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对内政策
为了应付存在已久的各种内部矛盾,他采取了有效而温和的手段改善弊政。他尊重元老院的地位,并扩大元老院的基础,东方各行省的贵族得以参加元老院。为改善地方吏治,他以curatores为中央政府在地方的代表,控制地方财政,任命忠于职守的亲信到行省担任总督。他重视低下阶层的生活,减轻人民的负担,并提供贷款援助小农。为了阻止意大利的资金外流至行省,图拉真颁布《农地投资法》,规定元老院议员必须将总资产的三分之一投资于意大利。此外,他沿袭涅尔瓦所创行的办法,以皇帝的个人收入在各地设立贫儿补助金(Alimenta),用以养育贫苦无依的孤儿。
对外政策
达基亚战争
图拉真打破奥古斯都确立的传统边界,放弃罗马帝国建立以来便一直沿用的守势方针,重拾罗马共和时期的侵略倾向。公元101-102年和105-106年,图拉真曾两次攻打多瑙河下流的达基亚人,推翻达基亚国王德克巴鲁斯的统治。战后达基亚成为罗马的一个行省,大批罗马士兵和贫民被迁往重建后的达基亚行省。图拉真柱就是为纪念图拉真在达基亚战争所取得的胜利而建。
安息战争
其后,图拉真将扩张的方向转往亚洲,与罗马帝国的东方劲敌--安息 (Parthia)交战。自公元前一世纪中叶以来,安息曾与罗马交战多次,双方相持不下。安息曾在公元前53年击败由克拉苏率领的罗马军队,安东尼亦曾在公元前36年越过幼发拉底河进攻安息,但最终被迫退回幼发拉底河以西,并以此为界。公元105-106年,图拉真命令驻守叙利亚的罗马军团占领巴勒斯坦与阿拉伯沙漠之间的大部分地区和西奈半岛,建立阿拉伯行省。公元113年,图拉真拒绝承认安息所扶植的亚美尼亚国王,并以此为借口,亲率大军向安息大举进攻。罗马军团占领亚美尼亚后,随即南下进攻两河流域,攻下安息的首都克特西封(Ctesiphon)。图拉真在公元116年宣布废除安息国王欧斯罗埃斯一世(Osroes I)的王位,扶植Parthamaspates为罗马控制的傀儡安息国王。三个行省在占领地上建立:亚美尼亚行省、亚述行省和美索不达米亚行省。他的军事行动成功将罗马帝国的疆域扩至最大,东起两河流域,西达不列颠的大部分地区,南至埃及、北非,北抵莱茵河和多瑙河以北的达基亚。
然而,图拉真在亚洲西南部所取得的这些胜利只是昙花一现。公元115年,希腊-犹太裔之间的冲突在犹太行省演变为严重的犹太人骚乱,并逐渐蔓延到了有庞大犹太社群居住的埃及、昔兰尼加以及塞浦路斯。图拉真被迫从两河流域回师镇压骚乱,并任命养子哈德良为安息战争的总指挥。但他在途中染疾,最后在公元117年8月病逝于小亚细亚南部的塞利努斯(Selinus)。图拉真死后,他在两河流域所取得的胜利很快被哈德良放弃,罗马帝国再次退回图拉真开战前的边界。
继承人
早在公元86年,图拉真的堂弟过世后,图拉真便收养堂弟遗下的儿子哈德良为养子,并将他的甥孙女“萨比娜(Sabina)”嫁给这位养子。图拉真临终前指定哈德良为继承人。他死后不久,东方军团在公元117年8月11日向哈德良宣誓效忠,事后元老院追认哈德良继位为罗马的“第一公民”。
Daji Ya War
Later, Trajan transferred to the direction of expansion in Asia, with the rival Eastern Roman Empire - rest in peace (Parthia) war. Since the middle of the first century BC has been laid to rest at war with the Roman times, the two sides at loggerheads. Rest in 53 BC Crassus led in defeat by the Roman army, Anthony has also crossed the Euphrates in BC 36 years of attack laid to rest, but eventually was forced to return west of the Euphrates, and on this sector. AD 105-106, the order of Trajan's Roman legions stationed in Syria, Palestine and the Arab occupation of much of the desert region between the Sinai Peninsula and the establishment of the Arab provinces. In 113 AD, Trajan refused to acknowledge the support of the Armenian king laid to rest, and use it as an excuse, personally led a force large-scale offensive to the rest. Roman legions occupied by Armenia, immediately south Mesopotamia attack, capture rest of the capital Kete Xi Feng (Ctesiphon). Trajan abolished in AD 116 King 欧斯罗埃斯 I of Parthia (Osroes I) of the throne, support Parthamaspates controlled puppet for the rest of Rome the king. The establishment of three provinces in the occupation of the ground: the Armenian provinces, province of Mesopotamia Assyrian province. His successful military operation to extend the boundaries of the Roman Empire, the largest east Mesopotamia, much of west Britain, south to Egypt, North Africa, north to the Rhine and the Danube north of Da Jiya.
As early as AD 86 years after the death of Trajan, cousin, cousin of Trajan left it adopted son of Hadrian as the adopted son and nephew of his granddaughter, "Sabine (Sabina)" to marry the adopted son. Trajan Hadrian's deathbed designation as heir. He died shortly after the East Team in the year 117 August 11 oath of allegiance to Hadrian, after the Senate ratified the throne of the Roman Hadrian's "first citizen."