| 字： | 黑獭 | ||||||
| 网笔号： | 文皇帝 | ||||||
| 庙号： | 太祖 | ||||||
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北周的实际创建者。小字黑獭（一作黑泰）。其先出于匈奴，自后燕归魏，徙居武川（今内蒙古武川西）。泰子宇文觉称帝后，追尊为太祖，谥文帝。北魏末年六镇起义中，宇文泰参加鲜于修礼和葛荣的起义军。尔朱荣镇压葛荣后，宇文泰随例迁晋阳，隶尔朱荣部将贺拔岳麾下。永安三年（530）尔朱天光、贺拔岳入关中镇压万俟丑奴起义，宇文泰从贺拔岳平定关陇。尔朱氏失败后，高欢命贺拔岳为关西大行台，宇文泰是他的有力辅佐。永熙三年（534）党于高欢的侯莫陈悦在平凉（今属甘肃平凉西南）杀死贺拔岳，宇文泰继统其军众，击败侯莫陈悦，东进据长安。魏孝武帝与高欢不睦，入关就宇文泰，任命其为大将军、雍州刺史兼尚书令。次年，宇文泰杀孝武帝，立元宝炬为帝（文帝），改元大统，是为西魏，政权实际掌握在宇文泰手中。
宇文泰善于谋略和指挥。在军事上主要依靠来自北镇尤其是武川的镇人，他们以后又成为西魏、北周政治上的支柱。宇文泰与东魏多次作战，互有胜负。大统三年（537）春，东魏攻潼关，宇文泰率精锐出潼关左面的小关，攻其不备，大败东魏军，东魏大将窦泰自杀。秋间，东魏十万人进至沙苑（今陕西大荔南），宇文泰以不满万人的弱势兵力，乘东魏军轻敌不为行列，亲自鸣鼓奋战，获得大胜，俘虏七万人。西魏军曾两次进到洛阳。九年邙山之战，宇文泰率军黑夜登山进击，高欢仅而获免。次日再战，宇文泰军不利退还。西魏财力兵力都不如东魏，军事上以守势为主，如玉壁城（今山西稷山西南）曾多次抵抗东魏来攻。西魏的东境，大体与东魏以黄河为界。
为了集中力量与东魏争强，宇文泰与柔然妥协，以巩固北边。西魏文帝娶柔然公主为皇后，并废原来的皇后为尼，最后赐死，以取悦于柔然。对于突厥，亦曾遣使通好。但宇文泰对南朝则采取攻势，先后夺取了益州和荆雍之地。废帝二年（553）他计划伐梁武陵王萧纪于蜀，而众议畏缩。只有尉迟迥认为蜀与北方隔绝一百多年，恃险自守，如以铁骑急行袭击，定无不克。宇文泰遂遣尉迟迥从散关进军，围成都五旬，取得胜利。次年，宇文泰利用梁元帝萧绎（据荆州）与萧（据雍州）叔侄间矛盾，和萧绎的懦而无谋，多疑少断，派于谨、宇文护率军五万进攻江陵。经过激战得胜，虏获大量财宝，又取百姓男女数万口为奴婢，驱归长安。立萧为梁王，自襄阳徙镇江陵，成为西魏政权控制下的傀儡，史称后梁。宇文泰注意屯田以资军国之用，同时十分关心行政效率，大统元年采纳苏绰建议进行改革。他制定了公文格式，以朱色、墨色区别财政支出与收入，定出户籍册和胪列次年课役大数的计帐制度。大统十三年的计帐残卷，在敦煌石室里保存下来。大统七年，苏绰又制定地方官必须遵守的六条诏书：清心、敦教化、尽地利、擢贤良、恤狱讼、均赋役。宇文泰很重视这个六条，置座右，并规定不通六条、不能造计帐者不得任地方大小长官。他建立府兵制，扩大了兵源，这一制度为隋唐所沿袭。他还曾在行台设学，命所属官员日间办公，夜晚学习。对于儒士表示尊敬，从江陵俘来的王褒、宗懔等受到礼遇，又听从庾季才的话，放免被俘为奴婢的梁人数千口。以后又命令卢辩仿照周礼更改官制，甚至政府文告也要仿先秦文体。复古的另一表现是恢复鲜卑旧姓。北魏初年三十六国、九十九姓的后裔在西魏大都灭绝，宇文泰于是恢复元氏为拓跋氏，已改复姓为单姓者一律复旧；而且命令汉族部将资历高者袭三十六姓，次者袭九十九姓，所将士卒也改从主将的胡姓。他们形式上成为一批胡化了的汉人。
宇文泰的先世是东胡族宇文部的酋长，东汉末年，宇文部加入鲜卑檀石槐部落联盟，遂亦鲜卑化，游牧于今内蒙古西拉木伦河上游地区。西晋末年，部落强盛，自称单于，从阴山南迁，居于辽西。四世纪中期，被鲜卑慕容部所灭，慕容皝迁宇文部五千余落于昌黎（今辽宁朝阳市），一些宇文部贵族遂先后入仕前燕、后燕政权，宇文泰高祖陵即仕于后燕，拜驸马都尉，封玄菟公。皇始元年（396）八月，北魏太祖拓跋圭领军进攻燕都中山（今河北定县），燕军大败，次年十月，魏军克中山，后燕将吏士卒降者二万余人，宇文陵亦率甲骑五百降魏，拜都牧主。天兴元年（398）十二月，北魏徙六州二十二郡豪杰于代都平城（今山西大同市）一带，以加强控制，宇文陵也随之迁武川，遂世居武川。
正光五年（524），破六韩拔陵领导的边镇起义在沃野镇（今内蒙古五原县东北）爆发，随后，起义军大将卫可孤攻下武川镇。不久，武川镇中下级军官贺拔岳父子，宇文泰父宇文肱等袭杀卫可孤，投降政府。其时，北魏王朝向柔然借兵镇压起义军，柔然骑兵在攻下六镇后，大肆掠夺破坏，致使六镇饥荒严重，北魏政府只得移饥民于河北就食。宇文泰和其父、兄也被徙到河北博陵（今河北安平）。孝昌二年（526）正月，怀朔镇镇兵鲜于修礼率领北镇流民于定州左人城（今河北唐县西）起义，宇文一家亦参加了起义队伍。但在前往左人城途中，被政府军击败，宇文肱及其长子、次子阵亡，宇文泰与其兄洛生幸免于难，入鲜于修礼军中。及修礼死，又入葛荣军中，被任为将帅。葛荣失败后，尔朱荣惧宇文兄弟有异心，遂托以他罪，诛洛生，宇文泰慷慨陈述，才释去尔朱荣对他的戒心，免遭其难。由于宇文泰与尔朱荣的部将贺拔岳有旧，岳亦是武川军人，与泰父肱关系甚密，因此，宇文泰被收编在贺拔岳部下。
永安三年（530）春，尔朱荣以尔朱天光为主帅，贺拔岳和侯莫陈悦为副帅，率兵前往镇压关陇起义军。宇文泰以步兵校尉的身份随岳入关，因镇压起义军有功累迁至征西将军、金紫光禄大夫，增邑三百户，加直阁将军、行原州事。在镇压关陇起义的过程中，宇文泰乘机扩大自己的影响，对吏民施以恩惠，羸得了不少人的好感。是年九月，孝庄帝诛杀尔朱荣，但大权仍操在握有大军的尔朱氏手中。中兴二年（532）月，尔朱天光领兵东返，不久，尔朱氏败灭，天光亦被杀。先是，天光东返，留弟显寿镇守长安，贺拔岳用宇文泰计，袭取长安，泰帅轻骑为先锋，倍道兼行，显寿闻报，弃城东走，至华阴（今陕西大荔），被泰军追及擒获。及天光死，关中只剩下贺拔岳与侯莫陈悦两个军事集团。同年，魏帝授贺拔岳为关西大行台，岳以宇文泰为行台左丞，领府司马，事无巨细，皆委之于泰。
尔朱荣之败，高欢之力也，高欢亦由此而位居丞相，秉掌大权。孝武帝对这种政由旁出的局面很不满意，密与贺拔岳相结，想依凭岳在关中的实力来牵制高欢。初，贺拔岳遣行台郎冯景诣晋阳（今山西太原市南）见高欢，欢与景歃血为誓，约与岳结为兄弟，景还，告诉贺拔岳，高欢奸诈有余，不可轻信。时为府司马的宇文泰自请使晋阳，以观察高欢为人，既至，与高欢口答应对，敏捷雄辩，欢欲留泰为己用，泰固辞而返。宇文泰回到长安，对贺拔岳分析了当时形势：“高欢决不甘于为臣下者，他之所以还没有篡夺皇位，是惮于你们兄弟二人。至于侯莫陈悦其人，不过是个庸人，只是碰上了好机会，才得以居高位，其既无忧国之心，也就不为高欢所排忌，只要早作准备，取之不难。如今河西费也头有控弦之骑不下一万，夏州刺史斛拔弥俄突拥兵三千，灵州刺史曹泥、河西流民纥豆陵拔利也各拥部众，心怀异望。因此，今如引军向陇，扼其要害，示之以威，服之以德，即可收其兵马，充实我军。西辑氐、羌，北抚沙塞，还军长安，匡辅魏室，这正是当年齐桓、晋文之举也。”贺拔岳听了非常佩服，遂派宇文泰到洛阳见孝武帝，密陈其打算，孝武帝听后大喜，加封宇文泰为武卫将军。
永熙二年（533）八月，孝武帝授贺拔岳为都督雍、华等二十州诸军事、雍州刺史。岳以牧马为名，引兵西屯平凉（今甘肃华亭西），除灵州刺史曹泥依附于高欢外，费也头万俟受洛干、夏州刺史斛拔弥俄突、河西流民纥豆陵伊利等皆归附于岳，秦、南秦、河、渭四州刺史也来到平凉，受岳节度。是年，贺拔岳以夏州（治岩绿，今内蒙古乌审旗南白城子）边塞要地，欲派得力之人为刺史，在众人的极力推举下，以宇文泰为使持节、武卫将军、夏州刺史。宇文泰到州后，抚慰流民，结好少数民族，很快控制了夏州局势。
永熙三年（534）春正月，贺拔岳准备讨伐曹泥，遣都督赵贵到夏州与宇文泰商议此事，宇文泰认为：曹泥虽然依附高欢，但灵州（治今宁夏灵武西南）不过孤城一座，未足为忧，值得担心的是侯莫陈悦，贪而无信，必然为患，应尽早谋取之。贺拔岳没有听从宇文泰的意见，坚持己见，与侯莫陈悦共同出兵伐曹泥。然悦早已受高欢密旨，出兵途中，借口商议军事，诱岳入营杀之。
贺拔岳死后，军中无人统帅，人心离散，在大都督赵贵的建议下，众人共推宇文泰为统帅，派杜朔周星夜奔夏州告之。宇文泰闻讯，即率帐下轻骑驰赴平凉，为防事变，令杜朔周帅众先据弹筝峡（今甘肃平凉西北）。宇文泰行至安定（今甘肃泾川北），正遇高欢派来招抚贺拔岳部众的侯景，宇文泰以言语折之，辞气俱下，侯景不敢前往平凉，中途而归。先是，孝武帝正将谋取高欢，闻贺拔岳被害，遣武卫将军元毗为使前往宣旨抚慰，并调岳所领部众还洛阳，及元毗到平凉，宇文泰已被众将推为统帅。
宇文泰统领岳军后，一面命诸军戒严，准备进讨侯莫陈悦，一面上表孝武帝，并与元毗及诸将刑牲盟誓，相约共扶王室，孝武帝遂下诏以宇文泰为大都督，统领岳所部人马。
宇文泰得到孝武帝的正式承认后，立即准备进攻侯莫陈悦。先是，原州（治高平，今宁夏固原）刺史史归，素为贺拔岳所亲信，及贺拔岳死，竟反投于悦，悦遣王伯和、成次安领兵二千助史归镇守原州。因此，宇文泰首先派都督侯莫陈崇帅轻骑一千奔袭原州，擒史归、王伯和及成次安等，缚送平凉。永熙三年（534）三月，宇文泰调发诸军，毕集原州，准备攻悦。四月，军出木狭关（今宁夏固原西南），正逢大雨雪，平地积雪二尺，宇文泰知悦怯而多猜，遂倍道兼行，出其不意直扑悦之大本营水洛城（今甘肃庄浪东南）。悦闻泰军至，留万人守水洛城，自领大军退保略阳（今甘肃秦安东北陇城镇）。宇文泰军到水洛，守军出降，泰即率轻骑数百奔略阳，悦又退保上邽（今甘肃天水）。时南秦州刺史李弼亦在悦军中，见悦败势已定，乃暗中派使者诣泰，请为内应。其夜，悦弃城出，军中惊溃，士卒纷纷来降，宇文泰纵兵奋击，大破悦军，悦仅与子弟及麾下数十骑遁走灵州，宇文泰急令镇守原州的宇文导在前面堵击，又以都督贺拔颖领一军尾追，至牵屯山（今宁夏固原西）追及，侯莫陈悦自杀于野。随后，宇文泰又遣都督刘亮攻取盘踞豳州（治定安，今甘肃宁县）的悦党孙定儿，克之。又以重兵威逼，迫使氐王杨绍先称藩，送妻、子为质。十一月，遣李虎、李弼等讨伐曹泥，明年，曹泥降，灵州遂平，宇文泰徙其豪强置于咸阳（今陕西咸阳东北），以加强控制。
宇文泰平定秦、陇后，实力增强，孝武帝以泰为侍中、骠骑大将军、开府仪同三司，关西大都督，略阳县公，承制封拜，成为仅次于高欢的有力人物。
永熙三年（534）五月，孝武帝欲起兵伐高欢，事泄，高欢有所戒备，中军将军王思政对孝武帝说：“高欢的篡逆之心，已昭然若揭，洛阳非用武之地，一旦遭到进攻，难以守御，宇文泰心存王室，不如前往关中，凭借宇文泰的力量与高欢抗衡。”孝武帝深以为然。先是，秦、陇刚平，夏州长史于谨曾劝宇文泰上书孝武帝，徙都关中，效曹操之举，挟天子以令诸侯，宇文泰接受了这一意见，将高欢结好自己的书信都封交孝武帝，以示忠于王室之心。及孝武帝欲伐高欢，又遣大都督梁御率步骑五千屯于黄河、渭水合口处，以为声援，令秦州刺史骆超率轻骑一千入洛阳，不久，又遣大都督李贤领精骑一千赴洛阳。因此，当孝武帝向大臣征询徙都关中的意见时，上下几乎都表示同意。七月，孝武帝遂从洛阳率轻骑入关，迁都长安，加授宇文泰大将军、雍州刺史，兼尚书令，军国之政，皆由泰定。是年十月，高欢另立元善见称帝，徙都于邺（今河北临漳西南邺镇），北魏分裂。
初，孝武帝与高欢有隙，畏欢权重，欲结援宇文泰，借泰之力量击欢，及徙都长安，政由泰出，仍受制于人，心中不悦，与宇文泰渐生嫌隙，不满之情溢于言表。永熙三年（534）十二月，宇文泰以毒酒害死孝武帝，立元宝炬为帝，是为西魏文帝，明年正月，文帝于长安城西即位，改元大统，宇文泰为丞相、都督中外诸军事、大行台，军政大事尽出于泰手。从此，北魏分为东魏和西魏，高欢与宇文泰皆居相位，军国大事总属相府，成为实际的统治者，元氏皇帝不过是傀儡而已。
西魏立国后，形势极为险峻，其时，天下三分，东有高欢大军压境，南有萧梁不时构衅。尤其是高欢，视西魏为劲敌，急欲将其扼杀于襁褓之中，而东西魏力量对比又十分悬殊，东魏地广国富，人口逾二千万，兵强马壮，高欢能调动的军队不下二十万；西魏地狭国贫，人口不满千万，宇文泰直接掌握的军队不过三万余人。同时，西魏立国之初，关中即遭大饥，人心浮动。宇文泰也看到了这种形势，大统元年（535）三月，他命各衙署斟酌古今以来的治国经验，且可以用于现实者，制订颁行了二十四条新制。并提拔了武功大姓苏绰为大行台左丞，参与机密，拟订治国大纲，革新政治。
宇文泰首先进行的是改革军制，建立府兵制度。
大统三年（537），宇文泰开始整军。先是，东魏连年入侵，永熙三年（524）八月，高欢帅师攻克潼关，进逼华阴（今陕西华阴西南）；大统元年（525）春正月，东魏大行台尚书司马子如率军再攻潼关，见宇文泰已有准备，遂挥师攻华州（治华山，今陕西华县），赖著刺史王罴的拚力死战，才打退了东魏进攻；大统二年三月，高欢又亲率万骑袭取夏州，徙五千户而归。不久，又袭取灵州，徙五千户而归；大统三年正月，高欢又领军屯蒲阪（今山西永济县蒲州镇），于黄河上架设浮桥，准备渡河攻潼关。高欢恃戎马之强，年年进攻西魏，虽然未曾得手，但宇文泰知道，长此下去，实力处于劣势的西魏必然难以支持，当务之急，是要提高士气，增强战斗力，开拓兵源，扩充军队。
大统三年七月，宇文泰集诸军于咸阳，八月，率之于潼关整军，宣布军法军规，不得贪财轻敌，不得作威于百姓，与敌作战，用命则赏之，逃脱皆戮之。通过这次整顿，西魏军队的战斗力大大提高，不久，高欢率二十万大军入侵，西魏以少胜多，在沙苑（今陕西华阴县境内）大败高欢，俘敌八万余人。
随著军队素质的提高，宇文泰又进一步扩充军队，壮大军事力量。初，宇文泰在接受贺拔岳的以武川兵户为骨干的军团时，这一军团人数不过数千人，击败侯莫陈悦后，其大将李弼拥众万人来归，以后，跟随孝武帝元修入关的由鲜卑族人组成的北魏宿卫禁旅也有近万人，合起来，宇文泰掌握的军队约有近三万人，分别由十二个将军率领。沙苑之役后，又通过收编降军等不断补充，人数渐渐增多，到大统八年（542）三月，正式建立六军，时已有兵约十万人。
大统九年（543）二月，高欢将兵十万，渡过黄河，据邙山（今河南洛阳西北）列阵，宇文泰领军击之，战于邙山，大败，士卒损失六万余人，经过数年经营建立起来的一支军队损失大半。而当时关陇地区的鲜卑族人数有限，不可能再大量补充军队，因此，邙山之战后，宇文泰开始从汉族中间吸收兵员，三月，宣布征募关陇地区的豪强地主武装。在北魏末年的关陇起义中，豪强地主为了维护自己的利益，组织乡兵，东西魏分立后，这些地主武装并没有解散，仍然控制在豪强手中。宇文泰通过广募豪强以充军旅这一措施，把这些分散的乡兵武装变成中央军队的一部分，由政府选择关陇地区有名望的人物来统领，从而，既加强了中央对军队的控制，削弱了魏末以来的地方势力，又促进了武川军人集团与关陇地主的联合。此后，到大统十六年（550），又进一步把征兵对象扩大为所有的均田户，这样，西魏军队中汉族士兵的比重进一步增加。
同时，宇文泰又对军队统辖系统进行改革，形式上采取鲜卑旧日的八部之制，立八柱国。除宇文泰自己在大统三年（537）由西魏文帝任命为柱国大将军、都督中外诸军事，为西魏军队的实际统帅外，又在大统十四年（548）任命西魏宗室广陵王元欣为柱国大将军，但仅挂虚名，并无实权，另任命赵贵、李虎、李弼、于谨、独孤信、侯莫陈崇六人为柱国大将军，实际统率六军。每个柱国大将军下有两个大将军，共十二大将军；每个大将军下有两个开府，共二十四开府；每个开府下有两个仪同，共四十八仪同；一个仪同领兵约千人，一个开府领兵两千，一个大将军领兵四千，一个柱国大将军领兵八千，六柱国合计有兵四万八千人左右，这支军队，就是历史上所说的府兵。
府兵的前身，由贺拔岳的武川军团、侯莫陈悦军团中的李弼军团以及随孝武帝入关的北魏宿卫禁旅这三部分组成，这些军队都是鲜卑化的军队，尤其是武川军团，前身是六镇鲜卑，大都是拓跋族成员，随著拓跋族的封建化，他们的地位下降，因此，他们参加了六镇起义和河北起义；但是，他们又错误地认为是汉化导致他们的地位下降，而看不到汉化是历史的进步和必然，竭力想回复到原来的氏族部落关系中去，宇文泰出身武川军团，对这种心理十分了解。因此，在建立府兵时，就采用了鲜卑族原有的部落组织，即八部之制，作为编制新军的蓝本。在士兵和军官之间的关系上，保持鲜卑旧日的氏族关系。西魏恭帝元年（554），又以有功诸将继承鲜卑三十六国及九十九姓，除有的将领本来就用鲜卑复姓的不予更动外，那些已经在太和改制时将复姓改为单姓的将领则重新改为复姓，已采用汉姓或本来就是汉姓的，则赐以鲜卑姓，如李虎赐姓大野氏、李弼赐姓徒何氏、赵贵赐姓乙弗氏、杨忠赐姓普六茹氏，凡所统领的士兵皆以他们主将的鲜卑姓为自己的姓氏。
宇文泰借用氏族部落的血缘纽带来组织府兵，使官兵之间蒙上了一层宗族的亲密色彩，以搞好将领和士兵间的结合，提高府兵的战斗力。事实上，府兵的组成，并没有也不可能真正倒退到氏族关系中去，但由于这种兵制多少带有一些过去部落兵制的色彩，因此从那些曾经沦落为兵户的六镇鲜卑来看，身份提高了，地位改善了，从而使府兵的战斗力也增强了。
大统七年（541）九月，宇文泰颁行了由苏绰起草的六条诏书，“先治心，敦教化，尽地利，擢贤良，恤狱讼，均赋役”。十一月，又颁布了十二条新制，和大统元年（535）三月颁布的二十四条新制合在一起，共三十六条。六条诏书和这些新制的内容十分广泛，包括政治、经济、思想、文化各个方面，并据此而采取了一系列措施。
在政治上宇文泰奉行以德治教化为主，法治为辅的统治原则。要求各级官吏用儒家学说修身，躬行仁义、孝悌、忠信、礼让、廉平、俭约等，恪守这些儒家道德规范。同时又向人民灌输孝悌、仁顺、礼义，用这些儒家伦理纲常观念束缚人们思想，以心和志静，邪僻之念不生，稳定统治秩序。
在用人上奉行唯贤是举，不限资荫，只要德才兼备，那怕出身微贱，亦可身居卿相。宇文泰的这一选官思想体现了打破门阀传统的新精神，保证了西魏吏治较为清明，也为大批汉族士人进入西魏政权开辟了道路。
在这一选人思想的指导下，宇文泰将来自不同方面的人聚拢在自己周围，如李弼原是侯莫陈悦帐下大都督，且互为姻亲，后倒戈归附，宇文泰毫无戒备之心，予以重用，成为统率府兵的八柱国大将军之一。柳敏原是东魏河东郡丞，宇文泰克河东后得之，当即拜为丞相府参军事，后来成为帮助宇文泰制定国策的核心人物。再如武功大姓苏绰，宇文泰对之推心委任而无闲言，如有外出，常常预署空纸授绰，若须有处分，苏绰可以随事施行，事后启告一下即可。正因为宇文泰能唯贤是举，用人不疑，因此西魏政府上下协力，内部团结，保证了各项政策措施的顺利执行。
宇文泰还比较注意听取臣下的不同意见，勇于纳谏。早在大统五年（539），他就下令置纸笔于京城阳武门外，以访求得失。当丞相府记室柳虬提出纳忠谠之言的建议时，宇文泰欣然采纳，并要求史官记事，须得失无隐。宇文泰的这种做法，有助于西魏吏治的清明。
在法律上，宇文泰主张不苛不暴，既要“法不阿贵”，官吏犯法一视同仁，如宇文泰的内兄王世超，任秦州刺史时，骄横州县，结果被赐死。位至大将军的郑伟不遵法度，结果被免职。另一方面又要求断案者慎罚，力戒楚毒之下，自痛自诬，尽量减少冤假错案。大统十三年（552），宇文泰又下令废止流传了二千余年的宫刑。
宇文泰在经济上根据儒家先富后教的传统观念，积极劝课农桑，奖励耕植，并相应地制定采取了一些措施。首先就是将被破坏了的均田制恢复起来，使那些由于土地兼并、战乱、天灾而丧失土地，流落他乡的农民和土地重新结合在一起，从而为农民的生产活动提供了条件。西魏均田制的授田、租调和北魏虽有差异，但变化不大，在役制上却变动较多，对服役年龄、时间、人数都作了重新规定。服役年龄从北魏时的十五岁改为十八岁；服役时间则根据年成丰歉而定，丰年不超过一月，中年不超过二旬，下年不超过十天，使役期大为缩短；人数上则规定每户农家服役者限于一人，避免过多地动用民力，妨碍农业生产。同时，宇文泰还颁行了户籍制度和计帐制度，即预定次年徭役概数的计帐之法，以求赋役的征发较为合理，还对绢的长度作了统一规定，以四十尺为一匹。
宇文泰除了制定颁行上述经济政策外，还明确规定了地方官吏在发展生产方面的职责。每到岁首，州县长官必须督促百姓，无论少长，但能操持农器者，皆令就田，务必不失农时。对于那些游手怠惰，好逸恶劳，不事生产者给以处罚。由于宇文泰衡量牧守政绩的标准之一就是劝课农桑，因此地方官吏大都重视农桑生产，经济逐渐发展，到宇文泰死之前，已经出现了一个仓廪充实的小康局面。
在思想文化上宇文泰雅好儒术，以儒家学说作为思想武器，去除鲜卑族的一些落后习俗和摒弃当时思想领域中风靡一时的空谈玄理、崇佛论道一类的腐朽风习。在京师长安设立国子学，拜儒学大师卢诞为国子祭酒，通过学校教育，培养大批具有儒家思想观念的人士，作为政权的支柱。还根据先秦典籍《尚书》中的《大诰》一文的格式，制定《大诰》一篇，作为文章的样式，于大统十一年（545）宣示群臣，明令自今后文章须皆依此体，力图以此矫正浮华文风。
六条诏书颁行后，宇文泰令各级官吏学习背诵，规定凡不通六条及计帐之法者，都不能为官，保证了这些措施的实施，刷新了西魏一代政治。
大统十二年（546）九月，高欢亲率大军十余万人，围攻西魏据守的玉壁（今山西稷山县西南），想拔除西魏安在汾水下游的这个钉子。西魏并州刺史韦孝宽镇守玉壁，顽强抵抗，高欢先后采用断水道、火攻、挖地道等战术，围城五十余日，士卒死亡七万多人，未能攻下玉壁，最后高欢染疾，只得解围而去。玉壁之战，高欢倾力而出，攻一孤城五十余天不下，智力皆困，以至愤恚成疾，明年正月，发病而死。自此，西魏扭转了过去的劣势，和东魏势均力敌了。
高欢死后，子澄即位，高澄与手握重兵的侯景不和，畏景权重，欲夺其兵权，侯景以河南十三州之地降于西魏。宇文泰接受了侯景的投降，同时又对机诈权变的侯景十分谨慎，分派大军络绎接收侯景所占土地，并示意景交出军队，入朝长安。其时，高澄在侯景叛变后，也派大军进逼，于是，侯景转而投归萧梁，酿成了一场侯景之乱。在平定侯景之乱的过程中，萧氏兄弟争夺帝位，相互残杀，宇文泰乘机略取土地，夺得汉东、益州、襄阳（今湖北襄樊）等地，控制了长江上游和汉水。
大统十七年（552），侯景败亡，梁武帝第七子萧绎在江陵（今湖北江陵县）称帝，是为梁元帝。萧绎在侯景未平前，曾称臣于西魏，与西魏订立盟约；西魏以竟陵（今湖北潜江西南），梁以安陆（今湖北安陆）为界，请同附庸，并送质子。既称帝后便不再称臣，宇文泰派使臣宇文仁恕到江陵聘问，梁元帝向宇文仁恕表示，梁已统一，西魏应将所占梁、益、襄阳等地归还梁朝。宇文仁恕还告宇文泰后，泰认为既已取得梁、益，就应进一步规取江汉，恰巧此时萧绎侄萧察入朝西魏，请求出兵击绎。于是西魏恭帝元年（554）九月，宇文泰命于谨、宇文护等率步骑五万，进攻江陵。十一月，城破，梁元帝被处死，魏军挑选江陵百姓男女十余万口，驱归关中，只把一座空城留给萧察，同时又将原来梁朝控制的雍州诸郡收归西魏作郡县，这样，西魏的疆域扩展到了今四川、湖北一带。
公元554年正月，宇文泰废杀废帝元钦。初，西魏文帝元宝炬病死，子元钦继位，是为废帝。元氏宗室想从宇文泰手中夺回大权，尚书元烈阴谋发动政变，事泄，宇文泰杀元烈。废帝对元烈之死深感同情，对宇文泰十分不满，密谋诛之，谋泄，于是宇文泰废之，立元钦之弟廓即位，是为恭帝，重新恢复旧姓拓跋。宇文泰始终把大权牢牢地掌握在自己手中。
西魏恭帝三年（556）正月，宇文泰又推出了一套由汉族士人苏绰、卢辩依据《周礼》制定的新官制。这套新官制抛弃了魏晋以来的官职名号，仿《周礼》设立六官：宇文泰为太师、大冢宰，李弼为太傅、大司徒，赵贵为太保、大宗伯，独孤信为大司马，于谨为大司寇，侯莫陈崇为大司空，余官称号也都仿《周礼》，但并不是将秦汉官制一概废除，而是参照使用，尤其是地方官职仍行秦汉旧法而不变。在官制改革前，宇文泰又作九命之典，以叙内外官爵，即将官吏的等级分为十八命，正九命和九命。命数多者官高，如柱国大将军为正九命，骠骑、车骑大将军为九命。命实际上就是品，不过，品以正一品为最高官，命以正九命为最高官。同时，宇文泰在改革官制之际，将地方官吏任免之权收归中央，加强中央集权。
宇文泰改革官制也和建立府兵制度一样，具有浓郁的复古色彩，只不过前者是从汉族古代社会寻找依据，后者是从鲜卑族的部落时代得到启发。宇文泰通过这种托古改制，给自己的统治披上一件正统的外衣，以向人们显示，宇文氏政权并非僭伪，取消民族间的心理隔阂。而在府兵制中，则通过鲜卑化，照顾鲜卑民族的感情，泯灭府兵中的民族界限。宇文泰通过这些改革，巩固了统治基础。
为了全力对付东魏和南梁，宇文泰对北边少数民族柔然和突厥采取和亲政策。北魏末年，内部动乱，柔然势力复盛，屡屡侵扰边境。西魏建立后，宇文泰先是以宗室元翌女嫁柔然主阿那瑰弟塔寒，后又劝西魏文帝纳阿那瑰女郁久闾氏为皇后，以结好柔然。对突厥亦然，大统十一年（545），宇文泰派使者前往突厥，和突厥建立起联系，大统十七年（551），以长乐公主嫁给突厥主阿史那土门，突厥也经常派使者访问西魏，赠送礼物，如大统十七年（553），突厥向西魏献马五万匹。
宇文泰对北边少数民族采取的和亲政策，保证了边鄙无虞，也加强了和少数民族的友好往来，起了民族修好的作用。
西魏恭帝三年（556）四月，宇文泰北巡，八月，渡北河（今内蒙古境内乌加河），九月，还至牵屯山（今宁夏固原县西）染疾。宇文泰知自己病重，派人急招侄儿宇文护，宇文护赶到泾州（今甘肃泾川北），宇文泰已经病危，托孤于宇文护：“我的儿子都还年幼，今外寇方强，国家之事，由你决定，宜努力以完成我的志向。”不久，卒于云阳（今陕西泾阳西北），年五十岁，葬于成陵（今陕西省富平县北），谥号文公。
是年十月，泰子觉嗣位，为太师、大冢宰，宇文护辅政。次年，宇文觉称帝，是为孝闵帝，北周开始。
宇文泰一生，正处在由乱到治的历史转捩点，他能够在纷繁复杂的历史条件下，观时而变，顺乎历史发展的潮流，终至取威定霸，转弱为强，南清江汉，西克巴蜀，北控沙漠，奠定了北周王朝之基础。他在位时所颁行的兵制、选官之法等等更是开隋唐政治制度之渊源，宇文泰的功业可谓盛矣，堪称是中国历史上继孝文帝元宏之后的又一位少数民族杰出人物。
(507～556) 中国北魏名将，西魏军统帅，军事家。字黑獭，代郡武川（今内蒙古武川西）人，鲜卑族。年轻时随父参加鲜卑族起义鲜于修礼起义军，继归葛荣，后投靠北魏尔朱荣。参与镇压义军，授武卫将军、征西将军。北魏分裂后，任西魏太师、大丞相、柱国大将军。他治军整肃，深谋远虑，善于用间。西魏大统三年(537)正月，采纳直事郎中宇文深建议，以近万锐卒，潜出小关（陕西古潼关南侧），出其不意地击败东魏骁将窦泰军，俘万余人。十月，在沙苑之战中，他先遣将侦察，后从容设伏，大获全胜，俘东魏高欢军7万余人，除选留2万士卒外，余均释放。在东西魏战争中，指挥作战数十次，多获胜利，为建立北周奠定了基础。他用苏绰、卢辩等，改革官制，推行“均田制”，使西魏经济得到发展，国力逐渐强盛。在此基础上，创立了“府兵制”，收编关陇毫族武装，建立由柱国、大将军、开府等逐级统领制度，扩大了兵源，加强了朝廷对军队的控制。这一兵制为后世沿用近200年，在中国古代兵制史上，占有重要地位。恭帝三年病逝。次年子宇文觉代魏，国号周，是为北周,追尊为文帝。
历史
宇文泰先世为东胡宇文部酋长。东汉末，宇文部加入鲜卑部落联盟，遂被鲜卑化，游牧于今内蒙古西拉木伦河上游。
北魏末年六镇起义中，宇文泰随父宇文肱加入鲜于修礼的起义队伍。起义被尔朱荣镇压后，宇文泰成为其部将贺拔岳麾下。永安三年（530年），北魏孝庄帝杀尔朱荣，但军权仍然操在尔朱氏手中。不久，尔朱氏败灭，高欢位居丞相，并由此掌权。北魏孝武帝密诏贺拔岳，欲以之牵制高欢。
永熙三年（534年）贺拔岳遇害，众推宇文泰为统帅。后上表北魏孝武帝，相约共扶王室，孝武帝遂下诏以宇文泰为大都督、雍州刺史兼尚书令。同年，宇文泰平定秦、陇，孝武帝封官为侍、骠骑大将军、开府仪同三司，关西大都督，略阳县公，地位仅次于高欢。是年十月，高欢另立元善见为帝，迁都于邺（今河北邺镇），是为东魏。北魏遂分裂。
孝武帝受制于宇文泰，心中不悦，不满溢于言表。永熙三年（534）十二月，宇文泰杀孝武帝，另立元宝炬为帝，是为西魏，而实际政权控制在泰手中。
宇文泰足智多谋，有很强的指挥能力。与东魏多次交锋，互有胜负。大统三年（537年）春，东魏进攻潼关，宇文泰大败之。秋，东魏十万人进沙苑（今陕西大荔），宇文泰以不满万人乘东魏军轻敌，亲自鸣鼓奋战，获得大胜，俘虏七万人。
宇文泰采取了和北攻南的政策，对于北方的突厥、柔然曾通好，但对于南朝则采取攻势，先后进占了益州和荆雍等地。
治国
经济上，劝课农桑，恢复了均田制。并注意屯田以资军用。曾采纳苏绰建议进行改革，制定了公文格式，以朱色、墨色区别财政支出与收入，定出户籍册和胪列次年课役大数的计帐制度。大统十三年的计帐，在敦煌石室里有残卷保存下来。后又针对地方官员制定六条诏书：清心、敦教化、尽地利、擢贤良、恤狱讼、均赋役。
又改革军队统辖系统，建立府兵制，以扩大兵源。这个制度为隋唐所沿用。形式上采取鲜卑旧八部制，立八柱国，实为六军。每个柱国大将军下设有两个大将军，共12个大将军；每个大将军下有两个开府，共24个开府；每个开府下有两个仪同，共48个仪同；一个仪同领兵千人。这样，六柱国合计有兵四万八千人左右。这就是历史上著名的府兵。
政治上，宇文泰实行以德治教化为主，法治为辅的原则。法律上，主张不苛不暴，而“法不阿贵”。思想文化上，推崇儒学，曾在行台设学。俘虏王褒、宗懔等均受到礼遇。后又令卢辩仿周礼更改官制，实行北周六官制，甚至政府文告也要仿先秦体。
宇文泰恢复鲜卑旧姓，如恢复元氏为拓跋氏。而所将士卒也改从主将的胡姓。从形式上胡化一批的汉人。
子女
世宗 毓
宋献公 震
孝闵皇帝 觉
高祖 邕
齐炀王 宪
卫剌王 直
赵僭王 招
谯孝王 俭
陈惑王 纯
越野王 盛
代奰王 达
冀康公 通
滕闻王 逌
Masamitsu five years (524), breaking six-Korean border town of pulling Ling led the uprising in the fields and the town (now the five original counties northeast of Inner Mongolia) outbreak, then, the rebels capture general health can be isolated Wu Chuan Zhen. Soon, Wu Chuan Zhen in the junior officer Heba father-son, father Yuwen Yuwen Tai Wei brachial other Xisha can be alone, surrendered to the government. That time, the Northern Wei Dynasty to the suppression of the rebels Rouran Set to Kill, Rouran cavalry in the capture of six towns, the wanton looting destroyed six towns and famine caused serious famine in Northern Hebei government had to shift on the food. Yuwen Tai and his father and brother have been resettlement to the Hebei Boling (now Hebei Anping). Xiaochang years (526) the first month, Huai-Shuo Li Town, soldiers, led by North Korea to repair the town of displaced persons who left the city in Dingzhou (now Pei Tang County West) uprising, Yuwen, a team also participated in the uprising. However, people in the city on the way to the left, was defeated government forces, Yuwen brachial and oldest son, second son died, and his brother Luo Yuwen Tai students survived, into the fresh repair ceremony at the army. And repair ritual death, but also into the Ge Rongjun, by being appointed as generals. Real Problems failure, Er Zhurong fear Yuwen brothers have dissent, then asked for his crimes, punish Los students, Yuwen Tai generous statements before release to Er Zhurong on his guard against its hard. As Yuwen Tai and Yue Er Zhurong's Department will have the old Heba, Yue Wu Chuanjun also people with close ties to Thailand brachial father, therefore, be incorporated in the Heba Yuwen Tai Yue subordinates.
Wing three years (530) Spring, Er Zhurong to Seoul Zhu Tianguang as coach, Heba Mo Chen Yue Yue and Hou was Fushuai, shuaibing Guanlong to suppress the rebels. Yuwen Tai XiaoWei identity of infantry with mountain customs, due to active suppression of the rebels, General Zheng Xi tired to move, Jin Ziguang Paul doctor, by Yap 300, plus direct General Court, the original state of things row. Suppression of the uprising in the process of Guanlong, Yuwen Tai opportunity to expand their influence on the Answer to a patronizing, won the goodwill of many people. Is in September, Xiao Zhuang Emperor Heaven's Er Zhurong, but hold the power still lies in the hands of armies of Seoul Yun Gee. ZTE years (532) months, Seoul Zhu Tianguang to lead the troops back east soon, Seoul defeated Yun Gee off, daylight also killed. First, daylight East back, leaving younger brother was life guarding Chang, Heba with Yuwen Tai Yue design, Xi Qu Chang, Thailand Shuai Qingqi as a pioneer in times of Road and line, were life news report, abandoned the cities and the East to go to Hua Hin (now Shaanxi Dali), was captured Thai troops to catch up. And daylight die off in the only Heba Mo Chen Yue Hou Yue and two military blocs. In the same year, Professor Heba Yue Wei Di Kansai big firms to Taiwan to Yuwen Tai Yue Zuo Cheng for the line units, led the government Sima, Be specific, both in Thailand and Venezuela.
Er Zhurong of failure, the power of high-Huan also, Gao Huan, which, among the prime minister, holds to power. Xiaowu of this political situation is not satisfied by the Pang Chu, dense and Heba Yue-phase junction, like Yi Ping Yue in the strength to contain the Guanzhong Gao Huan. Early removal line Heba Yue Feng Jing Yi Jinyang Taiwan Lang (now Shanxi Taiyuan South), see Gao Huan, Jing Huan and drink blood for the oath, about and Yue became brothers, King also told Heba Yue, Gao Huan treacherous more than can safely be discounted. Sima's Yuwen Tai when the government since then make it Jinyang, to observe the high-Huan man, Ji Zhi, Gao Huan and I promised, agile eloquence, Huan want to stay in Thailand for its own use, Thailand Guci the back. Yuwen Tai back to Chang'an, on Heba Yue analysis of the situation at that time: "Gao Huan never willing to his courtiers, he had reason not to usurp the throne, is the fear in your brothers. As Mo Chen Yue Hou its people, but is Yong people just run into a good opportunity, only to high-ranking, the only worry-free state of mind, and not by the row of high-Huan avoid, if early preparations to take the easy. Hexi fee now also has control of the first chord of the do not ride the next million cups of summer prefectural governor suddenly pull Russia squad at 3000 Mi, Cao Ling prefectural governor mud, Hexi displaced knot pull beans Ling Li also the owner Tribes, divided loyalty to hope. Therefore, this example led his army to Long, briefly the crucial point, show them with prestige, service by morality, can receive their soldiers and horses, to enrich our military. West Series Di and Qiang, Northern ask Chasse, also army Chang, Kuang Fu Wei room, which is then Qi Huan, Jin-Wen move also. "Heba Yue listened very impressed, then send Yuwen Tai to Luoyang, see Hsiao-Wu, Chen secret intention Xiaowu overjoyed to hear, sealed to Bue general Yuwen Tai.
Yuwen Tai officially recognized by Emperor Xiao, immediately prepared to attack Mo Chen Yue Hou. First, the original state (rule Gaoping, this Guyuan) History of classified provincial governor, Su Yue are trusted to Heba, and Heba Yue death, actually vote on anti-Yue, Yue Bo and removal, safety and led troops into the sub-2000 history of the state to help return the original guarding. Therefore, Yuwen Tai Mo Chan Sung Hou first military governor sent handsome Qingqi 1000 raid of the original state, capture the history of go, Bo and security and so on and into the second, tied send Pingliang. Sectors in three years (534) March, Yuwen Tai tone hair armies, complete set of the original state, ready to attack Yue. In April, the military out of the narrow wood off (today Guyuan Southwest), coincided with major rain and snow, the ground snow two feet, Yuwen Tai Yue mood and know more than guess, then fold Road and line the base camp by surprise toward the water Los Angeles Yue ( Gansu Zhuanglang Dong Nam today). Yue Wen Thai military to, people keep leaving the water Los Angeles, led force since the surrender Lueyang (now Gansu Qin Andong North Long town). Luo Yuwen Tai Army to the water, garrison the drop rate of scooters that hundreds of Thai Ben Lueyang, then surrender the Gui Yue (modern Tianshui, Gansu). Prefectural governor when the South Qin Yue Lee Pil also the military, see Yue defeated trend has been set, is secretly sent messengers Yi-tai, please for the period should be. The night, Wyatt abandoned the cities and out of the military collapse in shock, have to lower his soldiers, Yuwen Tai Connivance of His Army Endeavor, a large broken Yue Jun, Yue only with children and under the command of dozens of riding Dunzou spiritual state, Yuwen Tai Ji Ling guarding the original state Yuwen lead block in front of attack on, he led an army military governor Heba Ying chase to pull Tuen Shan (now Guyuan West) to catch up, Mo Chen Yue Hou suicide in the wild. Subsequently, Yuwen Tai Youqian captaincy entrenched Bin Liu Liang capture state (rule set security, today Gansu County) and Sun Yue the party set children, grams. You Yi massive coercion, force, said Di Wang Reparations fan, sent his wife, son to mass. November, severance Li Hu, Li Cao crusade such as mud Bute, next year, Cao mud down, spiritual state suiping, Yuwen Tai resettlement of their despots put Xianyang (Shaanxi Xianyang Northeast) to enhance control.
Qin Yuwen Tai Binh Dinh, Long, the strength increased, Xiao Wu Di to Thailand for the sijung, 骠骑大将军, opened with three Secretaries of the government apparatus, Kansai viceroy, Lueyang public, Processed Feng Bai, become second only powerful people in high-Huan.
Sectors in three years (534) in May, from the army attack Takatake Di Yu Gao Huan, do the leaks, some high alert Huan, Emperor of filial piety in Junqiang Jun Wang Sizheng said: "Gao Huan's Cuanni heart, if it has been plain Jie, Luoyang Non useless, once they attack, it is difficult at Defense, Yuwen Tai feel the royal family, as to the relations, the virtue of the power of Yuwen Tai Gao Huan contend with. "Xiaowu deeply that it does. First, Qin Gang Long Ping, Xia Zhou Zhangshi persuaded Yuwen Tai was like a letter to Xiao Wu, resettlement were shut, the effect Cao Cao move, relying on the emperor to the nobility, Yuwen Tai accepted the advice, good high-Huan Results his letters are letters submitted Xiaowu to show loyalty to the royal heart. And the Emperor Yu Fa Xiao Gao Huan, Youqian viceroy, Buji 5000 Tun Yu Liang Yu rate of the Yellow River, Wei hekou Department, that solidarity, so that prefectural governor Qin Luo Qingqi 1000 into the super rate of Luoyang, and soon, Youqian viceroy Luoyang Jingji 1000 Li Xian collar. Therefore, when Emperor Xiao seek resettlement are related to the minister's opinion, up and down almost agreed. July Xiaowu then rate scooters through customs from Luoyang, relocation of the capital Chang'an, plus great general grant of Yuwen Tai, Yong prefectural governor, and Book of Order, the military state of affairs rests with Thailand set. Was October, a separate high-Huan Yuan Shan see emperor, migration, both in Ye (Ye this town southwest of Hebei linzhang), Northern division.
Great system for three years in July, Yuwen Tai set armies in Xianyang, in August, the rate of the whole army in Tongguan declared martial law military regulations, not greedy for money underestimate the enemy, not for prestige in the people, fighting with the enemy, Yongming the reward of escape Slaughter of all. Through this reorganization, the military's combat strength has greatly increased Western Wei, and soon, Gao Huan rate of 200,000 troops to invade and Western Wei to win with fewer in Shayuan (now Huayin County, Shaanxi Province) defeated Gao Huan, enemy prisoner eight thousand people .
Datong nine (543) in February, thousands of high-Huan Jiang Bing, crossed the Yellow River, according to Mang Shan (now Luoyang Northwest) array, Yuwen Tai led the attack, war in Mang mountain, defeated, his soldiers lost 60 000 people, after years of operating losses built up an army half. At that time, Xianbei Guanlong limited number of areas, no longer possible to add a large number of troops, therefore, Mangshan of the war, Yuwen Tai began to absorb soldiers from the Han middle of March, announced the recruitment of armed Guanlong region despotic landlords. Northern Wei Dynasty in the uprising of Guanlong, despotic landlords to protect their own interests, organize rural soldiers, Wei East and West division, these landlords do not disband armed, still controlled by the despotic hands. Yuwen Tai Kwong raise despotic to charge through the Military of this measure, these scattered rural armed soldiers into the central part of the army, the Government chose Guanlong area to head a prestigious figure to not only strengthen the central control of the military weakened local forces since the end of Wei, Wu Chuanjun has promoted the group and the joint Guanlong landlords. Since then, the big system 16 years (550), has further expanded the targeted recruitment of the land equalization for all households, so that Western Wei Han army to further increase the proportion of soldiers.
Fu Bing's predecessor, from Heba Yue Wu Chuanjun group, Hou Li Mo Chen Yuejun group of Bute into the Army and with the Emperor Xiao Wei Old Guard-related travel ban on three parts, these are the Descent of the military forces, in particular, Wu Chuanjun group, formerly known as Six Town Xianbei, mostly Tuoba family members, with the Tuoba feudal family, their status declined, so they took part in the six towns and Hebei uprising uprising; However, they incorrectly that is the finished result of their decline in status, but not the finished and the inevitable progress of history, tried to return to the original tribal relations to, Yuwen Tai Wu Chuanjun origin groups, psychological well aware of this. Therefore, when the establishment of Fu Bing, on the use of the Xianbei original tribal organization, that eight of the system, as a blueprint for the preparation of the new army. In the relationship between soldiers and officers, to keep the old clan ties Xianbei. Emperor Gong of Western Wei Dynasty (554) on, he inherited Xianbei 36 active Zhujiang countries and 90 Jiuxing, in addition to some general already Xianbei compound surname of no change with the addition, those who have already restructured will compound surname in the Wo The generals then changed to a single name again changed to a hyphenated name, has always been using Chinese characters or Chinese characters, then give to Xianbei surname, Ono's surname as Li Hu, Lee Pil surname only Ho, Gui-surname B. Freund, Yang Zhong surname Pu 6 Ru's, where the soldiers led by chief commander of the Xianbei tailor their surname for their own name.
Great system for seven years (541) in September, Yuwen Tai Chuo drafted by the enactment of the six edict, "first the mind, London enlightenment, do location, pull out virtuous, shirt prison defendants, all Taxes and." In November, has issued 12 new system, and large system the first year (535) March 24 issued by the new system together, a total of 36. 6 edict and the new system are very broad, including political, economic, ideological and cultural aspects, and accordingly a series of measures taken.
Yuwen Tai in the economy on the basis of Confucian teaching of traditional values after getting rich first, and actively urged Agriculture as reward cropping, and has accordingly developed a number of measures taken. The first is to be destroyed in the Surroundings recover, so that those due to land acquisition, war, natural disasters and loss of land, farmers living in a foreign land and land back together, so as to farmers to the production conditions. Western Wei Surroundings of land deeds, rent to reconcile differences between the Northern Wei though, but not significantly, but changes in service system on more of the military age, time, number of people have been redefined. Military service age from 15 years of age when the Northern Wei to 18 years of age; service time is determined according to harvest yield forecasting, harvest no more than a month, not more than two late middle age, not more than 10 days next year, so that a significant length of civilian service shortening; number of provisions on the farm household are limited to one service, to avoid excessive use of their resources, impede agricultural production. Meanwhile, Yuwen Tai also enacted the household registration system and the billing system, that is scheduled next year lord billing estimates of law, in order to send a more reasonable levy taxes on the populace, but also the length of silk uniform regulations to 40 feet for the 1.
After six decree enacted, Yuwen Tai officials at all levels to make learning to recite to provide for barrier six and billing of law shall not be official, to ensure the implementation of these measures, refresh the Western Wei political generation.
Great Commission 17 years (552), Hou Jing Defeat, the seventh son of Emperor Xiao Yi in Gangneung (now Hubei Jiangling County) became the emperor, is Liangyuan Di. Not in the Hou Jing Xiao Yi Ping ago, had to concede defeat in the Western Wei and Western Wei entered into covenant; Western Wei to Jingling (now Hubei Qianjiang Southwest), Liang Anlu (now Hubei Anlu) as a boundary, please the client, and sent to the proton. After both the emperor not to concede defeat, Yuwen Yuwen Tai sent envoys asking engaged Ninu to Gangneung, Liang Yuandi to Yuwen Ninu said beam has unity, Western Wei should share beam, benefits, etc. return Xiangyang Liang. Ninu Yuwen Yuwen Tai was also reported after the Thai that already achieved beam, benefits, and further regulations should be taken Jianghan, nephew Xiao Xiao Yi happens at this time the police entry into the Western Wei, the request sent troops to attack unravel. So the first year of Emperor Gong of Western Wei (554) in September, Yuwen Tai lives in like, Yuwen care and other rate Buji 50000, attack Gangneung. November, city break, Liangyuan Di was killed, Wei Jiangling people selected more than ten 10 000 men and women, drive go off, only to leave an empty city police Hsiao same time the original control Yongzhou Liang Chen Wei Western Wei for reverted counties, so that Western Wei's territory extended to this Sichuan, Hubei area.
Yuwen Tai reform and the establishment of Military System in Medieval Bureaucracy is also the same, with rich retro colors, but the former is from the Han to find the basis of ancient society, which is Xianbeis tribal inspiration. Yuwen Tai ancient restructured through this trust, to put on a formal rule of their own coat, to show to the people, not usurp power pseudo Yuwen Shi, cancel the psychological barriers between nations. In Fubing, then by Xianbei of, take care of Xianbei feelings, devoid of Fu Bing in the national boundaries. Yuwen Tai Through these reforms, to strengthen the rule base.
Emperor Gong of Western Wei Dynasty three years (556) April, Yuwen Tai North Tour, in August, crossing the North River (now the territory of his country to River in Inner Mongolia), in September, but also to pull Tuen Shan (now Guyuan County West) Those who are sick. Yuwen Tai know own serious illness, sent Jizhao nephew Yuwen care, Yuwen state care went to Jing (now Gansu Jing Chuan North), Yuwen Tai has been in critical condition, Tuogu in Yuwen care: "My son is still young, this Waikou Fang Qiang, the state of things to you, should strive to complete my ambition. "Soon, died Yunyang (now northwestern Shaanxi Jingyang), five years old, buried into the tomb (now North Fuping County of Shaanxi Province) , posthumous name wengong.
(507 ~ 556) of China Northern star, Western Wei army commander, strategist. Word black otter, Dai Jun Wuchuan (now Inner Mongolia, Sichuan Wu) who Xianbei. Young father to participate in the repair of fresh uprising Xianbei ceremony rebels, following the return Real Problems, then seek refuge with the Northern Wei Er Zhurong. Volunteers to participate in repression, granted Bue General, Zheng Xi, General. After splitting the Northern Wei, Western Wei Grand Preceptor of any large prime minister, Zhu Guo major general. His military purge, foresight, good at room. Western Wei Datong three years (537) the first month, the adoption of direct dark matter doctor Yuwen proposal to nearly ten thousand Ruicu, a small submarine off (Shaanxi ancient Tongguan south), Eastern Wei Xiao Qiang Dou Taijun surprise defeat, prisoners thousand. October, in Shayuan war, he will advance reconnaissance, after calm had laid an ambush, victory, capture the Eastern Wei Gao Huan Jun 7 million people, left 20,000 soldiers have to risk than the election, the remaining were released. Wei East-West war, battle command and dozens more were victories laid the foundation for the establishment of the Northern Zhou Dynasty. He Chuo, Lu argued so Bureaucracy reform, implementation of the "Land System" so that Western Wei to develop the economy, national power became strong and prosperous. On this basis, the creation of the "Mansion Army System", incorporated by armed ethnic Guanlong cents, established by the Zhu Guo, great generals, such as step by step guide to open government, to expand the manpower, strengthening the control of the military court. The Military System in use for the past 200 years later, in the history of ancient Chinese Military System, occupies an important position. Emperor Gong of three died. Son Yuwen Jue Wei on behalf of the following year, the country week for Zhou, Zhuizun to Wen.
Revolt of the Northern Wei Dynasty six towns, Yuwen Yuwen Tai father repair the brachial adding little ceremony in the rebellion. Er Zhurong uprising was crushed, Yuwen Tai Yue to become his department under the command will Heba. Wing three years (530 years), Northern Wei Xiao Zhuang Tai kill Er Zhurong, but military power remains firmly with the hands in Seoul Yun Gee. Soon, Seoul defeated Yun Gee destroyed, Gao Huan ranked prime minister, and thus power. North Weixiao Wu Tai Mizhaoheba Yue, trying to use the check Gao Huan.
Yuwen Tai resourceful, has a strong ability to command. Numerous encounters with the Eastern Wei Dynasty, had successes and losses. Great system for three years (537 years) spring offensive Tongguan Eastern Wei, Yuwen Tai defeated the. Autumn, thousands of people into the complanatus Eastern Wei (now of drinking), Yuwen Tai to unhappy people underestimate the enemy by Tung Wei, personally sounding drum battle, won a resounding victory, captured seven people.
Economically, urged Agriculture as to restore the Land System. And attention are provided for military Tuntian. Has adopted the reform proposals Nassau Chuo, set document format to vermilion, the black color difference between expenditure and revenue, set household registration book and set out the following year, large numbers of the billing system of course labor. Big Ten three-year accounting system, there is room in the Dunhuang Stone Fragment preserved. After six edict against local officials to develop: a pure heart, London enlightenment, do location, pull out virtuous, shirt prison defendants, all Taxes and.
Yuwen Tai recovery Xianbei old name, such as the restoration of Yuanshi to Tuoba. The Institute will also change his soldiers from the Lord of the surname Hu. Hu from the form of a number of Han Chinese.
宋献公 earthquake
Qi Yang Wang Xian
Wang Jian Xiao Qiao
King reached on behalf of 奰