| 姓： | 司馬 | ||||||||||||
| 名： | 曜 | ||||||||||||
| 字： | 昌明 | ||||||||||||
| 網筆號： | 孝武皇帝 | ||||||||||||
| 廟號： | 烈宗 | ||||||||||||
| 陵墓： | 隆平陵 | ||||||||||||
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東晉孝武帝司馬曜，於簡文帝在位時，被立為太子。簡文帝於公元372年7月己末日病死，他於同日繼位.。使用的年號有“寧康、太元”。
司馬曜繼位時，衹有10歲，由褚太後聽政。但簡文帝喪事剛辦完，忽然有盧悚率領的幾百人，殺入雲竜門，聲稱奉海西公司馬奕回宮復位，直衝入朝堂、內宮，搶取武器，大砍大殺。後被禁衛軍鎮壓，盧悚被捕殺。不久，桓溫率軍入都，合朝震驚，怕他前來奪帝位，但沒過多久，桓溫就病死，使東晉王朝又度過了一個危機。
司馬曜死後的廟號為烈宗，謚號為孝武帝。
【後妃情況】
王法慧 皇后 謚號為定皇后
張貴人 殺害晉孝武帝司馬曜。
陳歸女 淑媛，後追封為夫人、安德太後 ? - 390年 生晉安帝司馬德宗、晉恭帝司馬德文。
【司馬曜年表】
公元362年，司馬曜出生。
公元372年，司馬曜即位，是為孝武帝。
公元373年，桓溫死。
公元383年，東晉在淝水之戰以少勝多，大敗前秦軍隊。
公元396年，司馬曜被寵妃張貴人殺死。
晉孝武帝是晉簡文帝之子，母親是孝武文李太後。幼年登基時，崇德褚太後垂簾攝政。晉孝武帝親政以後重用賢臣，勵精圖治，東晉的國力日益強盛，政治穩定。當時北方的氐族政權前秦在施行晉藩天王體製，重用忠於晉朝的名臣王猛等人，表面打着忠於晉朝的旗號，招撫中原百姓，勢力也日益壯大，先後滅亡了前燕、仇池，進攻代國、前涼等政權，要逐步統一北方，並且開始把矛頭指嚮了東晉政權，年輕的晉孝武帝政權面臨嚴重的考驗，他在戰爭中發揮了哪些作用呢？
公元373年，前秦苻堅命令進攻東晉，攻占了益州部分地區，雙方大致在嘉陵江流域相對峙。 375年，反對攻打晉朝的王猛去世（有人懷疑是苻堅害死了他），前秦加緊了南侵的準備。376年，晉孝武帝正式親政，開始指揮抗擊苻堅入侵的戰爭，這年晉朝的藩國前涼和代國被前秦滅亡。377年晉孝武帝下詔求文武良將，謝玄應詔，前往京口募兵，建立了新軍“北府兵”。晉孝武帝還派遣朱序為梁州刺史，鎮守襄陽。公元378年，苻堅命苻丕進攻襄陽，同時派遣部隊進攻淮北，兩國戰爭加劇。面對這種情況晉孝武帝采取了很多重要措施，早在377年，晉孝武帝就加封謝安為司徒，都督揚豫徐兗青五州軍事，讓車騎將軍桓衝為都督荊江梁益寧交廣七州軍事，關鍵是晉孝武帝把豫州的桓伊從桓衝那裏調歸謝安指揮，後來在淝水之戰中發揮了作用。晉孝武帝把全國劃分成為兩大戰區，任命謝安和桓衝兩人指揮，並且把親信右將軍毛穆之派到桓衝那裏救援襄陽。379年，西綫的襄陽陷落，同意桓衝讓毛穆之伐蜀，在西綫轉入反攻。東綫晉軍獲勝，北府軍打退了敵軍，收復了兩淮地區。襄陽的陷落使晉孝武帝加快了軍事部署準備，380年他為了讓謝安專職負責軍事，不再讓他擔任司徒職務，改任為衛將軍，開府儀同三司，加封為建昌縣公。讓他的弟弟司馬道子擔任司徒，管理政務。382年，苻堅準備徵召天下兵馬南下攻打晉朝，意圖一路由益州的姚萇率領沿長江東下，自己親帥主力由兩淮過長江，陸續集結的前秦部隊將超過百萬。當時苻堅控製的國土面積超過東晉兩倍，兵力也超過數倍，在晉朝面臨嚴峻形勢的時刻，20歲的晉孝武帝表現了非凡的勇氣。
公元383年五月，在前秦大軍還沒有全部集結之時，晉孝武帝决定先發製人，遣左衛將軍張玄之參謀西綫軍事，詔令桓衝發起攻勢，益州刺史的毛穆之攻占了巴西，其子守梓潼，楊亮進攻涪城，準備切斷蜀中同關中的聯繫。郭銓指揮進攻武當地區，桓衝親自率領十萬大軍進攻襄陽，儘管沒能收復襄陽，但是成功打亂的苻堅的軍事部署，他在調動部隊增援各地的同時，衹能從民間擴大兵役範圍，把大批沒有戰鬥經驗的百姓強徵入伍。晉軍在西綫的進攻也牽製了大量前秦部隊，減緩了其嚮東進攻的節奏，姚萇的部隊後來被迫守衛益州，沒有東進荊州。八月苻堅主力百萬大軍南下，前鋒渡過淮河，晉孝武帝加衛將軍謝安為徵討大都督，指揮抗擊侵略。謝安派遣謝石為徵討都督，帶領謝玄、謝琰、桓伊出徵拒敵。在淝水之戰期間人們更多地是談論謝安從容應敵的瀟灑氣概，前綫三謝等衆將因勢利導，隨機應變，取得勝利的精彩過程，對晉孝武帝在淝水戰役中的作用往往忽視了，即使從上面淝水戰役爆發前的準備過程階段，就足以表現晉孝武帝非凡的指揮才能，那麽在這次戰役的具體過程中，遠在江南的他和謝安發揮了怎樣的作用呢？
謝安在京城表面談笑風生，與人遊樂“至夜乃歸”，夜間纔同將領們研究軍情，指揮部署，白天的悠閑是為了安撫人心的姿態，重要的指揮調動安排在夜間，“指授將帥，各當其任”。晉孝武帝如何指揮的，具體史書沒有詳細記載，衹能從一些簡單的文獻描述中尋找蛛絲馬跡。謝安既然要表面在白天遊樂安撫人心，晚間處理軍務，估計無暇顧及其他事情，本紀也記載了這時晉孝武帝讓他的弟弟，司徒司馬道子錄尚書六條事，把謝安的錄尚書事也兼職了。晉孝武帝也應該是全力支持謝安的，調動一切力量加強和支援前綫。謝玄從前綫趕回詢問謝安軍務，求計問策，謝安面無懼色地回答他說：“皇帝另外有旨意了。”儘管我們不知道這是具體指什麽軍情，但是可以知道晉孝武帝已經傳旨處理這件事了。謝安的主要職責是具體指揮淮南的軍事作戰，而晉孝武帝統籌全局，主要是協調兩大戰區的關係。謝安與桓衝兩人關係不和諧，桓衝反對謝安派人擔任江州刺史，上書要求自己兼任，而謝安反對桓衝派遣部隊到江南，晉孝武帝對兩人意見都表示同意，並且盡量化解兩人矛盾，希望雙方能團结合作，共同禦敵，為此他除了把桓衝的部下桓伊調歸謝安，也派遣了毛穆之和張玄之等前往增援桓衝。
晉孝武帝的支持是謝安指揮取得淝水之戰勝利的基礎，謝安作為中國歷史上著名的賢相，青史留名，晉孝武帝在這一時期也發揮了進步的作用。他同謝安、桓衝兩位賢臣關係是值得稱道的，桓衝傳載：他的詔書贊揚桓衝忠義、評論天下大勢，要求桓“動靜以聞”，隨時上奏。對謝安、桓衝的感情也非常深厚，謝安在取得淝水之戰勝利後，被加封為太保，都督十五州軍事，去世後被追封為太傅，廬陵郡公。桓衝去世後被追封為太尉，豐城公。晉孝武帝這位年輕有為的皇帝在中國歷史上也算是一位英主，淝水戰役以後，他不念舊惡，同意謝安指揮部隊支援苻堅，後來還善待逃亡到晉朝的苻堅太子苻宏、侄兒苻朗等，在他的統治時期，晉朝幾乎再次統一，得到中興。淝水之戰是中國歷史上著名的戰役，全面研究這次戰役的歷史環境，戰爭背景，對於吸取歷史經驗，提高認識歷史的能力有重要意義。
Chronology】 【Sima Yao
Jinxiao Wu emperor is the son of Emperor Jianwen of Jin and his mother was Takatake Empress Dowager Li Wen. Childhood ascended the throne, Zonta Chu Regent Dowager curtain. After he eventually re-Jinxiao Wu Emperor reign, good, more powerful Eastern's strength and political stability. North Dizu regime was the implementation of the Former Qin Jin Fan in King system, reuse of famous officials loyal to Wang Meng Jin and others loyal to the surface of the Jin dynasty banner banner, protection offered by the Central Plains people, forces are growing, have perished before the swallow, Chou Chi, attack on behalf of the country, such as pre-cool power to gradually unify the north, and began targeting the Eastern regimes, Young Jin Xiaowu Timor government faced a serious test, he played in the war, what role?
AD 373, the Former Qin Fu Jian command attack Eastern Jin, Yizhou captured parts of the two sides generally in the Jialing River Valley with confrontation. 375, against the invasion of the Jin dynasty of Wang Meng's death (Fu Jian was killed suspected him), Former Qin intensified southward invasion preparations. 376, Jinxiao Wu emperor reign officially began to command the invasion of the war against Fu Jian, the former vassal states in the Jin dynasty of China was cool and on behalf of the Former Qin destroyed. 377 Jinxiao Wu emperor issued an edict to seek civil and military good, Xie Xuan Ying Zhao, to Jingkou raising, the establishment of a new army "Bei Fu Bing." Jinxiao Wu emperor also sent Zhu order for the beam prefectural governor, guard Xiangyang. AD 378, Fu Jian Fu Pi attack Xiangyang life, while troops attack Huaibei, the war between the two countries intensified. Faced with this situation Jinxiao Wu Tai taken many important measures, as early as 377 BC, Emperor on the sealed Xie Jin Xiaowu to Stuart, the military governor Yang Yu-Qing Xu and five state military, as military governor for Juji General Huanchong Jingjiang Guang Liang Yining seven state military pay, the key is the Huan Jin Xiaowu Timor to Iraq Yuzhou transferred there from Huanchong go Xie command, and later played a role in the Battle of Fei River. Jinxiao Wu Emperor of the country's divided into two main theater, named Xie Ann Huanchong two command, and the trusted right-General Mao Mu Xiangyang of the rescue sent Huanchong there. 379 years, the west line of Xiangyang fall, agreed to let Mao Huan Chong Mu Shu of cutting, to counterattack in the west. Eastern Jin won, the North government troops repulsed the enemy and recovered the Huaihe River. The fall of Xiangyang make Jinxiao Wu Tai accelerate the deployment of military preparations, 380, he is responsible to make Xie full-time military, so he no longer functions as a Stuart, was named for the Methodist General, opened with three Secretaries of the government apparatus, sealed the Jianchang County public. Secretary Ma Daozi to his brother as Stuart, managing government. 382, Fu Jian ready to call the world to attack troops and horses south to the Jin dynasty, the intention all the way, led by the Yizhou Yao Chang east along the Yangtze River, the main force of its own pro-Shuai over the Yangtze River from the Salt, the Former Qin forces will gradually build over a million. Fu Jian was the control of land area more than twice the Eastern Jin Dynasty, troops are more than several times, in the grim situation facing the moment of the Jin dynasty, 20-year-old Jin Xiaowu Emperor showed exceptional courage.
AD 383 in May, the former Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology has not yet gathered all the time, Jinxiao Wu emperor decided to pre-emptive removal Samori Staff General Zhang Xuan of Western military, Dahir Huanchong launch offensive interests JIANGXI NORMAL captured the gross Muzhi Brazil, his son keep Zitong, Liang-attack Fucheng, ready to cut off the connection with Xiu. Guo Quan Wudang region attack command, Huanchong thousands of troops personally led attack Xiangyang, despite the failure to recover Xiangyang, but the successful disruption of the Fu Jian's military deployment, mobilization of troops to reinforce his around the same time, military service can only expand the scope of civil , to a large number of people without combat experience, forced recruitment. Jin offensive in the west also contain a large number of the Former Qin forces, slowing the pace of its eastward attack, Yao Chang was forced to guard Yizhou forces, not east of Jingzhou. Fu Jian main one million troops in August to move south, forward through the Huai River, Jinxiao Wu Wei Tai, General Xie added to crusade against big military governor, directing the fight against aggression. Xie Xie Shi sent to campaign against the military governor, to lead Xie Xuan, Xie Yan, Huan Iraq expedition Judi. During the Battle of Fei River is about people more grateful to be enemy of the casual security calm spirit, the front three thank the captains and other prevailing circumstances, resourceful, brilliant victory in the process of Jinxiao Wu emperor's role in the Battle of Fei Shui is often overlooked , even if the battle from above Feishui preparation stage before the outbreak, enough to command the performance of Jinxiao Wu Tai extraordinary ability, then the specific course of this campaign, far in the south of him and how grateful to have played a role in security what?
Jinxiao Wu Tai Hsieh command support is made the basis for victory Battle of Fei River, Xie as the history of the famous Xian Xiang of China, leaving a legacy, Jinxiao Wu emperor in this period also played a progressive role. He and Xie, Huan Chong relationship between the two upright ministers is commendable, Huan Chong Biography set: His edict commended Huan Chong-yi, reviews the world trend to require Huan "movement in order to hear" any memorials. Xie An, Huan Chong's feelings are very deep, Xie made Battle of Fei River in the victory was sealed for the CPIC, the military governor 15 states military, died after being bestowed the Grand Tutor, owned High Luling. Huanchong died after bestowed as Qiu, Hojo public. Jin Xiaowu promising young emperor emperor in Chinese history can be considered a British Lord, Fei Shui campaign, he does not remember bad things, agreed to support Xie Fu Jian command team and later fled to treat the Fu Jin Prince Fu Jian Wang, Fu Long nephew, etc., in his reign, the Jin dynasty again almost uniform, get ZTE. Battle of Fei River is the famous battle in Chinese history, a comprehensive study of the history of the battle environment, the war background, experience for the lessons of history, the ability to raise awareness of history is important.
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