| 字： | 黑獺 | ||||||
| 網筆號： | 文皇帝 | ||||||
| 廟號： | 太祖 | ||||||
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北周的實際創建者。小字黑獺（一作黑泰）。其先出於匈奴，自後燕歸魏，徙居武川（今內蒙古武川西）。泰子宇文覺稱帝後，追尊為太祖，謚文帝。北魏末年六鎮起義中，宇文泰參加鮮於修禮和葛榮的起義軍。爾朱榮鎮壓葛榮後，宇文泰隨例遷晉陽，隸爾朱榮部將賀拔嶽麾下。永安三年（530）爾朱天光、賀拔嶽入關中鎮壓萬俟醜奴起義，宇文泰從賀拔嶽平定關隴。爾朱氏失敗後，高歡命賀拔嶽為關西大行臺，宇文泰是他的有力輔佐。永熙三年（534）黨於高歡的侯莫陳悅在平涼（今屬甘肅平涼西南）殺死賀拔嶽，宇文泰繼統其軍衆，擊敗侯莫陳悅，東進據長安。魏孝武帝與高歡不睦，入關就宇文泰，任命其為大將軍、雍州刺史兼尚書令。次年，宇文泰殺孝武帝，立元寶炬為帝（文帝），改元大統，是為西魏，政權實際掌握在宇文泰手中。
宇文泰善於謀略和指揮。在軍事上主要依靠來自北鎮尤其是武川的鎮人，他們以後又成為西魏、北周政治上的支柱。宇文泰與東魏多次作戰，互有勝負。大統三年（537）春，東魏攻潼關，宇文泰率精銳出潼關左面的小關，攻其不備，大敗東魏軍，東魏大將竇泰自殺。秋間，東魏十萬人進至沙苑（今陝西大荔南），宇文泰以不滿萬人的弱勢兵力，乘東魏軍輕敵不為行列，親自鳴鼓奮戰，獲得大勝，俘虜七萬人。西魏軍曾兩次進到洛陽。九年邙山之戰，宇文泰率軍黑夜登山進擊，高歡僅而獲免。次日再戰，宇文泰軍不利退還。西魏財力兵力都不如東魏，軍事上以守勢為主，如玉壁城（今山西稷山西南）曾多次抵抗東魏來攻。西魏的東境，大體與東魏以黃河為界。
為了集中力量與東魏爭強，宇文泰與柔然妥協，以鞏固北邊。西魏文帝娶柔然公主為皇后，並廢原來的皇后為尼，最後賜死，以取悅於柔然。對於突厥，亦曾遣使通好。但宇文泰對南朝則采取攻勢，先後奪取了益州和荊雍之地。廢帝二年（553）他計劃伐梁武陵王蕭紀於蜀，而衆議畏縮。衹有尉遲迥認為蜀與北方隔絶一百多年，恃險自守，如以鐵騎急行襲擊，定無不剋。宇文泰遂遣尉遲迥從散關進軍，圍成都五旬，取得勝利。次年，宇文泰利用梁元帝蕭繹（據荊州）與蕭（據雍州）叔侄間矛盾，和蕭繹的懦而無謀，多疑少斷，派於謹、宇文護率軍五萬進攻江陵。經過激戰得勝，虜獲大量財寶，又取百姓男女數萬口為奴婢，驅歸長安。立蕭為梁王，自襄陽徙鎮江陵，成為西魏政權控製下的傀儡，史稱後梁。宇文泰註意屯田以資軍國之用，同時十分關心行政效率，大統元年采納蘇綽建議進行改革。他製定了公文格式，以朱色、墨色區別財政支出與收入，定出戶籍册和臚列次年課役大數的計帳制度。大統十三年的計帳殘捲，在敦煌石室裏保存下來。大統七年，蘇綽又製定地方官必須遵守的六條詔書：清心、敦教化、盡地利、擢賢良、恤獄訟、均賦役。宇文泰很重視這個六條，置座右，並規定不通六條、不能造計帳者不得任地方大小長官。他建立府兵製，擴大了兵源，這一制度為隋唐所沿襲。他還曾在行臺設學，命所屬官員日間辦公，夜晚學習。對於儒士表示尊敬，從江陵俘來的王褒、宗懍等受到禮遇，又聽從庾季纔的話，放免被俘為奴婢的梁人數千口。以後又命令盧辯仿照周禮更改官製，甚至政府文告也要仿先秦文體。復古的另一表現是恢復鮮卑舊姓。北魏初年三十六國、九十九姓的後裔在西魏大都滅絶，宇文泰於是恢復元氏為拓跋氏，已改復姓為單姓者一律復舊；而且命令漢族部將資歷高者襲三十六姓，次者襲九十九姓，所將士卒也改從主將的鬍姓。他們形式上成為一批鬍化了的漢人。
宇文泰的先世是東鬍族宇文部的酋長，東漢末年，宇文部加入鮮卑檀石槐部落聯盟，遂亦鮮卑化，遊牧於今內蒙古西拉木倫河上遊地區。西晉末年，部落強盛，自稱單於，從陰山南遷，居於遼西。四世紀中期，被鮮卑慕容部所滅，慕容皝遷宇文部五千餘落於昌黎（今遼寧朝陽市），一些宇文部貴族遂先後入仕前燕、後燕政權，宇文泰高祖陵即仕於後燕，拜駙馬都尉，封玄菟公。皇始元年（396）八月，北魏太祖拓跋圭領軍進攻燕都中山（今河北定縣），燕軍大敗，次年十月，魏軍剋中山，後燕將吏士卒降者二萬餘人，宇文陵亦率甲騎五百降魏，拜都牧主。天興元年（398）十二月，北魏徙六州二十二郡豪傑於代都平城（今山西大同市）一帶，以加強控製，宇文陵也隨之遷武川，遂世居武川。
正光五年（524），破六韓拔陵領導的邊鎮起義在沃野鎮（今內蒙古五原縣東北）爆發，隨後，起義軍大將衛可孤攻下武川鎮。不久，武川鎮中下級軍官賀拔嶽父子，宇文泰父宇文肱等襲殺衛可孤，投降政府。其時，北魏王朝嚮柔然藉兵鎮壓起義軍，柔然騎兵在攻下六鎮後，大肆掠奪破壞，致使六鎮饑荒嚴重，北魏政府衹得移饑民於河北就食。宇文泰和其父、兄也被徙到河北博陵（今河北安平）。孝昌二年（526）正月，懷朔鎮鎮兵鮮於修禮率領北鎮流民於定州左人城（今河北唐縣西）起義，宇文一傢亦參加了起義隊伍。但在前往左人城途中，被政府軍擊敗，宇文肱及其長子、次子陣亡，宇文泰與其兄洛生幸免於難，入鮮於修禮軍中。及修禮死，又入葛榮軍中，被任為將帥。葛榮失敗後，爾朱榮懼宇文兄弟有異心，遂托以他罪，誅洛生，宇文泰慷慨陳述，纔釋去爾朱榮對他的戒心，免遭其難。由於宇文泰與爾朱榮的部將賀拔嶽有舊，嶽亦是武川軍人，與泰父肱關係甚密，因此，宇文泰被收編在賀拔嶽部下。
永安三年（530）春，爾朱榮以爾朱天光為主帥，賀拔嶽和侯莫陳悅為副帥，率兵前往鎮壓關隴起義軍。宇文泰以步兵校尉的身份隨嶽入關，因鎮壓起義軍有功纍遷至徵西將軍、金紫光祿大夫，增邑三百戶，加直閣將軍、行原州事。在鎮壓關隴起義的過程中，宇文泰乘機擴大自己的影響，對吏民施以恩惠，羸得了不少人的好感。是年九月，孝莊帝誅殺爾朱榮，但大權仍操在握有大軍的爾朱氏手中。中興二年（532）月，爾朱天光領兵東返，不久，爾朱氏敗滅，天光亦被殺。先是，天光東返，留弟顯壽鎮守長安，賀拔嶽用宇文泰計，襲取長安，泰帥輕騎為先鋒，倍道兼行，顯壽聞報，棄城東走，至華陰（今陝西大荔），被泰軍追及擒獲。及天光死，關中衹剩下賀拔嶽與侯莫陳悅兩個軍事集團。同年，魏帝授賀拔嶽為關西大行臺，嶽以宇文泰為行臺左丞，領府司馬，事無巨細，皆委之於泰。
爾朱榮之敗，高歡之力也，高歡亦由此而位居丞相，秉掌大權。孝武帝對這種政由旁出的局面很不滿意，密與賀拔嶽相結，想依憑嶽在關中的實力來牽製高歡。初，賀拔嶽遣行臺郎馮景詣晉陽（今山西太原市南）見高歡，歡與景歃血為誓，約與嶽結為兄弟，景還，告訴賀拔嶽，高歡姦詐有餘，不可輕信。時為府司馬的宇文泰自請使晉陽，以觀察高歡為人，既至，與高歡口答應對，敏捷雄辯，歡欲留泰為己用，泰固辭而返。宇文泰回到長安，對賀拔嶽分析了當時形勢：“高歡决不甘於為臣下者，他之所以還沒有篡奪皇位，是憚於你們兄弟二人。至於侯莫陳悅其人，不過是個庸人，衹是碰上了好機會，纔得以居高位，其既無憂國之心，也就不為高歡所排忌，衹要早作準備，取之不難。如今河西費也頭有控弦之騎不下一萬，夏州刺史斛拔彌俄突擁兵三千，靈州刺史曹泥、河西流民紇豆陵拔利也各擁部衆，心懷異望。因此，今如引軍嚮隴，扼其要害，示之以威，服之以德，即可收其兵馬，充實我軍。西輯氐、羌，北撫沙塞，還軍長安，匡輔魏室，這正是當年齊桓、晉文之舉也。”賀拔嶽聽了非常佩服，遂派宇文泰到洛陽見孝武帝，密陳其打算，孝武帝聽後大喜，加封宇文泰為武衛將軍。
永熙二年（533）八月，孝武帝授賀拔嶽為都督雍、華等二十州諸軍事、雍州刺史。嶽以牧馬為名，引兵西屯平涼（今甘肅華亭西），除靈州刺史曹泥依附於高歡外，費也頭萬俟受洛幹、夏州刺史斛拔彌俄突、河西流民紇豆陵伊利等皆歸附於嶽，秦、南秦、河、渭四州刺史也來到平涼，受嶽節度。是年，賀拔嶽以夏州（治岩緑，今內蒙古烏審旗南白城子）邊塞要地，欲派得力之人為刺史，在衆人的極力推舉下，以宇文泰為使持節、武衛將軍、夏州刺史。宇文泰到州後，撫慰流民，結好少數民族，很快控製了夏州局勢。
永熙三年（534）春正月，賀拔嶽準備討伐曹泥，遣都督趙貴到夏州與宇文泰商議此事，宇文泰認為：曹泥雖然依附高歡，但靈州（治今寧夏靈武西南）不過孤城一座，未足為憂，值得擔心的是侯莫陳悅，貪而無信，必然為患，應盡早謀取之。賀拔嶽沒有聽從宇文泰的意見，堅持己見，與侯莫陳悅共同出兵伐曹泥。然悅早已受高歡密旨，出兵途中，藉口商議軍事，誘嶽入營殺之。
賀拔嶽死後，軍中無人統帥，人心離散，在大都督趙貴的建議下，衆人共推宇文泰為統帥，派杜朔周星夜奔夏州告之。宇文泰聞訊，即率帳下輕騎馳赴平涼，為防事變，令杜朔周帥衆先據彈箏峽（今甘肅平涼西北）。宇文泰行至安定（今甘肅涇川北），正遇高歡派來招撫賀拔嶽部衆的侯景，宇文泰以言語折之，辭氣俱下，侯景不敢前往平涼，中途而歸。先是，孝武帝正將謀取高歡，聞賀拔嶽被害，遣武衛將軍元毗為使前往宣旨撫慰，並調嶽所領部衆還洛陽，及元毗到平涼，宇文泰已被衆將推為統帥。
宇文泰統領嶽軍後，一面命諸軍戒嚴，準備進討侯莫陳悅，一面上表孝武帝，並與元毗及諸將刑牲盟誓，相約共扶王室，孝武帝遂下詔以宇文泰為大都督，統領嶽所部人馬。
宇文泰得到孝武帝的正式承認後，立即準備進攻侯莫陳悅。先是，原州（治高平，今寧夏固原）刺史史歸，素為賀拔嶽所親信，及賀拔嶽死，竟反投於悅，悅遣王伯和、成次安領兵二千助史歸鎮守原州。因此，宇文泰首先派都督侯莫陳崇帥輕騎一千奔襲原州，擒史歸、王伯和及成次安等，縛送平涼。永熙三年（534）三月，宇文泰調發諸軍，畢集原州，準備攻悅。四月，軍出木狹關（今寧夏固原西南），正逢大雨雪，平地積雪二尺，宇文泰知悅怯而多猜，遂倍道兼行，出其不意直撲悅之大本營水洛城（今甘肅莊浪東南）。悅聞泰軍至，留萬人守水洛城，自領大軍退保略陽（今甘肅秦安東北隴城鎮）。宇文泰軍到水洛，守軍出降，泰即率輕騎數百奔略陽，悅又退保上邽（今甘肅天水）。時南秦州刺史李弼亦在悅軍中，見悅敗勢已定，乃暗中派使者詣泰，請為內應。其夜，悅棄城出，軍中驚潰，士卒紛紛來降，宇文泰縱兵奮擊，大破悅軍，悅僅與子弟及麾下數十騎遁走靈州，宇文泰急令鎮守原州的宇文導在前面堵擊，又以都督賀拔穎領一軍尾追，至牽屯山（今寧夏固原西）追及，侯莫陳悅自殺於野。隨後，宇文泰又遣都督劉亮攻取盤踞豳州（治定安，今甘肅寧縣）的悅黨孫定兒，剋之。又以重兵威逼，迫使氐王楊紹先稱藩，送妻、子為質。十一月，遣李虎、李弼等討伐曹泥，明年，曹泥降，靈州遂平，宇文泰徙其豪強置於鹹陽（今陝西鹹陽東北），以加強控製。
宇文泰平定秦、隴後，實力增強，孝武帝以泰為侍中、驃騎大將軍、開府儀同三司，關西大都督，略陽縣公，承製封拜，成為僅次於高歡的有力人物。
永熙三年（534）五月，孝武帝欲起兵伐高歡，事泄，高歡有所戒備，中軍將軍王思政對孝武帝說：“高歡的篡逆之心，已昭然若揭，洛陽非用武之地，一旦遭到進攻，難以守禦，宇文泰心存王室，不如前往關中，憑藉宇文泰的力量與高歡抗衡。”孝武帝深以為然。先是，秦、隴剛平，夏州長史於謹曾勸宇文泰上書孝武帝，徙都關中，效曹操之舉，挾天子以令諸侯，宇文泰接受了這一意見，將高歡結好自己的書信都封交孝武帝，以示忠於王室之心。及孝武帝欲伐高歡，又遣大都督梁禦率步騎五千屯於黃河、渭水合口處，以為聲援，令秦州刺史駱超率輕騎一千入洛陽，不久，又遣大都督李賢領精騎一千赴洛陽。因此，當孝武帝嚮大臣徵詢徙都關中的意見時，上下幾乎都表示同意。七月，孝武帝遂從洛陽率輕騎入關，遷都長安，加授宇文泰大將軍、雍州刺史，兼尚書令，軍國之政，皆由泰定。是年十月，高歡另立元善見稱帝，徙都於鄴（今河北臨漳西南鄴鎮），北魏分裂。
初，孝武帝與高歡有隙，畏歡權重，欲結援宇文泰，藉泰之力量擊歡，及徙都長安，政由泰出，仍受製於人，心中不悅，與宇文泰漸生嫌隙，不滿之情溢於言表。永熙三年（534）十二月，宇文泰以毒酒害死孝武帝，立元寶炬為帝，是為西魏文帝，明年正月，文帝於長安城西即位，改元大統，宇文泰為丞相、都督中外諸軍事、大行臺，軍政大事盡出於泰手。從此，北魏分為東魏和西魏，高歡與宇文泰皆居相位，軍國大事總屬相府，成為實際的統治者，元氏皇帝不過是傀儡而已。
西魏立國後，形勢極為險峻，其時，天下三分，東有高歡大軍壓境，南有蕭梁不時構釁。尤其是高歡，視西魏為勁敵，急欲將其扼殺於襁褓之中，而東西魏力量對比又十分懸殊，東魏地廣國富，人口逾二千萬，兵強馬壯，高歡能調動的軍隊不下二十萬；西魏地狹國貧，人口不滿千萬，宇文泰直接掌握的軍隊不過三萬餘人。同時，西魏立國之初，關中即遭大饑，人心浮動。宇文泰也看到了這種形勢，大統元年（535）三月，他命各衙署斟酌古今以來的治國經驗，且可以用於現實者，製訂頒行了二十四條新製。並提拔了武功大姓蘇綽為大行臺左丞，參與機密，擬訂治國大綱，革新政治。
宇文泰首先進行的是改革軍製，建立府兵制度。
大統三年（537），宇文泰開始整軍。先是，東魏連年入侵，永熙三年（524）八月，高歡帥師攻剋潼關，進逼華陰（今陝西華陰西南）；大統元年（525）春正月，東魏大行臺尚書司馬子如率軍再攻潼關，見宇文泰已有準備，遂揮師攻華州（治華山，今陝西華縣），賴著刺史王羆的拚力死戰，纔打退了東魏進攻；大統二年三月，高歡又親率萬騎襲取夏州，徙五千戶而歸。不久，又襲取靈州，徙五千戶而歸；大統三年正月，高歡又領軍屯蒲阪（今山西永濟縣蒲州鎮），於黃河上架設浮橋，準備渡河攻潼關。高歡恃戎馬之強，年年進攻西魏，雖然未曾得手，但宇文泰知道，長此下去，實力處於劣勢的西魏必然難以支持，當務之急，是要提高士氣，增強戰鬥力，開拓兵源，擴充軍隊。
大統三年七月，宇文泰集諸軍於鹹陽，八月，率之於潼關整軍，宣佈軍法軍規，不得貪財輕敵，不得作威於百姓，與敵作戰，用命則賞之，逃脫皆戮之。通過這次整頓，西魏軍隊的戰鬥力大大提高，不久，高歡率二十萬大軍入侵，西魏以少勝多，在沙苑（今陝西華陰縣境內）大敗高歡，俘敵八萬餘人。
隨著軍隊素質的提高，宇文泰又進一步擴充軍隊，壯大軍事力量。初，宇文泰在接受賀拔嶽的以武川兵戶為骨幹的軍團時，這一軍團人數不過數千人，擊敗侯莫陳悅後，其大將李弼擁衆萬人來歸，以後，跟隨孝武帝元修入關的由鮮卑族人組成的北魏宿衛禁旅也有近萬人，合起來，宇文泰掌握的軍隊約有近三萬人，分別由十二個將軍率領。沙苑之役後，又通過收編降軍等不斷補充，人數漸漸增多，到大統八年（542）三月，正式建立六軍，時已有兵約十萬人。
大統九年（543）二月，高歡將兵十萬，渡過黃河，據邙山（今河南洛陽西北）列陣，宇文泰領軍擊之，戰於邙山，大敗，士卒損失六萬餘人，經過數年經營建立起來的一支軍隊損失大半。而當時關隴地區的鮮卑族人數有限，不可能再大量補充軍隊，因此，邙山之戰後，宇文泰開始從漢族中間吸收兵員，三月，宣佈徵募關隴地區的豪強地主武裝。在北魏末年的關隴起義中，豪強地主為了維護自己的利益，組織鄉兵，東西魏分立後，這些地主武裝並沒有解散，仍然控製在豪強手中。宇文泰通過廣募豪強以充軍旅這一措施，把這些分散的鄉兵武裝變成中央軍隊的一部分，由政府選擇關隴地區有名望的人物來統領，從而，既加強了中央對軍隊的控製，削弱了魏末以來的地方勢力，又促進了武川軍人集團與關隴地主的聯合。此後，到大統十六年（550），又進一步把徵兵對象擴大為所有的均田戶，這樣，西魏軍隊中漢族士兵的比重進一步增加。
同時，宇文泰又對軍隊統轄係統進行改革，形式上采取鮮卑舊日的八部之製，立八柱國。除宇文泰自己在大統三年（537）由西魏文帝任命為柱國大將軍、都督中外諸軍事，為西魏軍隊的實際統帥外，又在大統十四年（548）任命西魏宗室廣陵王元欣為柱國大將軍，但僅挂虛名，並無實權，另任命趙貴、李虎、李弼、於謹、獨孤信、侯莫陳崇六人為柱國大將軍，實際統率六軍。每個柱國大將軍下有兩個大將軍，共十二大將軍；每個大將軍下有兩個開府，共二十四開府；每個開府下有兩個儀同，共四十八儀同；一個儀同領兵約千人，一個開府領兵兩千，一個大將軍領兵四千，一個柱國大將軍領兵八千，六柱國合計有兵四萬八千人左右，這支軍隊，就是歷史上所說的府兵。
府兵的前身，由賀拔嶽的武川軍團、侯莫陳悅軍團中的李弼軍團以及隨孝武帝入關的北魏宿衛禁旅這三部分組成，這些軍隊都是鮮卑化的軍隊，尤其是武川軍團，前身是六鎮鮮卑，大都是拓跋族成員，隨著拓跋族的封建化，他們的地位下降，因此，他們參加了六鎮起義和河北起義；但是，他們又錯誤地認為是漢化導致他們的地位下降，而看不到漢化是歷史的進步和必然，竭力想回覆到原來的氏族部落關係中去，宇文泰出身武川軍團，對這種心理十分瞭解。因此，在建立府兵時，就采用了鮮卑族原有的部落組織，即八部之製，作為編製新軍的藍本。在士兵和軍官之間的關係上，保持鮮卑舊日的氏族關係。西魏恭帝元年（554），又以有功諸將繼承鮮卑三十六國及九十九姓，除有的將領本來就用鮮卑復姓的不予更動外，那些已經在太和改製時將復姓改為單姓的將領則重新改為復姓，已采用漢姓或本來就是漢姓的，則賜以鮮卑姓，如李虎賜姓大野氏、李弼賜姓徒何氏、趙貴賜姓乙弗氏、楊忠賜姓普六茹氏，凡所統領的士兵皆以他們主將的鮮卑姓為自己的姓氏。
宇文泰藉用氏族部落的血緣紐帶來組織府兵，使官兵之間蒙上了一層宗族的親密色彩，以搞好將領和士兵間的結合，提高府兵的戰鬥力。事實上，府兵的組成，並沒有也不可能真正倒退到氏族關係中去，但由於這種兵製多少帶有一些過去部落兵製的色彩，因此從那些曾經淪落為兵戶的六鎮鮮卑來看，身份提高了，地位改善了，從而使府兵的戰鬥力也增強了。
大統七年（541）九月，宇文泰頒行了由蘇綽起草的六條詔書，“先治心，敦教化，盡地利，擢賢良，恤獄訟，均賦役”。十一月，又頒布了十二條新製，和大統元年（535）三月頒布的二十四條新製合在一起，共三十六條。六條詔書和這些新製的內容十分廣泛，包括政治、經濟、思想、文化各個方面，並據此而采取了一係列措施。
在政治上宇文泰奉行以德治教化為主，法治為輔的統治原則。要求各級官吏用儒傢學說修身，躬行仁義、孝悌、忠信、禮讓、廉平、儉約等，恪守這些儒傢道德規範。同時又嚮人民灌輸孝悌、仁順、禮義，用這些儒傢倫理綱常觀念束縛人們思想，以心和志靜，邪僻之念不生，穩定統治秩序。
在用人上奉行唯賢是舉，不限資蔭，衹要德纔兼備，那怕出身微賤，亦可身居卿相。宇文泰的這一選官思想體現了打破門閥傳統的新精神，保證了西魏吏治較為清明，也為大批漢族士人進入西魏政權開闢了道路。
在這一選人思想的指導下，宇文泰將來自不同方面的人聚攏在自己周圍，如李弼原是侯莫陳悅帳下大都督，且互為姻親，後倒戈歸附，宇文泰毫無戒備之心，予以重用，成為統率府兵的八柱國大將軍之一。柳敏原是東魏河東郡丞，宇文泰剋河東後得之，當即拜為丞相府參軍事，後來成為幫助宇文泰製定國策的核心人物。再如武功大姓蘇綽，宇文泰對之推心委任而無閑言，如有外出，常常預署空紙授綽，若須有處分，蘇綽可以隨事施行，事後啓告一下即可。正因為宇文泰能唯賢是舉，用人不疑，因此西魏政府上下協力，內部團结，保證了各項政策措施的順利執行。
宇文泰還比較註意聽取臣下的不同意見，勇於納諫。早在大統五年（539），他就下令置紙筆於京城陽武門外，以訪求得失。當丞相府記室柳虯提出納忠讜之言的建議時，宇文泰欣然采納，並要求史官記事，須得失無隱。宇文泰的這種做法，有助於西魏吏治的清明。
在法律上，宇文泰主張不苛不暴，既要“法不阿貴”，官吏犯法一視同仁，如宇文泰的內兄王世超，任秦州刺史時，驕橫州縣，結果被賜死。位至大將軍的鄭偉不遵法度，結果被免職。另一方面又要求斷案者慎罰，力戒楚毒之下，自痛自誣，盡量減少冤假錯案。大統十三年（552），宇文泰又下令廢止流傳了二千餘年的宮刑。
宇文泰在經濟上根據儒傢先富後教的傳統觀念，積極勸課農桑，奬勵耕植，並相應地製定采取了一些措施。首先就是將被破壞了的均田製恢復起來，使那些由於土地兼併、戰亂、天災而喪失土地，流落他鄉的農民和土地重新結合在一起，從而為農民的生産活動提供了條件。西魏均田製的授田、租調和北魏雖有差異，但變化不大，在役製上卻變動較多，對服役年齡、時間、人數都作了重新規定。服役年齡從北魏時的十五歲改為十八歲；服役時間則根據年成豐歉而定，豐年不超過一月，中年不超過二旬，下年不超過十天，使役期大為縮短；人數上則規定每戶農傢服役者限於一人，避免過多地動用民力，妨礙農業生産。同時，宇文泰還頒行了戶籍制度和計帳制度，即預定次年徭役概數的計帳之法，以求賦役的徵發較為合理，還對絹的長度作了統一規定，以四十尺為一匹。
宇文泰除了製定頒行上述經濟政策外，還明確規定了地方官吏在發展生産方面的職責。每到歲首，州縣長官必須督促百姓，無論少長，但能操持農器者，皆令就田，務必不失農時。對於那些遊手怠惰，好逸惡勞，不事生産者給以處罰。由於宇文泰衡量牧守政績的標準之一就是勸課農桑，因此地方官吏大都重視農桑生産，經濟逐漸發展，到宇文泰死之前，已經出現了一個倉廩充實的小康局面。
在思想文化上宇文泰雅好儒術，以儒傢學說作為思想武器，去除鮮卑族的一些落後習俗和摒棄當時思想領域中風靡一時的空談玄理、崇佛論道一類的腐朽風習。在京師長安設立國子學，拜儒學大師盧誕為國子祭酒，通過學校教育，培養大批具有儒傢思想觀念的人士，作為政權的支柱。還根據先秦典籍《尚書》中的《大誥》一文的格式，製定《大誥》一篇，作為文章的樣式，於大統十一年（545）宣示群臣，明令自今後文章須皆依此體，力圖以此矯正浮華文風。
六條詔書頒行後，宇文泰令各級官吏學習背誦，規定凡不通六條及計帳之法者，都不能為官，保證了這些措施的實施，刷新了西魏一代政治。
大統十二年（546）九月，高歡親率大軍十餘萬人，圍攻西魏據守的玉壁（今山西稷山縣西南），想拔除西魏安在汾水下遊的這個釘子。西魏並州刺史韋孝寬鎮守玉壁，頑強抵抗，高歡先後采用斷水道、火攻、挖地道等戰術，圍城五十餘日，士卒死亡七萬多人，未能攻下玉壁，最後高歡染疾，衹得解圍而去。玉壁之戰，高歡傾力而出，攻一孤城五十餘天不下，智力皆睏，以至憤恚成疾，明年正月，發病而死。自此，西魏扭轉了過去的劣勢，和東魏勢均力敵了。
高歡死後，子澄即位，高澄與手握重兵的侯景不和，畏景權重，欲奪其兵權，侯景以河南十三州之地降於西魏。宇文泰接受了侯景的投降，同時又對機詐權變的侯景十分謹慎，分派大軍絡繹接收侯景所占土地，並示意景交出軍隊，入朝長安。其時，高澄在侯景叛變後，也派大軍進逼，於是，侯景轉而投歸蕭梁，釀成了一場侯景之亂。在平定侯景之亂的過程中，蕭氏兄弟爭奪帝位，相互殘殺，宇文泰乘機略取土地，奪得漢東、益州、襄陽（今湖北襄樊）等地，控製了長江上遊和漢水。
大統十七年（552），侯景敗亡，梁武帝第七子蕭繹在江陵（今湖北江陵縣）稱帝，是為梁元帝。蕭繹在侯景未平前，曾稱臣於西魏，與西魏訂立盟約；西魏以竟陵（今湖北潛江西南），梁以安陸（今湖北安陸）為界，請同附庸，並送質子。既稱帝後便不再稱臣，宇文泰派使臣宇文仁恕到江陵聘問，梁元帝嚮宇文仁恕表示，梁已統一，西魏應將所占梁、益、襄陽等地歸還梁朝。宇文仁恕還告宇文泰後，泰認為既已取得梁、益，就應進一步規取江漢，恰巧此時蕭繹侄蕭察入朝西魏，請求出兵擊繹。於是西魏恭帝元年（554）九月，宇文泰命於謹、宇文護等率步騎五萬，進攻江陵。十一月，城破，梁元帝被處死，魏軍挑選江陵百姓男女十餘萬口，驅歸關中，衹把一座空城留給蕭察，同時又將原來梁朝控製的雍州諸郡收歸西魏作郡縣，這樣，西魏的疆域擴展到了今四川、湖北一帶。
公元554年正月，宇文泰廢殺廢帝元欽。初，西魏文帝元寶炬病死，子元欽繼位，是為廢帝。元氏宗室想從宇文泰手中奪回大權，尚書元烈陰謀發動政變，事泄，宇文泰殺元烈。廢帝對元烈之死深感同情，對宇文泰十分不滿，密謀誅之，謀泄，於是宇文泰廢之，立元欽之弟廓即位，是為恭帝，重新恢復舊姓拓跋。宇文泰始終把大權牢牢地掌握在自己手中。
西魏恭帝三年（556）正月，宇文泰又推出了一套由漢族士人蘇綽、盧辯依據《周禮》製定的新官製。這套新官製拋棄了魏晉以來的官職名號，仿《周禮》設立六官：宇文泰為太師、大塚宰，李弼為太傅、大司徒，趙貴為太保、大宗伯，獨孤信為大司馬，於謹為大司寇，侯莫陳崇為大司空，餘官稱號也都仿《周禮》，但並不是將秦漢官製一概廢除，而是參照使用，尤其是地方官職仍行秦漢舊法而不變。在官製改革前，宇文泰又作九命之典，以敘內外官爵，即將官吏的等級分為十八命，正九命和九命。命數多者官高，如柱國大將軍為正九命，驃騎、車騎大將軍為九命。命實際上就是品，不過，品以正一品為最高官，命以正九命為最高官。同時，宇文泰在改革官製之際，將地方官吏任免之權收歸中央，加強中央集權。
宇文泰改革官製也和建立府兵制度一樣，具有濃郁的復古色彩，衹不過前者是從漢族古代社會尋找依據，後者是從鮮卑族的部落時代得到啓發。宇文泰通過這種托古改製，給自己的統治披上一件正統的外衣，以嚮人們顯示，宇文氏政權並非僭偽，取消民族間的心理隔閡。而在府兵製中，則通過鮮卑化，照顧鮮卑民族的感情，泯滅府兵中的民族界限。宇文泰通過這些改革，鞏固了統治基礎。
為了全力對付東魏和南梁，宇文泰對北邊少數民族柔然和突厥采取和親政策。北魏末年，內部動亂，柔然勢力復盛，屢屢侵擾邊境。西魏建立後，宇文泰先是以宗室元翌女嫁柔然主阿那瑰弟塔寒，後又勸西魏文帝納阿那瑰女鬱久閭氏為皇后，以結好柔然。對突厥亦然，大統十一年（545），宇文泰派使者前往突厥，和突厥建立起聯繫，大統十七年（551），以長樂公主嫁給突厥主阿史那土門，突厥也經常派使者訪問西魏，贈送禮物，如大統十七年（553），突厥嚮西魏獻馬五萬匹。
宇文泰對北邊少數民族采取的和親政策，保證了邊鄙無虞，也加強了和少數民族的友好往來，起了民族修好的作用。
西魏恭帝三年（556）四月，宇文泰北巡，八月，渡北河（今內蒙古境內烏加河），九月，還至牽屯山（今寧夏固原縣西）染疾。宇文泰知自己病重，派人急招侄兒宇文護，宇文護趕到涇州（今甘肅涇川北），宇文泰已經病危，托孤於宇文護：“我的兒子都還年幼，今外寇方強，國傢之事，由你决定，宜努力以完成我的志嚮。”不久，卒于云陽（今陝西涇陽西北），年五十歲，葬於成陵（今陝西省富平縣北），謚號文公。
是年十月，泰子覺嗣位，為太師、大塚宰，宇文護輔政。次年，宇文覺稱帝，是為孝閔帝，北周開始。
宇文泰一生，正處在由亂到治的歷史轉捩點，他能夠在紛繁復雜的歷史條件下，觀時而變，順乎歷史發展的潮流，終至取威定霸，轉弱為強，南清江漢，西剋巴蜀，北控沙漠，奠定了北周王朝之基礎。他在位時所頒行的兵製、選官之法等等更是開隋唐政治制度之淵源，宇文泰的功業可謂盛矣，堪稱是中國歷史上繼孝文帝元宏之後的又一位少數民族傑出人物。
(507～556) 中國北魏名將，西魏軍統帥，軍事傢。字黑獺，代郡武川（今內蒙古武川西）人，鮮卑族。年輕時隨父參加鮮卑族起義鮮於修禮起義軍，繼歸葛榮，後投靠北魏爾朱榮。參與鎮壓義軍，授武衛將軍、徵西將軍。北魏分裂後，任西魏太師、大丞相、柱國大將軍。他治軍整肅，深謀遠慮，善於用間。西魏大統三年(537)正月，采納直事郎中宇文深建議，以近萬銳卒，潛出小關（陝西古潼關南側），出其不意地擊敗東魏驍將竇泰軍，俘萬餘人。十月，在沙苑之戰中，他先遣將偵察，後從容設伏，大獲全勝，俘東魏高歡軍7萬餘人，除選留2萬士卒外，餘均釋放。在東西魏戰爭中，指揮作戰數十次，多獲勝利，為建立北周奠定了基礎。他用蘇綽、盧辯等，改革官製，推行“均田製”，使西魏經濟得到發展，國力逐漸強盛。在此基礎上，創立了“府兵製”，收編關隴毫族武裝，建立由柱國、大將軍、開府等逐級統領制度，擴大了兵源，加強了朝廷對軍隊的控製。這一兵製為後世沿用近200年，在中國古代兵製史上，占有重要地位。恭帝三年病逝。次年子宇文覺代魏，國號周，是為北周,追尊為文帝。
歷史
宇文泰先世為東鬍宇文部酋長。東漢末，宇文部加入鮮卑部落聯盟，遂被鮮卑化，遊牧於今內蒙古西拉木倫河上遊。
北魏末年六鎮起義中，宇文泰隨父宇文肱加入鮮於修禮的起義隊伍。起義被爾朱榮鎮壓後，宇文泰成為其部將賀拔嶽麾下。永安三年（530年），北魏孝莊帝殺爾朱榮，但軍權仍然操在爾朱氏手中。不久，爾朱氏敗滅，高歡位居丞相，並由此掌權。北魏孝武帝密詔賀拔嶽，欲以之牽製高歡。
永熙三年（534年）賀拔嶽遇害，衆推宇文泰為統帥。後上表北魏孝武帝，相約共扶王室，孝武帝遂下詔以宇文泰為大都督、雍州刺史兼尚書令。同年，宇文泰平定秦、隴，孝武帝封官為侍、驃騎大將軍、開府儀同三司，關西大都督，略陽縣公，地位僅次於高歡。是年十月，高歡另立元善見為帝，遷都於鄴（今河北鄴鎮），是為東魏。北魏遂分裂。
孝武帝受製於宇文泰，心中不悅，不滿溢於言表。永熙三年（534）十二月，宇文泰殺孝武帝，另立元寶炬為帝，是為西魏，而實際政權控製在泰手中。
宇文泰足智多謀，有很強的指揮能力。與東魏多次交鋒，互有勝負。大統三年（537年）春，東魏進攻潼關，宇文泰大敗之。秋，東魏十萬人進沙苑（今陝西大荔），宇文泰以不滿萬人乘東魏軍輕敵，親自鳴鼓奮戰，獲得大勝，俘虜七萬人。
宇文泰采取了和北攻南的政策，對於北方的突厥、柔然曾通好，但對於南朝則采取攻勢，先後進占了益州和荊雍等地。
治國
經濟上，勸課農桑，恢復了均田製。並註意屯田以資軍用。曾采納蘇綽建議進行改革，製定了公文格式，以朱色、墨色區別財政支出與收入，定出戶籍册和臚列次年課役大數的計帳制度。大統十三年的計帳，在敦煌石室裏有殘捲保存下來。後又針對地方官員製定六條詔書：清心、敦教化、盡地利、擢賢良、恤獄訟、均賦役。
又改革軍隊統轄係統，建立府兵製，以擴大兵源。這個制度為隋唐所沿用。形式上采取鮮卑舊八部製，立八柱國，實為六軍。每個柱國大將軍下設有兩個大將軍，共12個大將軍；每個大將軍下有兩個開府，共24個開府；每個開府下有兩個儀同，共48個儀同；一個儀同領兵千人。這樣，六柱國合計有兵四萬八千人左右。這就是歷史上著名的府兵。
政治上，宇文泰實行以德治教化為主，法治為輔的原則。法律上，主張不苛不暴，而“法不阿貴”。思想文化上，推崇儒學，曾在行臺設學。俘虜王褒、宗懍等均受到禮遇。後又令盧辯仿周禮更改官製，實行北周六官製，甚至政府文告也要仿先秦體。
宇文泰恢復鮮卑舊姓，如恢復元氏為拓跋氏。而所將士卒也改從主將的鬍姓。從形式上鬍化一批的漢人。
子女
世宗 毓
宋獻公 震
孝閔皇帝 覺
高祖 邕
齊煬王 憲
衛剌王 直
趙僭王 招
譙孝王 儉
陳惑王 純
越野王 盛
代奰王 達
冀康公 通
滕聞王 逌
Masamitsu five years (524), breaking six-Korean border town of pulling Ling led the uprising in the fields and the town (now the five original counties northeast of Inner Mongolia) outbreak, then, the rebels capture general health can be isolated Wu Chuan Zhen. Soon, Wu Chuan Zhen in the junior officer Heba father-son, father Yuwen Yuwen Tai Wei brachial other Xisha can be alone, surrendered to the government. That time, the Northern Wei Dynasty to the suppression of the rebels Rouran Set to Kill, Rouran cavalry in the capture of six towns, the wanton looting destroyed six towns and famine caused serious famine in Northern Hebei government had to shift on the food. Yuwen Tai and his father and brother have been resettlement to the Hebei Boling (now Hebei Anping). Xiaochang years (526) the first month, Huai-Shuo Li Town, soldiers, led by North Korea to repair the town of displaced persons who left the city in Dingzhou (now Pei Tang County West) uprising, Yuwen, a team also participated in the uprising. However, people in the city on the way to the left, was defeated government forces, Yuwen brachial and oldest son, second son died, and his brother Luo Yuwen Tai students survived, into the fresh repair ceremony at the army. And repair ritual death, but also into the Ge Rongjun, by being appointed as generals. Real Problems failure, Er Zhurong fear Yuwen brothers have dissent, then asked for his crimes, punish Los students, Yuwen Tai generous statements before release to Er Zhurong on his guard against its hard. As Yuwen Tai and Yue Er Zhurong's Department will have the old Heba, Yue Wu Chuanjun also people with close ties to Thailand brachial father, therefore, be incorporated in the Heba Yuwen Tai Yue subordinates.
Wing three years (530) Spring, Er Zhurong to Seoul Zhu Tianguang as coach, Heba Mo Chen Yue Yue and Hou was Fushuai, shuaibing Guanlong to suppress the rebels. Yuwen Tai XiaoWei identity of infantry with mountain customs, due to active suppression of the rebels, General Zheng Xi tired to move, Jin Ziguang Paul doctor, by Yap 300, plus direct General Court, the original state of things row. Suppression of the uprising in the process of Guanlong, Yuwen Tai opportunity to expand their influence on the Answer to a patronizing, won the goodwill of many people. Is in September, Xiao Zhuang Emperor Heaven's Er Zhurong, but hold the power still lies in the hands of armies of Seoul Yun Gee. ZTE years (532) months, Seoul Zhu Tianguang to lead the troops back east soon, Seoul defeated Yun Gee off, daylight also killed. First, daylight East back, leaving younger brother was life guarding Chang, Heba with Yuwen Tai Yue design, Xi Qu Chang, Thailand Shuai Qingqi as a pioneer in times of Road and line, were life news report, abandoned the cities and the East to go to Hua Hin (now Shaanxi Dali), was captured Thai troops to catch up. And daylight die off in the only Heba Mo Chen Yue Hou Yue and two military blocs. In the same year, Professor Heba Yue Wei Di Kansai big firms to Taiwan to Yuwen Tai Yue Zuo Cheng for the line units, led the government Sima, Be specific, both in Thailand and Venezuela.
Er Zhurong of failure, the power of high-Huan also, Gao Huan, which, among the prime minister, holds to power. Xiaowu of this political situation is not satisfied by the Pang Chu, dense and Heba Yue-phase junction, like Yi Ping Yue in the strength to contain the Guanzhong Gao Huan. Early removal line Heba Yue Feng Jing Yi Jinyang Taiwan Lang (now Shanxi Taiyuan South), see Gao Huan, Jing Huan and drink blood for the oath, about and Yue became brothers, King also told Heba Yue, Gao Huan treacherous more than can safely be discounted. Sima's Yuwen Tai when the government since then make it Jinyang, to observe the high-Huan man, Ji Zhi, Gao Huan and I promised, agile eloquence, Huan want to stay in Thailand for its own use, Thailand Guci the back. Yuwen Tai back to Chang'an, on Heba Yue analysis of the situation at that time: "Gao Huan never willing to his courtiers, he had reason not to usurp the throne, is the fear in your brothers. As Mo Chen Yue Hou its people, but is Yong people just run into a good opportunity, only to high-ranking, the only worry-free state of mind, and not by the row of high-Huan avoid, if early preparations to take the easy. Hexi fee now also has control of the first chord of the do not ride the next million cups of summer prefectural governor suddenly pull Russia squad at 3000 Mi, Cao Ling prefectural governor mud, Hexi displaced knot pull beans Ling Li also the owner Tribes, divided loyalty to hope. Therefore, this example led his army to Long, briefly the crucial point, show them with prestige, service by morality, can receive their soldiers and horses, to enrich our military. West Series Di and Qiang, Northern ask Chasse, also army Chang, Kuang Fu Wei room, which is then Qi Huan, Jin-Wen move also. "Heba Yue listened very impressed, then send Yuwen Tai to Luoyang, see Hsiao-Wu, Chen secret intention Xiaowu overjoyed to hear, sealed to Bue general Yuwen Tai.
Yuwen Tai officially recognized by Emperor Xiao, immediately prepared to attack Mo Chen Yue Hou. First, the original state (rule Gaoping, this Guyuan) History of classified provincial governor, Su Yue are trusted to Heba, and Heba Yue death, actually vote on anti-Yue, Yue Bo and removal, safety and led troops into the sub-2000 history of the state to help return the original guarding. Therefore, Yuwen Tai Mo Chan Sung Hou first military governor sent handsome Qingqi 1000 raid of the original state, capture the history of go, Bo and security and so on and into the second, tied send Pingliang. Sectors in three years (534) March, Yuwen Tai tone hair armies, complete set of the original state, ready to attack Yue. In April, the military out of the narrow wood off (today Guyuan Southwest), coincided with major rain and snow, the ground snow two feet, Yuwen Tai Yue mood and know more than guess, then fold Road and line the base camp by surprise toward the water Los Angeles Yue ( Gansu Zhuanglang Dong Nam today). Yue Wen Thai military to, people keep leaving the water Los Angeles, led force since the surrender Lueyang (now Gansu Qin Andong North Long town). Luo Yuwen Tai Army to the water, garrison the drop rate of scooters that hundreds of Thai Ben Lueyang, then surrender the Gui Yue (modern Tianshui, Gansu). Prefectural governor when the South Qin Yue Lee Pil also the military, see Yue defeated trend has been set, is secretly sent messengers Yi-tai, please for the period should be. The night, Wyatt abandoned the cities and out of the military collapse in shock, have to lower his soldiers, Yuwen Tai Connivance of His Army Endeavor, a large broken Yue Jun, Yue only with children and under the command of dozens of riding Dunzou spiritual state, Yuwen Tai Ji Ling guarding the original state Yuwen lead block in front of attack on, he led an army military governor Heba Ying chase to pull Tuen Shan (now Guyuan West) to catch up, Mo Chen Yue Hou suicide in the wild. Subsequently, Yuwen Tai Youqian captaincy entrenched Bin Liu Liang capture state (rule set security, today Gansu County) and Sun Yue the party set children, grams. You Yi massive coercion, force, said Di Wang Reparations fan, sent his wife, son to mass. November, severance Li Hu, Li Cao crusade such as mud Bute, next year, Cao mud down, spiritual state suiping, Yuwen Tai resettlement of their despots put Xianyang (Shaanxi Xianyang Northeast) to enhance control.
Qin Yuwen Tai Binh Dinh, Long, the strength increased, Xiao Wu Di to Thailand for the sijung, 骠骑大将军, opened with three Secretaries of the government apparatus, Kansai viceroy, Lueyang public, Processed Feng Bai, become second only powerful people in high-Huan.
Sectors in three years (534) in May, from the army attack Takatake Di Yu Gao Huan, do the leaks, some high alert Huan, Emperor of filial piety in Junqiang Jun Wang Sizheng said: "Gao Huan's Cuanni heart, if it has been plain Jie, Luoyang Non useless, once they attack, it is difficult at Defense, Yuwen Tai feel the royal family, as to the relations, the virtue of the power of Yuwen Tai Gao Huan contend with. "Xiaowu deeply that it does. First, Qin Gang Long Ping, Xia Zhou Zhangshi persuaded Yuwen Tai was like a letter to Xiao Wu, resettlement were shut, the effect Cao Cao move, relying on the emperor to the nobility, Yuwen Tai accepted the advice, good high-Huan Results his letters are letters submitted Xiaowu to show loyalty to the royal heart. And the Emperor Yu Fa Xiao Gao Huan, Youqian viceroy, Buji 5000 Tun Yu Liang Yu rate of the Yellow River, Wei hekou Department, that solidarity, so that prefectural governor Qin Luo Qingqi 1000 into the super rate of Luoyang, and soon, Youqian viceroy Luoyang Jingji 1000 Li Xian collar. Therefore, when Emperor Xiao seek resettlement are related to the minister's opinion, up and down almost agreed. July Xiaowu then rate scooters through customs from Luoyang, relocation of the capital Chang'an, plus great general grant of Yuwen Tai, Yong prefectural governor, and Book of Order, the military state of affairs rests with Thailand set. Was October, a separate high-Huan Yuan Shan see emperor, migration, both in Ye (Ye this town southwest of Hebei linzhang), Northern division.
Great system for three years in July, Yuwen Tai set armies in Xianyang, in August, the rate of the whole army in Tongguan declared martial law military regulations, not greedy for money underestimate the enemy, not for prestige in the people, fighting with the enemy, Yongming the reward of escape Slaughter of all. Through this reorganization, the military's combat strength has greatly increased Western Wei, and soon, Gao Huan rate of 200,000 troops to invade and Western Wei to win with fewer in Shayuan (now Huayin County, Shaanxi Province) defeated Gao Huan, enemy prisoner eight thousand people .
Datong nine (543) in February, thousands of high-Huan Jiang Bing, crossed the Yellow River, according to Mang Shan (now Luoyang Northwest) array, Yuwen Tai led the attack, war in Mang mountain, defeated, his soldiers lost 60 000 people, after years of operating losses built up an army half. At that time, Xianbei Guanlong limited number of areas, no longer possible to add a large number of troops, therefore, Mangshan of the war, Yuwen Tai began to absorb soldiers from the Han middle of March, announced the recruitment of armed Guanlong region despotic landlords. Northern Wei Dynasty in the uprising of Guanlong, despotic landlords to protect their own interests, organize rural soldiers, Wei East and West division, these landlords do not disband armed, still controlled by the despotic hands. Yuwen Tai Kwong raise despotic to charge through the Military of this measure, these scattered rural armed soldiers into the central part of the army, the Government chose Guanlong area to head a prestigious figure to not only strengthen the central control of the military weakened local forces since the end of Wei, Wu Chuanjun has promoted the group and the joint Guanlong landlords. Since then, the big system 16 years (550), has further expanded the targeted recruitment of the land equalization for all households, so that Western Wei Han army to further increase the proportion of soldiers.
Fu Bing's predecessor, from Heba Yue Wu Chuanjun group, Hou Li Mo Chen Yuejun group of Bute into the Army and with the Emperor Xiao Wei Old Guard-related travel ban on three parts, these are the Descent of the military forces, in particular, Wu Chuanjun group, formerly known as Six Town Xianbei, mostly Tuoba family members, with the Tuoba feudal family, their status declined, so they took part in the six towns and Hebei uprising uprising; However, they incorrectly that is the finished result of their decline in status, but not the finished and the inevitable progress of history, tried to return to the original tribal relations to, Yuwen Tai Wu Chuanjun origin groups, psychological well aware of this. Therefore, when the establishment of Fu Bing, on the use of the Xianbei original tribal organization, that eight of the system, as a blueprint for the preparation of the new army. In the relationship between soldiers and officers, to keep the old clan ties Xianbei. Emperor Gong of Western Wei Dynasty (554) on, he inherited Xianbei 36 active Zhujiang countries and 90 Jiuxing, in addition to some general already Xianbei compound surname of no change with the addition, those who have already restructured will compound surname in the Wo The generals then changed to a single name again changed to a hyphenated name, has always been using Chinese characters or Chinese characters, then give to Xianbei surname, Ono's surname as Li Hu, Lee Pil surname only Ho, Gui-surname B. Freund, Yang Zhong surname Pu 6 Ru's, where the soldiers led by chief commander of the Xianbei tailor their surname for their own name.
Great system for seven years (541) in September, Yuwen Tai Chuo drafted by the enactment of the six edict, "first the mind, London enlightenment, do location, pull out virtuous, shirt prison defendants, all Taxes and." In November, has issued 12 new system, and large system the first year (535) March 24 issued by the new system together, a total of 36. 6 edict and the new system are very broad, including political, economic, ideological and cultural aspects, and accordingly a series of measures taken.
Yuwen Tai in the economy on the basis of Confucian teaching of traditional values after getting rich first, and actively urged Agriculture as reward cropping, and has accordingly developed a number of measures taken. The first is to be destroyed in the Surroundings recover, so that those due to land acquisition, war, natural disasters and loss of land, farmers living in a foreign land and land back together, so as to farmers to the production conditions. Western Wei Surroundings of land deeds, rent to reconcile differences between the Northern Wei though, but not significantly, but changes in service system on more of the military age, time, number of people have been redefined. Military service age from 15 years of age when the Northern Wei to 18 years of age; service time is determined according to harvest yield forecasting, harvest no more than a month, not more than two late middle age, not more than 10 days next year, so that a significant length of civilian service shortening; number of provisions on the farm household are limited to one service, to avoid excessive use of their resources, impede agricultural production. Meanwhile, Yuwen Tai also enacted the household registration system and the billing system, that is scheduled next year lord billing estimates of law, in order to send a more reasonable levy taxes on the populace, but also the length of silk uniform regulations to 40 feet for the 1.
After six decree enacted, Yuwen Tai officials at all levels to make learning to recite to provide for barrier six and billing of law shall not be official, to ensure the implementation of these measures, refresh the Western Wei political generation.
Great Commission 17 years (552), Hou Jing Defeat, the seventh son of Emperor Xiao Yi in Gangneung (now Hubei Jiangling County) became the emperor, is Liangyuan Di. Not in the Hou Jing Xiao Yi Ping ago, had to concede defeat in the Western Wei and Western Wei entered into covenant; Western Wei to Jingling (now Hubei Qianjiang Southwest), Liang Anlu (now Hubei Anlu) as a boundary, please the client, and sent to the proton. After both the emperor not to concede defeat, Yuwen Yuwen Tai sent envoys asking engaged Ninu to Gangneung, Liang Yuandi to Yuwen Ninu said beam has unity, Western Wei should share beam, benefits, etc. return Xiangyang Liang. Ninu Yuwen Yuwen Tai was also reported after the Thai that already achieved beam, benefits, and further regulations should be taken Jianghan, nephew Xiao Xiao Yi happens at this time the police entry into the Western Wei, the request sent troops to attack unravel. So the first year of Emperor Gong of Western Wei (554) in September, Yuwen Tai lives in like, Yuwen care and other rate Buji 50000, attack Gangneung. November, city break, Liangyuan Di was killed, Wei Jiangling people selected more than ten 10 000 men and women, drive go off, only to leave an empty city police Hsiao same time the original control Yongzhou Liang Chen Wei Western Wei for reverted counties, so that Western Wei's territory extended to this Sichuan, Hubei area.
Yuwen Tai reform and the establishment of Military System in Medieval Bureaucracy is also the same, with rich retro colors, but the former is from the Han to find the basis of ancient society, which is Xianbeis tribal inspiration. Yuwen Tai ancient restructured through this trust, to put on a formal rule of their own coat, to show to the people, not usurp power pseudo Yuwen Shi, cancel the psychological barriers between nations. In Fubing, then by Xianbei of, take care of Xianbei feelings, devoid of Fu Bing in the national boundaries. Yuwen Tai Through these reforms, to strengthen the rule base.
Emperor Gong of Western Wei Dynasty three years (556) April, Yuwen Tai North Tour, in August, crossing the North River (now the territory of his country to River in Inner Mongolia), in September, but also to pull Tuen Shan (now Guyuan County West) Those who are sick. Yuwen Tai know own serious illness, sent Jizhao nephew Yuwen care, Yuwen state care went to Jing (now Gansu Jing Chuan North), Yuwen Tai has been in critical condition, Tuogu in Yuwen care: "My son is still young, this Waikou Fang Qiang, the state of things to you, should strive to complete my ambition. "Soon, died Yunyang (now northwestern Shaanxi Jingyang), five years old, buried into the tomb (now North Fuping County of Shaanxi Province) , posthumous name wengong.
(507 ~ 556) of China Northern star, Western Wei army commander, strategist. Word black otter, Dai Jun Wuchuan (now Inner Mongolia, Sichuan Wu) who Xianbei. Young father to participate in the repair of fresh uprising Xianbei ceremony rebels, following the return Real Problems, then seek refuge with the Northern Wei Er Zhurong. Volunteers to participate in repression, granted Bue General, Zheng Xi, General. After splitting the Northern Wei, Western Wei Grand Preceptor of any large prime minister, Zhu Guo major general. His military purge, foresight, good at room. Western Wei Datong three years (537) the first month, the adoption of direct dark matter doctor Yuwen proposal to nearly ten thousand Ruicu, a small submarine off (Shaanxi ancient Tongguan south), Eastern Wei Xiao Qiang Dou Taijun surprise defeat, prisoners thousand. October, in Shayuan war, he will advance reconnaissance, after calm had laid an ambush, victory, capture the Eastern Wei Gao Huan Jun 7 million people, left 20,000 soldiers have to risk than the election, the remaining were released. Wei East-West war, battle command and dozens more were victories laid the foundation for the establishment of the Northern Zhou Dynasty. He Chuo, Lu argued so Bureaucracy reform, implementation of the "Land System" so that Western Wei to develop the economy, national power became strong and prosperous. On this basis, the creation of the "Mansion Army System", incorporated by armed ethnic Guanlong cents, established by the Zhu Guo, great generals, such as step by step guide to open government, to expand the manpower, strengthening the control of the military court. The Military System in use for the past 200 years later, in the history of ancient Chinese Military System, occupies an important position. Emperor Gong of three died. Son Yuwen Jue Wei on behalf of the following year, the country week for Zhou, Zhuizun to Wen.
Revolt of the Northern Wei Dynasty six towns, Yuwen Yuwen Tai father repair the brachial adding little ceremony in the rebellion. Er Zhurong uprising was crushed, Yuwen Tai Yue to become his department under the command will Heba. Wing three years (530 years), Northern Wei Xiao Zhuang Tai kill Er Zhurong, but military power remains firmly with the hands in Seoul Yun Gee. Soon, Seoul defeated Yun Gee destroyed, Gao Huan ranked prime minister, and thus power. North Weixiao Wu Tai Mizhaoheba Yue, trying to use the check Gao Huan.
Yuwen Tai resourceful, has a strong ability to command. Numerous encounters with the Eastern Wei Dynasty, had successes and losses. Great system for three years (537 years) spring offensive Tongguan Eastern Wei, Yuwen Tai defeated the. Autumn, thousands of people into the complanatus Eastern Wei (now of drinking), Yuwen Tai to unhappy people underestimate the enemy by Tung Wei, personally sounding drum battle, won a resounding victory, captured seven people.
Economically, urged Agriculture as to restore the Land System. And attention are provided for military Tuntian. Has adopted the reform proposals Nassau Chuo, set document format to vermilion, the black color difference between expenditure and revenue, set household registration book and set out the following year, large numbers of the billing system of course labor. Big Ten three-year accounting system, there is room in the Dunhuang Stone Fragment preserved. After six edict against local officials to develop: a pure heart, London enlightenment, do location, pull out virtuous, shirt prison defendants, all Taxes and.
Yuwen Tai recovery Xianbei old name, such as the restoration of Yuanshi to Tuoba. The Institute will also change his soldiers from the Lord of the surname Hu. Hu from the form of a number of Han Chinese.
宋献公 earthquake
Qi Yang Wang Xian
Wang Jian Xiao Qiao
King reached on behalf of 奰