Jian had such a decree under: "re-founding Road, Mo before school, respect for the people the main shelter, MO prior to ceremony. Since the Wilcoxon non-competition, Zhou, Qi counter, sub-seas of the people, fighting the second state of power delivery is strong or weak, and more over the years. craftiness and thin and refined works, heavy arms and light ZU beans, the people not see Germany, the only dispute is heard. opposition to ingenious as a teacher, Wen Li profound as the method used, the wind pouring Popular disadvantages of the course also. Although complex to establish Xiang Xu, and Kai Hong Sook, when your non-industry, Road no line. During subscribe to Confucianism, covered with the men, and Bizhong few I could not move custom. However, to maintain its name Education, awards decorations Yi Lun, microfacies Hongik, Rice only. King Edward, Xiujiu with the technology, courtesy the good fortune will fall, the rise of rude is evildoer. were intrinsic Wuchang, spirits mixed together courtesy the yin and yang, Germany , rude is an animal of their heart. sustains the country, indecent assault can not. I ordered on the day, money into things, to Hua Yi disorder should seek weathering. Ring thrift, the first Baipi, kept taxes low, wing to Hong wide. The habits students often failed to punish leather, Lu Yan Shi Shu, good and bad of the ceremony, noted the good side fixed, non system. executive post of the Constitution, no smell like ear plugs, hand people's government, which still cover head be aware of. promote the DPRK, and its almost if? science of the ancients, and the cultivation and support. this small non-served by the public the day when the rest of agricultural acres, if the London to their studies and advised to by the ceremony, could be home from Mu Boulevard , who hope D'. more than just a courtesy to know, know shame, Fucizaixiao, brother Christine brother who almost along? began in the Capital or embassies and the gun, should only Zhen Yi, Quan Xue salute. "" Suishu Ru Lin Biography "Chan said, : "emperor Ying Li of Compilation, Ping-Universal, to cover the Dayton Skynet, Ben Jing courtesy of silk, set to tie up the good Jazz, so universally strong Kyushu University to be asked of persons, Mibu Biji Yan. Son of Heaven is entire Wan Cheng, rate Bai Liao, Zun asked the device, view hold the essence of the ceremony. Dr. exhausted Debate suspended river, sijung exhaust re-I of Austria, Yi Dynasty is dead, and research nuclear similarities and differences, Ji Zhi group suspect, Huanran vanish. So Super Zhuo Qi Xiu, Houshangzhuru, Jingyi up to almost four, all schools Kai Hong. Qi and Lu, Zhao, Wei, academics in particular, many headed for recovery division, far behind, say chanting voice, road without a break. Zhongzhou elegance of Sheng, from the Han, Wei has been only temporary. "" Northern History "that said:" Individuality counties are home world, Dr. Raymond Yan. "So he played on the revival of Chinese civilization to the great role ... ...
Zhou's] law both cruel and chaotic, "the terrorist inside and outside, people do not own security." Yang Jian Zhou regime in the master had been on the reform, will personally delete the "punishment book to the system," but not quite. After the founding of the Sui Dynasty, Emperor Wen ordered the first year of life to open Emperor Gao Wei, □, and others refer to the old law, the formulation "open imperial law." Queen to open three years, Emperor Wen has ordered Solvay, Niuhong modify the new law, remove the harshness of the provisions. "Open imperial law" to the original castration (destruction of the genitals), tying a (Wumafenshi), owl's first (cut head hanging in the flag for public display) and other harsh criminal law be repealed. Provides Yigai not genocide criminal. Minus a capital 81, 154 current crime, only, sticks and other crimes more than a thousand articles, retains the legal code 500. Death penalty into the flow, thereby, stick, bamboo cane is five. Basically completed the reform since the Han Wen criminal penal system since the reform process, which is five chief forms of feudal system. "Reading Chronicle on the" Comments such praise: "The old shall no longer use corporal punishment, Science of jen. However, the penalty Han, whom the system more, so Five Barbarians been eating beasts, who have to do as one pleases their anger miserable. As Robert W., Yuwen, Gao of the world, will be the death penalty to five: Yue-Qing, twisted, cut, Owl, hall, another porter of punish Yan, both Qi and Chinese law are also adventitious. Administrative Law for the Sui Dynasty, the death penalty system 2: said, twisting, said, chopping, whip the rod change, change for the bamboo cane rod, non-ethnic rebellion took an unusual move without punishment, weeping For this, the contractor users, the system also are political. "Fu Zou death penalty system is to open Emperor 10 five years of the formation of custom, Emperor Wen requires that all death penalty cases, subject to the "three outs" in order to execute the death penalty. "Book of Sui Dynasty": "(to open Emperor) 10 five-year, a capital offense who played and never three." Emperor Wen also issued an edict: "There is a capital offense, states were not will never, repeat rule engraved in marble." "Open imperial law "far-reaching impact on later law, the revised law Yang Jian Tang are basically a continuation of
】 【Poetry
Chronology】 【Yang Jian
AD 581, Yang Jian Zhou emperor on behalf of the establishment of the Sui Dynasty.
AD 585, the Sui promulgated a new household registration system,
AD 597, Yang Jian Ping Ting Li Xian rebellion.
AD 604, Yang Jian died.