陵墓: | 聖喬治大教堂 | ||||||
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生平
詹姆士一世的次子,1612年其兄威爾士親王亨利去世後成為王儲。1625年,即位為不列顛國王,稱查理一世,並與法國國王路易十三的妹妹亨莉雅妲·瑪利亞公主結婚。1625年6月,召開第一次議會。由於議會對其寵臣白金漢公爵專權和西班牙戰爭失利的不滿,拒絶了給國王徵收關稅的特權,形成了議會與國王的對立。1626年2月,召開第二次議會。議會因西班牙戰爭失利彈劾白金漢公爵,被拒絶。6月,解散議會。在此期間,查理未經國會同意而任意徵稅,軍隊也隨意進駐民房,民怨四起。國會遂於1628年提出權利請願書,要求國王改善,查理為求國會同意徵稅而簽字。1629年,查理違反請願書的規定,並且派人拘捕國會中言行激進的的議員,然後解散國會,之後的11年間,未再召開過議會,被稱為“殘酷統治”的11年。1640年4月,為解决對蘇格蘭戰爭的軍費問題而召集議會,旋即因為拒絶重開戰端而被解散,稱為“短期國會”。11月,再次召集議會,即“長期國會”,但仍然拒絶與國外合作。由於議會強行逮捕了國王寵臣斯特拉福德伯爵並策劃控製應由國外控製的軍隊。查理一世以叛國罪逮捕5名議員,被親率衛隊到議會抓人未果。這次事件標志着國王與議會的决裂,成為英國內戰的導火索。查理一世到議會抓人的消息激怒倫敦人民,倫敦市民控製了倫敦,國王被迫於1642年元月10日北逃約剋,並集結保王力量。6月,拒絶了議員的19條建議;8月22日,在諾丁漢樹起王旗,內戰爆發。1644年,由於蘇格蘭人參戰,進攻國王軍,被迫放棄進攻倫敦。1645年6月14日,以費爾法剋斯爵士和剋倫威爾為正副司令的模範軍在內斯比戰役中戰勝國王軍。1646年春,議會軍圍困牛津,國王軍投降,查理一世化裝逃脫,第一次內戰結束。5月5日,被蘇格蘭誓約派出賣給議會,後逃脫。在蘇格蘭人的支持下發動第二次內戰。1648年,蘇格蘭軍被議會軍擊敗,第二次內戰結束,查理一世被俘。王後逃亡法國尋求援助,遭到執政的法國首相馬薩林紅衣主教的冷落。1649年1月,特別法庭開始審判查理一世。27日,135名特別法庭中成員中59人簽署了由剋倫威爾下達的處死國王的命令。30日,查理一世在白廳宴會廳前被送上斷頭臺,成為英國歷史上唯一一位被處死的國王。
婚姻及子女
1620年代,其父詹姆士一世與當時歐陸強權西班牙協商,想讓查理娶西班牙公主為太子妃,以鞏固英國在歐洲的勢力。然而當時英國已改信英國國教(新教),並在歐陸上的三十年戰爭當中支持新教一方(其中包括查理的姊姊、姊夫波西米亞國王及王後),與信仰天主教(舊教)的西班牙應是敵人。協商失敗後,太子妃人選換成了十四歲的法國公主亨莉雅妲·瑪利亞(Henrietta Maria)。亨莉雅妲·瑪利亞也是天主教徒,雖然沒有西班牙公主虔誠,但她的宗教信仰日後仍是一大問題。1625年6月12日當時已繼承王位的查理在英國坎特伯裏迎娶亨莉雅妲·瑪利亞為後。二人育有9名子女:
生卒年 名字
1629~1629 查理 詹姆士
1630~1685 查理二世Charles II
1631~1660 瑪麗公主,嫁荷蘭奧倫治親王(William II, Prince of Orange)
1633~1701 詹姆士二世James II
1635~1650 伊麗莎白公主
1637~1640 安妮公主
1639~1639 凱薩琳公主
1640~1660 亨利王子,格洛斯特公爵
1644~1670 亨莉雅妲·安妮公主(嫁法國奧爾良公爵菲利浦一世)
統治 1625年3月27日-1649年1月30日
加冕日期 1626年2月2日
前任 詹姆士一世
繼任 查理二世
皇室 斯圖亞特王朝
父親 詹姆士一世
母親 安娜公主
出生 1600年11月19日
逝世 1649年1月30日 (48歲)
白廳
安葬地點 聖喬治大教堂
James I's second son, Prince Henry of Wales in 1612 after the death of his brother as Crown Prince. 1625, ascended the throne as the British king, said Charles I and King Louis XIII of France's sister, Princess Mary, married Radha Hengli Ya. June 1625, held its first parliament. Duke of Buckingham his minions, as a parliamentary dictatorship, and Spain lost the war discontent, refused to give the king the privilege of tariffs, the formation of the parliament and the king of confrontation. February 1626, held the second parliamentary. Parliament impeached because Spain lost the war the Duke of Buckingham, was denied. In June, the dissolution of parliament. In the meantime, Charlie arbitrary taxation without Parliament's consent, the army also entered houses at random, discontent. Congress then in 1628 the right to petition proposed to require the king to improve, Charles for the sake of tax and signed consent of the Congress. 1629, Charles violation of the provisions of the petition, and send the arrest of radical words and actions of Congress members, and then dissolve parliament, after 11 years, did not re-convened parliament, known as the "cruel rule" of 11 years. April 1640, to address the war on the Scottish Parliament to convene military issues, immediately end the war because they refused to be re-dissolved, called the "Short Parliament." In November, once again convened, that is, "Long Parliament", but still refused to cooperate with foreign countries. As the Parliament forced the king to arrest the Earl of Strafford minions and planning control by the foreign control of the military. Charles I for treason, arrested five members, was personally led guards to arrest Parliament unsuccessful. The event marked the King and Parliament broke into the fuse of the English Civil War. Charles I to the message boards arrests angered the people of London, London, London, public control of the king was forced to January 10, 1642 North York to escape and build royalist forces. June, 19 members rejected the proposal; August 22, in Nottingham, the king erected the flag, civil war broke out. 1644, as the Scots war, attack the king Jun, were forced to give up the attack in London. June 14, 1645, to Fairfax and Cromwell Jazz is deputy commander of the model for the military victors in the Battle of Naseby Wang Jun. The spring of 1646, the Parliament army siege of Oxford, King army to surrender, Charles I fancy escape, the first civil war. May 5, was sold to the Scottish Parliament vows to send, after escape. Scots launch in support of the second civil war. 1648, the Scottish Parliament army troops were defeated, the second civil war, Charles I captured. Queen to flee France to seek assistance, was the ruling of the French prime minister Cardinal Mazarin's cold. January 1649, the Special Court began the trial of Charles I. 27, 135 members of the Special Court in the signing of 59 issued by Cromwell executed the king's command. 30, Charles I at Whitehall before the banquet hall were guillotined, as the only British history has been executed by the king.
1630 ~ 1685 Charles II Charles II
1635 ~ 1650 Princess Elizabeth
1640 ~ 1660, Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester
Coronation date of February 2, 1626
Royal House of Stuart
Born November 19, 1600
Burial place of St. George's Cathedral