西汉  西汉(前25年～前1年)

姓：	刘
名：	欣
字：	和
开端 终结 在位 前6年 前1年 建平 前6年 前3年 太初元将 前5年6月 前5年8月 元寿 前2年 前1年 

　　汉哀帝刘欣，字和 (公元前25年-公元前1年),汉族，生于成帝河平四年丙申（公元前25年）三月壬辰日。
　　汉哀帝是西汉历史上的第13个皇帝，元帝刘奭之孙，定陶王刘康之子。元帝三子：长子即成帝刘骜，皇后王政君所生；次子定陶王刘康，傅昭仪生；三子中山王刘兴，冯昭仪生。成帝即位二十余年而无子，为了继嗣问题，需要在弟与侄中择立一人为皇太子，以便将来可以继承皇位。其时定陶王刘康已死，中山王刘兴尚在，而刘康只有刘欣一子，可以考虑的人选其实只有刘兴与刘欣二人。成帝绥和元年，皇帝召集丞相翟方进、御史大夫孔光、骠骑将军王根、右将军廉褒、后将军朱博等有资格参与国家大计的将相大臣人禁中，讨论究竟应以何人为太子?翟方进、王根、廉褒和朱博都主张立刘欣，因为刘欣乃是帝弟刘康之子，于辈行上乃是皇帝的“犹子 ”，适于作为嗣子，而刘兴乃是皇帝之亲弟，辈行不合，不适宜。御史大夫孔光则以为亲弟的血统关系较侄儿为亲。援照兄终弟及之义，应以刘兴为宜。但皇帝却以翟方进等人之说为是，而且他认为刘兴亦不如刘欣之聪明而有才，所以终于决定以刘欣为皇太子。这一年，刘欣17岁。再过1年，成帝驾崩，刘欣继立皇帝，时年 18。翌年改元，定年号为建平。
　　成帝死后，18岁的刘欣于绥和二年甲寅（公元前7年）四月继位称帝，翌年改年号为“建平”，此即历史上的又一著名昏君汉哀帝。史称汉哀帝少年时原本不好声色，是个熟读经书、文辞博敏的有才之君。即位初期，面对汉朝中道衰落的局面，哀帝很想有一番作为。他为此曾躬行节俭，省灭诸用，勤于政事，又启用龚胜、鲍寅、孙宝等有识之士，颁布限田令、限奴婢令等法令，试图抑制日益严重的土地兼并。然而哀帝生不逢时，当时汉家王朝根基已动，无论何人也无力回天。哀帝的革新政策也因受到大贵族官僚的反对而失败，而长于权术的祖母傅太后的干政，使哀帝办起事来力不从心，结果导致权力外移，朝风日坏。面对失败和挫折，年轻的汉哀帝很快便气馁了。即位之初的锐气很快荡然无存，代之而来的是在声色犬马之中求刺激。这样，即位不久的汉哀帝便由一个颇有朝气的年轻有为之君，彻底堕落为一个比成帝还要荒淫腐败的昏君.
　　汉哀帝刚即位时，是个20岁的年轻皇帝。他从整萧王氏家族的势力中，总结了一些教训，认识到身为皇帝，必须政由己出，决不能像汉成帝那样大权旁落，任人摆布。哀帝即位之初，琅邪东武(今山东诸城）人师丹代王莽为大司马铺政，他一上任就向皇帝提出限田，限奴的建议，企图使汉家摆脱厄运。经过群臣讨论，臣相孔光。大司空何武等制定了具体规定：诸侯王，列侯，公主，史民占田不得超过30顷；诸侯王的奴婢以200人为限，列侯，公主100人，史民30人；商人不得占有土地，不许做官。超过以上限量的，田蓄奴婢一侓没收入官。这个方案尽管给了官僚地主极大的优势，但还是遭到了把持朝政的权贵的反对。限田，限奴婢之令，首先遭到了丁，傅两家外戚的反对。哀帝对这一诏令也没有支持，后来他竟一次赏赐董贤2000顷土地，是限田最高额的近70倍，于是，限田，限奴婢令成了一纸空文。除了限田，限奴婢令之外，哀帝还下达了一系列诏令，如废除任子令和诽谤欺诋法，罢乐府，禁郡国献名兽等等。然而，这些全都成为了一纸空文。
　　
　　【在位年号】
　　建平（４）公元前６—公元前３
　　太初元将（公元前5年6月-公元前5年9月，后又改回建平）
　　元寿（２）公元前２—公元前１
　　
　　【外史】
　　但哀帝有治国之志却无治国之才，是中国历史上有名的同性恋者,著名典故'断袖之癖"就源于此,他宠信一位男宠董贤，赏赐田，令限田变赐田。一天他们俩一同睡觉，董贤睡得十分香甜，而汉哀帝必须要上朝了，不忍心叫醒爱人，便割断了直接衣袖，没有惊动董贤。而董贤陪伴汉哀帝左右时，因为汉哀帝身体不好，极尽柔美之能事，放假也不愿离开，身体力行照顾汉哀帝。在位五年卒。元寿二年庚申（公元前1年）六月戊午日，在位仅七年的汉哀帝去世。原本打算让董贤即位，但董贤自动退居。刘欣自甲寅（公元前7年）——庚申（公元前1年），在位七年，葬于义陵（今陕西咸阳市西八里处），（一说葬在扶风，去长安四十六里），谥为孝哀皇帝。后外戚王莽篡政。西汉走向没落。 几十年后，东汉开始。
　　
　　【后妃子女】
　　皇后
　　孝哀傅皇后
　　妃嫔
　　董昭仪
　　继位人
　　汉平帝
　　
　　【谥号陵寝】
　　谥曰“孝哀”，葬义陵
　　
　　【后人评价】
　　班固
　　孝哀自为籓王及充太子之宫，文辞博敏，幼有令闻。赌孝成世禄去王室，权柄外移，是故临朝娄诛大臣，欲强主威，以则武、宣。雅性不好声色，时览卞射武戏。即位痿痹，末年寖剧，飨国不永，哀哉！
　　——《汉书·哀帝纪》

　　Emperor Ai of Han Chinese is the history of the 13th emperor, Emperor Yuan Liu shi grandson, the son of Liu Kang Wang Dingtao. Third son of Emperor Yuan: the eldest son of the Emperor Stick Liu Ao, Queen born Wang Cheng Jun; second son Dingtao Wang Liu Kang, Fu Zhaoyi Health; three sons, Zhongshan Wang Xing, Feng Zhaoyi Health. EMPEROR ascended the throne 20 years without a child, heir to the issue, brother and nephew need to establish a man-made crown prince in the choice for the future heir. Wang Liu Kang is dead for the time Dingtao, Zhongshan Wang Xing-still, while Liu Xin Liu Kang is only one child, consider the candidates in fact only two of Xing and Liu Xin. EMPEROR Sui and the first year, the emperor summoned the prime minister Zhai side forward, royal doctor hole light, king of root hussar general, General Lim praised the right, after the General Jubault eligible to participate in national plans, etc. will be prohibited in the person with the Minister to discuss whether it should be Who is the Prince? Di Fang Jin, Gen Wang, Lian praise and advocate legislative Jubault Liu Xin, because Xin Liu Di Liu Kang's son, but God, in the generation line but the emperor's "Jewish children", suitable as heir, but but pro-brother of the Emperor of Xing, generation line of substandard, inappropriate. Light hole is thought pro-royal doctor brother's blood relationship to a more pro-nephew. Assistance according to elder brother to younger brother and meaning, should be suitable to Xing. The king to Zhai side into the other person says yes, but not if he thinks Xing Liu Xin of smart and talented, so finally decided to Liu Xin as crown prince. This year, Liu Xin 17. Another 1 year, confederated Jiabeng, Liu Xin Li following the emperor, when he was 18. The following year reign title, will reign as Jianping.
　　EMPEROR's death, 18-year-old Liu Xin Sui, and two years at Love stories (7 years BC) April succession emperor, changed the following year reign as the "Jianping", namely the history of another famous headed, Emperor Ai of Han . Known to history as Emperor Ai of Han teenager had bad sound effects, is familiar with the classics, diction Hirotoshi of talented monarch. Ascended the throne when faced with the decline of the Han dynasty Mean situation, Ai want to have a bright future. He has studied into practice thrift, destroy all provinces with the diligent conduct of public affairs, but also enable Gong Sheng, Bao Yin, Bao-such insight, Limiting Farmland promulgated orders, limit orders and other laws slaves, trying to suppress the growing land acquisition . But Ai untimely, a Han dynasty was the foundation has been fixed, no matter who is also powerless. Ai's innovation policy by the aristocracy because of bureaucratic opposition failed, and longer than trickery grandmother, Empress Dowager Fu's interference in domestic affairs, so that Ai Things have not, and the results led to the relocation of power, the DPRK from bad to worse. The face of failure and frustration, the young Emperor Ai of Han quickly discouraged. Elan will vanish very quickly came to the throne at the beginning, came on behalf of being in the sensual pleasures seeking stimulation. In this way, the throne of Emperor Ai will soon by a rather vigorous young ruler was something completely degenerated into a dissolute and corrupt than even EMPEROR stupid.
　　Emperor Ai of Han had just ascended the throne, the 20-year-old is a young emperor. His family from the forces of the whole Xiaowang Shi, some lessons have to recognize, as the emperor, must have been out by the government, must not lose its power as After the emperor as the mercy of others. Ai ascended the throne at the beginning, Lang Ya Dong Wu (now in Shandong province) a teacher on behalf of Wang Mang Dan Sima shop for large affairs, he took to the Emperor made on Limiting Farmland, limit slavery's proposal, an attempt to get rid of bad luck Chinese family. After the ministers discussed with holes Chen light. Wu and other large Sagong He has developed specific regulations: Princes, Liehou, Princess, the history of the public accounting field not more than 30 ares; Kings in human limit of 200 slaves, Liehou, Princess 100, History of Man 30; merchants may not ownership of land, not allowed to become officials. Than the above limit, the field slaves build a revenue officer Lu did not. Although this program has given a great advantage bureaucratic landlords, but still met the opposition elite dominated court politics. Limiting Farmland, limited to an order of slaves, the first being a small, two Dukes Fu opposition. Ai does not support this ordinance, then he had a reward Dong Xian 2000 ares of land, is the most high Limiting Farmland near 70 times, then, Limiting Farmland, limit slaves that are empty. Limiting Farmland addition, limit orders slaves, the Ai has issued a series of edict, such as the abolition of any child that bullying slander and defamation law, stop Yue, prohibited animals, etc. Grading and offer names. However, these all become a dead letter.
　　Jianping (4) BC 6 - BC 3
　　】 【Gaishi
　　Empress
　　Mausoleum】 【Posthumous name
　　Ban Gu