提贝里乌斯·克劳狄乌斯·尼禄 | |||||||
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提贝里乌斯继承由奥古斯都(屋大维)缔造的帝国,借由联姻关系,成为史学家所称的朱里亚·克劳狄王朝之继承人。提贝里乌斯个性深沈严苛,执政之后并不受到臣民的普遍喜爱。执政后期,由于党派之间的斗争的阴谋,使得他采用残暴的手段对付政敌。在罗马古典作家的笔下,他的形象被定位为残虐、好色;但近代学者根据帝国当年的安定景象与文献铭刻,重新为提贝里乌斯翻案。
生平
童年
提贝里乌斯出身于共和时期流传下来的名门“克劳狄乌斯”家族。提贝里乌斯的父亲“克劳狄乌斯·尼禄”在共和末年,曾经担任过凯撒的财务官。到了前44年凯撒遇刺之后,他在混乱中四处奔波,直到后三头同盟成立后,他加入了马克·安东尼的阵营,国内局势才稍微稳定。后来,由于屋大维的要求,莉薇娅改嫁给屋大维。提贝里乌斯的生父克劳狄乌斯·尼禄在与莉薇娅离婚后,不久即病故身亡。
提贝里乌斯从小就在困苦与忧患中度过幼年。他在后三头同盟建立之前,常跟着父母在西西里、亚该亚等地逃离敌人的追捕。在前39年母亲莉维娅改嫁之后,提贝里乌斯与弟弟德鲁苏斯,一起过继成为屋大维的儿子。
军事与政迹
提贝里乌斯成年之后,在奥古斯都的看护下开始了他的公共生活。他担任军团长官,在东方解决了亚美尼亚的王位问题,并向帕提亚人索回过去克拉苏兵败之后被夺去的军旗。他还在山外高卢、潘诺尼亚等地,与高卢、日耳曼部族进行战争,并取得了胜利。他在公元前9年与前7年,获得了在罗马举行了小凯旋式的殊荣。
此外,他还担任过财务官、大法官和执政官,并且在公元前6年还获得了5年保民官的特权。
自我放逐
提贝理乌原先与维丝帕妮亚结婚,夫妻感情深厚,并生有一子(小德鲁苏斯)。公元前12年,奥古斯都的好友兼女婿阿格里帕死去。奥古斯都为了稳固皇族继承人的基础,强迫提贝里乌斯与维丝帕妮亚离婚,改娶自己的女儿尤莉亚。提贝里乌斯痛苦地接受这项要求,并与尤莉亚生有一子。但在他们的儿子夭折之后,提贝里乌斯对妻子感到厌恶难耐,夫妻感情破裂。
由于奥古斯都的三个外孙逐渐长大:波斯图姆斯、鲁基乌斯、盖乌斯(他们是尤莉亚与阿格里帕的儿子),而提贝里乌斯是在奥古斯都继承人中最为年长、并且已经建立功迹的第一人。他一方面不愿意成为奥古斯都继承上的难题,一方面不愿意再与妻子生活。于是在公元前6年,他以个人健康不佳作为借口,拒绝母亲莉维娅的恳求,毅然要求退隐,并坚决地航向罗德岛,在那里过著一个普通公民的生活。
后来,尤莉亚被控通奸,奥古斯都行使“家父权利”流放尤莉亚。长孙波斯图姆斯行为荒唐放荡,也被奥古斯都放逐。在此之前,提贝理乌斯的另一位同胞兄弟德鲁苏斯也逝世了。由于皇室空虚,公元2年,提贝理乌斯终于回到罗马,但他依旧不涉及政治。
登上帝位
几年之后,奥古斯都仅存的亲生外孙鲁基乌斯和盖乌斯也相继亡故,于是提贝里乌斯便成为唯一合适的成年皇位继承人选了。他收养了亲侄子日耳曼尼库为继子,重新开始国家的政治事业。
提贝里乌斯重新进行日耳曼战役。他以严格的纪律重整部队,一湔先前瓦鲁斯在条顿森林惨败的气氛。提贝里乌斯渡过莱茵河,击败了布鲁克特利人。12年他回到罗马,并举办了凯旋式。
公元14年8月19日,奥古斯都病逝。提贝里乌斯受元老院一致同意,在法律上继承奥古斯都所有一切的权利——让提贝理乌斯继任罗马皇帝。
皇帝提贝里乌斯
登基时的军队哗变
公元14年,提贝理乌斯在罗马继位为皇帝。但此时帝国边境两个军区:日耳曼军区(莱茵河流域)与伊里利库姆军区(多瑙河流域),都发生了部队的哗变。他们藉著奥古斯都去世时的局面,趁机提出争取福利的要求;他们要求退役、提高待遇、减轻劳动负担,并指控长官的欺凌,当地军官与军团统帅无法制止。提贝里乌斯分别派遣两位特使赶赴处理。
提贝里乌斯的儿子小德鲁苏斯到达伊里利库姆,险些遭到群情激奋的士兵杀害。后来,他借由一次月蚀所引发的恐慌,联合各营区的百夫长,纠出活跃与鼓噪的士兵诛杀,迅速地敉平这场骚动。另一方面,提贝里乌斯则是派遣继子日耳曼尼库斯到日耳曼军区处理事变,但下日耳曼军团不愿意接受,于是日耳曼尼库斯便率领效忠于他的上日曼军团,偷袭攻击下日耳曼的营区,镇压日耳曼军团中的不服从分子。
执政初期
执政初期,提贝里乌斯力求宽和。他的态度谦和,拒绝“国父”、“统帅”等称号;他尊崇元老院,仿效共和时期的习惯,事无大小均亲自向元老院报告国政;他时常到法庭聆听判决,藉以防止法官收贿与贪污。他提倡言论自由,除非言谈涉及对奥古斯都的污辱,他对于冒犯他本人或家庭者完全不予追究。他曾对元老院说过自己的立场:“元老们,一个经由你们的支持,才拥有如此广泛权力的国家元首,是全体公民的仆人。”
提贝里乌斯的经济政策,基本上是采取保守的方针。在经过前朝政府的扩大开销之后,他限制了各项国家的支出。他削减娱乐与演出事业的开支,限制奢侈品的消费,并以身作则鼓励节约。
提贝里乌斯注意社会治安,剿灭各地流窜的土匪和镇压非法暴动。影响后世最大的,是他建立了一支六千人编制的“近卫军步兵大队”,并让他们驻扎在罗马城内,成为皇权巩固的另一基础。
提贝里乌斯的对外政策,则是以守势为主。他遵行奥古斯都不再扩张的原则,将日耳曼军团撤回莱茵河左岸。除了毛利塔尼亚地区的叛变之外,提贝里乌斯未再进行各项战事。
日耳曼尼库斯之死
日耳曼尼库斯是提贝里乌斯的亲侄,他与奥古斯都的孙女大阿格里皮娜结婚,生有九名子女。日耳曼尼库斯在平定日耳曼军区的哗变之后,在该年冬天率领部队渡过莱茵河,进攻毫无准备的日耳曼部族,获取丰厚的胜利品,之后提贝里乌斯以不扩大战争的方针,召日耳曼尼库斯回国。然而,罗马军团在取海道回国的过程中,遭遇暴风雨而折损相当多的部队。
提贝里乌斯在日耳曼尼库斯归国后,为他举办了凯旋式。18年,日耳曼尼库斯被派任到东方,处理帕提亚方面的外交事务。但叙利亚的行省长官披索,对日耳曼尼库斯多方掣肘,使两造双方的关系十分紧张。19年,日耳曼尼库斯病死,他临死之前认定受到披索的毒害,要求家人为他报仇。后来,披索被召回,于涉嫌谋杀日尔曼尼库斯的审判过程中自杀。
在古典作家塔西佗的作品中,时人怀疑披索是受到提贝里乌斯的指使,为的是除去日耳曼尼库斯与其孩子的皇位继承,好让他的亲生儿子德鲁苏斯能顺利接班。
阿格里皮娜的流放
日耳曼尼库斯的遗孀大阿格里皮娜,自认流有纯正的奥古斯都血统,瞧不起过继而来的提贝里乌斯,并怀疑其夫之死与提贝里乌斯有关。大阿格里皮娜曾经在家族的餐宴上,拒绝提贝里乌斯递给他的苹果,明白表示出她的厌恶、与受到毒害的恐惧;提贝里乌斯也不满地对这位儿媳说:“亲爱的孩子,你因为没当上女皇而感到委曲吗?”莉维娅过世之后,双方缺少了调和的中间人,逐渐变得水火不容。阿格里皮娜成了反提贝里乌斯一派的重要人物。
在近卫军长官谢雅努斯的运作下,公元30年提贝里乌斯以发动阴谋为由,对阿格里皮娜一派发动攻击。阿格里皮娜与其女小阿格里皮娜遭到流放,大阿格里皮娜绝食而死,其长子尼禄也受到流放身亡,次子德鲁苏斯监禁在皇宫中受饥饿而死,三子卡利古拉召到卡布里岛就近监视。支持与同情阿格里皮娜一派的人士都受到扩大株连。
退隐卡布里
由于提贝里乌斯在23年丧子,并且与亲族之间的关系恶劣,使他萌生离开罗马的念头。到了公元26年,提贝里乌斯终于决定离开,到了坎帕尼亚的外岛“卡布里岛”去。他藉著与元老院的书信往返,以及指定近卫军长官谢雅努斯为他在罗马的代理人,以这种十分奇特的方式维持国家大政的运作。从此时开始一直到过世,提贝里乌斯未曾再回到首都。
与基督教的关系
在塔西佗的《历史》一书中提到,耶稣基督是在提贝里乌斯任内,被当地长官本丢彼拉多判处钉十字架之刑。
谢雅努斯的垮台与皇位的继承
谢雅努斯主导了对阿格里皮娜的斗争。由于皇帝的授权,他在31年达到权力的最顶点,并打算与莉维拉(小德鲁苏斯的遗孀、提贝里乌斯的儿媳)结婚,获取皇位的继承人的资格。32年,提贝里乌斯撤换谢雅努斯的近卫军长官一职,改派马克罗为新长官。在一场元老院的会议中,提贝里乌斯以一封信的公开的宣读,指控谢雅努斯的阴谋夺权计划。马克罗当场逮捕谢雅努斯,谢雅努斯与其女儿被杀。
公元37年,提贝里乌斯以79岁的高龄,病死在卡布里岛。他的遗嘱中声明,让卡利古拉与他未成年的孙子小提贝里乌斯继承他的遗产。
评价
提贝里乌斯个性严苛、不易亲近,再加上他执政后期抛弃首都隐居外岛,并选择了残暴的谢雅努斯作为他的代理人。因此,罗马高层人士对提贝里乌斯的评价十分差劲。塔西佗在书中以各式恶劣的动机解释提贝里乌斯的一切政策,无论是善政或恶政;而苏埃托尼乌斯更是搜罗了各式未经证实的闲聊,将他在卡布里岛的生活描绘得淫秽不堪。影响所及,使得提贝里乌斯在一千多年之间受到后人的批评。
十九世纪的学者特奥多尔·蒙森在其著作《罗马史》一书中,公开为提贝里乌斯翻案。他考证当时的铭刻、法律,重新塑造其“治国有方”的形象;而后来在克劳狄乌斯后期到尼禄当政时期的帝国才干之士,也都是经过提贝里乌斯所提拔出来的。当代的罗马史研究证明,与其说提贝里乌斯的恶名源自于他的恶政,更大程度上是源于史学家塔西佗的偏见。
提贝里乌斯 came from the Republican period were handed down from the door, "Claudius" family.提贝里乌斯 father "Claudius Nero" in the late republic, served as Caesar's financial officer. To 44 years before Caesar was assassinated, he rushing around in confusion, until after the three allies set up, he joined Mark Antony's camp, only slightly stable domestic situation. Later, due to the requirements of Octavian, Octavian married Livia change.提贝里乌斯's father Claudius Nero and Livia in divorce, died soon died.
提贝里乌斯 adulthood, under the care of Augustus began his public life. He served as Corps Chief Executive, in the Eastern throne of Armenia to solve the problem, to the Parthian recover after being away the past Crassus defeated the flag. He also Gaul, Pannonia and other places, and Gaul, the Germanic tribal war, and won. He was 9 years BC and 7 BC, was held in Rome, winning small and triumphant.
Li Wu and 维丝帕妮亚 tibbe original marriage, the couple has deep feelings, and gave birth to a son (small Drusus). BC for 12 years, friend and son of Augustus Agrippa died. Augustus royal heir to a solid foundation, forced 提贝里乌斯 and 维丝帕妮亚 divorce, change to marry his daughter You Liya.提贝里乌斯 painful to accept this request, and with You Liya birth to a son. However, after their son died, his wife disgusted 提贝里乌斯 intolerable, alienation of mutual affection.
Board the throne
Year for 14 years on August 19, Augustus died.提贝里乌斯 by the Senate agreed to the legal successor of Augustus that all the rights of all - let tibbe successor to the Roman emperor Julius.
Year for 14 years, tibbe Julius throne as emperor in Rome. But this time the border of two military empire: German Military (Rhine River) and 伊里利库姆 Military (Danube basin), have undergone military mutiny. They died by the time of Augustus the situation, take the opportunity to put forward demands for welfare; they ask retired, improve treatment, reduce labor burden, and accused the Executive of the bullying, the local military commander with the Army could not stop.提贝里乌斯 sent two envoys were rushed to deal with.
The initial ruling, 提贝里乌斯 seek wide and. His humble attitude, refused to "father", "commander" and so on; he respected the Senate, follow the habits of the Republican period, no matter the size of both the Senate report in person to the national policy; he often listened to the court ruling, the judge in order to prevent bribery and corruption. He advocated freedom of expression, unless the conversation involves Augustus insult, he offended and he or his family were not fully investigated. He told the Senate said their position: "veterans, one by your support, it has such broad powers, the Head of State, is the servant of all citizens."
提贝里乌斯 foreign policy, is mainly based on the defensive. He comply with the principle of expansion of Augustus no longer will be the left bank of the Rhine German Army to withdraw. In addition to the rebel areas outside Mauritania, 提贝里乌斯 not further the war.
提贝里乌斯 after returning in the Germanic Niku Si, as he held a triumphal. 18 years, sent either to the East German Niku Si deal with Parthia's foreign affairs. But the Syrian province of Executive peso, on the German Niku Si multi-constraints, so that the relationship is strained by both sides. 19 years, German Niku Si died, identified by the peso before he died of poisoning, asked his family for his revenge. Later, the peso was recalled on trial for murder during the day 尔曼尼库斯 suicide.
German Niku Si's widow Agrippina the Elder, and claims that flow with pure blood of Augustus, and then look down over the past 提贝里乌斯, and suspected her husband's death and 提贝里乌斯 related. Agrippina the Elder was the banquet takes on the family refused to 提贝里乌斯 handed him an apple, see expressed her disgust, and fear of being poisoned; 提贝里乌斯 not complacent on this daughter said: "My dear child, because you do not feel ill used when the Queen do?" Li Weiya passed away, the two sides to reconcile the lack of a middleman, and gradually become mutually exclusive. Agrippina became an important figure in anti-提贝里乌斯 faction.
In the 23 years since 提贝里乌斯 death of a child, and the relationship between the poor and relatives, so he left Rome, the idea of initiation. By the year for 26 years, 提贝里乌斯 finally decided to leave, to the outer islands Campania "Capri" to. Through correspondence with him from the Senate, and the designation of the Guards Executive Xieyanusi his agent in Rome to this very strange way to maintain state policies and operations. Starting from this point until death, 提贝里乌斯 never go back to the capital.
Xieyanusi collapse and succession of the throne
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