| 网笔号： | 文皇帝 | ||||||||||||
| 庙号： | 高祖 | ||||||||||||
| 陵墓： | 太陵 | ||||||||||||
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自从周武灭佛后，佛教元气大伤，隋文帝登极后，大兴佛教，隋唐佛教之盛，历史上称为黄金时代。
【文帝简介】
隋文帝（公元541－604年）杨坚，汉族，鲜卑赐姓是普六茹，小字那罗延。隋朝开国皇帝，其父杨忠是西魏和北周的军事贵族，北周武帝时官至柱国大将军，封为隋国公，杨坚承袭父爵。初唐的李延寿在《北史》中赞美隋文帝， “皇考美须髯，身长七尺八寸，状貌瑰伟，武艺绝伦；识量深重，有将率之略。”
公元581年二月甲子日，北周的静帝以杨坚众望有归下诏宣布禅让。杨坚登基称帝，定国号为大隋，改元开皇，宣布大赦天下。
杨坚称帝后，于开皇七年（公元587年）灭亡后梁，一年后下诏伐陈。开皇九年（公元589年）灭亡陈，统一了中国，结束了西晋末年以来近三百年的分裂局面。同年琉球群岛归降隋朝。隋文帝结束了中国长期混乱的局面，使中国又回到了和平年代。
隋朝建立以后，隋文帝精心治理，隋朝迅速强大繁荣起来。他不仅完成统一中国的大业，还使隋朝成为政权稳固，社会安定，户口锐长，垦田速增，积蓄充盈，文化发展，甲兵精锐，威动殊俗的强盛国家。在政治、经济等制度方面进行了一系列的改革。在中央实行三省六部制，将地方的州、郡、县三级制改为州、县两级制，地方官吏概由中央任免，由此巩固了中央集权。
隋文帝下令修建西京大兴城（即后来长安城所仿照原形）和东京洛阳城，大兴城的设计和布局思想，对后世都市建设及日本、朝鲜都市建设都有深刻的影响。隋文帝于公元584年命宇文恺率众开漕渠。自大兴城西北引渭水，略循汉代漕渠故道而东，至潼关入黄河，长150多公里，名广通渠。这是修建大运河的开始，大运河连接了两个文明。使黄河流域长江流域逐渐成为一体。
他在不长的时间内将中国重新置于一个政权治理下，外御强敌突厥、契丹，内令人民安宁生息，功业之伟大，连后世盛唐也没有完全恢复隋朝的国土面积。然而，御下过严，令不少功臣未获善终；尤其立杨广为太子，遗祸后代，竟使江山断送，实为遗憾。文帝在位 24年，604年病逝于大兴殿，终年64岁，葬于泰陵（今天陕西省杨陵（凌）区城西5公里处）。
【文帝家世】
西魏王朝期间，一个新兴的贵族集团横空出世，一飞冲天，延续了中国贵族时代的寿命，并开创了一个前所未有的伟大时代，这就是纵横中国近二百年的关陇军事贵族集团，它起源于代北武川，初建于关中，共创造出四个王朝，分别是西魏，北周，隋，唐，这在中国历史上是绝无仅有的奇迹，并将中国推向了一个新的历史高峰，其发端便是盛极一时的西魏八大柱国。
八柱国家，分别为：宇文泰(李世民外曾祖父)、元欣、李虎（李渊祖父）、李弼（李密曾祖父）、赵贵、于谨、独孤信（杨坚岳父，李渊外祖父）、侯莫、陈崇。他们创造了西魏、北周、隋、唐四个朝代辉煌的历史。唐朝史书曰：“今之称门阀者，咸推八柱国家。当时荣盛，莫与为比。” 其中独孤信是杨坚的岳父。
此集团有两大特征：
1.“融治胡汉民族之有武力才智者”；
2.此集团中人“入则为相，出则为将，自无文武分途之事”。
杨坚先辈武川镇司马杨元寿因辅助鲜卑有功被赐胡姓普六茹，父亲杨忠是北周政权的开国元勋，是西魏十二大将军之一，战功赫赫，官至柱国，封随国公。杨坚十四岁就开始了仕途生涯，杨忠死后，杨坚袭父爵。后来娶大将军独孤信之女为妻。女儿为周宣帝的皇后。杨坚自称汉太尉杨震十四世孙。
皇后
独孤伽罗 文献皇后
妃嫔
宣华夫人 南朝陈宣帝女宁远公主
容华夫人 蔡氏
尉迟氏 尉迟迥孙女
子
废太子杨勇 妃元氏
隋炀帝杨广 皇后萧氏
秦王杨俊 妃崔氏
蜀王杨秀 妃长孙氏、彭氏（追赠）
汉王杨谅 妃豆卢（慕容）氏
女
乐平公主 杨丽华 北周宣帝宇文赟皇后
襄国公主 内史侍郎、河州刺史、检校秦州总管李长雅尚
广平公主 熊州刺史、安德县公宇文静礼尚
兰陵公主 仪同王奉孝尚，后嫁兵部尚书柳述
姊
安成长公主（万安公主），尚隋洛州总管、陈国公窦荣
孙
元德太子杨昭 妃崔氏、韦氏
齐王杨暕 妃韦氏
赵王杨杲
南阳公主 宇文士及尚
杨妃 唐太宗李世民纳
杨勇十男：长宁王俨、平原王裕、安城王筠云昭训生
安平王嶷、襄城王恪高良娣生
高阳王该、建安王韶王良媛生
颍川王煚成姬生
孝实、孝范后宫生
秦孝王杨浩 、荥阳太守杨湛、永丰公主
杨颢
宇文娥英 乐平公主女 适将作监李敏
【登基建隋】
杨坚的父亲杨忠是北周政权的开国元勋，是西魏十二大将军之一，战功赫赫，官至柱国，封随国公。杨坚十四岁就开始了仕途生涯，杨忠死后，杨坚袭父爵。后来娶大将军独孤信之女为妻，使他又多了一个雄厚的政治后盾。女儿为周宣帝的皇后。由此可见，杨坚不仅是关陇集团上层强有力的军事统帅，还是皇亲国戚，享有很高的政治地位。
建德中，率水军三万，破齐师于河桥。明年，从帝平齐，进位柱国。与宇文宪破齐任城王高湝于冀州，除定州总管。先是，定州城西门久闭不行，齐文宣帝时，或请开之，以便行路。帝不许，曰：“当有圣人来启之。”及高祖至而开焉，莫不惊异。寻转亳州总管。宣帝即位，以后父征拜上柱国、大司马。大象初，迁大后丞、右司武，俄转大前疑。经过二十多年经营，公元580年，杨坚已爬升到骠骑大将军、大兴郡公的位置，其女也成为北周宣帝皇后。
北周宣帝病死后，年幼的静帝继位，杨坚勾结近臣作伪诏，以「入宫辅政」为由，取得了辅政大臣之职，总揽朝政，总揽军政大权，号称「假黄钺左大丞相」，都督内外军事。这时杨坚夺取北周政权已成“骑虎难下”之势。他安插亲信，部署力量，积极做准备。在果断地铲除了北周宗室中最有实力的“五王”之后，又镇压了尉迟迥、司马消难等人的兵变。
581年，杨坚迫使北周静帝禅位，二月甲子日，周静帝以杨坚众望有归下诏宣布禅让。杨坚三让而受天命，自相府常服入宫，备礼即皇帝位于临光殿，定国号为大隋，改元开皇，宣布大赦天下。杨坚由继承父亲杨忠的随国公起家，其家族曾被赐姓普六茹，进称随王,故把自己新王朝的国号定为随,他又感到随字有走字旁，与走同义,不太吉利,便改随为隋。杨坚登基当天，长安城出现了八百年一次的祥瑞天象----庆云。
【统一全国】
隋朝建立以后，隋文帝准备攻打陈朝，统一全国，隋文帝召集大臣们商量灭陈的大计。仆射高熲说：“要灭陈，必须先破坏陈的粮食储备。江南的房屋、粮仓多半是竹子、稻草盖成的，只要放一把火，就能化成灰烬。他们割稻子的时候，我们派兵去骚扰。等他们把割稻子的士兵集中起来，我们就收兵。这样几次，他们看我们并不真打，一定放松防备。到那时，我们乘机突破长江天险。”于是隋文帝一面派兵骚扰江南，一面派大臣杨素赶造战船，准备渡江。
隋开皇八年（公元588年），隋文帝决定渡江灭陈。这时候，陈朝的陈后主仍在过着花天酒地的生活。发兵之前，隋文帝下诏书揭露陈后主的罪恶，把诏书抄写了三十万份，偷偷派人到江南各地散发。随后，就派他的晋王杨广为兵马大元帅，率领五十万大军出发了。从东海到永安郡，隋军分成八路，同时渡江。
告急文书雪片般地飞到建康，陈后主慌忙把大臣们找来商量对策。都官尚书孔范故作镇静，说：“长江古称天堑，隋军难道能长翅膀飞过来不成？这不过是守边的将领谎报敌情，想要骗取奖赏罢了。杀他几个，就没人敢说谎了！”陈后主说：“此话有理！建康自古是帝王之都，从前，北齐三次攻打，都失败了；北周两次入侵，也都碰了壁。今天杨坚还能成多大气候！”
开皇九年（公元589年）正月初一的清晨，大雾满天，江面上雾气茫茫，什么也看不见。陈朝君臣还在酣睡，两支隋军分别由大将贺若弼、韩擒虎率领，悄悄渡过了长江，然后汇合在一起，包围了建康城。
当时，建康城里有十几万陈朝的军队，地势又十分险要，如果组织得当，积极防守，是难以攻破的。但是，陈后主看到兵临城下，急得日夜哭泣，拿不出一点办法。大将萧摩诃建议趁隋军还没站稳脚跟，立即出兵攻打隋军。孔范也对陈后主说：“臣以为应该出兵决战，如果战死了，还会青史留名！”陈后主听了他们的话，立即命令萧摩诃、任忠带兵出城决战。陈军士兵长久没有训练，将军们又过惯了享乐生活，双方刚一交手，陈军掉头就跑。任忠投降了隋军，他带着韩擒虎冲进建康城的正门朱雀门。守卫城门的陈军持枪抵抗，任忠大声喊道：“连老夫都投降了，你们还打什么！”守战士兵听了一哄而散。贺若弼活捉了萧摩诃，从北门冲进了建康城。
正月二十二日，晋王杨广进入建康城，陈朝从此灭亡了。南北朝的分裂局面也结束了。隋朝从出兵攻陈，到最后灭陈，前后只用了四个月的时间。
鉴于南北朝晚期，突厥藉强大的军事力量，不时侵扰北周、北齐。故隋立国后，隋文帝便派将兵攻。隋文帝采用长孙晟的“远交而近攻，离强而合弱”的战略，主要运用和亲拉拢分化突厥，使突厥耗于内战，从而各个击破。公元599年（开皇十八年）突厥内讧，突利可汗奔隋，以突利为启民可汗，筑大利城居之。公元602年（仁寿二年）隋军大破突厥，夺回了河套地区，把边界扩展到阴山以北。杨坚开创的“甲兵强盛”、“风行万里”的大隋王朝，致使“金陵失险” 、“单于款塞”。隋朝的军队歼灭或重创了吐谷浑、契丹、高丽，取得空前辉煌的胜利。
【开皇之治】
“鸿恩大德，前古未比。”“七德既敷，九歌已洽，要荒咸暨，尉候无警。于是躬节俭，平徭赋，仓廪实，法令行
，君子咸乐其生，小人各安其业，强无凌弱，众不暴寡，人物殷阜，朝野欢娱。二十年间，天下无事，区宇之内晏如也。考之先王，足以参踪盛烈。”这就是隋书里的“开皇之治”。
隋文帝统一中国后，一面躬行俭朴，一面采取了许多有利于巩固政权的措施。由于他明白到“古帝王没有好奢侈而能持久的”之道理，所以由他辅政时开始，就提倡生活节俭，宫中的妃妾不作美饰，一般士人多用布帛，饰带只用铜铁骨角，不用金玉。文帝曾想用胡粉和织成的衣领，居然搜遍宫殿，都找不到。这种躬行节俭，使人民的负担相应得到减轻，而且有利于各项措施的推行，隋文帝一系列的改革措施，大量地减少了国家的财政开支，增加了国家的财政收入。开皇十七年，户口滋盛，中外仓库，无不盈积。所有赉给，不逾经费，京司帑屋既充，积于廓庑之下，高祖遂停此年正赋，以赐黎元。隋文帝初登基时全国人口400万户，隋炀帝登基时已达 890万户，以一户六口计，全国人口不下5000万，这个数字大约直到唐玄宗时才达到。直到唐太宗死后，唐高宗继位，计户口380万户。唐玄宗时，全国760万户，4100万人。隋开皇九年已垦田地1944万顷，大业中期已垦田地 5585万顷。唐天宝十四年已垦田地1430万顷。隋炀帝登基就有890万户，而唐太宗直到驾崩才有380万户，国力之差距可以想见。
在隋朝雄厚而强大的经济实力的前提下，隋文帝下令修建大兴城，大兴城的修建不仅是中国古代城市建设规划高超水平的标志，也是当时国家的经济实力和科技水平的综合体现。大兴城乃当时的“世界第一城”，它的设计和布局思想，对后世都市建设及日本、朝鲜都市建设都有深刻的影响。
隋文帝杨坚于公元584年命宇文恺率众开漕渠。自大兴城西北引渭水，略循汉代漕渠故道而东，至潼关入黄河，长150多公里，名广通渠。这是修建大运河的开始。大运河连接黄河流域长江流域，连接了两个文明。使黄河流域长江流域逐渐成为一体。这条运河在他的儿子杨广统治期间竣工，为中国南北统一起到了一定的作用。
杨坚使隋朝成为政权稳固，社会安定，户口锐长，垦田速增，积蓄充盈，文化发展，甲兵犟锐，威动殊俗 无比辉煌的皇朝，留给我们子孙后代的财富、对后世中国造成深远的影响很多。如长安城、三省六部制、开皇律、大运河、科举制度、义仓的创立。
【内部改革】
隋朝建立初期，是一个百废待兴、百乱待治的局面。隋文帝一登上金銮宝座，就施展他的雄才大略。对政治制度进行了一系列重大改革。
（一）确立三省六部制
杨坚废除不合时宜的北周六官（天、地、春、秋、冬、夏）制，北周的官僚体制基本上是效仿原来西周时期的《周官》即《周礼》的形式，很原始、极混乱。六官制，称谓复杂，职掌不明，办事效率低下。杨坚恢复了汉魏时期的体制，基本上确立了三省六部制度。杨坚在中央设立三师、三公、五省。三师、三公只是一种荣誉虚衔。掌握政权的的是五省，即内侍省、秘书省、门下省、内史省和尚书省。内侍省、秘书省在国家政务中不起重要作用。内侍省是宫廷的宦官机构，管理宫中事务。秘书省掌管书籍历法，事务较少。起作用的是其他三省，内史省、门下省、尚书省都是最高政务机构。以尚书令、纳言、内史令为长官，行使宰相职能，辅助皇帝处理全国事务。内史省负责决策，门下省负责审议，尚书省负责执行。这就是后来被唐朝继承的三省制。
尚书省是国家最高行政机关。其下设吏部、礼部、兵部、都官、度支、工部六部。每部设尚书为长官，总管本部政务。具体办事机构就是这是六部：吏部，掌管全国官吏的任免、考核、升降和调动；民部，掌管全国的土地、户籍以及赋税、财政收支；礼部，掌管祭祀、礼仪和对外交往；兵部，掌管全国武官的选拔和兵籍、军械等；刑部，掌管全国的刑律、断狱；工部，掌管各种工程、工匠、水利、交通等。开始的时候，六部叫做六曹，即六个办事机构。六部的长官为尚书。六部的设置成为后代封建国家中央政权的固定制度。三省六部制分工明确，组织严密，加强中央集权。
内史省和门下省是机要之司，内史省负责起草并宣行皇帝的制诏；门下省负责审查内史省起草的制诏和尚书省拟制的奏抄；尚书令下有尚书左、右仆射各一，左仆射判吏、礼、兵三部事，右仆射判度支、都官、工部三部事。尚书令与左、右仆射及六部尚书合称「八座」。开皇三年（583），改度支为民部；都官为刑部。
另设御史、都水二台，负责监察和水利，这样不仅加强了中央集权，而且开创了中国封建社会政治体制的新阶段。对唐及以后历代王朝影响都十分巨大。隋文帝建立的这一整套规模庞大、组织完备的官僚机构，表明封建制度已发展到成熟阶段。自隋定制，一直沿袭到清朝。
（二）简化地方官制
隋初，杨坚在确立了三省六部制的中央机构后，又对地方机构进行了改革。南北朝以来，由于郡县设置过繁，形成了「民少官多，十羊九牧」的局面。隋初沿北齐、北周制设州、郡、县三级地方机构，开皇三年，杨坚从河南道行台兵尚书杨尚希的建议，废郡，改为州、县二级制。州设刺史，县设县令。
公元590年隋文帝杨坚诏府兵入州县户籍，兵农合一始此。杨坚对于地方机构也进行了改革。他采纳度支尚书杨尚希提出的“存要去闲、并大去小”的建议，将原来比较混乱的地方官制从州、郡、县精简为州、县两级，撤消境内500多郡。同时，裁汰了大量的冗官，将一些郡县合并。大大节省了政府的开支，提高了行政效率，也减轻了人民的负担。为了更好地行使权力，控制地方，杨坚下令，九品以上的官员一律由中央任免。官吏的任用权一概由吏部掌握，禁止地方官就地录用僚佐。而且每年都要由吏部进行考核，以决定奖惩、升降。后来，又实行三年任期制。杨坚简化了地方行政机构，废九品宫人法，初创科举制。隋文帝命令各州每年推选三个文章华美、有才能的人，到中央受官。后来，隋文帝又下令，京官五品以上，地方官部管刺史，要由有德有才的举人担当。这种选拔政府官员的制度，使各个阶层有才华的人都有机会为政府效力。杨坚开创建立的科举制度，在中国历史上留存长达1300多年，直到清朝末期才废除，但当时的美英等国称奇并借鉴了这种选拔制度作为政府文员的聘用方法。
（三）修订「开皇律」
北周的法律既残酷又混乱，“内外恐怖，人不自安” 。在杨坚掌握北周政权时就曾经进行过改革，亲手删定《刑书要制》，但不太彻底。隋朝建立后，开皇元年隋文帝下令命高□等人参考魏晋旧律，制订《开皇律》。开皇三年, 隋文帝又命苏威、牛弘修改新律，删除苛酷条文。《开皇律》将原来的宫刑（破坏生殖器）、车裂（五马分尸）、枭首（砍下头悬挂在旗杆上示众）等残酷刑法予以废除。规定一概不用灭族刑。减去死罪八十一条，流罪一百五十四条，徒、杖等罪千余条，保留了律令五百条。刑罚分为死、流、徒、杖、笞五种。基本上完成了自汉文帝刑制改革以来的刑罚制度改革历程，这就是封建五刑制。《读通鉴论》这样赞评道：“古肉刑之不复用，汉文之仁也。然汉之刑，多为之制，故五胡以来，兽之食人也得恣其忿惨。至于拓拔、宇文、高氏之世，定死刑以五：曰磬、绞、斩、枭、磔，又有门房之诛焉，皆汉法之不定启之也。政为隋定律，制死刑以二：曰绞、曰斩，改鞭为杖，改杖为笞，非谋反大逆无族刑，垂至于今，所承用者，皆政之制也。”死刑复奏制度是从开皇十五年形成定制的，隋文帝规定凡判处死刑的案件，须经 “三奏”才能处决死刑。《隋书 刑法志》：“（开皇）十五年制，死罪者三奏而决。”隋文帝还下诏：“天下死罪，诸州不得便决，皆令大理覆治。” 《开皇律》对后世律法影响深远，杨坚修订的法律唐朝都基本上继承了。
修订「开皇律」。对前代八十一条死罪、一五零条流罪、千馀条徒、杖等酷刑以及灭族等都一概废止。同时，又减轻了许多法律的内容，如「流役六年，改为五载；刑徒五岁，变从三祀；其馀以轻代重、化死为生。」对犯人处置采取审慎态度，而不是草菅人命，有效地防止了冤案的发生。文帝对法律的改革，使法律减轻了残酷和野蛮性，在中国法制上具有划时代的意义。
（四）领均田令
实行均田制，隋初，在北齐、北周均田制的基础上，继续实行均田制，均田令规定：丁男、中男受露田（种植五榖）80亩，永业田20亩，妇女受露田40亩。奴婢5口给1亩。永业田不归还，露田在受田者死后归还。对一般农民，采取轻徭薄赋鼓励农桑的政策，对于豪犟贵族兼并土地的行为则给予打击，以保证农民的正常生产。
整顿户籍。实行了“大索貌阅法”要求官吏经常检查人口，根据相貌来检查户口，使编户大增。和实行“输籍定样”在第一个的基础上确定户口数，编制“定簿”，以此为依据来收取赋税。开皇三年，清理出阴漏丁男44.3万人 共计 164.15万口。高祖令州县大索貌阅，户口不实者，正长远配，而又开相纠之科。大功已下，兼令析籍，各为户头，以防容隐。于是计帐进四十四万三千丁，新附一百六十四万一千五百口。”这些举措防止地方豪强和官僚勾结，营私舞弊。将从豪强手里依附的人口解放出来，增加了国家的劳动力，调动贫苦农民的生产积极性。使国家掌管的纳税人丁数量大增。
（五）设置粮仓
在隋朝政府各地都修建了许多粮仓，其中著名的有兴洛仓，回洛仓，常平仓，黎阳仓、广通仓等。存储粮食皆在百万石以上。贞观11年，监察御史马周对唐太宗李世民说：“隋家储洛口，而李密因之；西京府库，亦为国家之用，至今未尽。”隋朝已灭亡了20年，隋文帝已经死了33年，可那时的粮食布帛还未用完。 1969年在洛阳发现了一座隋朝粮仓——含嘉仓遗址。面积达45万多平方米，内探出259个粮窖。其中还有一个粮窖还留有已经炭化的谷子50万斤。由此可见的隋朝的富裕与强盛。
文帝时所设的仓，可分两种，即官仓和义仓。官仓的粮储，用以供养军公人员。设置官仓的目的，即是在增加关东漕运的效率；也就是把原来关东各州对京师个别直接的输粮办法，改为集中和分段运输的办法。并在黄河沿岸设置米仓，先把关东各州的食粮集中在这些仓里，然后利用黄河及广通渠运到京师。因此时间及人力物力，都节省不少。据唐人的估计，文帝末年诸仓所存的食粮，已可供政府五六十年之用。义仓又称社仓，设置于乡间，其储粮由人民捐纳，以备饥荒时赈济灾民。百姓军人，捐出的粮食，存入当地的社仓里由「社司」专管赈目和储存等事宜。如遇某地收成不好发生饥馑之时，便以某地社仓中的储粮赈济饥民。并规定民户捐粮于社仓的标准：「上户不过一石，中户不过七斗，下户不过四斗。」义仓之设，对人民的生活来说，自是一项有力的保障。
（六）改革币制
隋文帝统一了币制，废除其他比较混乱的古币以及私人铸造的钱币，改铸五铢钱。“五铢钱”背面肉好，皆有周郭，重如其文，每钱一千重四斤二两。 “车书混一，甲兵方息。”度量衡在隋文帝时重新统一。“隋氏混一南北，凡齐、周之故老，梁、陈之旧臣，咸荟粹一朝，成文章之总汇。”
除此之外，隋文帝还曾颁布“人年五十，免役收庸”、“战亡之家，给复一年”等仁政措施。
【文化贡献】
汉朝灭亡后中国经历了漫长而混乱的四分五裂的时期。汉民族陷入了长达三个半世纪的厮杀战乱之中。因为春秋、汉代的文化典籍因几百年来的混战，因战火焚毁、遗失大半，公元583年隋文帝下诏求书，献书一卷赏绢一匹。“民间异书，往往间出”，“一、二年间，篇籍稍备”。隋时的藏书量是中国历代最多的，隋朝藏书最多时有37万卷，77，000多类的图书。可大部份图书又毁于战火，唐玄宗时藏书最多时8万卷，唐学者自著28，467卷，唐以前图书只还剩28，469卷，这些图书大部分也难逃战火。
隋文帝杨坚登基后下过这样一道诏书：“建国重道，莫先于学，尊主庇民，莫先于礼。自魏氏不竞，周、齐抗衡，分四海之民，斗二邦之力，递为强弱，多历年所。务权诈而薄儒雅，重干戈而轻俎豆，民不见德，唯争是闻。朝野以机巧为师，文吏用深刻为法，风浇俗弊，化之然也。虽复建立庠序，兼启黉塾，业非时贵，道亦不行。其间服膺儒术，盖有之矣，彼众我寡，未能移俗。然其维持名教，奖饰彝伦，微相弘益，赖斯而已。王者承天，休咎随化，有礼则祥瑞必降，无礼则妖孽兴起。人禀五常，性灵不一，有礼则阴阳合德，无礼则禽兽其心。治国立身，非礼不可。朕受命于天，财成万物，去华夷之乱，求风化之宜。戒奢崇俭，率先百辟，轻徭薄赋，冀以宽弘。而积习生常，未能惩革，闾阎士庶，吉凶之礼，动悉乖方，不依制度。执宪之职，似塞耳而无闻，莅民之官，犹蔽目而不察。宣扬朝化，其若是乎？古人之学，且耕且养。今者民丁非役之日，农亩时候之馀，若敦以学业，劝以经礼，自可家慕大道，人希至德。岂止知礼节，识廉耻，父慈子孝，兄恭弟顺者乎？始自京师，爰及州郡，宜祗朕意，劝学行礼。”《隋书》这样说道：“自是天下州县皆置博士习礼焉。”由此可见他对汉文明的复兴起到的巨大的作用。
【诸子】
文帝有五个儿子，同为独孤皇后所生，文帝非常满足，公然说道：“前代皇帝内宠太多，往往由于嬖爱而废嫡立幼，我没有姬妾，五个儿子都是皇后所生，，必然会和睦相处，不会像前朝那样发生争夺。”隋文帝这样得意地宣布时，宫中争夺继承皇位的斗争早在进行。五个儿子互相猜忌，都不得终。长子杨勇在文帝称帝前后，内领禁卫，外统封地，后来被立为太子，参决军政大事，曾获文帝的宠任。但他奢侈好色，使文帝与独孤皇后失去了对他的信任。次子杨广同样奢侈好色，但却善于文过饰非。貌似俭约，博得了父母宠爱。杨广与越国公杨素勾结，揭发杨勇的过失，竟使文帝怀疑太子有夺皇位的意图。开皇二十年（公元600年）文帝废杨勇为庶人，改立杨广为太子。
隋文帝的儿子秦王杨俊从小仁爱宽恕，爱好佛教，曾经请求出家当和尚，隋文帝没有答应。等到他担任了并州总管以后，生活逐渐奢侈，后来发展到了违越朝廷制度规定，利用公款大肆修建装饰自己的宫殿府第。杨俊还喜好女色，他的妃子崔氏生性妒忌，由于妒恨杨俊的好色就在瓜中置毒，杨俊因中毒得病，被文帝召回京师。文帝由于杨俊骄奢纵欲，下令罢免了他的官职，以王爵的身份回家闲居。崔妃也因为下毒毒害杨俊被废除了妃子名位，赐死在家中。左武卫将军刘升上谏言道：“秦王并没有别的罪过，只不过是耗费国家钱财营造宫舍府第而已，我认为可以宽容他。”文帝回答说： “国家的法律是不可以违背的。”尚书右仆射杨素又进谏说：“秦王所犯的过错，不应该受到如此严厉的惩处，希望陛下再慎重考虑一下！”文帝又回答说：“难道我只是我五个儿子的父亲，不是天下百姓的君父吗？如果像你说的那样，为何不专门制定用于天子儿子的法律呢？以周公仁善的为人，尚且诛杀了造反的管叔和蔡叔，我比周公还差得很远，又怎么能枉法徇私呢？” 以后文帝也始终没有答应大家赦免杨俊的请求。
后来，秦孝王杨俊因久病不见好转，就派遣使者向隋文帝上表陈谢。文帝对他派来的使者说：“我竭尽全力创下此大业，制定了典章制度让大家遵守，现在老百姓和众大臣们都严格执行，你作为我的儿子却要败坏它，我应该如何责罚他呢！”杨俊听使者转达了文帝的话后既羞愧又恐惧，病势愈加沉重，文帝知道后就再次授给了杨俊上柱国的职位。六月二十日，秦孝王杨俊去世。文帝得讯后哭了几声也就罢了，他还命令把杨俊生前所制做的奢侈华丽的物品全部烧掉。王府内的僚佐们请求为杨俊立碑，文帝说：“要是追求名节，一卷史书就足够了，何必用碑记载呢？如果子孙们不能保持家业，所立的碑岂不是白白给人家作镇石了吗。”杨俊的儿子杨浩是崔王妃所生，另一个儿子杨湛是妾所生。群臣秉承文帝的旨意奏请说：“当初汉代栗姬的儿子刘荣，郭皇后的儿子刘疆都因其母获罪而被废黜。如今杨俊两个儿子的母亲也都犯了罪，所以他们也不应该成为王位的继承人。”文帝听从了他们的意见，并且让秦孝王封国内的官员为丧主主持祭祀。
【丧命】
公元604年7月，文帝病重，卧于长安仁寿宫大宝殿内，杨广认为登上皇位的时机已到，迫不及待地写信给杨素，请教怎样处理将要到来的文帝后事。不料送信人误将杨素的回信送给了文帝。文帝读后大怒，此时，宣华夫人衣衫不整地跑进来，哭诉杨广乘她换衣时无耻地调戏她，使文帝更醒悟到受了杨广的蒙骗，拍着床子大骂：“这个畜生如此无礼，怎能担当治国的大任，皇后误了我的大事。”急忙命在旁的大臣柳述、元岩草拟诏书，废黜杨广，重立杨勇为太子。杨广得到密报，与大臣杨素、张衡、宇文述等人乘机发动宫廷政变，带兵包围仁寿宫，赶散宫人，逮捕了柳述、元岩，进入大宝殿害死了文帝。杨广又派人假传文帝遗嘱，要杨勇自尽，杨勇还没有作出回答，派去的人就将杨勇拖出杀死，就这样，杨广以弑父杀兄的手段夺取了皇位。史称炀帝。第二年改年号为“大业”。
不过，史学界也对杨广弑父一说感到质疑。认为杨广已经是太子，隋文帝也病入膏肓，没必要弑父。唐朝编写的隋书极力贬低杨广，在隋文帝和隋炀帝本纪里皆说文帝是病死。在隋文帝本纪里，隋文帝病情发展非常合理，丝毫没有他杀迹象。
【传说·故事】
《隋书 高祖本纪》载：高祖以大统七年六月癸丑夜生于冯翊般若寺，紫气充庭神光满室。有尼来自河东，谓皇妣曰：“此儿所从来甚异，不可于俗间处之。”尼将高祖舍于别馆，躬自抚养。为人龙颔，额上有五柱入顶，目光外射，有文在手曰“王”。
周太祖见而叹曰：“此儿风骨，不似代间人。”明帝即位，授右小宫伯，进封大兴郡公。帝尝遣善相者赵昭视之，昭诡对曰：“不过作柱国耳。”既而阴谓高祖曰：“公当为天下君，必大诛杀而后定。善记鄙言。”武帝即位，迁左小宫伯。出隋州刺史，进位大将军。后征还，遇皇妣寝疾三年，昼夜不离左右，代称纯孝。宇文护执政，尤忌高祖，屡将害焉，大将军侯伏、侯寿等匡护得免。其后袭爵隋国公。武帝聘高祖长女为皇太子妃，益加礼重。齐王宪言于帝曰：“普六茹坚相貌非常，臣每见之，不觉自失。恐非人下，请早除之。”帝曰：“此止可为将耳。”内史王轨骤言于帝曰： “皇太子非社稷主，普六茹坚貌有反相。”帝不悦，曰：“必天命有在，将若之何！”高祖甚惧，深自晦匿。
每巡幸，恒委居守。时帝为《刑经圣制》，其法深刻。高祖以法令滋章，非兴化之道，切谏，不纳。高祖位望益隆，帝颇以为忌。帝有四幸姬，并为皇后，诸家争宠，数相毁谮。帝每忿怒，谓后曰：“必族灭尔家！”因召高祖，命左右曰：“若色动，即杀之。”高祖既至，容色自若，乃止。
《资治通鉴》载：
陈后主遣散骑常侍周坟、通直散骑常侍袁彦聘于大隋。后主闻大隋高祖文皇帝状貌异人，使彦画像而归。帝见，失态无状，惊狂仆地，大骇曰：“吾不欲见此人！”亟命屏之。
《隋书》卷五十《庞晃传》云：
时高祖出为随州刺史，路经襄阳，卫王令〔庞〕晃诣高祖。晃知高祖非常人，深自结纳。及高祖去官归京师，晃迎见高祖于襄邑。高祖甚欢。晃因白高祖曰：“公相貌非常，名在图箓。九五之日，幸愿不忘。”高祖笑曰：“何妄言也！”
《隋书》卷七十八云：
韦鼎之聘周也，尝与高祖相遇，鼎谓高祖曰：“观公容貌，故非常人，而神监深远，亦非群贤所逮也。不久必大贵，贵则天下一家，岁一周天，老夫当委质。公相不可言，愿深自爱。”
道士张宾、焦子顺、雁门人董子华，此三人，当高祖龙潜时，并私谓高祖曰：“公当为天子，善自爱。”及践阼，以宾为华州刺史，子顺为开府，子华为上仪同。
茶之行世，常以廉俭为本。而据史籍记载，隋文帝勤于政务，自奉甚俭，茶却也侍于左右。《隋书》中曾记有一个颇为怪诞的事：某夜，随文帝做了个恶梦，梦见有位神人把他的头骨给换了，梦醒以后便一直头痛。后来遇一僧人，告诉他说："山中有茗草，煮而饮之当愈。"隋文帝服之以后果然见效。因为上有好者，下必甚焉，所以当时人们竞相采啜，并有一赞云："穷春秋，演河图，不如载茗一车。"意为做人苦心钻研孔子的《春秋》，殚精竭虑去演绎谶书《河图》--想出人头地--还不如有许多茶喝来得快活。
南朝齐武帝也是一个尊茶的君主，并明文规定天下无论贵贱，有祭奠必须供茶，但因南齐地偏南方，其上行下效的影响和成效却远不如隋文帝。隋文帝一统天下，结束了南北朝长期的对峙局面，南北的饮茶等风俗文化才得以迅速交融。而且以他帝王之尊而嗜茶（《隋书》的记载过于神化），于是普天之下（尤其是黄河流域）茶不再被卑视为"酪奴"。
【相关评价】
隋朝的李德林《天命论》中说隋文帝，“帝体貌多奇，其面有日月河海，赤龙自通，天角洪大，双上权骨，弯回抱目，口如四字，声若钏鼓，手内有王文，乃受九锡。昊天成命，于是乎在。顾盼闲雅，望之如神，气调精灵，括囊宇宙，威范也可敬，慈爱也可亲，早任公卿，声望自重。” 初唐的李延寿在《北史》中赞美隋文帝， “皇考美须髯，身长七尺八寸，状貌瑰伟，武艺绝伦；识量深重，有将率之略。”
隋炀帝杨广曾这样歌颂过父亲：“高祖文皇帝受天明命，奄有区夏，拯群飞于四海，革凋敝于百王，恤狱缓刑，生灵皆遂其性，轻徭薄赋，比屋各安其业。恢夷宇宙，混壹车书。”曾孙子越王杨侗这样赞美他，“高祖文皇帝圣略神功，载造区夏。张四维而临万宇，侔三皇而并五帝。”
理学的祖师爷朱熹：“地凭宸极，天纵神武，开运握图，创业垂统，圣德也；拨乱反正，济国宁人，六合八纮，同文共轨，神功也；玄酒陶匏，云和孤竹，禋祀上帝，尊极配天，大孝也；偃伯戢戈，正礼裁乐，纳民寿域，驱俗福林，至政也。”
宋朝的陈普在《历代传授歌》中道：“北齐后周犹一隅，隋文混一朔南暨。”大儒王夫之赞评道：“隋文之待威也，固以古大臣之任望之；威之所以自见者，亦以平四海、正风俗为己功。”隋文帝是中国历史上第一个黄袍加身的皇帝，《读通鉴论》：“开皇元年，隋主服黄，定黄为上服之尊，建为永制。”自隋文帝开始穿黄袍以后，从此中国后代皇帝都穿黄色的衣服了。
后世的大文豪苏东坡称他“睿圣自天，英华独秀，刑法与礼仪同运，文德共武功俱远。爱万物其如己，任兆庶以为忧。手运玑衡，躬命将士，芟夷奸宄，刷荡氛昆，化通冠带，威震幽遐。虞舜之大功二十，未足相比，姬发之合位三五，岂可足论。”魏征赞叹道： “皇帝载诞之初，神光满室，具兴王之表，韫大圣之能。或气或云，荫映于廊庙；如天如日，临照于轩冕。内明外顺，自险获安，岂非万福扶持，百禄攸集。”
后世的魏征赞叹道：“皇帝载诞之初，神光满室，具兴王之表，韫大圣之能。或气或云，荫映于廊庙；如天如日，临照于轩冕。内明外顺，自险获安，岂非万福扶持，百禄攸集。”可见隋文帝对后世中国造成深远的影响很多。如三省六部制、开皇律、州县两级制、均田制、大运河、科举制度、长安城、洛阳城、义仓的创立。
【杨坚复汉】
北齐和北周时期上层贵族，曾经一度热衷于鲜卑化与西胡化。虽然北周武帝亲政之后，开始倡导汉化。577年，北周灭北齐，统一北方。但是由于北周武帝英年早逝，北周的汉化进程一度搁浅。]杨坚先辈武川镇司马杨元寿因辅助鲜卑有功被赐胡姓普六茹，[杨坚上台后立即恢复了自己的汉姓，立即力行汉化。杨坚对反叛旧臣、豪强大吏、上层贵族，诛夷罪退，毫不手软。他罢黜了一些没有才干的大臣，包括对自己夺取帝位有功的人，将一些有真才实干的人提拔上来，辅佐自己管理国家政务。隋文帝对平民百姓实行宽仁的政策。杨坚在政权基本稳定之后，杨坚便开始了一系列的改革，包括了中央和地方的政治体制、赋税、土地制度、法律、钱币、对外关系等方面。杨坚内修制度，外抚四夷，崇尚节俭，勤理政务。“求劳日昃，经营四方”，“大崇惠政，法令清简，躬履节俭，天下悦之。”，“乘兹机运，逐迁周鼎”，“职方所载，并入疆理，禹贡所图，咸受正朔。”公元587年（开皇七年）隋灭后梁, 公元589年（开皇九年）隋灭陈，统一全国。隋文帝结束了中国上百年来分裂的局面，也结束了中国三、四百年的战乱时代。 隋文帝采]用长孙晟的“远交而近攻，离强而合弱”的战略，主要运用和亲拉拢分化突厥，使突厥耗于内战，从而各个击破。公元599年（开皇十八年）突厥内讧，突利可汗奔隋，以突利为启民可汗，筑大利城居之。公元602年（仁寿二年）隋军大破突厥，夺回了河套地区，把边界扩展到阴山以北。杨坚开创的“甲兵强盛”、“风行万里”的大隋王朝，致使“金陵失险” 、“单于款塞”。[隋的统一标志着胡汉文化嫁接的完成。
杨坚拯救了汉文化，因为春秋、汉代的文化典籍因几百年来的混战，因战火焚毁、遗失大半，公元 583年隋文帝下诏求书，献书一卷赏绢一匹。“民间异书，往往间出”，“一、二年间，篇籍稍备”。隋时的藏书量是中国历代最多的，隋朝藏书最多时有37万卷，77，000多类的图书。可大部份图书又毁于战火，唐玄宗时藏书最多时8万卷，唐学者自著28，467卷，唐以前图书只还剩28，469卷，这些图书大部分也难逃战火。多少优秀的学者、多少伟大的著作、多少中国的文明、辉煌都消失在历史的尘霭里，但只要是诸子百家的书还在，只要是儒家经典还能留存，中华文明就不会死。
隋文帝杨坚登基后下过这样一道诏书：“建国重道，莫先于学，尊主庇民，莫先于礼。自魏氏不竞，周、齐抗衡，分四海之民，斗二邦之力，递为强弱，多历年所。务权诈而薄儒雅，重干戈而轻俎豆，民不见德，唯争是闻。朝野以机巧为师，文吏用深刻为法，风浇俗弊，化之然也。虽复建立庠序，兼启黉塾，业非时贵，道亦不行。其间服膺儒术，盖有之矣，彼众我寡，未能移俗。然其维持名教，奖饰彝伦，微相弘益，赖斯而已。王者承天，休咎随化，有礼则祥瑞必降，无礼则妖孽兴起。人禀五常，性灵不一，有礼则阴阳合德，无礼则禽兽其心。治国立身，非礼不可。朕受命于天，财成万物，去华夷之乱，求风化之宜。戒奢崇俭，率先百辟，轻徭薄赋，冀以宽弘。而积习生常，未能惩革，闾阎士庶，吉凶之礼，动悉乖方，不依制度。执宪之职，似塞耳而无闻，莅民之官，犹蔽目而不察。宣扬朝化，其若是乎？古人之学，且耕且养。今者民丁非役之日，农亩时候之馀，若敦以学业，劝以经礼，自可家慕大道，人希至德。岂止知礼节，识廉耻，父慈子孝，兄恭弟顺者乎？始自京师，爰及州郡，宜祗朕意，劝学行礼。”《隋书儒林列传》赞曰：“高祖膺期纂历，平一寰宇，顿天网以掩之，贲旌帛以礼之，设好爵以縻之，于是四海九州强学待问之士，靡不毕集焉。天子乃整万乘，率百僚，遵问道之仪，观释奠之礼。博士罄悬河之辩，侍中竭重席之奥，考正亡逸，研核异同，积滞群疑，涣然冰释。于是超擢奇秀，厚赏诸儒，京邑达乎四方，皆启黉校。齐、鲁、赵、魏，学者尤多，负笈追师，不远千里，讲诵之声，道路不绝。中州儒雅之盛，自汉、魏以来，一时而已。”《北史》这样说道：“自是天下州县皆置博士习礼焉。”由此可见他对汉文明的复兴起到的巨大的作用……
隋文帝统一了币制，废除其他比较混乱的古币以及私人铸造的钱币，改铸五铢钱。“五铢钱”背面肉好，皆有周郭，重如其文，每钱一千重四斤二两。 “车书混一，甲兵方息。”度量衡在隋文帝时重新统一。“隋氏混一南北，凡齐、周之故老，梁、陈之旧臣，咸荟粹一朝，成文章之总汇。”
北周的]法律既残酷又混乱，“内外恐怖，人不自安” 。在杨坚掌握北周政权时就曾经进行过改革，亲手删定《刑书要制》，但不太彻底。隋朝建立后，开皇元年隋文帝下令命高□等人参考魏晋旧律，制订《开皇律》。开皇三年, 隋文帝又命苏威、牛弘修改新律，删除苛酷条文。《开皇律》将原来的宫刑（破坏生殖器）、车裂（五马分尸）、枭首（砍下头悬挂在旗杆上示众）等残酷刑法予以废除。规定一概不用灭族刑。减去死罪八十一条，流罪一百五十四条，徒、杖等罪千余条，保留了律令五百条。刑罚分为死、流、徒、杖、笞五种。基本上完成了自汉文帝刑制改革以来的刑罚制度改革历程，这就是封建五刑制。《读通鉴论》这样赞评道：“古肉刑之不复用，汉文之仁也。然汉之刑，多为之制，故五胡以来，兽之食人也得恣其忿惨。至于拓拔、宇文、高氏之世，定死刑以五：曰磬、绞、斩、枭、磔，又有门房之诛焉，皆汉法之不定启之也。政为隋定律，制死刑以二：曰绞、曰斩，改鞭为杖，改杖为笞，非谋反大逆无族刑，垂至于今，所承用者，皆政之制也。”死刑复奏制度是从开皇十五年形成定制的，隋文帝规定凡判处死刑的案件，须经“三奏”才能处决死刑。《隋书 刑法志》：“（开皇）十五年制，死罪者三奏而决。”隋文帝还下诏：“天下死罪，诸州不得便决，皆令大理覆治。” 《开皇律》对后世律法影响深远，杨坚修订的法律唐朝都基本上继承了
【诗文】
“红颜讵几？玉貌须臾。一朝花落，白发难除。明年后岁，谁有谁无。”
——《宴秦孝王於并州作》
【杨坚年表】
公元541年，杨坚出生在冯翊般若寺内。
公元555年，年仅14岁的杨坚开始做官生涯，并逐渐升迁。
公元581年，杨坚代周称帝，建立隋朝。
公元582年，杨坚营建“大兴城”。
公元583年，杨坚废郡，实行州、县两级制。
公元585年，隋颁布新的户籍制度，
公元589年，隋灭南陈，统一天下。
公元590年，杨坚对府兵制进行改革。
公元597年，杨坚平定李贤叛乱。
公元599年，杨坚出征伐辽东。
公元601年，杨坚下令废除天下所有学校。
公元604年，杨坚病死。
AD 581 in February Jiazi day, the Northern Zhou Dynasty static the expectations of a return to Yang Jian edict announced demise. Yang Jian became the emperor ascended the throne, will be the country for large Sui, reign title to open Emperor, declared amnesty world.
Emperor Wen ordered the construction of Xijing Daxing Town (that are modeled on the prototype was Chang'an) and Tokyo, of Luoyang City, Daxing town thought the design and layout of urban construction and later in Japan, North Korea has a profound impact on urban development. Emperor Wen in AD 584 Yuwen Kai, leading his men in order to open canal drainage. Northwest cited Wei Xingcheng arrogant, a little drainage canal along the old course of the East Han Dynasty, to Tongguan into the Yellow River, over 150 km long, were wide drainage. This is the start of construction of the Grand Canal, the Grand Canal to connect the two civilizations. Yangtze River to the Yellow River has gradually become one.
During the Western Wei dynasty, a new elite group, turned out to skyrocket, extending the life of the Chinese aristocracy of the times, and created an unprecedented era of great, this is the aspect of China nearly two years of military aristocracy of Guanlong Group, which originated on behalf of the North Wuchuan, first built in the Guanzhong, create Zaochu four dynasties, namely, Western Wei, Northern Zhou, Sui, Tang, which is unprecedented in Chinese history, a miracle, and China into a new historical peak, the originator is the rage of Western Wei eight Zhu Guo.
1. "Financial administration of Hu and Han nationalities who are intelligent force";
Empress
Xuanhuafuren female Ningyuan Gong Chen Xuandi Southern Lord
Son
Fei Cui Qin Yang Jun
Female
Princess Bear Quang Binh prefectural governor, Anderson County public buildings still quiet ceremony
On growth Princess (Princess Ann million), still Sui Luo Zhou Zongguan, Dou Rong Chen Guogong
King of Qi Yang Jian Fei Webster
Yang Fei Tang Na Li Shimin
Gao Yang Wang of the built Anwang Shao Wang Liangyuan Health
Qinxiao Wang Yang Hao, Xingyang prefect Yang Zhan, WF Princess
Jian Sui】 【throne
North Zhouxuan Di died, the young emperor to the throne of static, Yang Jian Chao collusion Elegance fake to "Colonial palaces," the ground, made the post of Colonial Secretary, taking the affairs of state, has the overall military and political power, known as "false Huang Yue Zuo the prime minister, "the military and outside the military governor. Yang Jian Zhou then seize political power has become "riding a tiger" trend. He placed trusted aides, the deployment of forces, in preparation. Eradication of the Northern Zhou Dynasty in a decisive manner the most powerful imperial family, "the five kings", the further suppression of the Yuchi Jiong Sima consumers and others difficult to mutiny.
Since the establishment of the Sui Dynasty, Emperor Wen ready to attack the Chen Dynasty, unified the country, ministers convened to discuss eradicating Emperor Wen Chen's plan. Gao Jiong Pu She said: "To eliminate Chen, Chen must first destroy food reserves. Jiangnan housing, granaries mostly bamboo, rice straw, as long as the release of a fire, you can into ashes. When they cut the rice, We sent troops to harass. and so they cut the rice and soldiers together, we will withdraw troops. so a few times, they do not really see us play, we must prepare to relax. By that time, we took the opportunity to break through the natural barrier of Yangtze River. "side to send troops was Emperor Wen harassment south, side of warships built in time to send Minister Yang Su, ready to cross the river.
Open Huang nine (AD 589) the first month started this early morning, fog sky, on the river mist and fog, see nothing. Chen Zhaojun Chen snored, 2 SUI by general Heruo Bi, Han Qinhu lead, quietly crossed the Yangtze River, and then combined, has surrounded Jian Kang City.
Gentleman salty music its students, the villains in his or her business, not bullying the weak and strong, the public does not oppress the few, the characters of Yin Fu, government and joyous. Two decades, the world without incident, the district within the Yu Yan as also. Examination of the kings, Sheng strong enough to participate in track. "This is the book Sui's" King of the open rule. "
Sui Dynasty unified China, the side's commitment in frugal side has taken many measures to help consolidate political power. Because he understood that "the ancient imperial luxury and can not well sustained," the theory, so when he Colonial began life on the promotion of thrift, the palace of the Imperial Concubine Bu Zuomei ornaments, scholars and more general use of cloth, ribbons only angle iron and bone, not Ok. Hu Wen wanted to use powder and woven collar, actually went through the palace, can not find. This into practice thrift, to get people to reduce the burden of corresponding, but also conducive to the implementation of the measures, Emperor Wen series of reform measures, much less the country's fiscal expenditure, an increase of state revenue. Kai huang 17 years account Shigemori, foreign warehouse, are all surplus product. All confer to not more than funding, the Secretary for public funds in the estate both here full, active in the profile under the veranda, then stop the emperor is assigned in order to give Li Yuan. Emperor Wen ascended the throne when the first national population 4 million, has reached 8.9 million when the Emperor ascended the throne to one of six dollars, no less than 50 million population, this figure only reached about until the Emperor. Until after the death of Emperor Taizong, Gaozong successor, namely, 3.8 million accounts. Emperor, the country 7.6 million, 4100 million people. Suikai Huang nine 19,440,000 ares of cultivated land, cultivated land has been the great cause of mid-55850000 ares. Tang Tianbao 14 years 14.3 million ares of cultivated land. Emperor ascended the throne there are 8.9 million, while the Tang until Jiabeng only 3.8 million, the difference in strength can imagine.
Yang Jian in 584 AD, Emperor Wen Yuwen Kai, leading his men in order to open canal drainage. Northwest cited Wei Xingcheng arrogant, a little drainage canal along the old course of the East Han Dynasty, to Tongguan into the Yellow River, over 150 km long, were wide drainage. This is the start of construction of the Grand Canal. Grand Canal connecting the Yangtze River Yellow River, connecting the two civilizations. Yangtze River to the Yellow River has gradually become one. The canal during the reign of his son, Yang Guang completed North-South reunification of China has played a certain role.
The early period of the Sui is a undone, 100 to be rule of the situation chaotic. Majestic Emperor Wen of a board seat, displaying his bold vision on. The political system a series of major reforms.
(B) streamline the Local Official
590 AD, Emperor Wen Yang Jian Chao Fu Bing into the counties household, soldiers, farmers began this unity. Yang Jian also made for the reform of local institutions. Shang Yang Shangxi degree of support he proposed the adoption of the "keep going to busy, and big to small" proposal, where the original chaotic Bureaucracy from state, county, county to streamline the state and county levels, withdrawal of the territory of more than 500 counties. At the same time, weed out the superfluous and unqualified a large number of redundant officials, some of the counties combined. Significant savings in government expenditure, improve administrative efficiency, but also reduce the burden on the people. In order to exercise power, control over local, Yang Jian ordered Nine above all by the central appointment and removal of officials. Officials of the appointment power solely by the board of civil control, prohibiting local officials on the spot hiring Liaozuo. And conduct annual assessment by the Ministry of Personnel, to determine rewards and punishments, down. Subsequently, a three-year tenure system. Yang Jian simplify the local administration, waste Nine Palace Act, start-up examination system. Emperor Wen ordered the three states selected articles China and the United States each year, talented people, by the central government. Later, Emperor Wen ordered, Beijing officials Wupinyishang, local officials and the Department of the provincial governor control to the lifts, and play by the virtuous talent. This system of selecting government officials, so that each class of talented people have the opportunity for government effectiveness. Yang Jian open examination system established in China over 1300 years of history, retain, until the late Qing Dynasty abolished, but was amazed by United States and Britain and other countries and learn from this selection system, as government clerks employed methods.
(C) amendments to "open imperial law"
Zhou laws both cruel and chaotic, "internal and external terrorism, people do not own security." Yang Jian Zhou regime in the master had been on the reform, will personally delete the "punishment book to the system," but not quite. After the founding of the Sui Dynasty, Emperor Wen ordered the first year of life to open Emperor Gao Wei, □, and others refer to the old law, the formulation "open imperial law." Queen to open three years, Emperor Wen has ordered Solvay, Niuhong modify the new law, remove the harshness of the provisions. "Open imperial law" to the original castration (destruction of the genitals), tying a (Wumafenshi), owl's first (cut head hanging in the flag for public display) and other harsh criminal law be repealed. Provides Yigai not genocide criminal. Minus a capital 81, 154 current crime, only, sticks and other crimes more than a thousand articles, retains the legal code 500. Death penalty into the flow, thereby, stick, bamboo cane is five. Basically completed the reform since the Han Wen criminal penal system since the reform process, which is five chief forms of feudal system. "Reading Chronicle on the" Comments such praise: "The old shall no longer use corporal punishment, Science of jen. However, the penalty Han, whom the system more, so Five Barbarians been eating beasts, who have to do as one pleases their anger miserable. As Robert W., Yuwen, Gao of the world, will be the death penalty to five: Yue-Qing, twisted, cut, Owl, hall, another porter of punish Yan, both Qi and Chinese law are also adventitious. Administrative Law for the Sui Dynasty, the death penalty system 2: said, twisting, said, chopping, whip the rod change, change for the bamboo cane rod, non-ethnic rebellion took an unusual move without punishment, weeping For this, the contractor users, the system also are political. "Fu Zou death penalty system is to open Emperor 10 five years of the formation of custom, Emperor Wen requires that all death penalty cases, subject to the "three outs" in order to execute the death penalty. "Book of Sui Dynasty": "(to open Emperor) 10 five-year, a capital offense who played and never three." Emperor Wen also issued an edict: "There is a capital offense, states were not will never, repeat rule engraved in marble." "Open imperial law "far-reaching impact on later law, Yang Jian amended law are basically a continuation of the Tang Dynasty.
(D) lead Juntian Order
(E) set granary
Wen set when the warehouse can be divided into two types, namely, warehouse and granary official. Official positions of the grain storage, to provide military personnel the public. Set the official position of the objective is to increase the efficiency of water transport Kanto; is to the original state of the Imperial Kanto direct input of individual food approach, to focus and staging approach. And set the meter position along the Yellow River, first check the food concentrated in the eastern states, where these positions, and wide use of the Yellow River drainage and transported to the Capital. So time and resources are save. According to Chinese estimates, Wen dynasty food stored in various positions, has been used for the Government to 56 years. Granary, also known as social position, set in the countryside, its grain storage by the people contributing money to prepare for famine relief to victims. Military people to donate food, into the local community barn from "Social Division" specifically to deal with matters relating to relief projects and storage. In case of occurrence of a famine to the poor harvest, when the community a place to store it in the Grain Bread. And to provide public warehouse operators donate food to community standards: "the family, but one stone, but in seven households struggle, the next family, but four words." Granary of the set, on the lives of people who, naturally a strong protection.
(Vi) currency reform
】 【Cultural contributions
Accession to the throne after Emperor Wen Yang Jian had such a decree under: "re-founding Road, Mo before school, respect for the people the main shelter, MO prior to ceremony. Since the Wilcoxon non-competition, Zhou, Qi counter, sub-seas of the people, fighting the second state of power delivery is strong or weak, and more over the years. craftiness and thin and refined works, heavy arms and light ZU beans, the people not see Germany, the only dispute is heard. opposition to ingenious as a teacher, Wen Li profound as the method used, the wind pouring Popular disadvantages of the course also. Although complex to establish Xiangxu, and Kai Hong Sook, when your non-industry, Dow is not OK. During subscribe Confucianism, cover with the men, and Bizhong few I could not move custom. However, to maintain its name Education, awards decorations Yi Lun, microfacies Hongik, Rice only. king Edward, Xiujiu with technology, courtesy the good fortune will fall, the rise of insulting the evildoer. were intrinsic Wuchang, spirits mixed together courtesy the yin and yang, Germany , rude is an animal of their heart. sustains the country, not indecent assault. I ordered on the day, finance into things, to Hua Yi disorder should seek weathering. Ring thrift, the first Baipi, kept taxes low, wing to Hong wide. The habits students often failed to punish leather, Lu Yan Shi Shu, good and bad of the ceremony, noted the good side fixed, non system. executive post of the Constitution, no smell like ear plugs, hand people's government, which still cover head be aware of. promote the DPRK, and its almost if? science of the ancients, and the cultivation and support. this small non-served by the public the day when the rest of agricultural acres, if the London to their studies and advised to by the ceremony, could be home from Mu Boulevard , who hope D'. more than just a courtesy to know, know shame, Fucizaixiao, brother Christine brother who almost along? began in the Capital or embassies and the gun, should only Zhen Yi, Quan Xue salute. "" Sui Shu "It said: "Individuality counties are home world, Dr. Raymond Yan." This shows that Chinese civilization and the revival of his play a huge role.
】 【Scholars
Emperor Wen's son Emperor Qin Yang Jun childhood love forgiveness, love of Buddhism, monks have been requested as a monk, Emperor Wen did not agree. When he served, and Zhou Zongguan after the luxury of life gradually, and later developed to a violation of the court system requires more use of public funds to decorate their palaces built big mansion. HU also preferences in sex, his concubine Cui jealous by nature, due to the lustful ressentiment HU home in Guatemala in the drug, Yang Jun disease due to poisoning was Wen recalled the Capital. Wen Yang Jun Jiaoshe as lust, ordered the dismissal of his official position to Wang Jue home homebound status. Cui Fei Yang Jun poisoned because of poisoning was abolished concubine fame, Prince in the home. Rose on the left Bue General Liu made remonstrance: "The king and no other sin, only cost the state money to create a palace mansion house only, I think he can be tolerant." Wen said: "The state of the law is not the breach. "Shang You Pushe salicin it plain speaking, said:" king of the fault committed, should not be so severely punished, I hope His Majesty then seriously consider! "Wen said then:" Can I just I 5 son's father, not the common people of Junfu? If as you say, why not tailor-made for the emperor, the son of the law? to Zhou Gongren good man, yet it Heaven's a rebel Guan Shu and Cai Shu, I am far worse than the Duke, how can pervert the law to favoritism? "later also Wen Yang Jun has never promised us a pardon request.
Later, Yang Jun Qin Xiaowang not improve because of long illness, on the table to send envoys to the Emperor Wen Chen Xie. Emperor Wen of his emissaries, said: "I make every effort to set this cause, established laws and institutions so that we observe, and now the people and all the ministers are strictly enforced, as my son, you have to ruin it, I should his punishment to do! "Yang Jun listen messenger conveyed Wen's words not only shame and fear, even more heavy disease situation, the emperor granted again after that to the HU position on Zhu Guo. June 20, Qinxiao Wang Yang Jun's death. Emperor Wen was crying a few times after hearing it when he ordered the Yang Junsheng before making all the luxury items gorgeous burnt. Liaozuo within the palace are requested for Yang Junli monument, Wen said: "If the pursuit of name section, a roll of history books is enough, why use the tablet records? If children are unable to maintain the family business, the establishment of the monument Qibushibai white for others to you rock the town. "Yang Jun is the son of Yang Hao Cui Princess born, another son, concubine Yang Zhan was born. God's will petitioned ministers Bingcheng Wen said: "When the son of Rong Ji Han Li, Kuo Queen's son Liu Xinjiang have been deposed by his mother felon. HU now the mother of two sons have also committed a crime Therefore, they should not become heir to the throne. "Wen listened to their views, and let Qinxiao Wang Feng funeral home officials presided over the main ritual.
In July 604 AD, the emperor was seriously ill, Wo Yu Long An Renshou Palace palace, the Yang Guang think the time has come to ascend the throne, could not wait to write to salicin, ask how to deal with the arrival of the Emperor Wen to be funeral. Unexpectedly, the reply messenger mistakenly gave Yang Su Wen. Wen reading furious, this time, Xuanhuafuren Yishanbuzheng to run in, cried Yang Guang by shamelessly molested her when she Huanyi to Wen also awakened to the deceived by the Yang Guang, patting Chuangzi cursed: " The animal that disrespectful, how to play any of the country's largest, the Queen my big mistake. "hurried life out in the next minister Liu, Yuan Yan drafting the decree, deposed Yang Guang, re-established as the Prince Yong. Yang Guang get a tip, and the Minister Yang Su, Zhang Heng, Yuwen Shu, who took the opportunity to launch a palace coup, leading troops surrounded Renshou Palace, Palace were forced out, described the arrest of Liu, Yuan Yan, into the great palace killed the Emperor Wen. Yang Guang Chuan Wen will leave it sent to Yong himself, Yong has not responded, the person will be sent to kill Yong dragged, this way, Yang Guang to kill his father and brother to kill a means of seizing the throne . Known to history as Emperor Yang. Changed the second year reign as the "cause."
However, historians also Yang Guang kill his father and one said he was questioned. That Yang Guang has a Prince, Emperor Wen also ill, no need to kill his father. Written in the Sui Tang Yang Guang tried to play down in Emperor Wen and Emperor Wen of the discipline in all that is dead. In the Emperor Wen of the century, the Emperor Wen progression of the disease is very reasonable, and no signs of homicide.
Chen emperor of grave removal Sanqichangshi week, straight Sanjichangshi employed in large Sui Yuan Yan. Emperor of the Emperor Wen Wen Tai Sui Gaozu landscape ever different people, portraits and return to Yan. Tai See, gaffe-free form, Frantic servant, the Tai Hai said: "I do not want to met with the person!" Screen of urgent life.
"Sui Shu" VII 18 says:
Sui Li Delin "fatalism," said the Emperor Wen, "Imperial Aspect more strange, the sun and the moon surface with Hohai, Chilong self-taught, days horn loud, double-bone on the right, turn back to hold head, mouth, such as four words, sound and if chuan drums, hand there Wang, affected by the Investigation and Exposition. Haotian of order by reason that the. stare Elegant, look for like a god, atmosphere wizard, Kuonang universe, Wei Fan is also respectable, loving also amiable, early Rengong Qing, standing self-respect. "Early in the Li Yanshou in the" Northern History "in praise Emperor Wen," August Ones America Xu Ran, seven feet in length Bacun, landscape ever Gui Wei, martial arts preposterous; amount of profound knowledge There will rate a little. "
Song Chen Pu in the "teach ancient song" Mean: "Northern Qi Dynasty Later Zhou Dynasty still corner, Sui Wen Shuo South cum mixed one." Confucianist Wang Fu Chan comments: "The text of the question Sui Wei also, the Minister of any solid look to the ancient s; Wei reason from those who see, they also flat seas, is custom for their own success. "Emperor Wen is the first rule as emperor in Chinese history the emperor," Reading Chronicle ": the" open imperial emperor, Huang Sui Zhu services , will be yellow for the last service of the respect, the construction for the permanent system. "started wearing yellow robe from Emperor Wen after the offspring from the Emperor of China wear yellow clothes.
【Chinese】 Yang Jian Fu
Northern Qi and Northern Zhou period of the upper nobility, was once interested in Descent of the West of Wu. Although the North Yu Wen Yong reign, the beginning advocate finished. 577, Northern Zhou destroyed Northern Qi Dynasty, unified the north. However, due to premature death North Yu Wen Yong, Zhou's localization process has been delayed. ] Yang Jian Wu Chuan Zhen Sima Yang Yuanshou ancestors by supporting meritorious been given surname Hu Xianbei P 6 Ru, [Yang Jian took office immediately after the resumption of their surnames, immediately exercise finished. Yang Jian old veterans of the rebellion, despotic Dali, upper nobility, punish the crime Yi returned with no mercy. He did not dismiss a number of talented ministers, including his own people meritorious win throne, only hard work will be some people who really promoted up, his assistant, his management of state government. Emperor Wen of the benevolent policy of the implementation of the civilian population. Yang Jian, after the basic stability of the regime, Yang Jian began a series of reforms, including the political system of the central and local, tax, land system, law, money, foreign relations and so on. Yang Jian repair system within the outer ask Shii, advocating frugality, diligence and reasonable government. "Ensure that employees on Jackson, operating Quartet," "Big Chonghui Zheng, Qing dynasty law, personally assumed thrift, Yue of the world.", "Hereby airplane ride, gradually move Chow", "contained in the staff side, into Xinjiang Li, Yu Gong made, the salt by Zhengshuo. "AD 587 (open Huang seven) Sui off Girder, AD 589 (open Huang nine) off Chan Sui unified China. Emperor Wen of China at the end of a century the situation of division, but also the end of China's three or four hundred years of the war era. Emperor Wen mining] The Sun Sheng's "distant and recent attack from the strong and weak together" strategy, mainly used to draw differentiation and pro-Turk, Turks consumption to the civil war, and thus separately. AD 599 (open Huang 18 years) Turk strife, conflict Sui Lee Khan Ben to Tunisia for the Kai Man Lee Khan, built the city residence of Italy. AD 602 (Renshou years) SUI big break Turk, regain the Loop, north of the border extended to the Yin. Yang Jian create a "hoplite strong", "popular Miles" big Sui dynasty, with the result, "Jinling loss insurance," "Chanyu paragraph congestion." [Hu and Han Sui unified culture marks the completion of grafting.
Accession to the throne after Emperor Wen Yang Jian had such a decree under: "re-founding Road, Mo before school, respect for the people the main shelter, MO prior to ceremony. Since the Wilcoxon non-competition, Zhou, Qi counter, sub-seas of the people, fighting the second state of power delivery is strong or weak, and more over the years. craftiness and thin and refined works, heavy arms and light ZU beans, the people not see Germany, the only dispute is heard. opposition to ingenious as a teacher, Wen Li profound as the method used, the wind pouring Popular disadvantages of the course also. Although complex to establish Xiang Xu, and Kai Hong Sook, when your non-industry, Road no line. During subscribe to Confucianism, covered with the men, and Bizhong few I could not move custom. However, to maintain its name Education, awards decorations Yi Lun, microfacies Hongik, Rice only. King Edward, Xiujiu with the technology, courtesy the good fortune will fall, the rise of rude is evildoer. were intrinsic Wuchang, spirits mixed together courtesy the yin and yang, Germany , rude is an animal of their heart. sustains the country, indecent assault can not. I ordered on the day, money into things, to Hua Yi disorder should seek weathering. Ring thrift, the first Baipi, kept taxes low, wing to Hong wide. The habits students often failed to punish leather, Lu Yan Shi Shu, good and bad of the ceremony, noted the good side fixed, non system. executive post of the Constitution, no smell like ear plugs, hand people's government, which still cover head be aware of. promote the DPRK, and its almost if? science of the ancients, and the cultivation and support. this small non-served by the public the day when the rest of agricultural acres, if the London to their studies and advised to by the ceremony, could be home from Mu Boulevard , who hope D'. more than just a courtesy to know, know shame, Fucizaixiao, brother Christine brother who almost along? began in the Capital or embassies and the gun, should only Zhen Yi, Quan Xue salute. "" Suishu Ru Lin Biography "Chan said, : "emperor Ying Li of Compilation, Ping-Universal, to cover the Dayton Skynet, Ben Jing courtesy of silk, set to tie up the good Jazz, so universally strong Kyushu University to be asked of persons, Mibu Biji Yan. Son of Heaven is entire Wan Cheng, rate Bai Liao, Zun asked the device, view hold the essence of the ceremony. Dr. exhausted Debate suspended river, sijung exhaust re-I of Austria, Yi Dynasty is dead, and research nuclear similarities and differences, Ji Zhi group suspect, Huanran vanish. So Super Zhuo Qi Xiu, Houshangzhuru, Jingyi up to almost four, all schools Kai Hong. Qi and Lu, Zhao, Wei, academics in particular, many headed for recovery division, far behind, say chanting voice, road without a break. Zhongzhou elegance of Sheng, from the Han, Wei has been only temporary. "" Northern History "that said:" Individuality counties are home world, Dr. Raymond Yan. "So he played on the revival of Chinese civilization to the great role ... ...
Zhou's] law both cruel and chaotic, "the terrorist inside and outside, people do not own security." Yang Jian Zhou regime in the master had been on the reform, will personally delete the "punishment book to the system," but not quite. After the founding of the Sui Dynasty, Emperor Wen ordered the first year of life to open Emperor Gao Wei, □, and others refer to the old law, the formulation "open imperial law." Queen to open three years, Emperor Wen has ordered Solvay, Niuhong modify the new law, remove the harshness of the provisions. "Open imperial law" to the original castration (destruction of the genitals), tying a (Wumafenshi), owl's first (cut head hanging in the flag for public display) and other harsh criminal law be repealed. Provides Yigai not genocide criminal. Minus a capital 81, 154 current crime, only, sticks and other crimes more than a thousand articles, retains the legal code 500. Death penalty into the flow, thereby, stick, bamboo cane is five. Basically completed the reform since the Han Wen criminal penal system since the reform process, which is five chief forms of feudal system. "Reading Chronicle on the" Comments such praise: "The old shall no longer use corporal punishment, Science of jen. However, the penalty Han, whom the system more, so Five Barbarians been eating beasts, who have to do as one pleases their anger miserable. As Robert W., Yuwen, Gao of the world, will be the death penalty to five: Yue-Qing, twisted, cut, Owl, hall, another porter of punish Yan, both Qi and Chinese law are also adventitious. Administrative Law for the Sui Dynasty, the death penalty system 2: said, twisting, said, chopping, whip the rod change, change for the bamboo cane rod, non-ethnic rebellion took an unusual move without punishment, weeping For this, the contractor users, the system also are political. "Fu Zou death penalty system is to open Emperor 10 five years of the formation of custom, Emperor Wen requires that all death penalty cases, subject to the "three outs" in order to execute the death penalty. "Book of Sui Dynasty": "(to open Emperor) 10 five-year, a capital offense who played and never three." Emperor Wen also issued an edict: "There is a capital offense, states were not will never, repeat rule engraved in marble." "Open imperial law "far-reaching impact on later law, the revised law Yang Jian Tang are basically a continuation of
】 【Poetry
Chronology】 【Yang Jian
AD 581, Yang Jian Zhou emperor on behalf of the establishment of the Sui Dynasty.
AD 585, the Sui promulgated a new household registration system,
AD 597, Yang Jian Ping Ting Li Xian rebellion.
AD 604, Yang Jian died.