tú mì shàn Titus Flavius Domitianus
fú lā wéi wáng cháo
( 51niánshíyuè24rì～ 96niánjiǔyuè18rì)
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tí tú sī · fú lā wéi wū sī · duō mǐ tí ' ān nǔ sī（ TitusFlaviusDomitianus）， yīng yǔ huà zuò “ duō mǐ tí ' ān、 tú mì shàn Domitian ”， hàn wén shén xué shū jí yì zuò duō mǐ tián wáng， 51 nián 10 yuè 24 rì － 96 nián 9 yuè 18 rì。 tā jì chéng fù qīn wéi sī pà xiān yǔ xiōng cháng tí tú sī de dì wèi， wéi fú lā wéi wáng cháo de zuì hòu yī wèi luó mǎ huáng dì， 81 nián -96 nián zài wèi。 yóu yú tā zhí zhèng zhōng hòu qī céng yán kù chǔjué xǔ duō yuán lǎo yǐ jí pò hài jī dū tú， yīn cǐ tā zài hòu shì shǐ shū zhōng de píng jià pǔ biàn bù jiā。
zǎo nián shēng huó
tú mì shàn chū shēng zài luó mǎ chéng， dāng shí tā de fù qīn jí jiāng jiù rèn luó mǎ zhí zhèng guān， zǎo nián de jiā jìng bìng bù fù yù。 dāng tā de fù qīn yǔ xiōng cháng zài wài cóng shì jūn lǚ shēng huó shí， tā zé liú zài luó mǎ jiē shòu guì zú de qīng nián jiào yù， xué xí xiū cí hé wén fǎ。
gōng yuán 69 nián， huáng dì wéi tí lǐ wū sī de jūn duì zài dì 'èr cì bèi dé lǐ yà kù mǔ zhàn yì shī bài hòu， zhī chí wéi sī pà xiān de bù duì jí jiāng jìn rù luó mǎ chéng。 zài chéng nèi dà luàn zhī jì， tú mì shàn yǔ dāng shí dān rèn chéng shì zhǎngguān de bó fù“ sà bīn nǔ sī” táo dào kǎ bì tuō lǐ shàng de zhū bì tè shén miào， dàn dí rén chuǎng rù bìng fàng huǒ fén shāo shén miào， sà bīn nǔ sī bèi huáng dì dài bǔ yǔ chǔjué。 tú mì shàn dǎ bàn chéng yī xī sī nǚ shén de jì sī， táo guò zhuī bǔ zhě de sōu chá。 bù jiǔ， wéi tí lǐ wū sī zhàn bài shēn wáng， zhī chí tā fù qīn chēng dì de jūn duì jìn rù luó mǎ， tú mì shàn bèi jūn duì yōng hù gāo hū wéi“ kǎi sǎ”， bìng shòu yǔ zhí zhèng guān de dì wèi。
suī rán wéi sī pà xiān yǐ jīng chéng wéi dì guó zhōng wéi yī de luó mǎ huáng dì， dàn dāng shí（ gōng yuán 70 nián nián chū） wéi sī pà xiān yǔ tí tú sī dōubù zài luó mǎ， yīn cǐ luó mǎ zhōng shū shì yóu dāng nián shí bā suì de tú mì shàn yǐ chéng shì dà fǎ guān de míng yì， shí xíng guó jiā zhí zhèng guān de quán lì。 tú mì shàn zài dāng shí shàn zì fēn pài liǎo shǒu dū hé wài dì niàn duō gè zhí wèi， zhè yī jǔ dòng yǐn qǐ shàng zài 'āi jí de fù qīn bù mǎn； wéi sī pà xiān céng bù zhǐ yī cì dì bào yuàn yǔ fěng cì：“ zhēn qí guài， tā zěn me méi yòu bǎ wǒ de jì chéng rén yě gěi zhǐ pài liǎo？！” dàn tí tú sī què pín pín wéi zì jǐ de dì dì huǎn jiá， shǐ dé tā men de qīn zǐ guān xì wèi yòu bù liáng yǐng xiǎng。
nián qīng de tú mì shàn xiǎn xiàn chū duì quán lì de zhuī qiú。 wèile zēng jiā zì jǐ de jūn gōng， tā zì yuàn dài bīng dào gāo lú yǔ rì 'ěr màn dì qū mǐ píng bā tǎ wéi yà pàn biàn。 dàn zài tā shàng wèi dào dá qián xiàn zhī qián， luó mǎ jiànglǐng kǎi liè yà lǐ sī yǐ jīng jī bài dí rén， shǒu lǐng qí wéi lǐ sī zài 70 nián xià mò xiàng luó mǎ tóu jiàng bìng jié shù zhè chǎng shì biàn。 hòu lái， tā yòu céng zì yuàn cān jiā yǔ pà tí yà de lián jūn， gōng dǎ dōng fāng de 'ā lán rén； dàn wéi sī pà xiān bù tóng yì luó mǎ jiè rù dōng fāng shì wù， shǐ dé tú mì shàn wú fǎ qǔ dé zhàn chǎng shàng de guāng róng。
gōng yuán 79 nián， wéi sī pà xiān bìng sǐ， zhǎngzǐ tí tú sī jì rèn dì wèi。 dàn tú mì shàn què xuān chēng， fù qīn yuán běn dǎ suàn ràng tā men xiōng dì 'èr rén gòng tóng zhì lǐ dì guó， tí tú sī tōu tōu gǎi xiě liǎo wéi sī pà xiān de yí zhǔ。 tú mì shàn míng bái xiǎn xiàn chū duì yú xiōng cháng de bù mǎn， sī xià cèhuà zhù móu fǎn tí tú sī de yīn móu。 dàn tí tú sī bù yǐ wéi yì， bìng wèi duì dì dì yòu guò gōng kāi de pī píng。
dēng shàng dì wèi
gōng yuán 81 nián， jiù rèn huáng dì zhǐ yòu liǎng nián de tí tú sī bìng gù。 yóu yú tí tú sī méi yòu 'ér zǐ， sà suì de tú mì shàn shùn lì dēng shàng luó mǎ de huáng wèi。 tā tí gāo liǎo luó mǎ shì bīng yī bǎi yī shí nián lái wèi céng biàn huà guò de jūn xiǎng， cóng yī tiān de 10 ā sī（ As， zhǐ luó mǎ dì guó tóng bì） tí gāo dào 13 ā sī， bìng jiāng shì bīng tuì xiū jīn lǐng qǔ fāng shì jǐyǔ zhì dù huà。 yīn cǐ zhōng qí zhí zhèng qī jiān， tā yī zhí dū shòu dào shì bīng men de 'ài dài。
gōng gòng jiàn shè
luó mǎ chéng de zhū bì tè shén miào yú 80 nián dà huǒ zhōng zài dù fén huǐ。 tú mì shàn xià lìng chóngxīn xīng jiàn， yú 82 nián jùn gōng。 tā hái zài kǎ bì tuō lǐ shàng jiàn liǎo yī zuò xīn de shén miào， jí hòu lái tōng chēng de niè 'ěr wǎ guǎng chǎng。
tóng shí， tā hái jiàn liǎo fú lā wéi jiā zú de shén miào、 tú mì shàn jìng jì chǎng（ StadiumDomitiani）、 yīnyuè tīng hé yī gè hǎi zhàn rén gōng hú， bìng zhòng xīn xiū zhù bìng wán chéng liǎo zuì zhù míng de dà jìng jì chǎng（ Colosseum）。
rì 'ěr màn cháng chéng
duì yú dì guó biān jìng de fáng yù fāng miàn， tú mì shàn yán zhe lāi yīn hé、 duō nǎo hé fáng xiàn， bìng lián jié hēi sēn lín dì qū， jiàn lì liǎo rì 'ěr màn cháng chéng（ LimesGermanicus）。 yī fāng què bǎo liǎo luó mǎ guó jìng nèi de 'ān quán， yě tóng shí jiǎn qīng liǎo luó mǎ biān fáng zhù jūn de fù dān（ lāi yīn hé zǒng bīng tuán shù cóng bā gè jūn tuán jiàng dī wéi liù gè jūn tuán）。
dá qí yà zhàn zhēng
86 nián， tú mì shàn duì yú wèi zài duō nǎo hé duì 'àn de dá qì yà fā dòng liǎo liǎng cì zhàn zhēng。 dì yī cì shì tā zì jǐ qīn shàng zhàn zhèn， dì 'èr cì zé shì ràng jìn wèi jūn zhǎngguān dài lǐng。 luó mǎ yǔ dá qì yà zhī jiān de zhàn zhēng， hù yòu shèng bài。 hòu lái yú 89 nián， tú mì shàn jué dìng bà zhàn， yóu luó mǎ chū qián shú huí bèi fú de zhàn shì， shuāng fāng yì hé。 dàn tú mì shàn què wèicǐ jǔ bàn kǎi xuán shì。
bù chéng gōng de pàn biàn
shàng rì 'ěr màn de xíng zhèng zhǎngguān lù qí wū sī · ān dōng ní gōng kāi chēng dì， dǎ suàn lián hé dāng dì de tóng méng bù duì， qǐ bīng fǎn pàn。 dàn yóu yú lāi yīn hé tí zǎo jiě dòng， zǔ zhǐ rì 'ěr màn rén dù hé。 xià rì 'ěr màn jūn tuán zhǎngguān lì kè zhèn yā liǎo zhè chǎng lián nèi zhàn dū chēng bù shàng de pàn biàn， jǐn yòu 'ān dōng ní yǔ tā shǒu xià de jǐ gè bǎi rén duì cháng shòu dào chǔjué。
tú mì shàn jiē dào pàn biàn xiāo xī shí， shì jiàn jiù yǐ jīng píng xī。 tú mì shàn pài rèn tú lā zhēn（ hòu lái de huáng dì） dān rèn shàng rì 'ěr màn jūn tuán de zhǎngguān。
kǒng bù tǒng zhì
tú mì shàn zhòng shì sī fǎ ── zhè diǎn lèi sì tā gè rén chóng bài de dì guó 'èr dài huáng dì tí bǐ lüè， cháng dào shì xīn guǎng chǎng de shěn pàn tīng jǔ xíng tè bié shěn pàn。 zhào luó mǎ rén de zōng jiào xí sú， wéi sī tǎ zhēn nǚ bì xū fā shì zhōng shēng shǒu jié， dàn shí jì shàng què cháng cháng fā shēng yǔ nán zǐ fā shēng xìng guān xì de qíng kuàng chū xiàn。 tú mì shàn huī fù gǔ dài zhì dù， jiāng yòu fàn xíng de zhēn nǚ huó mái， qíng fū zé yǐ luàn bàng dǎ sǐ。 cǐ wài， tú mì shàn duì tān zāng shòu huì、 tōng jiān děng zuì xíng， cháng cháng cǎi xíng tè bié yán gé de fá zé。 duì yú gǎn yú yǐ fěng cì shī yǐng shè tā de wén rén， yě zāo dào tā de kù xíng duì dài； dào liǎo hòu lái， zhǐ yào yòu rén bèi tā rèn dìng， qí yán lùn huò xíng dòng yòu sǔn yú huáng dì de zūn yán， jiù zú yǐ gòu chéng duì cǐ rén dìng zuì de lǐ yóu liǎo。 hòu lái， yóu yú guó jiā cái zhèng chī jǐn， tā duì yóu tài rén yǔ jī dū tú kè yǐ tè bié de shuì fù； zhǐ yào shí xíng guò gē lǐ， jiù bì xū jiǎo fù 'é wài de shuì jīn。
bù rù zhí zhèng zhōng hòu qī de tú mì shàn kāi shǐ biàn de duō yí， tā duì yú yuán lǎo yuàn cǎi qǔ dí shì de tài dù。 tā cháng cháng huái yí yuán lǎo yì yuán yīn móu tuī fān tā de tǒng zhì， shèn zhì zài zì jǐ de chuáng tóu fàng zhì dāo jiàn yǐ fáng zāo rén 'àn shā， yú shì biàn ràng xǔ duō gào mì zhě dé dào gǔ dòng， fēn fēn sōu jí guì zú gè zhǒng zuì xíng， zài gào shàng fǎ tíng jìn xíng shěn pàn， shèn zhì ràng qí shì jiē jí gōng kāi shěn pàn yuán lǎo。 zài tā de tǒng zhì qī jiān， xǔ duō yuán lǎo zāo dào chǔjué、 liú fàng、 cái chǎn mòshōu、 chú míng de xià chǎng， suǒ yòu guì zú men jīng cháng zài kǒng jù dāng zhōng dù rì。
yù cì shēn wáng
tú mì shàn nián qīng shí， jiù qiáng duó liǎo 'āi lǐ wū sī · lā mǐ yà de qī zǐ── duō mǐ tí yà · lóng jí nà。 hòu lái dāng tú mì shàn dēng jī hòu， duō mǐ tí yà jiù jiē shòu liǎo“ ào gǔ sī tǎ”（ huáng hòu） de fēng hào。 hòu lái duō mǐ tí yà 'ài shàng liǎo yǎn yuán pà lǐ sī， tú mì shàn dé zhī zhī hòu， shā sǐ pà lǐ sī yǔ qí péng yǒu， bìng xuān bù yǔ huáng hòu lí hūn， rán 'ér tú mì shàn bù jiǔ zhī hòu yòu bǎ tā zhào huí。 zhōng nián zhī hòu， tú mì shàn yòu nà liǎo zì jǐ de zhí nǚ── yóu lì yà（ jí tí tú sī de nǚ 'ér）， dàn tā hòu lái yě zāo dào liú fàng， sǐ zài wài dì。
chū yú huái yí， tú mì shàn tū rán shā sǐ liǎo zì jǐ de táng xiōng dì fú lā wéi wū sī · kè lè méng sī。 yī lián chuàn de jǔ dòng， yǐn qǐ liǎo huáng shì jiā zú chéng yuán de jīng kǒng。 yóu huáng hòu zài bèi hòu 'àn dì zhī chí， qǐn gōng shì cóng bā 'ěr tè ní wū sī、 gōng tíng wèi duì cháng sà tú 'ěr， huáng dì mì shū 'ēn tè 'ěr， yóu lì yà guò qù de guǎn jiā sī tè pān nǔ sī， lián hé qǐ lái cānyù liǎo cì shā huáng dì de jìhuà。
96 nián 9 yuè 18 rì zhōng wǔ， bā 'ěr tè ní wū sī xiàng tú mì shàn huǎng chēng， sī tè pān nǔ sī yào xiàng tā jǐn jí bào gào。 yú shì， tú mì shàn bìng tuì suǒ yòu shì cóng， dú zì zǒu jìn wò shì。
sī tè pān nǔ sī jiǎ zhuāng shòu shāng， yòng yáng máo bēng dài bāozā tā de zuǒ bì。 zhèng dāng sī tè pān nǔ sī yǐ jiē fā yīn móu de lǐ yóu jiē jìn huáng dì shí， tā biàn chōu chū yù cáng zài bēng dài zhōng de bǐ shǒu， cì zhōng tú mì shàn 。 tú mì shàn shì tú dǐ kàng， dàn tā shēn biān de sà tú 'ěr、 yǐ jí jiě fàng nú lì yī qǐ xiàng tā jìn gōng， huáng dì táo dào chuáng tóu xún zhǎo wǔ qì， què zhǐ fā xiàn kōng de dāo qiào。 tā men hé lì shā sǐ liǎo tú mì shàn 。
tú mì shàn huáng dì xiǎng nián 45 suì， zài wèi 15 nián。 tā bèi shā hòu， shī tǐ wú rén lǐ huì。 hòu lái tā de rǔ mǔ zài lā dīng dà dào bàng huǒ huà liǎo tā de shī tǐ， bìng tōu tōu dì bǎ tú mì shàn de gǔ huī dài dào fú lā wéi jiā zú shén miào， yǔ yóu lì yà de gǔ huī hé zàng zài yī qǐ。 luó mǎ shì bīng shí fēn bēi tòng， dǎ suàn lì jí chēng tā wéi fù chóu。 bù jiǔ， sī tè pān nǔ sī yǔ bā 'ěr tè ní wū sī dū shòu dào zhé mó 'ér sǐ。
tú mì shàn céng yǔ huáng hòu duō mǐ tí yà shēng yòu yī zǐ yī nǚ， dàn dū zǎo yāo。 tú mì shàn sǐ hòu， yuán lǎo yuàn tuī jǔ 66 suì de niè 'ěr wǎ jì rèn huáng dì。 fú lā wéi wáng cháo jié shù。
píng jià
shǐ xué jiā de guān diǎn
zài tǎ xī tuó、 xiǎo pǔ lín ní yǔ sū 'āi tuō ní wū sī de bǐ xià， tú mì shàn shì yī wèi bào jūn。 tā shàng wèi dāng zhèng zhī qián yǔ zhí zhèng zhī chū， biǎo qíng qiān gōng， rè 'ài wén xué， jiǎng yè xiū cí xué míng jiā kūn tí liáng， dā pèi tā nián qīng shí qī de wài biǎo： shēn cái gāo dà， miàn sè hóng rùn， jù yòu yī duì dà yǎn jīng， cháng dé jùn měi yōu yǎ， shí fēn shòu dào luó mǎ gè jiē céng de xǐ 'ài。 dàn tā zhí zhèng de zhōng hòu qī què xǐ hǎo huāng yín xī xì， bìng zhú jiàn biàn dé cán bào， tè bié zhuózhòng yú dǎ jī yuán lǎo yuàn guì zú jiē céng， cǎi xíng xǔ duō xīn de kǎo dǎ fāng shì duì fù zāo dào dài bǔ de rén。 yīn cǐ dāng tā de sǐ xùn chuán chū， yuán lǎo yuàn tè bié gǎn dào gāo xīng。 tā men tōng guò fǎ lìng， jué dìng duì tú mì shàn shī yǐ chú yì zǔ zhòu（ huò yì jì lù mǒ shā）── mǒ xiāo suǒ yòu tú mì shàn suǒ liú xià lái de jì niàn wù： diāo xiàng、 míng wén。 ér xǔ duō dāng dài dì yī shǒu shǐ liào jì lù zhě de shēn fèn， zhèng shì yuán lǎo jiē céng， yīn cǐ tòu guò tā men de bǐ fēng， hòu rén duì huáng dì tú mì shàn de guān gǎn xiāng dāng 'è liè。 ér chú yì zǔ zhòu duì tú mì shàn shī zhèng jì lù de yòu xì tǒng pò huài， yě shǐ tú mì shàn de zhèng miàn píng jià zhí zhì jìn dài kǎo gǔ xué jí xì tǒng xìng shǐ xué fēn xī de fā zhǎn cái jiàn yòu tí shēng。
tǎ xī tuó xiě zhe：“ hǎi shàng chōng mǎn liǎo liú fàng kě lián dào yuǎn fāng de chuán zhǐ， yán jiāo shàng liú mǎn liǎo zhè xiē xī shēng zhě de xiān xuè。” bù guò zài shì shí shàng， tǎ xī tuó duì cǐ shì lüè wéi kuā dà de： zài tú mì shàn zhí zhèng de shí wǔ nián jiān de jì lù zhōng， yuán lǎo yì yuán bī chù jué de yòu bā dào jiǔ rén， liú fàng de yòu wǔ dào liù rén， duì zhèng zhì jué wàng 'ér tuì yǐn de yòu sān dào sì rén。
jī dū jiào lì shǐ de guān diǎn
zài jī dū jiào de lì shǐ guān zhōng， cháng lùn jí tú mì shàn céng jiāng jiào tú diū rù dà jìng jì chǎng zhōng， ràng shī zǐ děng yě shòu kěn shí de xù shù； shí jì shàng， zài dāng dài fēi jī dū jiào de shǐ liào zhōng zhǎo bù dào rèn hé kě gōng yàn zhèng de zhèng jù， jǐn jǐn chū xiàn zài hòu lái xīng qǐ de jiào huì jì shù zhōng。 ér tú mì shàn de zhí nǚ yóu lì yà、 yǐ jí kè lè méng sī fēn bié zāo dào liú fàng yǔ chǔjué de yuán yīn， yě jǐn yòu jiào huì jìzǎi shì yóu yú tā men xìn yǎng jī dū jiào de yuán yīn， dàn tóng yàng wèi chū xiàn zài sū 'āi tuō ní wū sī yǔ dí 'ào de zuò pǐn zhōng（ dí 'ào jì lù kè lè méng sī de zuì míng shì“ bù xìn shén”， dàn lì lái wú fǎ duì yú zhè xiàng zuì míng shì fǒu“ děng tóng yú xìn yǎng jī dū jiào” dá chéng gòng shí）。
wú lùn rú hé， jī dū jiào chuán tǒng shàngjiàng tú mì shàn shì wéi zǎo qī pò hài jiào tú de huáng dì zhī yī。 yī bān rèn wéi《 xīn yuē》 zhōng de 〈 qǐ shì lù 〉 suǒ jiǎng de“ è mó de shù zì 666”， jiù shì zài yǐn yù tú mì shàn běn rén。
提图斯弗拉维 乌斯多米提安 Yunus (Titus Flavius Domitianus), turned into English, "Domitian, Domitian Domitian", Science theological books translated Domitian the king, 51 10 24 - 96 years on Sept. 18. He inherited his father and elder brother Titus Vespasian's throne, as the Flavian dynasty, the last Roman emperor, reigned 81 years -96. Because of his power during late patriarch and the harsh persecution of Christians in many executed, so he's evaluation in later history books generally poor.
69 AD, the emperor's army 维提里乌斯 battle in the second 贝德里亚库姆 failed to support Vespasian's troops about to enter the city of Rome. Chaos in the city, the occasion of Domitian and then-City Executive uncle "Sabinnusi" Tory Bailey fled card on the Temple of Jupiter, but the enemy broke into and set fire to the temple, Sabinnusi arrested and executed by the emperor. Domitian priest dressed as the goddess Isis, who escaped the hunt for the search. Soon, 维提里乌斯 defeat death, to support his father's troops entered the Roman emperor, Domitian was the military support the shouting of "Caesar" and the status granted to consuls.
AD 79, Vespasian died, his eldest son Titus successor to throne. But Domitian was declared, the father had intended to co-management of their empire, two brothers, Titus Vespasian secretly rewrote the will. Domitian understand that reveals discontent for his brother, Titus private planning a rebellion plot. But Titus did not mind his brother had not been publicly criticized.
Public Works
German Wall
86 years, Domitian is located in the Danube for the other side of Dacia launched two wars. The first time was on his pro-war to the second is the Chief Executive to lead the guards. The war between Rome and Dacia, victory or defeat each other. Later, in 89 years, Domitian decided Bazhan, from Rome to pay the redemption of the captured soldiers, both peace negotiations. But Domitian was held this triumphal.
Domitian received mutiny message, the event had subsided. Domitian Trajan assignments (later Emperor) as the German Army's Executive.
Into power in the latter part of Domitian began to become suspicious that he was hostile attitude of the Senate. He often suspected plot to overthrow the elder members of his rule, and even placed the sword in his own bed to avoid being assassinated, so they are encouraged so many informers, have collected a variety of crimes nobility, and then to court for trial, and even Knight class public trial veterans. Under his rule, many veterans were executed, exiled, property confiscation, removal of the end, all the nobles were often live in fear.
Based on suspicion, suddenly Domitian killed his cousin 弗拉维乌斯 Kelemengsi. A series of moves, the members of the royal family caused panic. Secretly supported by the Queen in the background, and chambers attendants Baerteni ust, court Weidui Zhang satur, Emperor secretary Endter, Julia Butler 斯特潘努斯 the past, together involved in the assassination of the emperor's plans.
Domitian the emperor at the age of 45 years, the reign of 15 years. He was killed, the bodies are left unattended. Later, his wet nurse in Latin along the roadside, his body was cremated, and secretly to Domitian's ashes into the Flavian family temple, and Julia's ashes buried together. Roman soldiers were very sad, intends to immediately call him revenge. Soon, 斯特潘努斯 and Baerteni ust have been tortured to death.
Historian's point of view
In Tacitus, Pliny the Younger and Suetonius's pen, Domitian was a tyrant. Before he came to power with the ruling not the beginning of expression humility, love of literature, incentives famous Quintilian good rhetoric, with his appearance by Young: a tall, ruddy complexion, with big eyes, looked handsome, elegant, very much by the Roman love of all sectors. But he is like the ruling in the late licentious play, and gradually became violent, with particular emphasis on the aristocratic class against the Senate, adopted many new methods of torture against people arrested. So when news of his death spread, the Senate was particularly pleased. They passed an act to impose decisions on Domitian curse than memories (or erase records translated) ─ ─ erase all of Domitian to the monuments left by: statues, inscriptions. Many contemporary first-hand historical records of the identity, is the veteran class, so through their Bifeng, descendants of the emperor Domitian very bad impression. In addition to recalling the curse of the Domitian's policy of systematic destruction of records, but also to the positive evaluation of Domitian until modern archeology and history of the development of systematic gradual upgrade only.
Christian view of history
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