后秦  (330年～393年)

姓：	姚
名：	苌
字：	景茂
网笔号：	武昭皇帝
庙号：	太祖
陵墓：	原陵
开端 终结 在位 384年 393年 白雀 384年4月 386年4月 建初 386年4月 394年4月 

　　后秦武昭帝姚苌（330年—393年）。十六国时期后秦政权的开国君主。公元384—393年在位。字景茂。羌族。是羌族首领姚弋仲子。姚襄弟。
　　
　　生平
　　357年与前秦战于三原，兄襄死，兵败率众投降，后为苻坚部将，累建战功，累迁龙骧将军。383年淝水之战后，前秦大败，姚苌趁机据岭北之境，384年率羌人独立，自称大单于、万年秦王，年号白雀。羌胡十余万户归附。旋进据北地（治今陕西耀县东南）。385年缢杀苻坚于新平佛寺（今彬县南静光寺），白雀三年（386年）称帝于长安，国号大秦，改年号建初。391年破苻登军于长安，政权始终不稳。姚苌晚年，常于宫中梦见苻坚前来索命，夜里宫殿乱跑，为卫士误伤阴部，伤部发炎，肿胀如瓜。临终前跪伏床头，叩首不已。393年姚苌病死，子姚兴继立。兴灭前秦。
　　
　　简介
　　姚苌(330—394年)，字景茂，南安赤亭(今甘肃陇西西)人，羌族，十六国时期后秦的建立者，著名的军事家、统帅。
　　姚苌是姚弋仲之子，姚弋仲共有四十二子，姚苌是其第二十四子。姚苌“少聪哲，多权略，廓落任率，不修行业，诸兄皆奇之”(《晋书·姚苌载记》)。姚苌随其兄姚襄(姚弋仲第五子)征战，多次参与决策。
　　东晋永和十二年(356年)八月，姚襄在伊水(洛阳南)被东晋征西大将军桓温击败，西走平阳，图进关中。升平元年(357年)四月，姚襄屯驻杏城(今陕西黄陵西南)，招兵买马，周围小城纷纷响应，所部达2.7万余人。姚襄派辅国将军姚兰掠地敷城 (今陕西洛川西南)，又亲率部众进军黄落(今甘肃庆阳西南)，与前秦发生冲突。秦王苻生派卫大将军苻黄眉、平北将军苻道，龙骧将军苻坚、建节将军邓羌率步骑兵1.5万抵御。姚襄固守黄落，不肯出战。五月，邓羌又率3000精锐骑兵，直压姚襄大营，筑垒布阵，诱其出战。姚襄果然中计，出城迎战。邓羌佯败退至三原(今陕西三原)，姚襄军追击，邓羌突然回军迎击，苻黄眉等率大军继至，大败姚襄军，姚襄被斩，姚苌只得率部众请降。
　　苻坚即位后，以姚苌为扬武将军。太和元年(366年)七月，姚苌与前将军杨安随辅国将军王猛进攻东晋荆州南乡郡(今河南淅川西南)。八月，将东晋汉水以北民万余户掳掠而还。
　　当初，割据陇西(今甘肃陇县西南)的李俨举郡投降前秦，不久又和前凉相通。太和元年十二月，羌人敛岐率略阳(今甘肃秦安东南)4000户叛前秦，向李俨称臣。李俨于是拜置牧守，和前秦、前凉断绝关系。太和二年(367年)二月，姚苌与辅国将军王猛、陇西太守姜衡、南安太守邵羌等率兵1.7万讨伐敛岐。
　　三月，前凉主张天锡遣前将军杨通出兵金城(今甘肃兰州西北)，征东将军常据出兵左南(今青海民和西北)，游击将军张统出兵白土(今青海化隆回族自治县东南)，张天锡亲率步骑3万屯驻仓松(今甘肃武威南)，以讨李俨。羌人敛岐的部落以前皆属姚弋仲，闻姚苌至，皆降。苻坚以姚苌为陇东太守。四月，秦军获胜，俘李俨。
　　东晋太和六年(371年)三月，姚苌与苻雅、杨安、王统、徐成及羽林左监朱彤等率领步骑7万人讨伐氐王杨纂。四月，秦兵到达仇池北面的鹫峡(今甘肃西和东南)，杨纂率步骑5万抵御。东晋梁州刺史杨亮派督护郭宝、卜靖率骑兵千余助杨纂抗秦。双方在峡谷中交战，杨纂大败，步骑损失十分之三、四，郭宝等人战死，杨纂收散卒撤回仇池。秦军继续追击，杨统举武都投降。杨纂恐惧，亦降，被送往长安。
　　宁康元年(373年)十一月，姚苌任宁州刺史，屯垫江。
　　宁康二年(374年)五月，蜀人张育、杨光聚众2万，起兵反秦，又派人向东晋请求援兵。前秦王苻坚派镇东将军邓羌率甲士5万讨伐。东晋益州刺史竺瑶、威远将军桓石虔率众3万进攻垫江(今四川合川)，以援张育、杨光。秦将姚苌兵败，退屯五城(今四川中江)，竺瑶和桓石虔驻军巴东(今四川奉节东)。张育自称“蜀王”，与巴僚首领张重、尹万合兵万余人围攻成都(今属四川)。六月，张育改年号“黑龙”。至九月，张育、杨光被秦军所杀，益州复归前秦所有。
　　前秦在东灭前燕、西并仇池、南取梁益后，军事实力与战争潜力均大为增强。时东晋之外，北方及西北尚有代及前凉未能完全控制。前秦欲统一天下，为避免两面作战，前秦王苻坚决定先灭前凉及代，再攻东晋。前凉王张天锡于秦并仇池时已遣使称藩、臣服于秦，后发觉秦有兼并企图，遂向东晋请求结盟。
　　太元元年(376年)五月，苻坚派姚苌与武卫将军苟苌、左将军毛盛、中书令梁照等率军13万大举攻前凉。同时派尚书郎阎负、梁殊为使臣，随军前进，征召张天锡来长安，命令大军进至西河(今甘肃境内黄河)时，暂时控置于该地区，仅使臣先去凉都，如张天锡违命，则立即进攻。另命秦州刺史苟池、河州刺吏李辩、凉州刺史王统，率三州兵为后继。
　　七月，前秦使臣至姑臧(今甘肃武威)，张天锡杀使臣拒绝投降，令龙骧将军马建率军2万至杨菲 (今甘肃永登西北)一带抗击秦军。八月，前秦军开始进攻，苟苌先遣扬武将军马晖、建武将军杜周，率军8000，西出恩宿(今甘肃永昌南)，截张天锡逃走之路。姚苌、梁照、王统及李辩部从清石津渡黄河，进攻河会城(黄河与湟水会合处)，前凉骁烈将军梁济战败投降。十七日苟苌由石城津(今兰州西北)渡黄河，与梁照等部会攻缠缩城(今甘肃永登南)，克之。马建惧，白杨菲退守清塞(今甘肃石浪境)。时张天锡已又派征东将军常据率军3万进驻洪池岭(今甘肃武威南)，自率军5万屯金昌(今甘肃永昌北)。姚苌奉苟苌之命率3000人为前锋进击马建。二十三日马建率万余人降，余兵溃走。二十四日，苟苌攻常据于洪池，常据兵败自杀。二十六日，张天锡再派司兵赵充哲率军抗击，与前秦军战于赤岸(今甘肃武威东南)，又大败，被歼3.8万，赵充哲战死。张天锡出金昌城迎战，城内发生叛乱，遂率数千骑兵逃回姑臧。二十七日前秦军至姑臧，张天锡出降，前凉灭亡。
　　前秦灭凉，并代、解后顾之忧后，又经一年的休整，即开始大举攻东晋。太元三年(378年)二月，苻坚派征南大将军、都督征讨诸军事、长乐公苻丕和武卫将军苟苌、尚书慕容韦率步骑7万进攻东晋襄阳，并以荆州刺吏扬安率军作为先锋。征虏将军石越率精骑1万出鲁阳关(今河南平顶山西)；姚苌和京兆尹慕容垂率军5万出南乡(今河南浙川西南)攻南阳；领军将军苟池、右将军毛当、强弩将军王显率4万人出武当 (今湖北丹江口市西北)，各军会攻襄阳。次年三月，秦军克襄阳，俘守将朱序。
　　东晋太元八年(383年)五月，东晋车骑将军桓冲率10万大军进攻前秦襄阳，派前将军刘波等攻打沔(今汉江及其北源陕西留坝西沮水)北诸城；辅国将军杨亮进攻巴蜀(泛指今四川)，克五城(今四川中江)，进击涪城(今四川绵阳东)，鹰扬将军郭铨攻打武当(今湖北丹江口西北)。
　　六月，晋军攻破万岁(今湖北谷城境)、筑阳(今湖北谷城北)。前秦王苻坚得知东晋大军来攻，派兵救援，姚苌与后将军张蚝奉命救援涪城。七月，二人进军斜谷(今陕西眉县西南)，杨亮闻桓冲兵败，率军撤返。
　　七月，苻坚下诏大举攻晋，征发各州郡公、私马匹，平民十丁抽一。高门富豪子弟、精通武艺的都授以羽林郎，共得3万多人，任命秦州主簿赵盛之为建威将军、少年都统。还下诏对东晋君臣进行封赏：“其以司马昌明为尚书左仆射，谢安为吏部尚书，桓冲为侍中；势还不远，可先为起第”(《资治通鉴·卷第一百五》)。时大臣都不同意苻坚亲征，唯慕容垂、姚苌及羽林郎劝之。
　　八月，苻坚派阳平公苻融统率骠骑将军张蚝、抚军将军苻方、卫军将军梁成、平南将军慕容暐及慕容垂等步骑25万人为前锋，以姚苌为龙骧将军，都督、梁二州诸军事。并对其说：“昔朕以龙骧建业，未尝轻以授人，卿其勉之！”左将军窦冲说：“王者无戏言，此不祥之征也”(《资治通鉴·卷第一百五》)！苻坚默然。
　　十一月，苻坚在淝水之战中战败，十二月，回到长安。
　　太元九年(384年)正月，前秦终于爆发内乱，慕容垂与丁零翟斌相呼应，重新树起燕国旗帜，史称后燕。二月，慕容垂引丁零、乌丸众20余万长驱进攻邺城，关东六州的郡县大多送任子向燕国请降；三月，原北地郡长史慕容泓聚数千鲜卑族人，驻屯华阴，打败秦将强永，势力渐盛。自称都督陕西诸军事、大将军、雍州牧、济北王；原平阳太守慕容冲也起兵平阴，率众二万进攻蒲坂。
　　苻坚乃以广平公苻熙为使持节、都督雍州杂戎诸军事、镇东大将军、雍州刺史，镇蒲坂。以苻叡为都督中外诸军事、卫大将军、司隶校尉、录尚书事，配兵5万以左将军窦冲为长史，龙骧姚苌为司马，讨慕容泓于华泽。并派窦冲击慕容冲于河东。
　　苻叡好大喜功，有勇无谋。姚苌建议：“鲜卑皆有思归之志，故起而为乱，宜驱令出关，不可遏也。夫执鼷鼠之尾，犹能反噬于人。彼自知困穷，致死于我；万一失利，悔将何及！但可鸣鼓随之，彼将奔败不暇矣”(《资治通鉴·卷第一百五》)。苻叡却不以为然，领兵截击，结果败死在华泽。
　　姚苌派遣龙骧长史赵都、参军姜协向苻坚谢罪，不意被苻坚怒杀。姚苌惧罪，逃奔渭北。西州豪族尹详、赵曜、王钦卢、王钦卢、牛双、狄广、张乾等率五万余家，推姚苌为盟主。姚苌想推辞，尹纬说：“今百六之数既臻，秦亡之兆已见，以将军威灵命世，必能匡济时艰，故豪杰驱驰，咸同推仰。明公宜降心从议，以副群望，不可坐观沈溺而不拯救之”(《晋书·姚苌载记》)。姚苌遂自称大将军、大单于、万年秦王，大赦，改元白雀，史称后秦。以尹详、庞演为左、右长史，南安姚晃及尹纬为左、右司马，天水狄伯支、焦虔、梁希、庞魏、任谦等为从事中郎，姜训、阎遵为掾属，王据、焦世、蒋秀、尹延年、牛双、张乾为参军，王钦卢、姚方成、王破虏、杨难、尹嵩、裴骑、赵曜、狄广、党删等为将帅。
　　五月，姚苌进屯北地，北地、新平、安定十余万户羌人归附姚苌，姚苌厉兵积粟，以观时变。六月，苻坚亲领步骑二万攻姚苌，起初获得小胜，并断其运水之路。姚苌军危惧，已有人有渴死。但不久，却天降大雨，姚苌军中积水三尺，于是军威大振。时苻坚刚要进食，无心再吃，怒道：“天其无心，何故降泽贼营”(《晋书·苻坚载记》)！姚苌军越战越强，发展到七万多人，并俘前秦将吏杨璧、徐成等数十人，皆礼而遣之。
　　时姚方成捉住前秦雍州刺史徐嵩，劝其投降。徐嵩怒骂姚苌，姚方成大怒，将徐嵩斩了三次。姚苌知道后，又把苻坚挖出来鞭尸无数，扒掉衣服用荆棘裹起来，挖个土坑埋掉。
　　太元十三年(388年)十月，姚苌回安定。前秦主苻登就食新平，率万余人围攻姚苌营。苻登立苻坚遗像于军中，誓师以激励将士，针对后秦主姚苌弑主，其部下将士多数原属苻坚，乘夜引众围姚苌营放声哭诉。姚苌也命营中大哭以应之，苻登乃退。
　　姚苌此人很迷信，从下面的事中便可以看出。太元十四年(389年)正月，姚苌因屡战屡胜，以为是秦苻坚的神灵相助，便于军中立苻坚像进行祈祷：“臣史襄敕臣复仇，新平之祸，臣行襄之命，非臣罪也。苻登，陛下疏属，犹欲复仇，况臣敢忘其兄乎？且陛下命臣以龙骧建业，臣敢违之？今为陛下立像，陛下勿追计臣过也。”秦主苻登升楼，遥对姚苌说：“为臣弑君，而立像求福，庸有益乎？”又大声说：“弑君贼姚苌何不自出？吾与汝决之”(《资治通鉴·卷第一百七》)！姚苌不应。过些日子，姚苌军作战不利，姚苌也每夜数惊，于是斩像首以送秦。
　　三月，前秦主苻登留辎重于大界，自率万余轻骑攻克安定(今甘肃泾川北泾河北)羌密造堡。五月，苻登又发兵进攻后秦，后秦屡战屡败。姚苌为挽回败局，遣其子中军将军姚崇偷袭大界，但苻登预先察觉，遂将计就计，在安丘(今甘肃灵台境)拦击，大败姚崇，俘获及斩首2.5万人。七月，苻登乘胜攻克平凉(今甘肃华亭西)。八月，苻登又据苟头原(今甘肃泾州西北)进逼安定，诸将劝姚苌与其决战，姚苌欲以智谋取胜，说：“与穷寇竞胜，兵家之下。吾将以计取之”(《晋书·姚苌载记》)。于是留尚书令姚旻守安定，自率3万轻骑乘夜再袭前秦辎重地，攻克大界，杀前秦毛后及苻登之子、南安王苻尚，擒名将数十人，驱掠男女5万余人而还。诸将还欲乘乱而击，姚苌认为：“登众虽乱，怒气犹盛，未可轻也”(《晋书·姚苌载记》)。遂止。姚苌见安定地狭，且离苻登很近，便使姚硕德镇安定，迁安定千余家于阴密，遣其弟征南将军姚靖镇之。
　　九月，后秦主姚苌委派姚硕德设置秦州(郡治上邦，今甘肃天水)守宰，以堂弟姚常戍守陇城(今甘肃秦安陇城镇)，邢奴戍守冀城(今甘肃革谷西南)，姚详戍守略阳(郡治临渭，今甘肃秦安东南)。杨定发兵攻克陇城、冀城，斩姚常，捉邢奴。姚详闻讯即弃略阳而逃往阴密(今甘肃灵台西南)。杨定遂自称秦州牧、陇西王。前秦王苻登依杨定自称而封之。
　　太元十五年(390年)，三月，后秦主姚苌发兵攻克前秦之新罗堡(今陕西眉县东南)，前秦扶风太守齐益男逃走。前秦王苻登迅即发兵进攻后秦之陇东(今甘肃平凉西北)，姚苌速往回救，苻登见目的已达到，引兵退去。
　　四月，前秦镇东将军魏揭飞自称大将军、冲天王。魏揭飞称王后迅即率氐、胡数万人马进攻后秦安北将军姚当成于杏城。镇军将军雷恶地也反叛后秦响应，进攻后秦镇东将军姚汉得于李润镇(今陕西蒲城东北)。姚苌欲亲自攻打魏揭飞，诸将都说：“陛下不忧六十里苻登，乃忧六百里褐飞？”姚苌说：“登非可卒殄，吾城亦非登所能卒图。恶地多智，非常人也。南引褐飞，东结董成，甘言美说以成奸谋，若得杏城、李润，恶地据之，控制远近，相为羽翼，长安东北非复吾有”(《晋书·姚苌载记》)。遂亲率1600精兵讨之。魏揭飞率氐、胡数万人来攻，姚苌每见一军至，不忧反喜，群臣不解其意，姚苌说：“今同恶相济，皆来会集，吾得乘胜席卷，一举而覆其巢穴，东北无复余也”(《晋书·姚苌载记》)。姚苌采取先固垒不战、示之以弱的战法，诱其来攻。揭飞果然中计，仗恃人多，率全部人马围攻后秦军。姚苌秘遣其子姚崇领数百轻骑偷袭其后，攻其无备。在魏揭飞军大乱之时，又命镇远将军王超正面纵兵攻之，大获全胜，阵斩魏揭飞及将士万余人。雷恶地战败，请降，姚苌待之如初，加以安抚，使雷恶地心悦诚服，以后常对人说：“吾自言智勇所施，足为一时之杰。校数诸雄，如吾之徒，皆应跨据一方，兽啸千里。遇姚公智力摧屈，是吾分也”(《晋书·姚苌载记》)。
　　太元十六年(391年)三月，苻登亲率精兵自雍(今陕西风翔西南)出发，进占泾水口战略要冲范氏堡，强渡渭河，进据曲牢(今陕西西安南)。四月，秘密联络后秦长安外围守将苟曜为内应，抢占马头原，进逼长安。五月，后秦急遣右将军吴忠率军出城迎战，被苻登军射杀于阵前，余部溃退，逃归长安。姚苌收众再战，姚硕德说：“上慎于轻战，每欲以计取之。今战既失利，而更逼贼者，必有由也。”姚苌说：“登用兵迟缓，不识虚实,今轻兵直进，迳据吾东，必苟曜竖子与之连结也。事久变成，其祸难测。所以速战者，欲使竖子谋之未就，好之未深，散败其事耳”(《晋书·姚苌载记》)。遂复率精锐出城与苻登激战竟日，苻登终因寡不敌众，给养难继，被迫撤围，退屯于郿(今陕西眉县东渭河北岸)。后秦遂抽军北上争夺新平，苻登守将强金槌兵败，以城降。姚苌率准备率数百骑入金槌大营，群臣劝阻，姚苌说：“槌既去苻登，复欲图我，将安所归！且怀德初附，推款委质，吾复以不信待之，何以御物乎”(《晋书·姚苌载记》)！金槌部下果然要趁机袭击姚苌，被金槌阻止。七月，苻登又率军围攻安定城，姚苌率军北上援救，苻登退去。
　　十二月，苻登攻安定，姚苌至阴密以拒之，对太子姚兴曰：“苟曜好奸变，将为国害，闻吾还北，必来见汝，汝便执之”(《晋书·姚苌载记》)。苟曜果然长安至长安见姚兴，姚兴派尹纬将其诛杀。
　　姚苌于安定东打败苻登，置酒高会，诸将都讨好地说：“若值魏武王，不令此贼至今，陛下将牢太过耳。”姚苌笑着说：“吾不如亡兄有四：身长八尺五寸，臂垂过膝，人望而畏之，一也；当十万之众，与天下争衡，望麾而进，前无横阵，二也；温古知今，讲论道艺，驾驭英雄，收罗隽异，三也；董率大众，履险若夷，上下咸允，人尽死力，四也。所以得建立功业，策任群贤者，正望算略中一片耳”(《晋书·姚苌载记》)。
　　太元十七年(392年)七月，苻登闻姚苌染疾，即率兵进逼安定。八月，姚苌带病出拒，另遣将军姚熙隆率部袭苻登行营，苻登被迫退兵。姚苌趁夜率兵旁出悄悄地跟在苻登军的后面。早晨候骑报告说：“贼诸营已空，不知所向。”苻登大惊道：“彼为何人，去令我不知，来令我不觉，谓其将死，忽然复来，朕与此羌同世，何其厄哉”(《资治通鉴·卷第一百八》)！苻登遂还雍城，姚苌亦还安定。
　　太元十八年(393年)七月，苻登攻后秦将军窦冲于野人堡，冲求救于姚苌。姚苌准备攻击，尹纬对姚苌说：“太子纯厚之称，著于遐迩，将领英略，未为远近所知。宜遣太子亲行，可以渐广威武，防窥窬之原。”姚苌从之，对姚兴说：“贼徒知汝转近，必相驱入堡，聚而掩之，无不克矣”(《晋书·姚苌载记》)。姚兴率兵攻胡空堡，苻登解围。姚兴转而奔袭苻登军大本营平凉城(今甘肃平凉西北)，大获而归，苻登则元气大伤。
　　十月，姚苌病重，回到长安。十二月，姚苌召太尉姚旻、尚书左仆射尹纬、右仆射姚晃、将军姚大目、尚书狄伯支入宫，受遗诏辅政。并对太子姚兴说：“有毁此诸人者，慎勿受之。汝抚骨肉以仁，接大臣以礼，待物以信，遇黔首以恩，四者既备，吾无忧矣 ”(《晋书·姚苌载记》)。姚晃又问取苻登之策，姚苌曰：“今大业垂成，兴才智足办，奚所复问”(《资治通鉴·卷第一百八》)！庚子，姚苌去世，时年六十四岁(姚苌去世的时间根据《资治通鉴·卷第一百八》记载是太元十八年十二月庚子，但这个日子好像不存在，但死于394年是肯定的，因为十一月庚子就已经是公元394年1月1日)。
　　
　　点评
　　姚苌死后，其子姚兴继任其位，消灭苻登，统一关中，使后秦成为当时北方最为强大的政权之一。姚苌一生长于谋略，善于用兵，多谋善断，指挥作战机智灵活，临战常因势定策，出奇制胜。但姚苌在中国历史上却始终是个反面人物，用“无耻”二字来形容他，再恰当不过。姚苌恩将仇报，诛杀苻坚，而且还将其尸体挖出，进行鞭尸，令人发指。在攻克大界时，俘前秦毛皇后。毛氏美而勇，善骑射。后秦兵入其营，毛氏犹弯弓跨马，率数百人力战，杀后秦军七百余人，因众寡不敌，为后秦所俘。姚苌却要将其纳为已有，毛氏且哭且骂：“姚苌，汝先已杀天子，今又欲辱皇后。皇天后土，宁汝容乎？”(《资治通鉴·卷第一百七》)姚苌只得将其杀之。姚苌最终能“安枕而终，斯为幸也”(《晋书·姚苌载记》)。

　　Later Qin Wu Zhaodi Yao Chang (330 -393 years). 16 countries during the Later Qin regime founding monarch. Reigned AD 384-393. Jing Mao word. Qiang. Yao Qiang Yi Chung is chief sub. Yao Xiang brother.
　　Introduction
　　March, before the cool main ZHANG Tian-Xi Yang Tong troops repatriated former general Jincheng (today northwestern Gansu Province, Lanzhou), Zhengdongqiangjun regular troops left, according to South (now Minhe Northwest), the guerrilla troops of General Chang President Clay (now Qinghai Hualong Hui Southeast County), ZHANG Tian-Xi personally led Buji 30000 cantonment Kuramatsu (now Gansu Wu Wei Nan), to discuss Li Yan. Convergence Qi Qiang tribes are among the Yao Yi Chung ago, Wen Yao Chang to, Jie Jiang. Fu Jian to Yao Chang for the Gansu Prefecture. April, Qin win, prisoners Li Yan.
　　Ningkang years (374 years) in May, Shu Zhang Yu, Yang Guang gathered 20,000, raised his army, Fan Qin also sent requests for reinforcements to the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Fu Jian, the former king to send Town General Deng Qiang rate Jiashi 50000 crusade. Prefectural governor Zhu Jin Yi Yao, Huan Shi Qian Weiyuan general offensive Dianjiang mobilize 30,000 (now Sichuan Hechuan) to aid Zhang Yu, Yang Guang. Qin Yao Chang defeated, Tuitun five cities (now in Sichuan in the river), Zhu Qian Shi Huan Yao and military Padang (now Sichuan Fengjie East). Zhang Yu himself "King Shu", and Palestinian leader Zhang Liao weight, Yin million-thousand troops who laid siege to Chengdu (now part of Sichuan). Jun, Zhang education reform era name "Black Dragon." To September, Zhang Yu, Yang Guang was killed by the Qin, Former Qin Yi Zhou revert all.
　　July, Former Qin envoy to Guzang (now Gansu Wuwei), ZHANG Tian-Xi kill envoys refused to surrender, so that General Ma Jian, Long Xiang, led his army 20,000 to Young Philippines (now Gansu Yongdeng Northwest) area against Qin. In August, before the Qin army offensive began, the generals army horse Gou Yang Chang Hui advance, Jianwu General Du week, lead the army 8000, west, Grace Su (now Gansu Yongchang South), cut Zhang Tianxi escape path. Yao Chang, Liang Zhao, Wang Tong, and Li Qing Shi Jindu defense department from Yellow River will attack the city (the Yellow River and the Huangshui join Office), the former General Liang Ji Liang Xiao Lie surrender. On the 17th Gou Jin Chang from the fortress (now Lanzhou Northwest) crossed the Yellow River, and the beam according to the Department such as shrink wrapping will attack the city (now Gansu John tannan), grams. Ma Jian fear, Poplar Philippines retreated clear plug (this stone wave environment in Gansu). ZHANG Tian-Xi has also sent Zhengdongqiangjun regular time, according to his troops stationed in Hong Chi Ling 30 000 (now Gansu Wu Wei Nan), since his troops 50 000 Tuen Kim Chang (now Gansu Yongchang North). Yao Chang Chang Feng Gou ordered by rate of 3,000 people forward onslaught Ma Jian. Ma Jian rate on the 23rd thousand people down, I go collapse soldiers. On the 24th, attack often, according to Yu Hong Gou Chang Chi, and often commit suicide, according to defeat. On the 26th, ZHANG Tian-Xi Zhao then passed hand full philosophy led his army against troops with a war in Chian Qin (today's Gansu Province Wuwei South East), then defeated, was destroyed 38 000, Chong Zhao Zhe killed. Zhang Tianxi out against Jinchang city, town rebellion, then fled back to Guzang rate of thousands of cavalry. On the 27th to Guzang Qin, Zhang Tianxi the drop, before the cool destruction.
　　Jun, Jin Long live the break (now Hubei Gucheng border), building Yang (now Hubei Valley north of the city). Fu Jian, the former king was informed that the East Jin Dajun to attack, troops rescue, and after the General Chang Yao Chang Ho was ordered to rescue Fucheng. In July, two into the Xiegu (now Shaanxi Meixian Southwest), Liang-Wen Huan Chong defeat, withdrew his troops back.
　　November, Fu Jian defeat in the Battle of Fei River, in December, returned to Chang'an.
　　Fu Rui grandiose, foolhardy. Yao Chang recommends: "Xian Bei Jie You Sigui ambition, so rise to the disorder, should drive to make a pass, can not stop too. Husband of the Executive murine tail, it can still backfire on the people. He knew that he trapped the poor, died on I; case of loss, regret will be that and! but may be sounding drum along, he will carry on Ben defeated subscribed "(" Comprehensive Mirror volumes 150th "). Fu Rui does not agree, to lead the troops attacked, the result was defeated and killed in China Ze.
　　Prefectural governor when Yao Fangcheng catch Former Qin Xu Yong Song, persuaded to surrender. Yao Chang Xu Song satire, Yao Fangcheng furious, Xu Song will be cut three times. Yao Chang know, the again dug Bian Shi Fu Jian numerous stripped to wrap with thorns, dug a pit and buried.
　　March, Former Qin Emperor Fu Teng leave baggage in the great world, captured from the rate of thousand light cavalry stable (now Gansu Hebei Jing Jing Chuan North) Qiang Fort Mill made. May, Fu Teng has made military offensive Later Qin, Later Qin defeated. Yao Chang to pull out a victory, Qian Qi Jun Jiangjun Yaochong attack sub in a large community, but advance notice Fu Deng, ordered to account to account, in Anqiu (present throughout Lingtai) intercepting, defeated Yao Chong, 2.5 million people captured and beheaded. July, capture Pingliang Fu Deng Cheng-sheng (now Gansu Huating West). In August, then according to Gou Fu Deng first of the original (now the state of Northwest Gansu Jing) advancing stability, Zhujiang its battle to persuade Yao Chang, Chang Yao trying to use resourcefulness to win, said: "The competition wins and tottering foe, under military strategists. Happiness of the order taking into account the "(" Book of Jin Yao Chang set record "). Book of Order Yao Min Shouan was determined to stay, since the rate of 30,000 scooters Overnight Zaixi Former Qin baggage powerhouse, capturing a large community, and after killing the Former Qin Mao Fu Teng son, Wang Nan Fu Shang, capture dozens of famous people, flooding swept 5 thousand people and also men and women. Zhu Jiang Sheng Luan and also want to hit, Yao Chang said: "Although the board public disorder, anger still Sheng, light has yet to know" ("Book of Jin Yao Chang set record"). Then stop. Yao Chang, see stability in the narrow and very close from the Fu Teng, Yao Shuo will enable the Town of stability, stability and move more than one thousand in the dense shade, laid off his brother, General Zheng Yao Jing Town, South Taiwan.
　　April, the former General Wei Jie Qin Zhendong fly large general claim, Uranus. Wei Jie Fei king immediately after the rate of Di, Hu tens of thousands of troops after the attack as Qin'an North General Yao City in apricot. Town Junqiang Jun Later Qin Lei response to hostile insurgent also, after the attack, General Han-Qin Zhendong was in the Run-town (now Shaanxi Pucheng Northeast). To personally attack Yao Wei Jie Chang Fei, Zhu Qiang said: "Your Majesty does not worry about 60 years Fu Deng, is a concern 600 years of brown?" Yao Chang said: "Non-Birth and Death Registration exterminate, my city is not registered can Death map. evil to many intellectual, very human. South cited brown fly, East junction Dong Cheng, Gan said the United States to become Jianmou words, if her influence City, Lee Yoon, evil way, according to the control distance, with the wings, Chang-an East and North Africa complex I have "(" Book of Jin Yao Chang set record "). Then personally led a discussion of the 1600 elite. Wei Jie Fei rate Di, Hu tens of thousands of people to attack, and Yao Chang 1 per see the military to not worry about anti-hi, the ministers to know their meaning, Yao Chang said: "This year with the evil with mercy, are to be set, I may exploit a victory sweep in one fell swoop and cover its nest, no complex I is also the Northeast "(" Book of Jin Yao Chang set record "). Chang Yao-solid base to start no war, said the tactics of the weak, luring it to attack. Sure enough, in terms Jie Fei, Zhang Shi population, rates of all the troops after the siege of Qin. Son Yao Chong Yao Qian Qi Chang secret attack was led hundreds of light cavalry, the enemy is unprepared. Wei Jie at the time of flight chaos army also ordered General Chao Chen-yuan, the positive vertical Bing Gong, victory, front fly and soldiers cut Wei Jie thousand people. Ray evil to defeat, Qing Jiang, Yao Chang to be the as ever, to appease, to mine evil to be completely convinced and later often say: "the Man made by Shi Zhiyong, enough for the moment Kit. The number of all male school, such as I the believers, are to be cross, according to a party animal tsunami thousands of miles. flexor case of Yao Gongzhi force destroyed, is my sub also "(" Book of Jin Yao Chang set record ").
　　UDL 16 years (391 years) in March, Fu Yong Deng personally led a crack troops from the (now southwestern Shaanxi Fengxiang) starting to occupy strategic position Jing Fan outlet Fort, force a crossing Weihe River, into the prison, according to music (now Shaanxi Si-an S.) . In April, a secret liaison Qinzhang An Yao Gou as an internal periphery Morimasa should seize the Tau of the original, pressed on Chang'an. May, Later Qin generals Wuzhong emergency removal from right out of the city against his troops, was shot in the sounding of Fu Teng Army, the remnants of retreat, Tao Gui Chang. Yao Chung Chang received a rematch, Yao Shuo De said: "The war on prudent in light, each trying to use terms taken from. This war not only lost, but more to force a thief who must have the have." Yao Chang said: "The board use of troops slowly do not know actual situation, this lightweight men straight, runoff, according to my East, will also link with Gou Yao Shu Zi. something for a long time to become its curse unpredictable. so quick war who purports to Shuzi did not seek the good of not deep, loose defeat being to ear "(" Book of Jin Yao Chang set record "). Recovery rate then picked out of the city and fighting Jingri Fu Deng, Fu Teng-end because outnumbered and supplies difficult following the forced withdrawal of Wai, Tuitun in King James (now Shaanxi Meixian East Wei River North). Later Qin army northward then pumping fight for a new level, Fu Deng Morimasa strong gold hammer defeat to city down. Yao Chang reserve ratio rate of hundreds of big business riding into the golden hammer, ministers discouraged, Yao Chang said: "The hammer both went Fu Deng, Fu an attempt to me, will be the go! And Nationwide first attached, pushing Commission shall transfer, I do not believe to be the complex to why Mimono Hu "(" Book of Jin Yao Chang mind set ")! Golden hammer men really want to take the opportunity to attack Yao Chang was gold hammer stop. July, Fu Teng has led his army laid siege to the city stable, Yao Chang led his army north rescue, Fu Deng receded.
　　Yao Chang defeated in Anding Dong Fu Teng, Zhi Jiu High Council, Zhu Jiang are please to say: "If the value of Wei Wu Wang, do not make Cizei date, His Majesty will be in prison too ear." Yao Chang said with a smile: "I not as good as dead four brothers: Length bachi Wucun, arm hanging knees, people expect and fear of, a also; when thousands of the people, and the world Zheng Heng, Wang banner forward, before the non-horizontal array, the second also; Wen Gu know today, speaking on the Road, Art, controlling the heroes enlist Jun differences, the three also; Dong rate of the general public, carry out risk if the barbarians, the upper and lower salt allow people to do all one's strength, the four also. so you have to build exploits, making any Wise people who are looking Operator slightly in one ear "(" Book of Jin Yao Chang set record ").