| 陵墓： | 圣乔治大教堂 | ||||||
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生平
詹姆士一世的次子，1612年其兄威尔士亲王亨利去世后成为王储。1625年，即位为不列颠国王，称查理一世，并与法国国王路易十三的妹妹亨莉雅妲·玛利亚公主结婚。1625年6月，召开第一次议会。由于议会对其宠臣白金汉公爵专权和西班牙战争失利的不满，拒绝了给国王征收关税的特权，形成了议会与国王的对立。1626年2月，召开第二次议会。议会因西班牙战争失利弹劾白金汉公爵，被拒绝。6月，解散议会。在此期间，查理未经国会同意而任意征税，军队也随意进驻民房，民怨四起。国会遂于1628年提出权利请愿书，要求国王改善，查理为求国会同意征税而签字。1629年，查理违反请愿书的规定，并且派人拘捕国会中言行激进的的议员，然后解散国会，之后的11年间，未再召开过议会，被称为“残酷统治”的11年。1640年4月，为解决对苏格兰战争的军费问题而召集议会，旋即因为拒绝重开战端而被解散，称为“短期国会”。11月，再次召集议会，即“长期国会”，但仍然拒绝与国外合作。由于议会强行逮捕了国王宠臣斯特拉福德伯爵并策划控制应由国外控制的军队。查理一世以叛国罪逮捕5名议员，被亲率卫队到议会抓人未果。这次事件标志着国王与议会的决裂，成为英国内战的导火索。查理一世到议会抓人的消息激怒伦敦人民，伦敦市民控制了伦敦，国王被迫于1642年元月10日北逃约克，并集结保王力量。6月，拒绝了议员的19条建议；8月22日，在诺丁汉树起王旗，内战爆发。1644年，由于苏格兰人参战，进攻国王军，被迫放弃进攻伦敦。1645年6月14日，以费尔法克斯爵士和克伦威尔为正副司令的模范军在内斯比战役中战胜国王军。1646年春，议会军围困牛津，国王军投降，查理一世化装逃脱，第一次内战结束。5月5日，被苏格兰誓约派出卖给议会，后逃脱。在苏格兰人的支持下发动第二次内战。1648年，苏格兰军被议会军击败，第二次内战结束，查理一世被俘。王后逃亡法国寻求援助，遭到执政的法国首相马萨林红衣主教的冷落。1649年1月，特别法庭开始审判查理一世。27日，135名特别法庭中成员中59人签署了由克伦威尔下达的处死国王的命令。30日，查理一世在白厅宴会厅前被送上断头台，成为英国历史上唯一一位被处死的国王。
婚姻及子女
1620年代，其父詹姆士一世与当时欧陆强权西班牙协商，想让查理娶西班牙公主为太子妃，以巩固英国在欧洲的势力。然而当时英国已改信英国国教（新教），并在欧陆上的三十年战争当中支持新教一方（其中包括查理的姊姊、姊夫波西米亚国王及王后），与信仰天主教（旧教）的西班牙应是敌人。协商失败后，太子妃人选换成了十四岁的法国公主亨莉雅妲·玛利亚（Henrietta Maria）。亨莉雅妲·玛利亚也是天主教徒，虽然没有西班牙公主虔诚，但她的宗教信仰日后仍是一大问题。1625年6月12日当时已继承王位的查理在英国坎特伯里迎娶亨莉雅妲·玛利亚为后。二人育有9名子女：
生卒年 名字
1629~1629 查理 詹姆士
1630~1685 查理二世Charles II
1631~1660 玛丽公主，嫁荷兰奥伦治亲王(William II, Prince of Orange）
1633~1701 詹姆士二世James II
1635~1650 伊丽莎白公主
1637~1640 安妮公主
1639~1639 凯萨琳公主
1640~1660 亨利王子，格洛斯特公爵
1644~1670 亨莉雅妲·安妮公主（嫁法国奥尔良公爵菲利浦一世）
统治 1625年3月27日－1649年1月30日
加冕日期 1626年2月2日
前任 詹姆士一世
继任 查理二世
皇室 斯图亚特王朝
父亲 詹姆士一世
母亲 安娜公主
出生 1600年11月19日
逝世 1649年1月30日 （48岁）
白厅
安葬地点 圣乔治大教堂
James I's second son, Prince Henry of Wales in 1612 after the death of his brother as Crown Prince. 1625, ascended the throne as the British king, said Charles I and King Louis XIII of France's sister, Princess Mary, married Radha Hengli Ya. June 1625, held its first parliament. Duke of Buckingham his minions, as a parliamentary dictatorship, and Spain lost the war discontent, refused to give the king the privilege of tariffs, the formation of the parliament and the king of confrontation. February 1626, held the second parliamentary. Parliament impeached because Spain lost the war the Duke of Buckingham, was denied. In June, the dissolution of parliament. In the meantime, Charlie arbitrary taxation without Parliament's consent, the army also entered houses at random, discontent. Congress then in 1628 the right to petition proposed to require the king to improve, Charles for the sake of tax and signed consent of the Congress. 1629, Charles violation of the provisions of the petition, and send the arrest of radical words and actions of Congress members, and then dissolve parliament, after 11 years, did not re-convened parliament, known as the "cruel rule" of 11 years. April 1640, to address the war on the Scottish Parliament to convene military issues, immediately end the war because they refused to be re-dissolved, called the "Short Parliament." In November, once again convened, that is, "Long Parliament", but still refused to cooperate with foreign countries. As the Parliament forced the king to arrest the Earl of Strafford minions and planning control by the foreign control of the military. Charles I for treason, arrested five members, was personally led guards to arrest Parliament unsuccessful. The event marked the King and Parliament broke into the fuse of the English Civil War. Charles I to the message boards arrests angered the people of London, London, London, public control of the king was forced to January 10, 1642 North York to escape and build royalist forces. June, 19 members rejected the proposal; August 22, in Nottingham, the king erected the flag, civil war broke out. 1644, as the Scots war, attack the king Jun, were forced to give up the attack in London. June 14, 1645, to Fairfax and Cromwell Jazz is deputy commander of the model for the military victors in the Battle of Naseby Wang Jun. The spring of 1646, the Parliament army siege of Oxford, King army to surrender, Charles I fancy escape, the first civil war. May 5, was sold to the Scottish Parliament vows to send, after escape. Scots launch in support of the second civil war. 1648, the Scottish Parliament army troops were defeated, the second civil war, Charles I captured. Queen to flee France to seek assistance, was the ruling of the French prime minister Cardinal Mazarin's cold. January 1649, the Special Court began the trial of Charles I. 27, 135 members of the Special Court in the signing of 59 issued by Cromwell executed the king's command. 30, Charles I at Whitehall before the banquet hall were guillotined, as the only British history has been executed by the king.
1630 ~ 1685 Charles II Charles II
1635 ~ 1650 Princess Elizabeth
1640 ~ 1660, Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester
Coronation date of February 2, 1626
Royal House of Stuart
Born November 19, 1600
Burial place of St. George's Cathedral