| 网笔号： | 武皇帝 | |||||||||
| 庙号： | 高祖 | |||||||||
| 陵墓： | 初宁陵 | |||||||||
| ||||||||||
史料记载，刘裕以汉高祖刘邦的弟弟楚王刘交的子孙自居。刘裕出身帝王之后，官宦世家，但因他的父亲刘翘早逝，家境贫苦，幼年竟沦落到靠卖草鞋为生。在当时，他只不过是一个简单而又贫穷的东晋下级官吏。不过，刘裕少有大志，一心想做一番惊天动地的大业。带着如此雄心壮志，刘裕年轻时从军，成为东晋北府军的下级军官。
隆安三年（399年），孙恩、卢循等二十七人在会稽起兵反抗晋朝，晋朝廷派前将军刘牢之东来镇压，刘牢之请刘裕为参府军事。刘裕为人机智有谋，勇敢善战，多次克敌致胜，屡立战功。因功升建武将军、下邳太守、彭城内史。刘裕从此起家，成为东晋一员虎将。
刘裕元兴三年（404年）二月初一，刘裕在家乡京口起兵讨伐篡晋的楚帝桓玄。405年，击败桓玄，晋安帝司马德宗复位，任刘为侍中、车骑将军、中外诸军事、徐青二州刺史、兖州刺史、录尚书事。刘裕从此控制了东晋朝政，权倾天下。
刘裕执政晋室后，于409年率军灭掉广固（今山东省益都县）的南燕政权，又回师击败卢循。元兴九年（412年），又西攻盘据四川的谯纵，收服巴蜀。元兴十二年（415年），后秦姚兴病逝，姚泓继位，兄弟相残，关中大乱。元兴十六年（417年）攻克长安，灭后秦，受封为宋王，受九锡。
元熙二年（420年），刘裕迫司马德文禅让，即皇帝位，国号宋，改元永初。东晋灭亡，中国开始进入南北朝时期。刘宋初期，因刘裕在晋朝末期收复北方的青、兖、司三州，大致拥有黄河以南的广大地区，成为东晋南朝时期疆域最大的一个王朝。
刘裕在位3年，于公元422年在建康去世。终年60岁。庙号高祖，谥为宋武帝，葬在初宁陵（今江苏省南京紫金山）。
刘裕 - 当政业绩
刘裕当政位时期，吸取了前朝土族豪强挟主专横的教训，抑制豪强兼并，并采取了很多措施，巩固帝位，这也显示了这位创业之君的治国才能。
在吏治上，刘裕于永初二年（421年）三月，规定“荆州府置将不得过二千人，吏不得过一万人；州置将不得过五百人，吏不得过五千人。兵士不在此限”（ 《宋书•武帝本纪》 ）。这是由于东晋末年，置官滥乱，给人民带来沉重负担，刘裕及时对此进行了制止。在法制上，刘裕对东晋以来苛刻的刑法也进行了改革，永初三年（422年）正月，下诏“刑罚无轻 重，悉皆原降”（《宋书•武帝本纪》）。
刘裕十分关心百姓生活，曾多次下令减免税役，如在同年八月“蠲租布二年”（《宋书•武帝本纪》）。在平定刘毅时，也曾下令减免税役。对于那些原来因战争需要被征发的奴隶也一律放还。
刘裕本虽是行伍出行，识字不多，但非常重视教育。永初三年（422年）正月，下诏：“古之建国，教学为先，弘风训世，莫尚于此；发蒙启滞，咸必由之。故爰自盛王，迄于近代，莫不敦崇学艺，修建庠序。自昔多故，戎马在郊，旌旗卷舒，日不暇给。遂令学校荒废，讲诵蔑闻，军旅日陈，俎豆藏器，训诱之风，将坠于地。后生大惧于墙面，故老窃叹于子衿。此《国风》所以永思， 《小雅》所以怀古。今王略远届，华域载清，仰风之士，日月以冀。便宜博延胄子，陶奖童蒙，选备儒官，弘振国学。主者考详旧典，以时施行”（《宋书•武帝本纪》）。从而巩固宋国的统治，同时也改善了社会风气。
白话文版刘裕介绍
刘裕(363.4.16—422.6.26)，字德舆，小名寄奴。先祖是彭城人(今江苏徐州市)，后来迁居到京口(江苏镇江市)；南北朝时期宋朝的建立者，史称宋武帝。中国历史上杰出的政治家、卓越的军事家、统帅。
据《宋书·武帝本纪》记载，刘裕是汉高祖刘邦弟弟楚元王刘交的后代。并详细记载了他家族显赫的世系表：“交生红懿侯富，富生宗正辟强，辟强生阳城缪侯德，德生阳城节侯安民，安民生阳城釐侯庆忌，庆忌生阳城肃侯岑，岑生宗正平，平生东武城令某，某生东莱太守景，景生明经洽，洽生博士弘，弘生琅邪都尉悝，悝生魏定襄太守某，某生邪城令亮，亮生晋北平太守膺，膺生相国掾熙，熙生开封令旭孙，旭孙生混，始过江，居晋陵郡丹徒县之京口里，官至武原令。混生东安太守靖，靖生郡功曹翘，是为皇考。”不过这里面的可信程度尚待考证。
据《宋书·武帝本纪》记载，刘裕生于兴宁元年三月壬寅夜，即公元363年4月16日。出生时，其母即死，其父刘翘因家境贫寒，便想将刘裕抛弃。与刘裕同郡的刘怀敬之母，是刘裕的从母，当时生刘怀敬尚未满月，闻此事，便前去阻止了刘翘，“断怀敬乳而乳之”(《资治通鉴·卷第一百一十一》)。
刘裕长大后，“雄杰有大度，身长七尺六寸，风骨奇伟，不事廉隅小节”(《南史·武帝本纪》)，对继母也孝谨称著(其继母生有二子，为刘道规、刘道怜)。但仅识文字，以卖履为业。因为刘裕喜欢赌博，所以被邻居们看不起。就是这样一个人，后来竟当上了开国皇帝，所以有人将此称为“寒人掌权”。
刘裕初为冠军将军孙无终司马。在淝水之战后，东晋外部威胁暂时消除，孝武帝满足偏安局面，摄政的会稽王司马道子专权，政刑谬乱，朝中党派林立，互相倾轧，朝政腐败，不断爆发流血斗争。浙东地区赋役苛重。新安太守五斗米道教主孙泰，企图利用传道聚众反抗东晋朝廷，被司马道子诱杀。其侄孙恩逃入海岛翁州(今浙江舟山群岛)，聚众百余人，伺机复仇。隆安三年(399年)十月，孙恩乘朝廷强征“乐属”(晋廷征调浙东诸郡免奴为客者以充兵役)，引起浙东社会骚乱之机，登陆攻克上虞(今属浙江)，袭会稽(治山阴，今浙江绍兴)。十一月，俘杀会稽内史王凝之，自称征东将军。一时会稽、吴郡、吴兴、义兴、临海、永嘉、东阳，新安等八郡(今江苏、浙江境)纷起响应，旬日之间，义军发展至数十万。
从“却月阵”看刘裕的军事才华
一、刘裕简介
刘裕(363.4.16—422.6.26)，字德舆，小名寄奴。南北朝时期宋朝的建立者，史称宋武帝。刘裕的祖上是彭城人(今江苏省徐州市)，后迁居京口(今江苏省镇江市)。据《宋书•武帝本纪》记载，刘裕是汉高祖刘邦之弟楚元王刘交的后代。刘裕早年嗜赌成性，一事无成，后来当了冠军将军孙无终的司马。从隆安三年(399年)第一次参战军事行动算起，到义熙十三年(417年)灭亡后秦，刘裕在不到二十年的时间里，对内平息战乱，先后击败了孙恩、卢循的海上起义，消灭了桓玄、刘毅等军事集团；对外致力于北伐，取巴蜀、伐南燕、灭后秦，从一名普通的军人成长为名垂青史的军事统帅，取得了令世人瞩目的成就。北魏军事谋略家崔浩称他：“奋起寒微，不阶尺土，讨灭桓玄，兴复晋室，北禽慕容超，南枭卢循，所向无前，非其才之过人，安能如是乎！”①宋代文豪辛弃疾也曾写下“金戈铁马，气吞万里如虎”②这样豪迈的词句，赞扬他功绩。
刘裕的军事思想非常丰富，为中国军事史做出过重大贡献。他不仅善于战略决策和战役指挥，还善于战术革新；不仅善于指挥步兵、水军作战，还善于指挥诸兵军协同作战。其中以“却月阵”击败北魏精骑，就是刘裕指挥诸兵军协同作战的典型战例。经过此战，“却月阵”威名大振，为后人所津津乐道，以至一谈及如何“以步制骑”，必言“却月阵”。本文将着重对“却月阵”的形成时间、组成情况、作战过程以及它的局限性做一些分析。通过这些分析，让我们更清楚认识刘裕卓越的军事才能。文中若有不当之处，还请各位学者予以指正。
二、“却月阵”形成的时间
在现有的史料中，并没有明确记载刘裕是何时发明的“却月阵”。但“却月阵”本身是由水军和步兵共同组成的，其中步兵又以战车为主，所以通过对水军和战车进行分析，可得出一些端倪。
刘裕对战车的运用两晋南北朝时期，随着马镫的发明，使骑兵装具臻于完备，北方的少数民族中出现了重甲骑兵(铁骑)，这种骑兵具有较强的防护力和集团冲击力，在对没有装甲的轻骑或步兵作正面冲击时，具有极大的威力。南方因受地理条件的限制，不利于骑兵作战，加上马匹资源缺乏，所以骑兵不占主导地位。
义熙五年(409年)，刘裕北伐南燕时，在如何对付南燕铁骑这一问题做了充分准备。当刘裕出征后，燕军即以9万之众抵御，其中就有“铁骑万余”③。刘裕闻讯后，即令诸军步行，以“车四千两，分车为两翼，方轨徐行，车悉张幔，御者执槊，又以轻骑为游军。军令严肃，行伍齐整。”④当燕军铁骑来袭时，刘裕用此阵对抗，双方激战过午，未分胜败。随后刘裕用计，奇袭后方重镇后方临朐(今山东省临朐县)，大败燕军。
在这次交战中，刘裕在战术上采用步、骑、车3个兵种协同作战，有力地遏制了燕军铁骑的强大冲击。因为刘裕的阵法以战车为主，所以它的防御能力还是比较强的，顶住了燕军铁骑的冲击，但是在攻击力方面却表现的明显不足，最后也是用“批亢捣虚”之计取得的胜利，而非“面对面”的击败对手。但此次作战却为刘裕积累了对抗重甲骑兵的丰富经验，促使他着手日益完善自己的阵法，直到形成最后演变成具有强大杀伤力的“却月阵”。
刘裕对水军的运用水军做为南方的主要兵种，在战争中占有重要地位。水军的特点是，不仅可以直接作战，还可以运输兵源及粮草物资，而且要比陆上运输更为便捷。刘裕之所以被称为卓越的军事家，一个重要的原因就是他十分重视水军的建设，在他所指挥的作战中，基本都有水军参战，并且合理搭配，充分发挥了水、步、骑三个兵种协同作战的优势。尤其在镇压以水师见长的卢循义军时，刘裕大建水师，所修皆“大舰重楼，高者十余丈”⑤，水军成为绝对主力，他最终凭借这支强大水军镇压了义军。
正因为刘裕善于指挥水军作战，而当时晋朝水军可从建康(今江苏省南京市)以东的京口沿水道而上，进入黄河，再逆河西行，经渭水直入长安(今陕西省西安市)北郊，所以当他酝酿北伐后秦的策略时，水军便成为一个重要的棋子。同时，北方少数民族政权不但没有水军，甚至连战船都没见过⑥，所以晋军还掌握着绝对制水权。
此外，刘裕本人有着高超的军事才能，又是从基层成长起来的军事统帅，精于战术，从他所指挥作战中可以看出，指挥水军和战车作战在刘裕军事思想中占有很重要的地位。
三、“却月阵”的组成
构成“却月阵”的条件稍显复杂，具体包括地理条件、兵器、兵种和兵力配置。
地理条件：
河水。因为晋军有制水权，所以河水可以保障“却月阵”后方及侧翼的安全，不必担心被敌军合围。
视野宽广的平坦河岸。良好的视野便于观察敌我双方的行动，及时掌握战场的情况；平坦地势则可以使敌军失去地形优势，而晋军可在高大战船上俯瞰战场，相当于占据了制高点。
兵器：
战船。用来控制水道、运送兵源和作战物资，一但战事不利，还可以接应阵中的晋军。
战车。用来抵抗敌军骑兵的冲击，起防御作用。
盾牌。保护战车。
杖、弩、锤、槊等。用来杀伤敌军。
兵种：
步兵。包括车兵、弩兵等，是作战的主力。
水军。见战船
骑兵⑦。用来追击逃敌，数量不会太多。
兵力配置：
在距水百余步之处用战车百乘布下弧形“却月阵”，两头抱河，以河岸为月弦，每辆战车设置7名持杖士卒，共计700人；布阵后，再派2000士兵上岸接应，并携带大弩百张，每辆战车上各加设20名士卒，并在车辕上张设盾牌，保护战车。
因为“却月阵”是弧形，从物理学的角度来讲，弧形可以分散受力点的力，有着良好的抗冲击能力；阵内士兵又因有杖、弩、槊等武器，所以杀伤力非常强；同时阵内士兵背水为阵，可起到“陷之死地而后生”的效果。
四、却月阵的作战过程
起因
义熙十二年八月，刘裕发兵五路攻打后秦。十三年正月，刘裕留子彭城公刘义隆镇守彭城，亲率水军自彭城北上。三月，水军自淮、泗入清河，准备逆黄河西上，于是派人向北魏请求借路。北魏因此前滑台(今河南省滑县东)丢失，明元帝拓跋嗣恐刘裕此次以借道为名北上攻魏，因而拒绝了谋臣崔浩提出的“假之水道，纵裕西入，然后兴兵塞其东归之路”⑦的策略。遣司徒长孙嵩为督山东诸军事，又遣振威将军娥清、冀州(治今河北省冀县)刺史阿薄干，率步骑10万屯驻黄河北岸，监视晋军。
刘裕借路没有成功，但仍按计划行军。初八，刘裕率水军进入黄河，以左将军向弥为北青州(治东阳，今山东省青州市)刺史，镇守碻磝(今山东省茌平县西南)，自率大军入黄河西上。北岸魏军见此情景，便以数千骑兵随刘裕水军西行，不时袭扰，迟滞晋军西进。晋军南岸拉纤的兵士有被激流冲至北岸的，都被魏军杀伤。刘裕派军上北岸攻击，魏军立即退走，当晋军退后，魏军复来。魏军的行为引起了晋军将士的不满，促使刘裕使用“却月阵”。
经过
四月，刘裕选择好战场后，便派白直队主丁旿率700人及战车百乘，抢渡北岸，在距水百余步处布下弧形的阵，两头抱河，因形似新月，故称“却月阵”，每辆战车设置7名持仗士卒。布置好后，丁旿在阵中坚起一根白毦(相当于令旗)，以通知船上的晋军。而魏军见数百名晋军登上战车，不解其意，没敢冒然采取行动。此时的刘裕早已派宁朔将军朱超石严加戒备，准备出战，这时见魏军迟疑，便抓住这一机会，命朱超石率2000兵士携带大弩百张，上岸接应丁旿，每辆战车又上增设20名士卒，并在车辕上张设盾牌，保护战车。
魏军见晋军立营已毕，这才恍然大悟，向晋军展开围攻。朱超石先以软弓小箭射向魏军，向其示弱。魏军果然中计，认为晋军众少兵弱，遂三面而至。这时长孙嵩接到消息也率3万骑兵助战，一起猛攻晋军。朱超石遂令士卒改换大弩猛射，并选神射手用箭集束发射，给魏军以重大杀伤。但魏军由于兵源充足，反而愈战愈多，随着双方距离的缩短，晋军弓弩逐渐失去作用。朱超石又命将士将所携带的千余张槊，截断为三、四尺长，用大锤锤击进行杀敌，一根断槊便能洞穿三、四名魏军。由于弧形的迎击面小，所以魏军越向前，所受到的杀伤也就越大。魏军逐渐抵挡不住，“一时奔溃，死者相积”⑨，晋军阵斩阿薄干。魏军退还畔城⑩，朱超石与胡籓、刘荣祖等率骑兵发起追击，虽为魏军包围，但激战竟日，终于大破魏军，斩获千计。刘裕见晋军取胜，又遣振武将军徐猗之率5000人渡河，攻越骑城，途中又遭到魏军的包围，徐猗之用长戟结阵抵抗。不久，朱超石赶来增援，魏军遂闻风而逃。
意义
此战的胜利，给魏军以极大震慑，魏明帝吸取教训，听从谋臣崔浩的建议，不再与晋军为敌。刘裕取胜后，率水军沿黄河顺利西进，于四月下旬到达洛阳，参加攻打长安的作战。水军的及时到达，对战争的了胜利起了决定性作用，刘裕正是在陆军进展不利的情况下，令水军沿渭水而上，一举攻占长安，灭亡后秦的。
五、“却月阵”的局限性
刘裕凭“却月阵”以近2700名步兵破魏军3万多骑兵，显示了强大的威力。现在的很多军事爱好者一谈及以步制骑的问题时，必言“却月阵”之妙。但让人不解的是，“却月阵”就像昙花一现，虽然史书中记载详细，但此役过后，再无人使用此阵，让人疑惑丛生。
其实原因很简单，这是由“却月阵”自身的局限性决定的。“却月阵”使用时，对战场的要求非常高，在兵力配置和武器使用上都要求细致入微，稍有不慎，便会全军覆没。但这些与另外两个重要条件相比，还是次要的，这就是“河水”与“制水权”。
首先，“却月阵”离不开河水，而且必须是大江大河。前文说过，河水可以保障“却月阵”后方和侧翼的安全，如果是普通的河水，一则敌军可涉水渡河，对“却月阵”进行合围；二则不利于大型战船的行进，也不可能掌握制水权。所以河水是构成“却月阵”最根本的条件，没有河水，就无法保证“却月阵”的安全，也无法对阵中的将士进行增援、支援和救援.
其次，“却月阵”在作战时，必须要掌握制水权。有了河水，并不表示就能成功地使用“却月阵”，如果敌人也有水军，那么晋水军将不能全力支援阵中的士兵，而且一旦在水战中败于对方，制水权易手，后果将是毁灭性的。所以制水权是“却月阵”能否成功使用的重要保障。
此外，“却月阵”不具备机动性，虽然作战时杀伤力大，但始终是处于被动挨打的地步。即使取胜，也无法变化阵形，在追击时一旦与强敌遭遇，就会有被歼灭的危险。朱超石、徐猗之在追击时的遭遇都证明了这一危险的存在。
通过上述分析，就会清楚，为什么中国战争史上虽有无数次作战，但“却月阵”却只使用了一次，就因为这些作战都缺少河水和制水权这两个重要条件，因而无法使用“却月阵”。
还有，“却月阵”是以水为主(虽然没有直接交战)，所以说“却月阵”是“以步制骑”的战术不够准确，称“以水制骑”更为贴切些。
六、刘裕的军水平
通过以上论述，可见刘裕是在战术上敢于创新的军事家，即能发挥自己的优势，又巧妙布阵，利用优势弥补了自己的短处，使“却月阵”成为一个前无古人、后无来者的战术，充分显示了卓越的军事才能。
刘裕在此战中的军事思想具体表现在：在战术革新上，他吸取了早期阵法的不足，大胆地将水军用于阵中，利用水军的优势来克制骑兵，开创了战术史上的新篇章。在战术指挥上，他采取弧形方式列阵，增加抵抗能力，又将弩、槊有机地结合起来，增强杀伤力。在兵力配置上，他将几个兵种结合起来，协同作战，以水军为后援、以战车列阵御敌、以步兵杀伤敌人、再以骑兵发起追击。在作战指导上，他适时选择战机，利用魏军的挑衅，做到“临境近敌，务在厉气”(11)；十分巧妙地选择战场，使自己能够安全占据制高点；利用阵中士卒的心理，将其置之死地，以绝士卒后退之心；抓住敌人迟疑之机，迅速派兵跟进布阵；利用魏军的人多势众的心理，示弱纵敌；取胜后又及时派兵增援，适时发起追击。在整个作战过程中，刘裕部署周密，水路各军配合密切，谋略运用完美，战术使用得当，使强大的魏军铁骑无机可乘，处处被动，堪称战术史上的奇迹。
注释：
①⑨《资治通鉴》卷一一八《晋纪四十》，安帝义熙十三年。
②辛弃疾：《永遇乐•京口北固亭怀古》。
③《晋书》卷一百二十八《慕容超载记》；《宋书》卷一《武帝纪》上。
④⑤《宋书》卷一《武帝纪》上。
⑥据《资治通鉴》卷一百一十八《晋纪四十》安帝义熙十三年记载，王镇恶乘艨冲小舰沿渭水攻打长安时，“秦人见舰进而无行船者，皆惊以为神”；在十六国时期，只有后赵有过大规模的水军行动，但行动区域在沿海地带；另据《魏书》卷四《世祖纪》上记载，北魏大规模造船是在太武帝神(鹿加)三年(430年)三月，“帝闻刘义隆将寇边，乃诏冀、定、相三州造船三千艘，简幽州以南戍兵集于河上以备之。”
⑦魏军三万多部队都是骑兵，如果晋军没有骑兵，是很难追赶魏军的。另据《宋书》卷四十八《朱超石传》记载，朱超石“果锐善骑乘”，也曾率步骑出江陵，讨伐刘毅。
⑧《魏书》卷三十五《崔浩传》。
⑩《宋书》卷四十八《朱超石传》作半城，今山东省聊城县境，时长孙嵩大军驻畔城。
(11)《孙膑兵法•延气》。
后人评价
《永遇乐·京口北固亭怀古》 辛弃疾
斜阳草树，寻常巷陌，人道寄奴曾住。想当年，金戈铁马，气吞万里如虎。
这首词中的“寄奴”就是指宋武帝，就是说感叹国家已经没有宋武帝这样的英雄了。
《书陶靖节桃源诗后》 陆游
寄奴谈笑取秦燕，愚智皆知晋鼎迁。独为桃源人作传，固应不仕义熙年。
刘裕年表
公元363年，刘裕出生。
公元404年，刘裕平定桓玄叛乱，成为东晋最后一个权臣。
公元409年，刘裕北伐并消灭南燕。
公元416年，刘裕再次北伐，攻灭后秦。
公元420年，刘裕代晋自立，建立刘宋。
公元422年，刘裕病逝。
后妃子女
皇后
臧爱亲
妃嫔
张夫人，孙修华，胡婕妤，王修容，袁美人，孙美人，吕美人
儿子
少帝义符，庐陵孝献王义真，文帝义隆，彭城王义康，江夏文献王义恭，南郡王义宣，衡阳文王义季。
女儿
稽宣长公主 刘兴弟，义兴恭长公主 刘惠媛，宣城德公主 第四女
Liu Yu Jin Shi power after 409 years of his troops exterminate widely in solid (now Yidu County, Shandong Province) of Nanyan regime, they return in triumph defeat Lu Xun. Yuan Xing-nine (412), and Western Sichuan, Qiao attack entrenched longitudinal rein in Sichuan. Yuan Xing years (415 years), Later Qin Yao Xing died, Yao Wang to the throne, fratricidal, off in the chaos. Dollars in 16 years (417 years) captured Changan, destroy Later Qin, a glimpse of the Sung Wong by Royalty.
Liu Yu - power performance
Liu Yu is very concerned about people's life, has repeatedly ordered the relief tax reserve, as in the same year in August, "Juan rent two cloth" ("Song Book • Emperor of the century"). Liu Yi in Binh Dinh, I also ordered tax relief labor. For those who need to be imposed by the war had made the slaves are all up yet.
Liu Yu (363.4.16-422.6.26), the word German public opinion, nickname send slaves. Human beings Pengcheng (modern Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province), and later moved to Jingkou (Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province); the founder of the Northern and Southern Song period, known to history as Song Wudi. Chinese history, an outstanding statesman, a brilliant commander, commander in chief.
Liu Yu grew up, "Xiong Jie, a generous, seven feet six inches in length, strength of character KIWI does not matter Kadooka section" ("South Shi Wudi of the century"), like filial piety on the stepmother also called the (the stepmother had two children, Lau Road, regulations, Liu Road, pity). But only know the text, to sell to fulfill the industry. As Liu Yu like gambling, they were looked down on the neighbors. Is such a person, then actually became the founding emperor, so some people this is called "cold people in power."
1, Liu Yu Introduction
Liu Yu (363.4.16-422.6.26), the word German public opinion, nickname send slaves. Founder of the Northern and Southern Song period, known to history as Song Wudi. Pengcheng Liu Yu of the ancestors is the person (Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province today), and later moved Jingkou (Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province today). According to the "Song Book • Emperor of the century," record, Liu Yu Han emperor Liu Bang is the younger brother of the king of Chu Yuan Liu pay for future generations. Liu Yu early gambling by nature, accomplished nothing, and later became a champion no end of Sima General Sun. From Longan three years (399 years) for the first time counting war military operations, to Yoshihiro 10 years (417 years) extinction Later Qin, Liu Yu in less than two decades, the internal calm the war, has defeated Sun En, Lu Xun's sea uprising, eliminated Huanxuan, Liu Yideng military blocs; Foreign committed to the Northern Expedition, taking Sichuan, cutting Nam Yin, eliminate Later Qin, growing from an ordinary soldier's military commander to go down in history, made achievements have attracted worldwide attention. Wei Hao military strategist, said he: "rise up humble, do not order a foot of land, to discuss off Huanxuan, Xing Fu Jin Shi, North poultry Murong super, South Xiao Lu Xun, Suoxiangwuqian, non of their extraordinary talent, security to the case of almost! "① ji Song writer also wrote" armored iron railings, air swallowing Miles tiger "② such bold words, praised his achievements.
2, "but on" has form of time
Yoshihiro five years (409 years), Liu Yu Nanyan when the Northern Expedition, in how to Funan Yan cavalry, making full preparations to this issue. When Liu Yu expeditions, the YAN Jun that of 9 million people against, among them the "cavalry thousand" ③. Liu Yu heard the news of turning armies on foot, to "car 4200, minutes drive to the two wings, side rails Xu lines, car note mantle Zhang, Yu Zhe Executive lance on, he Qingqi to visit troops. Military orders seriously, musicians neat. "④ When YAN Jun cavalry strikes, Liu Yu confrontation with this array, the two sides battle over lunch, not points victory or defeat. Liu Yu then with design, surprise rear center rear Linqu (now Linqu County), defeated YAN Jun.
Because Liu Yushan military operations in command of water, which then forces the water available from the Jian Kang Jin dynasty (now Nanjing) to the east of Beijing, waterways and on the rim, into the Yellow River, and then against the Hexi Corridor line, by Wei straight to Chang'an (today Xi'an, Shaanxi Province) northern suburbs, so when he was brewing strategy Later Qin Northern Expedition, the water will become an important military piece. Meanwhile, the Northern ethnic minority military regime not only no water, and even boats never seen Lien ⑥, so Jin also holds the absolute power of water.
Constitute "but on Array" conditions somewhat complex, including its geography, weapons, arms and force configuration.
Wide, flat river view. Good view of both sides to facilitate observation of enemy action, grasp the situation of the battlefield; flat-lying terrain, you can make the enemy lose their edge, while Jin can ship overlooking the battlefield in World War II high, equivalent to occupy the high ground.
Chariot. To resist the impact of the enemy Cavalry, from the defensive role.
Arms:
Cavalry ⑦. To pursue the fleeing enemy, the number of not too many.
Because "it on Array" is curved, from the physics point of view, can be distributed by the power point arc force, has a good impact resistance; array soldiers because of a stick inside, crossbow, lance and other arms, so anti- force is very strong; while Jinnai soldiers back water for the array can act as a "settlement of the resurrection" effect.
Yoshihiro years in August, Liu Yu Fabing Wǔ attack Later Qin. 10 years the first month, Liu Yu Liu Yilong guarding the public to remain sub-Pengcheng Pengcheng, personally led the military from Pengcheng water northward. March, the water forces from the Huai and Si into the Qinghe, prepared against the West on the Yellow River, was sent to a request by the Northern Road. Before the slide, therefore the Northern Wei (now in Henan Hua County East), lost, fear of Liu Yu Ming Emperor Yuan Tuoba heir to route through in the name of the north Gong Wei, and thus rejected the policy makers Hao's "leave of the waterway, west into the vertical margin , and then plug the east fortress return path "⑦ strategy. Stuart Sun Song for the removal of various military governor of Shandong, You Qian Qing Zhenwei general E, Ji Zhou (ji xian in Hebei Province this rule) Cishi A thin dry, rate Buji 100 000 cantonment Yellow River, monitoring Jin.
Camp has been completed, see Jinjun Li Wei, That suddenly it started to Jin siege. Zhu Chao Shi a Predator fired first with a soft bow Wei, its weakness. Wei turned out in terms that the public little soldiers Jin weak, then on three sides and to. Sun Song received the news this time rate of 30,000 cavalry assist in the fight, with the onslaught Jin. Zhu Chao Shi Meng put the blame his soldiers to change a large crossbow shooting, and select marksman fired with a rocket cluster, with significant destruction to the Wei. However, Wei as adequate manpower, but more war more, with both sides to shorten the distance, losing the role of Jin crossbow. Zhu Chao Shi has ordered more than a thousand men will be carried by Zhang lance, truncated to three or four feet long, with a hammer sledgehammer to fight the enemy, can a broken lance pierced three or four Wei. As the arc of the engaged surface is small, so the more forward Wei, the killing by the greater. Wei gradually could not withstand, "1:00 Ben collapse, the dead-phase plot" ⑨, Jin array chopped A thin dry. Wei returned to River City ⑩, Zhu Chao Shi and Hu winnow basket, Liu Rongzu initiate such rate cavalry pursuit, although it is surrounded by Wei, but the battle Jingri, big break finally Wei, gains thousands. Liu Yu, see Jin win, You Qian Zhenwu Xu Yi-General of the rate of 5,000 to cross the river and attack the city more to ride the way they were surrounded by Wei, Xu Yi-junction array used against Hercules. Soon reinforcements arrived Zhu Chao Shi, Wei then got wind of it and fled.
The victory of this war, with great awe for Wei, Emperor Ming lessons, follow the recommendations of advisers Hao, and Jin is no longer an enemy. Liu Yu won, the rate of the smooth west along the Yellow River water into the army, arrived in Luoyang in late April to participate in combat to attack Chang'an. Water Army arrive in time, the victory of the war played a decisive role in the progress in the Army is the Liu adverse circumstances, so that the water along the Wei and the army, one stroke captured Chang'an, the demise of Later Qin.
It is actually quite simple, it is "but on Array," the limitations of their own decisions. "But on array" when used in very high demand on the battlefield, the troops and weapons configurations require the use of nuanced, a little mistake, it will completely annihilated. But compared with two other important conditions, or secondary, that is "River" and "system of water rights."
In addition, "but on front," do not have the mobility, although the battle can cause huge, but it is always being beaten at the point. Even if win, can not change lineup, with a strong enemy in the chase, once encountered, there will be danger of being wiped out. Zhu Chao Shi, and Xu Yi-time experience of all in the pursuit to prove the existence of this danger.
6, Liu Yu's military level
Liu Yu in this war in the military thinking in particular in: the tactical innovation, he learned early tactical deployment of the lack of bold military for the array of water, use water to restrain the military advantage of cavalry, creating a tactical history chapter. In tactical command, he means to take curved array, increasing resistance, in turn crossbow, lance organically integrated, enhanced lethality. Configuration in the force, he will combine several branches of the military, work together, with water as the backup troops to tanks lined up against an enemy, the enemy anti-infantry, cavalry and then to initiate pursuit. In the operational guidance, he timely selection fighters, using the provocative Wei, achieve "near the border or the enemy, works in the Li Qi" (11); very clever to choose the battlefield, so that they can occupy the high ground of safety; use array his soldiers to the psychology, to set the kill, never his soldiers back to the heart; seize the opportunity of the enemy hesitation, quickly sent troops to follow up lineup; Wei's power in numbers using the psychology of the enemy weakness; win then promptly sent troops reinforcements timely initiated pursuit. Throughout the operations, Liu Yu careful planning and with the sea close to the military, the use of a perfect strategy, tactics used properly, to make life as a powerful Wei cavalry, always passive, called tactics in the history of a miracle.
Notes:
③ "Book of Jin," Volume hundred and eighteen "Murong overload in mind"; "Song Book" Volume "Emperor Wu Ji" on.
⑦ Wei more than 30,000 troops are cavalry, if Jin is not the cavalry, it is difficult to catch up with Wei's. According to the "Song Book" volume IV 18 "Zhu Chao Shi Chuan" records, Zhu Chao Shi, "Guo Rui good ride", also rate Buji the Gangneung, crusade Liu Yi.
(11) "Sun Bin Art of War • extension of gas."
Setting sun Cao Shu, unusual lanes, humanitarian send slaves lived. In the past, armored iron railings, air swallowing thousands of miles like a tiger.
Send slaves to take Qin Yan laughing, Yu Zhi Jin Ding known to move. People to resort to mass alone, should be neither an Official Yoshihiro solid years.
In AD 404, Liu Yuping set Huanxuan rebellion became a powerful minister Eastern final.
AD 420, Liu Yu on behalf of Jin Zili, the establishment of Liu Song.
Empress
Ms. Zhang, Sun Xiuhua, Hujie Yu, Wang Xiurong, Yuan Beauty, Beauty Sun, Lu Beauty
Daughter