| 姓： | 司马 | ||||||||||||
| 名： | 曜 | ||||||||||||
| 字： | 昌明 | ||||||||||||
| 网笔号： | 孝武皇帝 | ||||||||||||
| 庙号： | 烈宗 | ||||||||||||
| 陵墓： | 隆平陵 | ||||||||||||
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东晋孝武帝司马曜，于简文帝在位时，被立为太子。简文帝于公元372年7月己末日病死，他于同日继位.。使用的年号有“宁康、太元”。
司马曜继位时，只有10岁，由褚太后听政。但简文帝丧事刚办完，忽然有卢悚率领的几百人，杀入云龙门，声称奉海西公司马奕回宫复位，直冲入朝堂、内宫，抢取武器，大砍大杀。后被禁卫军镇压，卢悚被捕杀。不久，桓温率军入都，合朝震惊，怕他前来夺帝位，但没过多久，桓温就病死，使东晋王朝又度过了一个危机。
司马曜死后的庙号为烈宗，谥号为孝武帝。
【后妃情况】
王法慧 皇后 谥号为定皇后
张贵人 杀害晋孝武帝司马曜。
陈归女 淑媛，后追封为夫人、安德太后 ? - 390年 生晋安帝司马德宗、晋恭帝司马德文。
【司马曜年表】
公元362年，司马曜出生。
公元372年，司马曜即位，是为孝武帝。
公元373年，桓温死。
公元383年，东晋在淝水之战以少胜多，大败前秦军队。
公元396年，司马曜被宠妃张贵人杀死。
晋孝武帝是晋简文帝之子，母亲是孝武文李太后。幼年登基时，崇德褚太后垂帘摄政。晋孝武帝亲政以后重用贤臣，励精图治，东晋的国力日益强盛，政治稳定。当时北方的氐族政权前秦在施行晋藩天王体制，重用忠于晋朝的名臣王猛等人，表面打着忠于晋朝的旗号，招抚中原百姓，势力也日益壮大，先后灭亡了前燕、仇池，进攻代国、前凉等政权，要逐步统一北方，并且开始把矛头指向了东晋政权，年轻的晋孝武帝政权面临严重的考验，他在战争中发挥了哪些作用呢？
公元373年，前秦苻坚命令进攻东晋，攻占了益州部分地区，双方大致在嘉陵江流域相对峙。 375年，反对攻打晋朝的王猛去世（有人怀疑是苻坚害死了他），前秦加紧了南侵的准备。376年，晋孝武帝正式亲政，开始指挥抗击苻坚入侵的战争，这年晋朝的藩国前凉和代国被前秦灭亡。377年晋孝武帝下诏求文武良将，谢玄应诏，前往京口募兵，建立了新军“北府兵”。晋孝武帝还派遣朱序为梁州刺史，镇守襄阳。公元378年，苻坚命苻丕进攻襄阳，同时派遣部队进攻淮北，两国战争加剧。面对这种情况晋孝武帝采取了很多重要措施，早在377年，晋孝武帝就加封谢安为司徒，都督扬豫徐兖青五州军事，让车骑将军桓冲为都督荆江梁益宁交广七州军事，关键是晋孝武帝把豫州的桓伊从桓冲那里调归谢安指挥，后来在淝水之战中发挥了作用。晋孝武帝把全国划分成为两大战区，任命谢安和桓冲两人指挥，并且把亲信右将军毛穆之派到桓冲那里救援襄阳。379年，西线的襄阳陷落，同意桓冲让毛穆之伐蜀，在西线转入反攻。东线晋军获胜，北府军打退了敌军，收复了两淮地区。襄阳的陷落使晋孝武帝加快了军事部署准备，380年他为了让谢安专职负责军事，不再让他担任司徒职务，改任为卫将军，开府仪同三司，加封为建昌县公。让他的弟弟司马道子担任司徒，管理政务。382年，苻坚准备征召天下兵马南下攻打晋朝，意图一路由益州的姚苌率领沿长江东下，自己亲帅主力由两淮过长江，陆续集结的前秦部队将超过百万。当时苻坚控制的国土面积超过东晋两倍，兵力也超过数倍，在晋朝面临严峻形势的时刻，20岁的晋孝武帝表现了非凡的勇气。
公元383年五月，在前秦大军还没有全部集结之时，晋孝武帝决定先发制人，遣左卫将军张玄之参谋西线军事，诏令桓冲发起攻势，益州刺史的毛穆之攻占了巴西，其子守梓潼，杨亮进攻涪城，准备切断蜀中同关中的联系。郭铨指挥进攻武当地区，桓冲亲自率领十万大军进攻襄阳，尽管没能收复襄阳，但是成功打乱的苻坚的军事部署，他在调动部队增援各地的同时，只能从民间扩大兵役范围，把大批没有战斗经验的百姓强征入伍。晋军在西线的进攻也牵制了大量前秦部队，减缓了其向东进攻的节奏，姚苌的部队后来被迫守卫益州，没有东进荆州。八月苻坚主力百万大军南下，前锋渡过淮河，晋孝武帝加卫将军谢安为征讨大都督，指挥抗击侵略。谢安派遣谢石为征讨都督，带领谢玄、谢琰、桓伊出征拒敌。在淝水之战期间人们更多地是谈论谢安从容应敌的潇洒气概，前线三谢等众将因势利导，随机应变，取得胜利的精彩过程，对晋孝武帝在淝水战役中的作用往往忽视了，即使从上面淝水战役爆发前的准备过程阶段，就足以表现晋孝武帝非凡的指挥才能，那么在这次战役的具体过程中，远在江南的他和谢安发挥了怎样的作用呢？
谢安在京城表面谈笑风生，与人游乐“至夜乃归”，夜间才同将领们研究军情，指挥部署，白天的悠闲是为了安抚人心的姿态，重要的指挥调动安排在夜间，“指授将帅，各当其任”。晋孝武帝如何指挥的，具体史书没有详细记载，只能从一些简单的文献描述中寻找蛛丝马迹。谢安既然要表面在白天游乐安抚人心，晚间处理军务，估计无暇顾及其他事情，本纪也记载了这时晋孝武帝让他的弟弟，司徒司马道子录尚书六条事，把谢安的录尚书事也兼职了。晋孝武帝也应该是全力支持谢安的，调动一切力量加强和支援前线。谢玄从前线赶回询问谢安军务，求计问策，谢安面无惧色地回答他说：“皇帝另外有旨意了。”尽管我们不知道这是具体指什么军情，但是可以知道晋孝武帝已经传旨处理这件事了。谢安的主要职责是具体指挥淮南的军事作战，而晋孝武帝统筹全局，主要是协调两大战区的关系。谢安与桓冲两人关系不和谐，桓冲反对谢安派人担任江州刺史，上书要求自己兼任，而谢安反对桓冲派遣部队到江南，晋孝武帝对两人意见都表示同意，并且尽量化解两人矛盾，希望双方能团结合作，共同御敌，为此他除了把桓冲的部下桓伊调归谢安，也派遣了毛穆之和张玄之等前往增援桓冲。
晋孝武帝的支持是谢安指挥取得淝水之战胜利的基础，谢安作为中国历史上著名的贤相，青史留名，晋孝武帝在这一时期也发挥了进步的作用。他同谢安、桓冲两位贤臣关系是值得称道的，桓冲传载：他的诏书赞扬桓冲忠义、评论天下大势，要求桓“动静以闻”，随时上奏。对谢安、桓冲的感情也非常深厚，谢安在取得淝水之战胜利后，被加封为太保，都督十五州军事，去世后被追封为太傅，庐陵郡公。桓冲去世后被追封为太尉，丰城公。晋孝武帝这位年轻有为的皇帝在中国历史上也算是一位英主，淝水战役以后，他不念旧恶，同意谢安指挥部队支援苻坚，后来还善待逃亡到晋朝的苻坚太子苻宏、侄儿苻朗等，在他的统治时期，晋朝几乎再次统一，得到中兴。淝水之战是中国历史上著名的战役，全面研究这次战役的历史环境，战争背景，对于吸取历史经验，提高认识历史的能力有重要意义。
Chronology】 【Sima Yao
Jinxiao Wu emperor is the son of Emperor Jianwen of Jin and his mother was Takatake Empress Dowager Li Wen. Childhood ascended the throne, Zonta Chu Regent Dowager curtain. After he eventually re-Jinxiao Wu Emperor reign, good, more powerful Eastern's strength and political stability. North Dizu regime was the implementation of the Former Qin Jin Fan in King system, reuse of famous officials loyal to Wang Meng Jin and others loyal to the surface of the Jin dynasty banner banner, protection offered by the Central Plains people, forces are growing, have perished before the swallow, Chou Chi, attack on behalf of the country, such as pre-cool power to gradually unify the north, and began targeting the Eastern regimes, Young Jin Xiaowu Timor government faced a serious test, he played in the war, what role?
AD 373, the Former Qin Fu Jian command attack Eastern Jin, Yizhou captured parts of the two sides generally in the Jialing River Valley with confrontation. 375, against the invasion of the Jin dynasty of Wang Meng's death (Fu Jian was killed suspected him), Former Qin intensified southward invasion preparations. 376, Jinxiao Wu emperor reign officially began to command the invasion of the war against Fu Jian, the former vassal states in the Jin dynasty of China was cool and on behalf of the Former Qin destroyed. 377 Jinxiao Wu emperor issued an edict to seek civil and military good, Xie Xuan Ying Zhao, to Jingkou raising, the establishment of a new army "Bei Fu Bing." Jinxiao Wu emperor also sent Zhu order for the beam prefectural governor, guard Xiangyang. AD 378, Fu Jian Fu Pi attack Xiangyang life, while troops attack Huaibei, the war between the two countries intensified. Faced with this situation Jinxiao Wu Tai taken many important measures, as early as 377 BC, Emperor on the sealed Xie Jin Xiaowu to Stuart, the military governor Yang Yu-Qing Xu and five state military, as military governor for Juji General Huanchong Jingjiang Guang Liang Yining seven state military pay, the key is the Huan Jin Xiaowu Timor to Iraq Yuzhou transferred there from Huanchong go Xie command, and later played a role in the Battle of Fei River. Jinxiao Wu Emperor of the country's divided into two main theater, named Xie Ann Huanchong two command, and the trusted right-General Mao Mu Xiangyang of the rescue sent Huanchong there. 379 years, the west line of Xiangyang fall, agreed to let Mao Huan Chong Mu Shu of cutting, to counterattack in the west. Eastern Jin won, the North government troops repulsed the enemy and recovered the Huaihe River. The fall of Xiangyang make Jinxiao Wu Tai accelerate the deployment of military preparations, 380, he is responsible to make Xie full-time military, so he no longer functions as a Stuart, was named for the Methodist General, opened with three Secretaries of the government apparatus, sealed the Jianchang County public. Secretary Ma Daozi to his brother as Stuart, managing government. 382, Fu Jian ready to call the world to attack troops and horses south to the Jin dynasty, the intention all the way, led by the Yizhou Yao Chang east along the Yangtze River, the main force of its own pro-Shuai over the Yangtze River from the Salt, the Former Qin forces will gradually build over a million. Fu Jian was the control of land area more than twice the Eastern Jin Dynasty, troops are more than several times, in the grim situation facing the moment of the Jin dynasty, 20-year-old Jin Xiaowu Emperor showed exceptional courage.
AD 383 in May, the former Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology has not yet gathered all the time, Jinxiao Wu emperor decided to pre-emptive removal Samori Staff General Zhang Xuan of Western military, Dahir Huanchong launch offensive interests JIANGXI NORMAL captured the gross Muzhi Brazil, his son keep Zitong, Liang-attack Fucheng, ready to cut off the connection with Xiu. Guo Quan Wudang region attack command, Huanchong thousands of troops personally led attack Xiangyang, despite the failure to recover Xiangyang, but the successful disruption of the Fu Jian's military deployment, mobilization of troops to reinforce his around the same time, military service can only expand the scope of civil , to a large number of people without combat experience, forced recruitment. Jin offensive in the west also contain a large number of the Former Qin forces, slowing the pace of its eastward attack, Yao Chang was forced to guard Yizhou forces, not east of Jingzhou. Fu Jian main one million troops in August to move south, forward through the Huai River, Jinxiao Wu Wei Tai, General Xie added to crusade against big military governor, directing the fight against aggression. Xie Xie Shi sent to campaign against the military governor, to lead Xie Xuan, Xie Yan, Huan Iraq expedition Judi. During the Battle of Fei River is about people more grateful to be enemy of the casual security calm spirit, the front three thank the captains and other prevailing circumstances, resourceful, brilliant victory in the process of Jinxiao Wu emperor's role in the Battle of Fei Shui is often overlooked , even if the battle from above Feishui preparation stage before the outbreak, enough to command the performance of Jinxiao Wu Tai extraordinary ability, then the specific course of this campaign, far in the south of him and how grateful to have played a role in security what?
Jinxiao Wu Tai Hsieh command support is made the basis for victory Battle of Fei River, Xie as the history of the famous Xian Xiang of China, leaving a legacy, Jinxiao Wu emperor in this period also played a progressive role. He and Xie, Huan Chong relationship between the two upright ministers is commendable, Huan Chong Biography set: His edict commended Huan Chong-yi, reviews the world trend to require Huan "movement in order to hear" any memorials. Xie An, Huan Chong's feelings are very deep, Xie made Battle of Fei River in the victory was sealed for the CPIC, the military governor 15 states military, died after being bestowed the Grand Tutor, owned High Luling. Huanchong died after bestowed as Qiu, Hojo public. Jin Xiaowu promising young emperor emperor in Chinese history can be considered a British Lord, Fei Shui campaign, he does not remember bad things, agreed to support Xie Fu Jian command team and later fled to treat the Fu Jin Prince Fu Jian Wang, Fu Long nephew, etc., in his reign, the Jin dynasty again almost uniform, get ZTE. Battle of Fei River is the famous battle in Chinese history, a comprehensive study of the history of the battle environment, the war background, experience for the lessons of history, the ability to raise awareness of history is important.
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