| 奧馬爾·伊本·哈塔卜 | |||||||
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生平
早年生活
奧馬爾出生於麥加，早年當過牧羊人和商販，在低微的環境下長大。他的父親Khattab ibn Nufayl出身於一個中産階級多神論家庭。在那個尚未開化的時代，他受過良好教育、尚武，並且體格強壯。儘管奧馬爾廣受尊重且來自一個具有貴族血統的家庭，但他與其餘的古萊什族人並沒有太大的不同。在伊斯蘭創教前奧馬爾衹是古萊什部落的普通一分子，但是伊斯蘭創立之後，奧馬爾成為地球上最偉大的人之一[來源請求]。
當穆罕默德開始宣講伊斯蘭道義時，奧馬爾致力於保護阿拉伯傳統的多神教信仰。他堅决反對穆罕默德，並積極迫害穆斯林。在早期傳說中，奧馬爾甚至斷然行刺穆罕默德。一個過路的穆斯林告訴他最好先出理好自己的傢務，因為當時奧馬爾的妹妹和妹夫都已皈依伊斯蘭教。當抵達他妹妹的住所時，他發現她和她丈夫正在誦讀《古蘭經》上的詩篇。這激怒了他，使他與妹夫發生鬥毆。他妹妹為了保護丈夫而被奧馬爾誤傷，當看見她流血時，奧馬爾深感悔悟。為了表示和解姿態奧馬爾也讀了一段他妹妹剛剛念誦的經文。據說因為被經文感染，奧馬爾當天就皈依了伊斯蘭教。當奧馬爾嚮古萊什族酋長Abu Jahl報告他改變信仰後，據傳酋長怒斥他：“神詛咒你！”懷着滿腔熱忱，奧馬爾從此公開為伊斯蘭教在剋爾白禱告並成為部落酋長，Abu Sufyan和Abu Jahl對此大為憤怒然而衹能坐視。這一行徑進一步使得穆斯林對公開傳播伊斯蘭教信心大增，因為沒有人敢於阻撓奧馬爾的禱告。
遷居麥地那
奧馬爾於622年遷居麥地那，他是最早遷居麥地那的移民者之一。在那兒他成為穆罕默德的兩大主要顧問之一（另一位是艾卜·伯剋爾）。他參與了Badr, Uhud, Khaybar的戰鬥和奇襲敘利亞，及許多其他的戰役，成為穆罕默德的親密戰友。625年，奧馬爾的女兒Hafsah嫁給了先知穆罕默德。
艾卜·伯剋爾任哈裏發時期
艾卜·伯剋爾被推舉為新一任領導人，即哈裏發。麥地那本土的穆斯林準備推舉他們自己的領導人。這粉碎了麥地那本土居民與麥加移民所達成的一致。艾卜·伯剋爾與奧馬爾兩人雙雙參加了會議，經過一天的商討後，奧馬爾主動宣誓效忠於伯剋爾。伊斯蘭選民跟着也嚮伯剋爾效忠，服從穆罕默德給出的種種暗示：艾卜·伯剋爾將成為他的繼承人。
艾卜·伯剋爾在位時間很短，他行使職權的大部分時間都被叛教戰爭所占用，在這次戰爭中一些部落妄圖脫離穆斯林聯盟。奧馬爾當時是伯剋爾的主要顧問。在艾卜·伯剋爾於634年去世後，奧馬爾被指定為繼承人。
奧馬爾的統治
在奧馬爾任哈裏發時期，伊斯蘭帝國以空前的速度進行擴張，徵服了美索不達米亞、波斯的部分領土並最終滅亡當時統治波斯的薩珊王朝，並從拜占庭帝國手中奪取了埃及、巴勒斯坦、北非和亞美尼亞。636年在大馬士革附近進行的耶爾穆剋之戰中，奧馬爾以少勝多，永久的結束了拜占庭帝國在小亞細亞南部的統治。雖然伊斯蘭帝國一開始就嚮外擴張，那些被徵服土地上的人民（尤其是波斯人)在發展伊斯蘭文化方面做了重大貢獻。
在636年的幼發拉底河畔的al-Qādisiyyah會戰中，阿拉伯人以少勝多大敗波斯人。會戰過程中阿拉伯將領Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas包抄了薩珊大軍並擊殺波斯將領Rostam Farrokhzād。
條約與歷法
637年，在漫長的耶路撒冷圍城之後，阿拉伯軍隊得以和平進城並簽定條約。早幾年的時候元老曾宣佈他不會與除哈裏發本人之外的任何人簽訂條約。由於這個原因，奧馬爾親自來到耶路撒冷，在穆斯林軍完全控製周邊領土之後。為了穆斯林與基督徒雙方利益，奧馬爾謙恭地入城，與他身旁騎驢的侍從一起。據說他已經把門戶交還給該城居民經由正統基督徒長老索福容尼斯，在簽訂和平協定之後(今天被稱作“奧馬爾條約”)。
奧馬爾讓長老帶領他去古老的猶太神廟遺址。當發現遺址覆蓋於污漬之中，奧馬爾十分震驚。那是因為羅馬人發起了把它用作賣堆的風俗。奧馬爾當場跪下用手去清理。當穆斯林們看到他的行動後也紛紛跟隨他，馬上阿剋薩的全部地區，越25英畝，被清理幹淨。其後，一個木質的清真寺在遺址南部被建立，這就是今天阿剋薩清真寺。奧馬爾被一個已皈依伊斯蘭教的拉比Ka'ab al-Ahbar帶領參觀了遺址的奠基石。這塊石頭被柵欄包圍，許多年以後倭馬亞王朝的哈裏發在遺址之上修建了圓頂清真寺。
占領耶路撒冷之後，奧馬爾為其他信仰的成員居住於城中樹立起極度的尊敬。500年來的第一次自從猶太人從聖地被逐出，他們被允許實踐他們的信仰並居住在耶路撒冷附近。根據猶太百科全書，70個家庭在城中定居下來。奧馬爾還許可了一些協定（被稱為奧馬爾盟約），與基督教信徒一起，確立了他們在穆斯林統治之下的權利與義務。
作為一個徵服者，奧馬爾主導了多項改革並全面檢視了國傢政策。他在新徵服的土地上確立並發展了行政部門，包括一些新的政府部門和官僚機構，並主持了穆斯林統治區域的人口普查。在他的統治下，駐軍的城市如巴士拉、庫法被建立及擴展。638年，他主持擴展和修復了麥加的大清真寺和麥地那的先知清真寺。他開始組織編撰伊斯蘭法典, 於此同時，他下令逐出Najran 和 Khaibar的基督教及猶太教團體，並禁止非穆斯林在漢至省居住三天以上。(G. Levi DellaVida and M. Bonner, Encyclopedia of Islam, and Madelung, The Succession to Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him), p. 74)
作為一名領導者，奧馬爾因他簡單嚴厲的生活方式而聞名。於被盛世陶醉和易受同時代其他領導者影響不同，他的生活態度相比穆斯林聲勢弱小且被迫害時並沒有什麽改變。公元639年，他繼位為哈裏發4年後、希吉來（指穆罕默德從麥加遷徙麥地那的歷史事件）17年後，製定了伊斯蘭歷法（回歷），以希吉來為紀元。
644年，奧馬爾一世被一名信仰基督教的波斯奴隸刺殺。
Omar was born in Mecca, early years, worked as shepherds and traders, grew up in humble circumstances. Khattab ibn Nufayl his father came from a middle class family polytheism. Not civilized in that era, he was well educated, martial arts, and physical strong. Although Omar widely respected and noble descent from a family, but he and the rest of the Gulai Shi clan and not much different. Its founding in the pre-Islamic tribal Omar is just an ordinary member of Gu Laishi, but after the founding of Islam, Omar became the greatest person on earth one [citation needed].
When Muhammad began to preach the Islamic morality, the Omar is committed to protecting the Arab belief in the traditional polytheism. He strongly opposed Muhammad, and actively persecuted Muslims. In the early legend, Muhammad Omar and even outright assassination. A crossing of the Muslim to tell his best good-first-out their home grounds because it was Omar's sister and her husband have converted to Islam. When they reached the residence of his sister, he found that she and her husband is reading "Koran" on the Psalms. This angered him, so he and brother fight occurred. His sister to protect her husband was Omar accidental injury, when I saw her bleeding, Omar deep repentance. Omar said the conciliatory gestures to also read some his sister had just recite the scriptures. Because Scripture is said to be infected, the same day Omar converted to Islam. When Omar Abu Jahl to the Quraysh chiefs after reporting his conversion, he allegedly chiefs angrily: "God curse you!" With enthusiasm, Umar Islam, from public to pray in the Kaaba, and a tribal sheikh , Abu Sufyan and Abu Jahl, however, can only sit and watch this much anger. The act further allows Muslims to spread Islam in public confidence, because no one dared to obstruct Omar prayer.
Omar in 622 moved to Medina, he was among the first immigrants moved to Medina one. Where he became one of Muhammad's two key advisers (the other was Abu Bakr). He took part in Badr, Uhud, Khaybar fighting and Syrian surprise attack, and many other battles, a close ally of Muhammad. 625, Omar's daughter Hafsah married the Prophet Muhammad.
Abu Bakr in office a short time, the exercise of his functions and powers most of the time occupied by traitors, war, war in the vain attempt of some tribes from the Muslim League. Omar was the principal adviser Burkle. In the Abu Bakr died in 634, after Omar was designated as heir.
In the 636 years of the Euphrates River in the al-Qādisiyyah battle, the Arabs defeated the Persians to win with fewer. Arab generals during the Battle of Sa `d ibn Abi Waqqas outflank the Sassanid army and kill the Persian general Rostam Farrokhzād.
Omar allow elders to lead him to the site of the ancient Jewish temple. When found among the ruins covered in stains, Omar was shocked. That is because the Romans used to sell it initiated the custom of the heap. Omar knelt hand to clean up the spot. When the Muslims see his actions have also followed him, and immediately all the regions the Al-Aqsa, the more 25 acres, was clean. Later, a wooden mosque in the southern sites were established, which is today the Al-Aqsa Mosque. Omar has been converted to Islam by a rabbi Ka'ab al-Ahbar a guided tour of the site's cornerstone. Stone surrounded by fencing, many years later Caliph Umayyad dynasty built a dome over the site of the mosque.
As a leader, Mullah Omar as he is known for simple and severe life. To be intoxicated and vulnerable flourishing contemporary impact of various other leaders, his attitude to life and is small compared to the momentum Muslim persecution no change. AD 639, he succeeded to the throne as the Caliph, after 4 years, shiggi to (referring to Muhammad from Mecca to Medina's history of migration events) 17 years after the development of the Islamic calendar (Hijri calendar) to shiggi to serve era.