| 姓： | 刘 | ||||||||||||
| 名： | 恒 | ||||||||||||
| 网笔号： | 汉太宗孝文皇帝 | ||||||||||||
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【刘恒年表】
公元前203年，刘恒出生。
公元前197年，刘恒被封为代王。
公元前180年，刘恒被拥立为帝，是为汉文帝。
公元前157年，汉文帝刘恒驾崩，享年47岁，葬于灞陵，庙号太宗。
【登基：是偶然，还是必然】
汉文帝刘恒，以德政治天下，开创了中国封建社会第一个治世—文景之治。“治世”是治平之世，也就是太平盛世。
初封代王
汉文帝刘恒是刘邦庶妻薄姬所生。薄姬是吴（今江苏苏州市）人，秦末，魏豹自立为魏王，纳薄姬为妾。楚汉战争初期，魏王豹被韩信、曹参打败，她也成了俘虏，后被送入织室织布。刘邦见薄姬有些姿色，就纳入后宫。高祖四年（前203年），她便生下了刘恒。刘邦专宠戚夫人时，薄姬基本上就没有被宠幸过，在后宫争宠中属于中立派，为人谦和，谁知这正是她没有遭到吕后暗算的一个原因。高祖十一年（前196年），刘邦带兵平定了代地陈豨的叛乱，就立8岁的刘恒为代王，都于中都（今山西平遥西南）。
代王即位
公元前180年，高后吕雉病死，遵照吕雉的嘱咐，吕产、吕禄各自住在北军和南军不敢离开，他们聚兵长安，
妄图发动政变，夺取帝位。在这种危急的情况下，刘姓宗室集团和功臣集团结成联盟，共同诛灭诸吕。齐王刘襄发难于外，周勃夺取北军于内，杀尽诸吕的所有男女成员，史称“周勃安刘”。
诸吕被灭以后，有人提议立齐王刘襄为皇帝，他不仅是高祖刘邦的长孙，又有首先起兵反诸吕之功。但因为齐王的母舅家族势力比较强大，大臣们害怕再来一个吕氏专权，所以被否决了。淮南王刘长也因“家母恶”被否决。
周勃和陈平主张立代王刘恒，“代王方今高祖亲子，最长，仁孝宽厚。太后家薄氏谨良。且立长固顺，以仁孝闻于天下，便。”这是众人能接受的惟一方案，得到了赞同，于是派人去请代王。
代王刘恒见到迎请的使者后，颇为犹豫，又请母亲薄太后给拿主意。薄氏不肯轻易让儿子去冒险。母子决定先让薄氏的兄弟薄昭到长安去见太尉周勃。周勃向薄昭讲明大臣们立刘恒为皇帝的真意后，刘恒这才启程进京。
刘恒至京，丞相陈平等拜曰：“子弘等皆非孝惠子，不当奉宗庙。大王，高祖长子，宜为嗣。愿大王即天子位！”刘恒再三推让之后，于高后八年（前180年）九月三十日，遂即天子位，时年24岁。刘章的弟弟东牟侯刘兴居提出清除宫内的奸佞小人，于是和太仆夏侯婴进宫，用车将后少帝载出，然后拥护着法驾去迎接皇帝，当晚，刘恒进入未央宫。
从上述史实可见，文帝登基既是偶然，也是必然。这个问题，可以从两个方面来分析。
从主观方面看：汉文帝并不是高祖得宠之子，母亲薄姬也不是宫中得势之人，这却使文帝从小就无荒淫之举、骄矜之态，素有“仁孝宽厚”的美誉。更何况刘邦在世的儿子仅剩两名，他又年长于淮南王刘长。他的自身条件，使他成为最佳人选。
从客观方面看：文帝即位，实际是刘姓宗室集团与功臣集团之间相互妥协、精心谋划的结果，是最高统治集团进行的利益和权力的再分配，是皇权体制的重新组合。在汉初，皇权的核心部分主要由宗室、功臣、外戚三种势力构成。三大集团既有共同利益，又各有特殊利益，而每种势力的消长都可能引起皇权结构的变动。所以，任何势力过度追逐自身利益，都会打破均衡，导致冲突。诛除诸吕就是这种冲突和斗争的结果。因为文帝母族“薄氏谨良”，即软弱谨慎，对宗室和功臣两大集团构不成威胁，所以才得到他们的首肯。
皇权这种结构关系，使文帝不可能推动积极有为的政策。刘恒之“势”天生不足，必须掩饰自己的权欲，必须实行妥协的政策，以免刺激宗室、功臣集团出现过敏反映，诱发不测事件。
【皇权：是分割，还是集中】
文帝刘恒入京，仅带宋昌、张武等六人。汉文帝下定决心要尽快整合皇权体制，以恢复和加强国家政权的运转能力。
巩固皇权
军权是最大的权，文帝深谙此道，所以在他进入未央宫的当天夜里，就命令宋昌为卫将军，镇抚南、北二军；命张武为郎中令，巡察保卫宫中。有司衙门分别诛杀少后帝及其三个弟弟于他们自己的府第里。皇帝回到前殿，连夜颁布诏令，大赦天下。
文帝知道自己在汉廷并无雄厚的政治基础，有的宗室认为他是“摘桃派”，仅仅是依靠一批老臣的拥戴而登上皇位的，他所面临的是不断壮大和日益骄横的诸侯王势力，所以他首要的任务是采取恩威并施的两手策略来巩固皇权。
“恩”：封赏功臣、宗室
汉文帝即位之后，首先封赐诛诸吕有功之臣。文帝前元年（前179年)十月，封周勃为右丞相，陈平为左丞相，灌婴为太尉，组成新的汉廷中央。随刘恒入朝的官员，有的官至列卿。
除了保留旧有的诸侯王之外，汉文帝又立了一批新的诸侯王。同年十二月，立原赵幽王刘友之子刘遂为赵王；徙封原琅邪王刘泽为燕王。后来，又立刘遂之第刘强为河间王；朱虚侯刘章为城阳王；东牟侯刘兴居为济北王；立皇子刘武为代王，又徙封为淮阳王，后徙封为梁王；封刘参为太原王；刘揖为梁王。
同年正月，即刘恒即位三个月后，根据群臣的建议，文帝立长子刘启为太子。这样，自汉高祖以来，预立太子就成为汉家的定制。三月，立窦氏为皇后。
“威”：坚决地镇压两起诸侯王的叛乱
由于汉王朝大力推行无为政治，对诸侯王势力的恶性发展，起了催化作用。诸侯坐大，形成“尾大不掉”之势，必然使刘氏宗室内部在皇权和王权的分割问题上产生了尖锐的矛盾，这个矛盾从文帝即位后就开始激化了。文帝三年（前177年），济北王刘兴居叛乱，首开王国武装反抗汉廷之先例。文帝派兵镇压，叛军顷刻瓦解，刘兴居被俘后自杀。
只过了三年，淮南王刘长又举起了叛旗。但尚未行动，即被朝廷发觉。文帝派人传讯刘长入京，罢去他的封号，将他发配蜀郡。途中，刘长绝食而死。
贾谊献策
两起叛乱虽被平息了，但汉初诸侯王势力的恶性发展，实际上已成为对抗中央朝廷的分裂势力。朝廷中一些有识之士，认
为到了非从根本上解决不可的时候了。贾谊就是其中突出的代表。
时年28岁的贾谊上《陈政事疏》（即《治安策》），提出两点：第一，亲疏不是主要问题，即同姓诸侯王不比异姓王可靠。第二，是强者先反叛，弱者后反叛，在这样的封国条件下，最后都是要威胁中央集权政权的。贾谊提出解决的办法就是“众建诸侯王而少其力”，即分割诸侯王国的势力，从而达到中央集权的目的。
文帝十分欣赏贾谊的《治安策》，然而，当时他正用心于稳定政局，恢复和发展社会经济，形势不允许他与诸侯王公开对抗。直到文帝十六年（前164年），齐王刘则死，无子嗣位，文帝才分最大的齐国的六国。又封刘长的三子刘安、刘勃、刘赐等为王，将淮南国一分为三。贾谊关于众建诸侯的建议，至此才得以实施，但皇权和王权的矛盾并没有从根本上得到解决，分权和集权的问题依然存在。由于文帝对同姓诸侯王基本上采取姑息政策，所以导致了景帝时期的吴楚七国之乱。
【治世：是利国，还是利民】
西汉王朝建立后，汉高祖、惠帝、吕后都着力于发展农业生产，稳定统治秩序，收到了显著的成效。然而文帝即位之时，不仅国家财力严重不足，人民生活还相当困顿。造成这种贫困的状况，是由于“一人耕之，十人聚而食之”，农民遭受残酷剥削，淫侈之风日益严重，以及社会背本趋末的结果。这表明汉初一度缓和的社会矛盾，到文景时期又逐渐趋于表面化。怎样才能解决这个矛盾？怎样才能求得经济的恢复和发展？
安民为本
年轻的贾谊作《过秦论》为文帝提出治国的根本方针为“牧民之道，务在安之”。这股要求安民的社会思潮，是惠帝以来朝野共同的要求，也是巩固西汉统治的需要。
在“安民”方针指导下，归纳起来，文帝采取的措施有：
减省租赋
为了吸引农民归农力本，文帝以减轻田租税率的办法，改变背本趋末的社会风气，用来激发农民的生产积极性，文帝二年（前178年）和十二年（前168年），曾两次“除田租税之半”，即租率由十五税一减为三十税一，即纳1∕30的土地税，十三年还全部免去田租。自此以后，三十税一成为汉代定制。此外，算赋也由每人每年120 钱减至每人每年40钱。
减轻徭役
文帝“偃武兴文”，“丁男三年而一事”，即成年男子的徭役减为每三年服役一次。这样的减免，在中国封建社会史上是独一无二的。
令列侯归国
文帝即位之初，列侯多居长安，远离所属食邑，造成“吏卒给输费苦”，给人民增加了一项新的转输负担。文帝二年（前178年），即诏令列侯回归封邑，做官吏的及有诏令特许的，要将太子送归封邑，其他任何人不许留居长安，以减轻人民的负
担。
弛山泽之禁
文帝后六年（前158年），文帝下令，开放原来归属国家的所有山林川泽，准许私人开采矿产，利用和开发渔盐资源，从而促进了农民的副业生产和与国计民生有重大关系的盐铁生产事业的发展。弛禁的结果，“富商大贾周流天下，交易之物莫不通”。
废除过关用传制度
汉代在军事重镇或边地要塞，都设关卡以控制人口流动，检查行旅往来。出入关隘时，要持有“传”，即通过关卡的符信（凭证），方可放行。文帝十二年（前168 年）三月，文帝取消出入关的“传”，从而有利用于商品的流通和各地区间的经济联系，对于农业生产的发展也有一定的促进作用。
入粟拜爵
文帝十二年（前168年），号称“智囊”的太子家令晁错向文帝建议：“募天下之人入粟于边，以受爵免罪，不过三岁，塞下之粟必多矣。”文帝采纳了这个建议，采取公开招标价卖爵的办法来充实边防军粮。晁错又建议，入粟拜爵办法实行后，边境积粟足以支5年，可令入粟者输于郡县，是郡县也积粟；边境和郡县都已充实，就可以免除天下田租。入粟拜爵办法的实行，是农民的处境暂时有所改善。
躬修节俭
文帝在位23年，车骑服御之物都没有增添；屡次下诏禁止郡国贡献奇珍异宝；平时穿戴都是用粗糙的黑丝绸做的衣服；文帝为自己预修的陵墓，也要求从简。在中国历代帝王中，文帝是一生都注重简朴为世人称道的皇帝。
第一个治世
由于文帝采取了上述的方针和措施，就使当时社会经济获得了显著的发展，统治秩序也日臻巩固。西汉初年，大侯封国不过万家，小的五六百户；到了文帝和景帝时期，流民还归田园，户口迅速繁息。列侯封国大者至三四万户，小的也户口倍增，而且比过去富实多了。中国古代社会开始进入治世。
源于文帝时期的文景之治之所以成为封建社会的盛世，原因是多方面的：
统治者认识的改变
汉初统治者从秦亡的教训中，第一次看到了“民”的力量，认识到这个力量虽在平时不显现，然而绝不能忽视它。如果过分侵犯了“民”维持生存的起码权利，“民”就不是原来的被动状态，而要以暴力的行动显示出它不仅能载舟亦能覆舟的强大力量。所以统治者就要对“民”让步，就要顺“民”心。
统治者大力推行黄老政治
汉初统治者，尤其是文帝和景帝，坚持“清静无为”“躬修节俭”，实行轻徭薄赋的政策，结果减少了人力物力的浪费，解决了秦过分剥削农民、破坏合理的权利和界限的根本问题，这样，就造成一个“吏安其官，民乐其业”的良好社会环境。
文帝个人的励精图治
刘恒即位不久，就废止了诽谤妖言之罪，使臣下能大胆提出不同的意见。秦代以来有所谓“秘祝”之官，凡有灾异就移过于臣下。文帝十三年（前167年）下诏废除并且声明：“百官的错误和罪过，皇帝要负责。”次年，他又禁止祠官为他祝福，文帝谦让宽容，以礼相待，便自然形成一种比较清明的政治空气，正因为如此，汉文帝的政绩不但得到了后人的赞誉，也得到了西汉末年赤眉军的尊崇，他们攻占长安后，西汉皇陵均被破坏，唯有汉文帝的霸陵得到了保护。
【司法：是守成，还是改革】
秦汉时期的黄老学一个主要特征是“守法而无为”，所谓“无为”，不是毫无作为，也不是漫无边际的放任，而是不超越
既定的法律规定。“法”是“无为”的界限，而无为的“道”又是“法”的根源。所以，要求“法立而弗敢废”，就是指立法之后不轻易变更，要“循守成法”。
汉初统治者坚持黄老之学“赏罚信”的思想，主张严格执法，即使皇帝也只有“执道生法”的权力，而不得犯法。汉文帝就是一位不以个人意志破坏法律规定而“循守成法”的皇帝。一次，文帝出行中路过渭桥，有人从桥下走出，使文帝乘车的马受惊而跑。廷尉张释之判处此人“罪金”（罚四两金）。文帝要求处死。张释之向文帝说：“法律是天子和天下人共同制定的，如果我们轻易地改变法律，就会使人们对法律失去信任，不知怎样做才对。”文帝终究表示廷尉做得对。
黄老思想虽然吸收了法家的“执法”“守法”思想，但基于“安民”“惠民”的立场，对法家的“重刑轻罪”主张并不首肯。黄老思想不仅要求“君正”，而且要求“法正”。在这种思想作用下，汉初统治者坚持除秦苛法。文帝元年（前179年）十二月，除“收孥连坐法”。明令宣布：“现在，废除一人犯罪，家人收为奴婢及各种株连的法律。”这是对旧传统的否定，对成法的改革。
文帝最重要的改革是废除肉刑，改革刑制。改革的起因是缇萦救父。文帝十三年（前167年），齐太仓令淳于公犯了罪，应当受刑。汉代的肉刑主要由黥刑（脸上刺字）、劓刑（割去鼻子）和斩左右趾（砍去左足或右足）。淳于公因为做过官，所以要押解到长安去受刑。淳于公幼女缇萦非常悲痛，便随父到长安，上书文帝，说：“臣妾愿意入官府为奴婢，来抵赎父罪。”文帝怜悯她的一片孝心，下令赦免了淳于公的肉刑，令其携女归家，并且下诏废除肉刑，改革刑制。
对汉文帝废除肉刑，后世有许多评说，大多是认为出于“悲怜”缇萦，体现了文帝的“德政”。这一刑制的改革，在中国法制史上的意义是重大的，它是中国古代刑制由野蛮阶段进入较为文明阶段的标志。这一改革，为刑制向新“五刑”（笞、杖、徙、流、死）的过渡奠定了基础。
【边事：是抵御，还是安抚】
汉文帝即位后，不仅内政复杂棘手，边事也十分严峻，在国力不强的情况下，面对“胡强南劲”的形势，汉文帝采取了正确的策略，终于赢得了较好的外部环境。
“胡强”：匈奴强悍
自白登之围来，汉廷对匈奴实行和亲政策，虽然收到了一定效果，但是并不能根本解除匈奴贵族的威胁，双方一直处于战和不定的状态。
文帝在位期间，为了谋求安定的和平环境，对匈奴一直采取克制忍让的态度，继续执行和亲政策，避免大动干戈。然而，匈奴虽然受益于和亲政策，但是却不信守和亲的盟约。汉廷急需行之有效的御边之策。
当时任太子家令的晁错上书汉文帝，分析汉朝与匈奴双方在军事上各自的长短，建议实行“募民实边 ”的策略。其主要内容为：在边地建立城邑，招募内地人民迁徙边地，一面种田，一面备“胡”；每个城邑迁徙千户以上的居民，由官府发给农具、衣服、粮食，直到他们能自给为止；迁往边地的老百姓，按什伍编制组织起来，平时进行训练，有事则可应敌，凡能抵抗匈奴人的侵扰，夺回被匈奴人掠夺的财富，则由官府照价赏赐一半。文帝在不同程度上采纳了这个策略。
此外，文帝还在边地建立马苑36所，分布在北部和西部，用官奴婢3万人，养马30万匹。在民间，同样奖励老百姓养马，以满足边防对马匹的需求。
这些措施产生了积极的作用：改变了单一轮换屯戍的制度，既有利于对边郡的开发，又大大加强了抗击匈奴的防御力量；有利于休养和生息，使内地的社会经济迅速地恢复和发展；为后来汉武帝彻底解决匈奴问题打下了基础。
“南劲”：南越强劲
在战国秦汉时期，我国东南沿海及岭南一带，聚居一种支族众多的越族，被统称为“百越”。居住在岭南地区的越人，因地处“楚之南”，被称为“南越”。秦始皇三十三年（前214年）统一岭南，在这里设置了桂林、南海、和象三个郡。秦末农民战争起义爆发后，行南海尉事的赵佗自立为王。
汉高祖时，赵佗接受“南越王”封号，从此“称臣奉汉约”，成为西汉王朝下的一个属国—南越国。吕后统治时期，对南越实行经济封锁政策，赵佗即以兵戎相见，与汉王朝分庭抗礼。
公元前180年，吕后驾崩，文帝即位，改变扼杀政策，采取安抚政策，向南越提供发展生产所需的铁器、农具、马牛羊等。并派人修葺赵佗在真定（今河北正定）的祖坟，置守邑，岁时祭祀。又撤掉进攻南越的军官，拜赵佗的兄弟做官。然后，遣陆贾再次出使南越。在文帝诚意的感召下，赵佗谢罪称臣，从而再次赢得了发展经济的有利条件。到武帝时期，岭南地区经济文化发展已有较大发展。
由以上可以看出，汉文帝对周边少数民族不轻易用兵，尽力维持相安友好关系，以礼相待，兄弟相称，这对于加强中原人民与周边少数民族人民之间的团结，增进友谊，起了很好的作用，进一步促进了汉朝时期各个名族之间的融合，对中华民族的形成和发展做出了贡献。
【文帝驾崩】
汉文帝后七年（前157年）夏六月，汉文帝驾崩，享年47岁，葬于霸陵（今陕西西安市西北）。死后，人们给了他最美好的谥号“孝文皇帝”。所谓“文”，代表着“经天纬地”“道德博闻”“学勤好文”“慈惠爱民”“愍民惠礼”等丰富含义，这都从不同的角度概括了汉文帝的政绩。
文帝驾崩后，太子刘启即皇帝位，是为汉景帝。
【后妃子女】
皇后
代王王后，刘恒还是代王时便已过世，所生的四个儿子相继病死
窦姬，儿子刘启被立为太子后成为皇后，称孝文窦皇后，现在多称窦太后
妃嫔
慎夫人
尹姬
子
汉景帝刘启（窦皇后之子）
梁孝王刘武（窦皇后之子）
代孝王刘参
梁怀王刘揖
女
绛侯公主 史书未留名，嫁给周勃之子，绛侯（食邑8180户）周胜之，按西汉惯例，称为：绛侯公主
馆陶公主 刘嫖（窦皇后之女），嫁给堂邑侯（食邑1800户）陈午，所以又称堂邑公主，武帝时称窦太主
【《史记》记载】
孝文皇帝，◇集解汉书音义曰：“讳恒。”高祖中子也，母曰薄姬。高祖十一年春，已破陈豨军，定代地，立为代王，都中都。□正义括地志云：“中都故城在汾州平遥县西南十二里，秦属太原郡也。”太后薄氏子。即位十七年，高后八年七月，高后崩。九月，诸吕吕产等欲为乱，以危刘氏，大臣共诛之，谋召立代王，事在吕后语中。
酢丞相陈平、太尉周勃等使人迎代王。代王问左右郎中令张武等。张武等议曰：“汉大臣皆故高帝时大将，习兵，多谋诈，此其属意非止此也，特畏高帝、吕太后威耳。今已诛诸吕，新喋血○索隐疌，汉书作“喋”，音跕，丁牒反。汉书陈汤杜业皆言喋血，无盟歃事。广雅云“蹀，履也”，谓履涉之。京师，集解公羊传曰：“京，大；师，众也，天子之居，必以众大之辞言也。”此以迎大王为名，实不可信。原大王称疾毋往，以观其变。”中尉宋昌进曰：○索隐东观汉记宋杨传宋义後有宋昌。又会稽典录昌，宋义孙也。“群臣之议皆非也。夫秦失其政，诸侯豪桀并起，人人自以为得之者以万数，然卒践天子之位者，刘氏也，天下绝望，一矣。高帝封王子弟，地犬牙相制，○索隐言封子弟境土交接，若犬之牙不正相当而相衔入也。此所谓盘石之宗也，○索隐言其固如盘石。此语见太公六韬也。天下服其彊，二矣。汉兴，除秦苛政，约法令，施德惠，人人自安，难动摇，三矣。夫以吕太后之严，立诸吕为三王，擅权专制，然而太尉以一节入北军，○索隐即纪通所矫帝之节。一呼士皆左袒，为刘氏，叛诸吕，卒以灭之。此乃天授，非人力也。今大臣虽欲为变，百姓弗为使，其党宁能专一邪？方今内有朱虚、东牟之亲，外畏吴、楚、淮南、琅邪、齐、代之彊。方今高帝子独淮南王与大王，大王又长，贤圣仁孝，闻於天下，故大臣因天下之心而欲迎立大王，大王勿疑也。”代王报太后计之，犹与未定。卜之龟，卦兆得大横。◇集解应劭曰：“以荆灼龟，文正横。”占曰：“大横庚庚，余为天王，夏启以光。”◇集解服虔曰：“庚庚，横貌也。”李奇曰：“庚庚，其繇文也。”张晏曰：“横无思不服。庚，更也。言去诸侯而即帝位也。先是五帝官天下，老则禅贤，至启始传父爵，乃能光治先君之基业。文帝亦袭父迹，言似夏启者也。”○索隐荀悦云：“大横，龟兆横理也。”按：庚庚犹“更更”，言以诸侯更帝位也。荀悦云“繇，抽也，所以抽出吉凶之情也”。杜预云“繇，兆辞也，音胄也”。按：汉书盖宽饶云“五帝官天下，三王家天下，官以传贤人，家以传子孙”。官犹公也，谓不私也。代王曰：“寡人固已为王矣，又何王？”卜人曰：“所谓天王者乃天子。”於是代王乃遣太后弟薄昭往见绛侯，绛侯等具为昭言所以迎立王意。薄昭还报曰：“信矣，毋可疑者。”代王乃笑谓宋昌曰：“果如公言。”乃命宋昌参乘，张武等六人乘传诣长安。至高陵休止，□正义括地志云：“高陵故城在雍州高陵县西南一里，本名横桥，架渭水上。三辅旧事云秦於渭南有兴乐宫，渭北有咸阳宫。秦昭王欲通二宫之间，造横桥，长三百八十步，桥北石水中，旧有忖留神象。此神曾与鲁班语，班令其出，留曰‘我貌丑，卿善图物容，不出’。班於是拱手与语曰‘出头见我’。留乃出首。班以脚画地，忖留觉之，便没水。故置其像於水上，唯有腰以上。魏太祖马见而惊，命移下之。”而使宋昌先驰之长安观变。
故事昌至渭桥，◇集解苏林曰：“在长安北三里。”○索隐三辅故事：“咸阳宫在渭北，兴乐宫在渭南，秦昭王通两宫之间，作渭桥，长三百八十步。”又关中记云石柱以北属扶风，石柱以南属京兆也。丞相以下皆迎。宋昌还报。代王驰至渭桥，群臣拜谒称臣。代王下车拜。太尉勃进曰：“原请间言。”○索隐包恺音闲，言欲向空间处语。颜师古云：“间，容也，犹言中间。请容暇之顷，当有所陈，不欲即公论也。”宋昌曰：“所言公，公言之。所言私，王者不受私。”太尉乃跪上天子玺符。代王谢曰：“至代邸而议之。”○索隐说文：“邸，属国舍。”遂驰入代邸。群臣从至。丞相陈平、太尉周勃、大将军陈武、御史大夫张苍、宗正刘郢、◇集解汉书百官表曰：“宗正，秦官。”应劭曰：“周成王时，彤伯入为宗正。”朱虚侯刘章、东牟侯刘兴居、典客刘揭皆再拜言曰：“子弘等皆非孝惠帝子，不当奉宗庙。臣谨请阴安侯◇集解苏林曰：“高帝兄伯妻羹颉侯信母，丘嫂也。”列侯顷王后◇集解徐广曰：“代顷王刘仲之妻。”骃按：苏林曰“仲子濞为吴王，故追谥顷王”也。如淳曰“顷王后封阴安侯，时吕嬃为林光侯，萧何夫人亦为酂侯”。又宗室表此时无阴安，知其为顷王后也。○索隐按：苏林、徐广、韦昭以为二人封号，而乐产引如淳，以顷王后别封阴安侯，与汉祠令相会。今以阴安是别人封爵，非也。顷王后是代王后，文帝之伯母。代王降为郃阳侯，故云“列侯顷王后”。韦昭曰“阴安属魏郡”也。与琅邪王、宗室、大臣、列侯、吏二千石议曰：‘大王高帝长子，宜为高帝嗣。’原大王即天子位。”代王曰：“奉高帝宗庙，重事也。寡人不佞，不足以称宗庙。原请楚王计宜者，◇集解苏林曰：“楚王名交，高帝弟。”○索隐楚王交，高帝弟，最尊。言更请楚王计宜者，故下云“皆为宜”也。寡人不敢当。”群臣皆伏固请。代王西乡让者三，南乡让者再。◇集解如淳曰：“让群臣也。或曰宾主位东西面，君臣位南北面，故西向坐，三让不受，群臣犹称宜，乃更回坐示变，即君位之渐也。”丞相平等皆曰：“臣伏计之，大王奉高帝宗庙最宜称，虽天下诸侯万民以为宜。臣等为宗庙社稷计，不敢忽。原大王幸听臣等。臣谨奉天子玺符再拜上。”代王曰：“宗室将相王列侯以为莫宜寡人，寡人不敢辞。”遂即天子位。
熳有群臣以礼次侍。乃使太仆婴与东牟侯兴居清宫，◇集解应劭曰：“旧典，天子行幸所至，必遣静宫令先案行清静殿中，以虞非常。”○索隐按：汉仪云“皇帝起居，索室清宫而後行。”奉天子法驾，○索隐汉官仪云：“天子卤簿有大驾、法驾。大驾公卿奉引，大将军参乘，属车八十一乘。法驾公卿不在卤簿中，惟京兆尹、执金吾、长安令奉引，侍中参乘，属车三十六乘也。”迎于代邸。皇帝即日夕入未央宫。乃夜拜宋昌为卫将军，镇抚南北军。以张武为郎中令，行殿中。还坐前殿。於是夜下诏书曰：“间者诸吕用事擅权，谋为大逆，欲以危刘氏宗庙，赖将相列侯宗室大臣诛之，皆伏其辜。朕初即位，其赦天下，赐民爵一级，女子百户牛酒，◇集解苏林曰：“男赐爵，女子赐牛酒。”○索隐按：封禅书云“百户牛一头，酒十石”。乐产云“妇人无夫或无子不沾爵，故赐之也”。酺五日。”◇集解文颖曰：“汉律三人已上无故群饮，罚金四两。今诏横赐得令会聚饮食五日。”○索隐说文云“酺，王者布德，大饮酒也”。出钱为醵，出食为酺。又按：赵武灵王灭中山，酺五日，是其所起也。
Ｓ催孝文皇帝元年十月庚戌，徙立故琅邪王泽为燕王。
亥，辛亥，皇帝即阼，□正义主人阶也。谒高庙。右丞相平徙为左丞相，正义此时尚右。太尉勃为右丞相，大将军灌婴为太尉。诸吕所夺齐楚故地，皆复与之。
骑将壬子，遣车骑将军薄昭迎皇太后于代。皇帝曰：“吕产自置为相国，吕禄为上将军，擅矫遣灌将军婴将兵击齐，欲代刘氏，婴留荥阳弗击，与诸侯合谋以诛吕氏。吕产欲为不善，丞相陈平与太尉周勃谋夺吕产等军。朱虚侯刘章首先捕吕产等。太尉身率襄平侯通持节承诏入北军。典客刘揭身夺赵王吕禄印。益封太尉勃万户，赐金五千斤。丞相陈平、灌将军婴邑各三千户，金二千斤。朱虚侯刘章、襄平侯通、东牟侯刘兴居邑各二千户，金千斤。◇集解徐广曰：“十一月辛丑。”封典客揭为阳信侯，○索隐韦昭云勃海县。□正义括地志云：“阳信故城在沧州无棣县东南三十里，汉阳信县。”赐金千斤。”
者，十二月，上曰：“法者，治之正也，所以禁暴而率善人也。今犯法已论，而使毋罪之父母妻子同产坐之，及为收帑，朕甚不取。其议之。”有司皆曰：“民不能自治，故为法以禁之。相坐坐收，所以累其心，使重犯法，所从来远矣。如故便。”上曰：“朕闻法正则民悫，罪当则民从。且夫牧民而导之善者，吏也。其既不能导，又以不正之法罪之，是反害於民为暴者也。何以禁之？朕未见其便，其孰计之。”有司皆曰：“ 陛下加大惠，德甚盛，非臣等所及也。请奉诏书，除收帑诸相坐律令。”◇集解应劭曰：“帑，子也。秦法一人有罪，并坐其家室。今除此律。”知
。请正月，有司言曰：“蚤建太子，所以尊宗庙。请立太子。”上曰：“朕既不德，上帝神明未歆享，天下人民未有嗛志。○索隐按：嗛者，满之意也。未有嗛志，言天下皆志不满也。汉书作“鸑志”，安也。今纵不能博求天下贤圣有德之人而禅天下焉，而曰豫建太子，是重吾不德也。谓天下何？○索隐言何以谓於天下也。其安之。”○索隐其，发声也。安者，徐也。言徐徐且待也。有司曰：“豫建太子，所以重宗庙社稷，不忘天下也。”上曰：“楚王，季父也，春秋高，阅天下之义理多矣，◇集解如淳曰：“阅，犹言多所更历也。”明於国家之大体。吴王於朕，兄也，惠仁以好德。淮南王，弟也，秉德以陪朕。集解文颖曰：“陪，辅也。”岂为不豫哉！诸侯王宗室昆弟有功臣，多贤及有德义者，若举有德以陪朕之不能终，是社稷之灵，天下之福也。今不选举焉，而曰必子，人其以朕为忘贤有德者而专於子，非所以忧天下也。朕甚不取也。”有司皆固请曰：“古者殷周有国，治安皆千馀岁，古之有天下者莫长焉，用此道也。○索隐言古之有天下者，无长於立子，故云“莫长焉”。用此道者，用殷周立子之道，故安治千有馀岁也。立嗣必子，所从来远矣。高帝亲率士大夫，始平天下，建诸侯，为帝者太祖。诸侯王及列侯始受国者皆亦为其国祖。子孙继嗣，世世弗绝，天下之大义也，故高帝设之以抚海内。今释宜建而更选於诸侯及宗室，非高帝之志也。更议不宜。○索隐言不宜更别议也。子某最长，纯厚慈仁，请建以为太子。”上乃许之。因赐天下民当代父後者爵各一级◇集解韦昭曰：“文帝以立子为後，不欲独飨其福，故赐天下为父後者爵。”封将军薄昭为轵侯。◇集解徐广曰：“正月乙巳也。”
子母三月，有司请立皇后。薄太后曰：“诸侯皆同姓，立太子母为皇后。”索隐谓帝之子为诸侯王，皆同姓。姓，生也。言皆同母生，故立太子母也。皇后姓窦氏。上为立后故，赐天下鳏寡孤独穷困及年八十已上孤儿九岁已下布帛米肉各有数。上从代来，初即位，施德惠天下，填抚诸侯四夷皆洽驩，乃循从代来功臣。上曰：“方大臣之诛诸吕迎朕，朕狐疑，皆止朕，唯中尉宋昌劝朕，朕以得保奉宗庙。已尊昌为卫将军，其封昌为壮武侯。◇集解徐广曰：“四月辛亥封，封三十四年，景帝中四年夺侯，国除。”○索隐韦昭云胶东县。□正义括地志云：“壮武故城在莱州即墨县西六十里，古莱夷国，有汉壮武县故城。”诸从朕六人，官皆至九卿。”□正义汉置九卿，一曰太常，二曰光禄，三曰卫尉，四曰太仆，五曰廷尉，六曰大鸿胪，七曰宗正，八曰大司农，九曰少府，是为九卿也。斋
吏二上曰：“列侯从高帝入蜀、汉中者六十八人皆益封各三百户，故吏二千石以上从高帝颍川守尊等十人食邑六百户，淮阳守申徒嘉等十人五百户，卫尉定等十人四百户。封淮南王舅父赵兼为周阳侯，□正义括地志云：“周阳故城在绛州闻喜县东二十九里。”齐王舅父驷钧为清郭侯。”◇集解如淳曰：“邑名，六国时齐有清郭君。清音静。”○索隐按表，驷钧封邬侯。不同者，盖後徙封於邬。邬属钜鹿郡。秋，封故常山丞相蔡兼为樊侯。○索隐韦昭云：“樊，东平之县。”□正义括地志云：“汉樊县城在兖州瑕丘西南二十五里。地理志云樊县古樊国，仲山甫所封。”
ψ鹞人或说右丞相曰：“君本诛诸吕，迎代王，今又矜其功，受上赏，处尊位，祸且及身。”右丞相勃乃谢病免罢，左丞相平专为丞相。◇集解徐广曰：“八月中。”
馀，二年十月，丞相平卒，复以绛侯勃为丞相。上曰：“朕闻古者诸侯建国千馀，各守其地，以时入贡，民不劳苦，上下驩欣，靡有遗德。今列侯多居长安，邑远，吏卒给输费苦，而列侯亦无由教驯其民。□正义驯，古“训”字。其令列侯之国，为吏及诏所止者，遣太子。”◇集解张晏曰：“为吏，谓以卿大夫为兼官者。诏所止，特以恩爱见留者。”
有食十一月晦，日有食之。□正义按：说文云日蚀则朔，月蚀则望。而云晦日食之，恐历错误。十二月望，日又食。◇集解徐广曰：“此云望日又食。按：汉书及五行志无此日食文也。一本作‘月食’，然史书不纪月食。”上曰：“朕闻之，天生蒸民，为之置君以养治之。人主不德，布政不均，则天示之以菑，以诫不治。乃十一月晦，日有食之，适见于天，菑孰大焉！朕获保宗庙，以微眇之身讬于兆民君王之上，天下治乱，在朕一人，唯二三执政犹吾股肱也。朕下不能理育群生，上以累三光之明，其不德大矣。令至，其悉思朕之过失，及知见思之所不及，匄以告朕。及举贤良方正能直言极谏者，以匡朕之不逮。因各饬其任职，务省繇费以便民。朕既不能远德，故忄间然念外人之有非，◇集解汉书音义曰：“忄间然犹介然也。非，奸非也。”○索隐苏林云“忄间，寝视不安之貌”，盖近其意。馀说皆疏。忄间音下板反。是以设备未息。今纵不能罢边屯戍，而又饬兵厚卫，其罢卫将军军。太仆见马遗财足，○ 索隐遗犹留也。财，古字与“才”同。言太仆见在之马，今留才足充事而已也。馀皆以给传置。”○索隐按：广雅云“置，驿也”。续汉书云“驿马三十里一置”。故乐产亦云传置一也。言乘传者以传次受名，乘置者以马取匹。传音丁恋反。如淳云“律，四马高足为传置，四马中足为驰置，下足为乘置，一马二马为轺置，如置急者乘一马曰乘也”。
煜正月，上曰：“农，天下之本，其开籍田，◇集解应劭曰：“古者天子耕籍田千亩，为天下先。籍者，帝王典籍之常。”韦昭曰：“籍，借也。借民力以治之，以奉宗庙，且以劝率天下，使务农也。”瓒曰：“景帝诏曰‘朕亲耕，后亲桑，为天下先’。本以躬亲为义，不得以假借为称也。籍，蹈籍也。”朕亲率耕，以给宗庙粢盛。”◇集解应劭曰：“黍稷曰粢，在器中曰盛。”
詈钔三月，有司请立皇子为诸侯王。上曰：“赵幽王幽死，朕甚怜之，已立其长子遂为赵王。遂弟辟彊及齐悼惠王子朱虚侯章、东牟侯兴居有功，可王。”乃立赵幽王少子辟彊为河间王，以齐剧郡立朱虚侯为城阳王，立东牟侯为济北王，皇子武为代王，子参为太原王，子揖为梁王。
尽蠹上曰：“古之治天下，朝有进善之旌，◇集解应劭曰：“旌，幡也。尧设之五达之道，令民进善也。”如淳曰：“欲有进善者，立於旌下言之。”诽谤之木，◇集解服虔曰：“尧作之，桥梁交午柱头。”应劭曰：“桥梁边板，所以书政治之愆失也。至秦去之，今乃复施也。”○索隐按：尸子云“尧立诽谤之木”。诽音非，亦音沸。韦昭云“虑政有阙失，使书於木，此尧时然也，後代因以为饰。今宫外桥梁头四植木是也 ”。郑玄注礼云“一纵一横为午，谓以木贯表柱四出，即今之华表”。崔浩以为木贯表柱四出名“桓”，陈楚俗桓声近和，又云“和表”，则“华”与“和”又相讹耳。所以通治道而来谏者。今法有诽谤妖言之罪，是使众臣不敢尽情，而上无由闻过失也。将何以来远方之贤良？其除之。民或祝诅上以相约结而後相谩，◇集解汉书音义曰：“民相结共祝诅上也。谩者，而後谩而止之，不毕祝诅也。”○索隐韦昭云：“谩，相抵谰也。”说文云：“谩，欺也。”谓初相约共行祝，後相欺诳，中道而止之也。吏以为大逆，其有他言，而吏又以为诽谤。此细民之愚无知抵死，朕甚不取。自今以来，有犯此者勿听治。”
庥九月，初与郡国守相为铜虎符、竹使符。◇集解应劭曰：“铜虎符第一至第五，国家当发兵，遣使者至郡合符，符合乃听受之。竹使符皆以竹箭五枚，长五寸，镌刻篆书，第一至第五。”张晏曰：“符以代古之珪璋，从简易也。”○索隐汉旧仪铜虎符发兵，长六寸。竹使符出入徵发。说文云分符而合之。小颜云“右留京师，左与之。”古今注云“铜虎符银错书之”。张晏云“铜取其同心也”。
涨擦三年十月丁酉晦，日有食之。十一月，上曰：“前日遣列侯之国，或辞未行。丞相朕之所重，其为朕率列侯之国。”绛侯勃免丞相就国，以太尉颍阴侯婴为丞相。罢太尉官，属丞相。四月，城阳王章薨。淮南王长与从者魏敬杀辟阳侯审食其。
唬骸五月，匈奴入北地，居河南为寇。帝初幸甘泉。◇集解蔡邕曰：“天子车驾所至，民臣以为侥幸，故曰幸。至见令长三老官属，亲临轩，作乐，赐食帛越巾刀佩带，民爵有级数，或赐田租之半，故因是谓之幸。”○索隐应劭云：“宫名，在云阳。一名林光。 ”臣瓒云：“甘泉，山名。林光，秦离宫名。”又顾氏按：邢承宗西征赋注云“甘泉，水名”。今按：盖因地有甘泉以名山，则山水皆通也。宫名谬尔。六月，帝曰：“汉与匈奴约为昆弟，毋使害边境，所以输遗匈奴甚厚。今右贤王离其国，将众居河南降地，非常故，往来近塞，捕杀吏卒，驱保塞蛮夷，令不得居其故，陵轹边吏，入盗，甚敖无道，非约也。其发边吏骑八万五千诣高奴，遣丞相颍阴侯灌婴击匈奴。”匈奴去，发中尉◇集解汉书百官表曰：“中尉，秦官。”材官属卫将军军长安。
，诸辛卯，帝自甘泉之高奴，因幸太原，见故群臣，皆赐之。举功行赏，诸民里赐牛酒。复晋阳□正义故城在汾州平遥县西南十三里。中都民三岁。留游太原十馀日。
遣棘济北王兴居闻帝之代，欲往击胡，乃反，发兵欲袭荥阳。於是诏罢丞相兵，遣棘蒲侯陈武为大将军，将十万往击之。祁侯贺◇集解徐广曰：“姓缯，以文帝十一年卒，谥曰敬。”○索隐汉书音义祁音迟。贺姓缯。缯，古国，夏同姓也。正义括地志云：“并州祁县城，晋大夫祁奚之邑。”为将军，军荥阳。七月辛亥，帝自太原至长安。乃诏有司曰：“济北王背德反上，诖误吏民，为大逆。济北吏民兵未至先自定，及以军地邑降者，皆赦之，复官爵。与王兴居去来，亦赦之。”◇集解徐广曰：“乍去乍来也。”骃案：张晏曰“虽始与兴居反，今降，赦之”。八月，破济北军，虏其王。赦济北诸吏民与王反者。
言淮六年，有司言淮南王长废先帝法，不听天子诏，居处毋度，出入拟於天子，擅为法令，与棘蒲侯太子奇谋反，遣人使闽越及匈奴，发其兵，欲以危宗庙社稷。群臣议，皆曰“长当弃市”帝不忍致法於王，赦其罪，废勿王。群臣请处王蜀严道、邛都，◇集解徐广曰：“汉书或作‘邮’字，或直云‘邛僰’。邛都乃本是西南夷，尔时未通严道，有邛僰山。”□正义邛，其恭反。括地志云：“严道今为县，即邛州所理县也。县有蛮夷曰道，故曰严道。邛都县本邛都国，汉为县，今巂州也。西南夷传云‘滇池以北君长以十数，邛都最大’是也。”按：群臣请处淮南王长蜀之严道，不尔，更远邛都西有邛僰山也。邛僰山在雅州荣经县界。荣经，武德年间置，本秦严道地。华阳国志云：“邛筰山故邛人、筰人界也。山岩峭峻，曲回九折乃至，上下有凝冰。按即王尊登者也。今从九折西南行至巂州，山多雨少晴，俗呼名为漏天。”帝许之。长未到处所，行病死，上怜之。後十六年，追尊淮南王长谥为厉王，立其子三人为淮南王、○索隐名安，阜陵侯也。衡山王、○索隐名勃，安阳侯也。庐江王。○索隐名赐，周阳侯也。
唬骸十三年夏，上曰：“盖闻天道祸自怨起而福繇德兴。百官之非，宜由朕躬。今秘祝之官移过于下，◇集解应劭曰：“秘祝之官移过于下，国家讳之，故曰秘。”以彰吾之不德，朕甚不取。其除之。”
猓五月，齐太仓令淳于公○索隐名意，为齐太仓令，故谓之仓公也。有罪当刑，诏狱逮徙系长安。太仓公无男，有女五人。太仓公将行会逮，骂其女曰：“生子不生男，有缓急非有益也！”其少女缇萦○索隐缇音啼。邹氏音体，非。自伤泣，乃随其父至长安，上书曰：“妾父为吏，齐中皆称其廉平，今坐法当刑。妾伤夫死者不可复生，刑者不可复属，虽复欲改过自新，其道无由也。妾原没入为官婢，赎父刑罪，使得自新。 ”书奏天子，天子怜悲其意，乃下诏曰：“盖闻有虞氏之时，画衣冠异章服以为僇，□正义晋书刑法志云：“三皇设言而民不违，五帝画衣冠而民知禁。犯黥者阜其巾，犯劓者丹其服，犯膑者墨其体，犯宫者杂其屦，大辟之罪，殊刑之极，布其衣裾而无领缘，投之於市，与众弃之。”而民不犯。何则？至治也。今法有肉刑三，◇集解李奇曰：“约法三章无肉刑，文帝则有肉刑。”孟康曰：“黥劓二，左右趾合一，凡三。”○索隐韦昭云：“断趾、黥、劓之属。”崔浩汉律序云：“文帝除肉刑而宫不易。”张斐注云：“以淫乱人族序，故不易之也。”而奸不止，其咎安在？非乃朕德薄而教不明欤？吾甚自愧。故夫驯道不纯而愚民陷焉。诗曰‘恺悌君子，民之父母’。今人有过，教未施而刑加焉？或欲改行为善而道毋由也。朕甚怜之。夫刑至断支体，刻肌肤，终身不息，何其楚痛而不德也，岂称为民父母之意哉！其除肉刑。”
今勤上曰：“农，天下之本，务莫大焉。今勤身从事而有租税之赋，是为本末者毋以异，◇集解李奇曰：“本，农也。末，贾也。言农与贾俱出租无异也，故除田租。”其於劝农之道未备。其除田之租税。”
钡囟十四年冬，匈奴谋入边为寇，攻朝塞，杀北地都尉昂。◇集解徐广曰：“姓孙。封其子单为瓶侯。匈奴所杀。”上乃遣三将军军陇西、北地、上郡，中尉周舍为卫将军，郎中令张武为车骑将军，军渭北，车千乘，骑卒十万。帝亲自劳军，勒兵申教令，赐军吏卒。帝欲自将击匈奴，群臣谏，皆不听。皇太后固要帝，◇集解如淳曰：“必不得自征也。”帝乃止。於是以东阳侯张相如为大将军，成侯赤◇集解徐广曰：“姓董也。”为内史，栾布为将军，击匈奴。匈奴遁走。
于今春，上曰：“朕获执牺牲珪币以事上帝宗庙，十四年于今，历日长，以不敏不明而久抚临天下，朕甚自愧。其广增诸祀墠场珪币。昔先王远施不求其报，望祀不祈其福，右贤左戚，◇集解韦昭曰：“右犹高，左犹下也。”○索隐刘德云：“先贤後亲也。”先民後己，至明之极也。今吾闻祠官祝釐，◇集解如淳曰：“釐，福也。贾谊传‘受釐坐宣室’。”索隐音禧，福也。皆归福朕躬，不为百姓，朕甚愧之。夫以朕不德，而躬享独美其福，百姓不与焉，是重吾不德。其令祠官致敬，毋有所祈。”
始传是时北平侯张苍为丞相，方明律历。鲁人公孙臣上书陈终始传五德事，索隐五行之德，帝王相承传易，终而复始，故云“终始传五德之事”。传音转也。言方今土德时，土德应黄龙见，当改正朔服色制度。天子下其事与丞相议。丞相推以为今水德，始明正十月上黑事，以为其言非是，请罢之。
熳幽十五年，黄龙见成纪，◇集解韦昭曰：“成纪县属天水。”天子乃复召鲁公孙臣，以为博士，申明土德事。於是上乃下诏曰：“有异物之神见于成纪，无害於民，岁以有年。朕亲郊祀上帝诸神。礼官议，毋讳以劳朕。”◇集解汉书音义曰：“言无所讳，勿以朕为劳。”有司礼官皆曰：“古者天子夏躬亲礼祀上帝於郊，故曰郊。”於是天子始幸雍，郊见五帝，以孟夏四月答礼焉。赵人新垣平以望气见，因说上设立渭阳五庙。◇集解韦昭曰：“在渭城。”欲出周鼎，当有玉英见。◇集解瑞应图云：“玉英，五常并修则见。”
Ｓ催十六年，上亲郊见渭阳五帝庙，亦以夏答礼而尚赤。
人主十七年，得玉杯，◇集解应劭曰：“新垣平诈令人献之。”刻曰“人主延寿”。於是天子始更为元年，○索隐按：秦本纪惠文王十四年更为元年。又汲冢竹书魏惠王亦有後元，当取法於此。又按：封禅书以新垣平候日再中，故改元也。令天下大酺。其岁，新垣平事觉，夷三族。
，上後二年，上曰：“朕既不明，不能远德，是以使方外之国或不宁息。夫四荒之外不安其生，○索隐顾胤按：尔雅孤竹、北户、西王母、日下谓之四荒也。封畿之内勤劳不处，二者之咎，皆自於朕之德薄而不能远达也。间者累年，匈奴并暴边境，多杀吏民，边臣兵吏又不能谕吾内志，以重吾不德也。夫久结难连兵，中外之国将何以自宁？今朕夙兴夜寐，勤劳天下，忧苦万民，为之怛惕不安，未尝一日忘於心，故遣使者冠盖相望，结轶於道，◇集解韦昭曰：“使车往还，故辙如结也。相如曰‘结轨还辙’。”○索隐邹氏轶音逸，又音辙。汉书作“辙”。顾氏按：司马彪云“结谓车辙回旋错结之也”。以谕朕意於单于。今单于反古之道，计社稷之安，便万民之利，亲与朕俱弃细过，偕之大道，结兄弟之义，以全天下元元之民。○索隐战国策云：“ 制海内，子元元，非兵不可。”高诱注云：“元元，善也。”又按：姚察云“古者谓人云善，言善人也。因善为元，故云黎元。其言元元者，非一人也”。顾野王又云“元元犹喁喁，可怜爱貌”。未安其说，聊记异也。和亲已定，始于今年。”“後七年六月己亥，帝崩於未央宫。◇集解徐广曰：“年四十七。”遗诏曰：“朕闻盖天下万物之萌生，靡不有死。死者天地之理，物之自然者，奚可甚哀。当今之时，世咸嘉生而恶死，厚葬以破业，重服以伤生，吾甚不取。且朕既不德，无以佐百姓；今崩，又使重服久临，以离寒暑之数，哀人之父子，伤长幼之志，损其饮食，绝鬼神之祭祀，以重吾不德也，谓天下何！朕获保宗庙，以眇眇之身讬于天下君王之上，二十有馀年矣。赖天地之灵，社稷之福，方内安宁，◇集解瓒曰：“方，四方也。内，中也。犹云中外也。”靡有兵革。◇集解徐广曰：“一云‘方内安，兵革息’。”朕既不敏，常畏过行，以羞先帝之遗德；维年之久长，惧于不终。今乃幸以天年，得复供养于高庙。朕之不明与嘉之，◇集解如淳曰：“与，发声也。得卒天年已善矣。”其奚哀悲之有！其令天下吏民，令到出临三日，皆释服。毋禁取妇嫁女祠祀饮酒食肉者。自当给丧事服临者，皆无践。◇集解服虔曰：“践，翦也。谓无斩衰也。”孟康曰：“践，跣也。”晋灼曰：“汉语作‘跣’。跣，徒跣也。”○索隐汉语是书名，荀爽所作也。绖带无过三寸，毋布车及兵器，◇集解应劭曰：“无以布衣车及兵器也。”服虔曰：“不施轻车介士也。”毋发民男女哭临宫殿。宫殿中当临者，皆以旦夕各十五举声，礼毕罢。非旦夕临时，禁毋得擅哭。已下，索解谓柩已下於圹。服大红十五日，小红十四日，纤七日，释服。◇集解服虔曰：“当言大功、小功布也。纤，细布衣也。”应劭曰：“红者，中祥大祥以红为领缘也。纤者，禫也。凡三十六日而释服。”○索隐刘德云：“红亦功也。男功非一，故以‘工力’为字。而女工唯在於丝，故以‘糸工’为字。三十六日，以日易月故也。”佗不在令中者，皆以此令比率从事。布告天下，使明知朕意。霸陵山川因其故，集解应劭曰：“因山为藏，不复起坟，山下川流不遏绝也。就其水名以为陵号。”○索隐霸是水名，水径於山，亦曰霸山，即芷阳地也。毋有所改。归夫人以下至少使。”◇集解应劭曰：“夫人以下有美人、良人、八子、七子、长使、少使，凡七辈，皆遣归家，重绝人类也。”令中尉亚夫为车骑将军，属国悍◇集解徐广曰：“姓徐。”骃按：汉书百官表“典属国，秦官，掌蛮夷降者”。为将屯将军，◇集解李奇曰：“冯奉世为右将军，以将屯将军为名，此监主诸屯也。”郎中令武为复土将军，◇集解如淳曰：“主穿圹填瘗事者。”○索隐复音伏。谓穿圹出土，下棺已而填之，即以为坟，故云复土。复，反还也。又音福。发近县见卒万六千人，发内史卒万五千人，○索隐按：百官表云内史掌理京师之官也。景帝更名京兆尹也。藏郭穿复土属将军武。古
宜龋乙巳，◇集解汉书云：“乙巳葬霸陵。”皇甫谧曰：“霸陵去长安七十里。”群臣皆顿首上尊号曰孝文皇帝。主
子即太子即位于高庙。丁未，袭号曰皇帝。
盖闻孝景皇帝元年十月，制诏御史：“盖闻古者祖有功而宗有德，◇集解应劭曰：“始取天下者为祖，高帝称高祖是也。始治天下者为宗，文帝称太宗是也。”制礼乐各有由。闻歌者，所以发德也；舞者，所以明功也。高庙酎，◇集解张晏曰：“正月旦作酒，八月成，名曰酎。酎之言纯也。至武帝时，因八月尝酎会诸侯庙中，出金助祭，所谓‘酎金’也。”奏武德、文始、五行之舞。◇集解孟康曰：“武德，高祖所作也。文始，舜舞也。五行，周舞也。武德者，其舞人执干戚。文始舞执羽籥。五行舞冠冕，衣服法五行色。见礼乐志。”○索隐应劭云：“礼乐志文始舞本舜韶舞，高祖更名文始，示不相袭。五行舞本周武舞，秦始皇更名五行舞。按：今言‘奏武德、文始、五行之舞’者，其乐总象武王乐，言高祖以武定天下也。既示不相袭，其作乐之始。先奏文始，以羽籥衣文绣居先；次即奏五行，五行即武舞，执干戚而衣有五行之色也。”孝惠庙酎，奏文始、五行之舞。孝文皇帝临天下，通关梁，不异远方。◇集解张晏曰：“孝文十二年，除关，不用传令，远近若一。”除诽谤，去肉刑，赏赐长老，收恤孤独，以育群生。减嗜欲，不受献，◇集解徐广曰：“减，一作‘灭’。”不私其利也。罪人不帑，◇集解苏林曰：“刑不及妻子。”不诛无罪。除刑，出美人，重绝人之世。朕既不敏，不能识。此皆上古之所不及，而孝文皇帝亲行之。德厚侔天地，◇集解李奇曰：“侔，齐等。”利泽施四海，靡不获福焉。明象乎日月，而庙乐不称。朕甚惧焉。其为孝文皇帝庙为昭德之舞，◇集解文颖曰：“景帝采高祖武德舞作昭德舞，舞之於文帝庙，见礼乐志。”以明休德。然后祖宗之功德著於竹帛，施于万世，永永无穷，朕甚嘉之。其与丞相、列侯、中二千石、礼官具为礼仪奏。”丞相臣嘉等言：“陛下永思孝道，立昭德之舞以明孝文皇帝之盛德。皆臣嘉等愚所不及。臣谨议：世功莫大於高皇帝，德莫盛於孝文皇帝，高皇庙宜为帝者太祖之庙，孝文皇帝庙宜为帝者太宗之庙。天子宜世世献祖宗之庙。郡国诸侯宜各为孝文皇帝立太宗之庙。诸侯王列侯使者侍祠天子，岁献祖宗之庙。◇集解张晏曰：“王及列侯岁时遣使诣京师，侍祠助祭也。”如淳曰：“若光武庙在章陵，南阳太守称使者往祭是也。不使侯王祭者，诸侯不得祖天子也。凡临祭祀宗庙，皆为侍祭。”请著之竹帛，宣布天下。”制曰：“可。”
【汉文帝生年考】
对于汉文帝寿命的唯一记载为《史记》注《集解徐广》曰：年四十七。古人算虚岁，汉文帝享年为46周岁，崩于公元前157年，因此可得出：汉文帝生于公元前203年。《史记》亦载：魏豹已死，汉王入织室，见薄姬有色，诏内后宫，岁馀不得幸。魏豹死于公元前205年，岁馀不得幸，可得：前204年，刘邦幸薄姬，十个月后，大约为前203年，汉文帝诞生！
【后人评价】
司马迁
孔子言“必世然後仁。善人之治国百年，亦可以胜残去杀”。诚哉是言！汉兴，至孝文四十有馀载，德至盛也。廪廪乡改正服封禅矣，谦让未成於今。呜呼，岂不仁哉！
——《史记·孝文本纪》
班固
孝文皇帝即位二十三年，宫室、苑囿、车骑、服御无所增益。有不便，辄弛以利民。尝欲作露台，召匠计之，直百金。上曰：“百金，中人十家之产也。吾奉先帝宫室，常恐羞之，何以台为！”身衣弋绨，所幸慎夫人衣不曳地，帷帐无文绣，以示敦朴，为天下先。治霸陵，皆瓦器，不得以金、银、铜、锡为饰，因其山，不起坟。南越尉佗自立为帝，召贵佗兄弟，以德怀之，佗遂称臣。与匈奴结和亲，后而背约入盗，令边备守，不发兵深入，恐烦百姓。吴王诈病不朝，赐以几杖。群臣袁盎等谏说虽切，常假借纳用焉。张武等受赂金钱，觉，更加赏赐，以愧其心。专务以德化民，是以海内殷富，兴于礼义，断狱数百，几致刑措。呜呼，仁哉！
——《汉书·文帝纪》
司马贞
孝文在代，兆遇大横。宋昌建册，绛侯奉迎。南面而让，天下归诚。务农先籍，布德偃兵。除帑削谤，政简刑清。绨衣率俗，露台罢营。法宽张武，狱恤缇萦。霸陵如故，千年颂声。
——《史记索隐·孝文本纪述赞》
【故事传说——亲尝汤药的孝子】
原文
前汉文帝，名恒，高祖第四子，初封代王。生母薄太后，帝奉养无怠。母常病，三年，帝目不交睫，衣不解带，汤药非口亲尝弗进。仁孝闻天下。
赞诗
仁孝临天下，巍巍冠百王。
莫庭事贤母，汤药必亲尝。
译文
汉文帝刘恒，刘邦的四儿子，是一个有名的大孝子。刘恒对他的母亲皇太後很孝顺，从来也不怠慢。
有一次，他的母亲患了重病，这可急坏了刘恒。他母亲一病就是三年，卧床不起。刘恒亲自为母亲煎药汤，并且日夜守护在母亲的床前。每次看到母亲睡了，才趴在母亲床边睡一会儿。刘恒天天为母亲煎药，每次煎完，自己总先尝一尝，看看汤药苦不苦，烫不烫，自己觉得差不多了，才给母亲喝。
In 180 BC, Liu Heng was crowned as Emperor, is Han Wen.
Han-Wen Liu Heng, moral and political world, and created the first Peace and Prosperity of Chinese feudal society - Wenjing. "Peace and Prosperity" is Zhiping the world, that is peace and prosperity.
On behalf of the king ascended the throne
Zhulv were destroyed after the legislation was proposed by Wang Liu Xiang for the emperor, he not only is the eldest grandson of Liu Bang, first raised his army against Zhulv of another power. However, as the mother of King of Qi forces more powerful family, ministers fear encore Lu autocratic, they were rejected. Huainan Wang Chang-because "my mother evil" was negatived.
Liu Heng to Beijing, the prime minister Chen equal worship, saying: "Son, etc. None of the Xiao Hui Hong Son, improper instructions from ancestral temple. King, high Zuchang Zi, appropriate for the heir. Like king or emperor bit!" Liu Heng again sometime later, after high eight years (180 BC) on September 30, moved for the emperor bit, when he was 24 years old. Liu Zhang's younger brother, East Mou Hou Xing home made clear palace crafty villain, then and Taipu Jaap de Hoop infant palace, after the Shaodi car will set out and then uphold the law driving to meet the emperor, that night, Heng into Weiyang Palace .
Wen Liu Heng into Beijing, with only SONG Chang, Chang Wu Deng Liuren. Emperor Wen of Han imperial power determined to integrate systems as soon as possible in order to restore and strengthen the operational capacity of state power.
Emperor Wen of Han Ting know in no strong political base, and some imperial clan that he is "Abstract peach School", simply rely on a number of veteran's support and ascend the throne, his face is growing and growing arrogance of the nobility Wang forces, so his first task is to incentives and penalties is two-pronged strategy to consolidate the imperial power.
Apart from the old Princes, the Han Wen has set up a new group of Princes. In the same year in December, established the original son of the Friends Chao You Wang Liu Zhao Liu therefore abandoned; Xifeng Wang Ze is the original Lang Ya Yan Wang. Later, they established the first Qiang Liu then the king for the Hejian; Zhu virtual Hou Wang Yang Liu Zhang to the city; East Mou Hou Wang Xing-Habitat for the northern economy; Lihuang Zi Wu Liu is on behalf of the king, but also for the Huaiyang Wang Xifeng, after the Xifeng for the King of Liang; participate in Taiyuan Wang Feng Liu; Liu military's as King of Liang.
As the Han Dynasty vigorously political inaction, on the Kings in the development of malignant forces, played a catalytic role. Nobility and expanding, and form a "tail wags the dog" trend, bound to Liu in the imperial and royal imperial clan within the division to generate a sharp contradiction, this contradiction from the Emperor Wen ascended the throne after the start intensified. Wen three years (177 BC), Wang Xing-home Jibei rebellion, the first opening of the Kingdom of the armed struggle against the Han Ting precedent. Wen troops suppressed the rebels instantly collapse, Xing-Home committed suicide after capture.
Although the two were put down the rebellion, but the early Han Dynasty Kings in a vicious power development, in fact, has become the central court against the separatist forces. Court some insight, recognition
Impressed by Wen Jia Yi's "security policy", however, when he was extremely conscientious about political stability and socio-economic recovery and development, the situation does not allow his open confrontation with the vassal king. Until Wen 16 years (164 BC), King of Qi Liu is dead, no heirs bit, Wen Qi regrettably they had the largest six countries. Also the third son of Liu Feng Chang-An, Liu Bo, Liu Chi, etc. for the king, the Huainan country, one in three. Jia Yi Jian princes on the recommendations of the public, have only just been implemented, but the contradiction between imperial and royal power is not fundamentally resolved, decentralization and centralization of the problems remain. As the Emperor Wen of the Kings in basically the same surname appeasement, it led to Emperor Jing Wu Chu Qiguo during the rebellion.
Min-oriented
Fu reduced rent
Wen, "Yan Wu Xingwen", "Dingnan three years and the issue", that is, the lord men reduced to once every three years service. Such relief, the history of feudal society in China is unique.
Tam.
Wen years (168 BC), known as "think tank" of the Prince family to the Wen Chao Cuo make recommendations: "raise the world of people into the grain at the edges to Shoujue impunity, but three years old, Cyprus will be under a lot about SU . "Wen accepted this proposal and take public tender price to sell Jazz and replenish food border guards. Chao Cuo also recommended way into the SU Jazz worship after the implementation of integrated border Su enough to support five years can be made into corn were lost in the county, the county has also product millet; border and counties are full, you can remove the world farm rents. Su worship Jazz approach into practice, the situation of peasants being improved.
The first Peace and Prosperity
The rulers of the changes
Early Han Dynasty, Emperor Wen and Emperor Jing in particular, adhere to the "passive inaction" "Kung repair thrifty" and implement the policy of taxes, resulted in reduction of waste of resources to solve the over-exploitation of the peasants Qin undermine the rights and reasonable boundaries of the fundamental issues, so that has caused a "Officials Anqi Guan, folk music of their business" a good social environment.
【Justice: a Conservative, or Reform】
Early Han rulers insist the Early Han Dynasty "stick letter" thinking, advocate strict enforcement, even if only the emperor, "Dao law enforcement" powers, while not breaking the law. Han Wen is an individual will not undermine the provisions of the law "through the Conservative Law" of the emperor. A, Wen Wei travel in passing the bridge, it was out from under the bridge, ride the horse so that Emperor Wen and running scared. Ting Yu Zhang interpretation of the person sentenced to "sin money" (fined 42 gold). Wen asked execution. To the release of Zhang Wen said: "The law is the Son of Heaven and the people of the world together to develop, if we change the law easily, it will make people lose confidence in the law, do not know how to do it." Wen said Ting Yu eventually done right.
Han Emperor Wen abolished corporal punishment, many comment on future generations, most of that out of "Lesser" Ti-ying, reflects Wen's "benevolent." Reform of the criminal system, the significance of the history of the Chinese legal system is important, it is the ancient Chinese criminal system into a more civilized from the savage stage of phase signs. This reform, as criminal system to the new "Five Forms" (bamboo cane, stick, migration, flow, dead) laid the foundation for the transition.
"Hu Qiang": Hun tough
Ren Taizi family was a letter to Emperor Wen Chao Cuo order to analyze both the Han and Xiongnu the length of their military, suggested that a "raise people's real side" strategy. Its main contents are: the establishment of the frontier towns, the recruitment of people on the mainland frontier movement, farm hand, side of preparation, "HU"; each of the towns of movement of more than 1000 residents, issued by the official agricultural tools, clothing, food, until They can be self-sufficient so far; moving frontier of the people, organized by the preparation of even Kivu, peacetime training, something can be the enemy, who can resist the intrusion Huns, the Huns were to take back the wealth plundered by the official price of reward according to half. Wen, in varying degrees adopted this strategy.
"South King": the South Vietnamese strong
Science Empress seven years (157 BC) summer in June, Han Wen Jia Beng, at the age of 47 years, buried in Baling (now Xi'an, Shaanxi, northwest). Death, people gave him the best posthumous title of "Emperor Hsiao-wen." The so-called "culture", represents "by Tianwei to" "Road Debo Press" "Xueqin Good Man," "Charitable loving," "pity the public benefit gift" and so rich in meaning, which are summarized from a different point of view of the Han Emperor Wen's performance.
Empress
Concubines
Son
Jianghou history books is not leaving a princess, married the son of Zhou Bo, Jiang Hou (Si Yi 8180) won the week, according to Han practice, known as: Jianghou Princess
Hsiao-wen emperor, ◇ Ji Jie Han sound and meaning, saying: "Hang taboo." Too high Zuzhong Zi, Mu Yue Bo Kyi. Emperor 10 a year in spring, has been broken military Chen pig, will be on behalf of, the legislation is on behalf of the king, all in all. □ Be My justice include to: "in both Old City of Pingyao County in southwest Fenzhou 12 years, Qin is also Taiyuan County." Empress Bo's son. Ascended the throne 17 years after the July high, high to collapse. September, production and so prefer to give all lyly chaos to crisis Liu, Minister of vocal, stand on behalf of the plan called the king of things the phrase in the Empress.
Health prime minister Chen Ping, Qiu Ying Zhou Bo and other people on behalf of the king. About doctor orders on behalf of the king wu Zhang. Chang wu meeting said: "When Chinese Minister Gao and are so general, teaching soldiers, multimedia fraud, This is the preferred non-stop to this also, especially fear Rise and Empress Wei Lu ear. So far completed punish Zhu Lv, new bloody ○ Solitude Jie, Han as "chatter" sound Hing Wah Street West, anti-small dispatch. Han Chan Tong Jie Yan Du bloody business, no matter AU drink. Guang Ya-yun, "CDs, assumed also", that carry out related to the. Capital, set Solution Gongyangzhuan said: "Beijing, large; division, the public also, emperor of the home, the speech will be made to the public is also large. "This is to greet the king in the name, real credible. Not to the former King of Chen Ji, to watch his change." Lieutenant SONG Chang-Jin said: ○ Solitude and East View of the Han Kee Song Yang Chuan-Song Yi SONG Chang-after. Also Kuiji Code recorded Chang, Song Yi Sun also. "None of the ministers of the meeting also. Fu Qin missing the affairs of princes Hao Jie and since everyone thinks too few of those to 10000, however the position pawn who practice the emperor, Liu also, the world is desperate for a carry on. Feng Gao and Wang Zaidi,, interlocking system, ○ Solitude and made the children of environmental soil sealing the transfer, if the dog while the back-into the teeth are quite straight. This so-called solid rock of the cases also, ○ Solitude made its solid as a rock. This language See s Six also. the world their strong suit, two carry on. Hanxing, in addition to Qin tyranny, about laws, Shide Hui, everyone from security, difficult to shake, the three carry on. husband to the Empress Dowager Lu Yan, Li Zhu Lv for the three kings , without authorization authoritarian, but Qiu to an army into the north, ○ Solitude and the correction that God, through discipline section. a call Shijiezuotan for Liu, rebellion Zhu Lv, to destroy the Death. This is Tianshou, non- human also. Suiyu to change the current minister, the people Ephesians order, the party rather to specific evil? metabolic abnormality within the virtual Zhu, East of the pro-Mou, external fear Wu, Chu, Huainan, Langya, Qi, on behalf of strong. FANG Jin Gao and child alone Huainan Wang and King, King and long, Xian Sheng Rensiao, smell in the world, so the heart of the Minister for the world and wish to welcome Li King, King is also not to doubt. "Empress of dollars on behalf of Wang Pao, Utah and uncertain. Bu the turtle, Gua Wang Siu too big. ◇ Ji Jie Ying Shao said: "to Jing Zhuo turtle, text is horizontal." Account, saying: "Big G, Wang G, I as king, XIA Qi to light." ◇ Ji Jie Fu Qian, saying: "Kang G, Wang appearance also . "Leach said:" G G, the Yao culture also. "Zhang Yan said:" Cross refuses to accept without thinking. Geng, more also. Introduction to the princes and Jidi Wei also. first five emperors official world, while Chan Yin-old, to Kai Father of Jazz before transfer, is the foundation can be light administration Xianjun. Wen also trace the passage of the parent, who also made similar XIA Qi. "○ Solitude Xunyue Yun:" Big Wang, Zhao Wang Li also turtle. "by: G G still" more more, "Introduction to princes also more throne. Xunyue Yun, "Yao, pumping well, so be good and bad feelings out of it." Du Yu Yun, "Yao, Siu words would be, audio helmet also." By: Han Rao cloud cover wide "Five Emperors official world, the three royal world, officials with Successfully Passes Throngh Longhai people, home to pass future generations." Public officials still are, that is not private also. On behalf of the Neo: "Gua Ren Wang has been solid men, and how the king?" Pu people, saying: "The King upon is the Son of Heaven." So on behalf of the Queen Mother Wang Naiqian brother to see Jiang Hou Bo Zhao, Jiang Hou and other instruments as Zhao Yan Therefore, Wang Yi-Ying Li. Bo Zhao also reported saying: "Trust men, and no suspects." SONG Chang behalf of Wang Nai smiled and said: "fruits, such as public statement." Nai Ming SONG Chang-participation by Chang Yi Chang Cheng Chuan Wu Deng Liuren. To gaoling stop, □ justice, including to Be My: "gaoling Old City in the southwest in the Yongzhou Gaoling, whose real name is transverse, Wei on the shelf. Sansuke the old things have Hsing Yun Qin Le Palace in Weinan, Xianyang Gong Weibei there. Qin For communication between the king was the Second Temple, made transverse, long 380 step, northbound stone water Watch out like the old speculation. this God with LU language classes make it out to stay, saying 'I Mao Chou, Ching good map material content, not '. Ban said, then handed it over with the words' speak out to see me'. to stay is the first. classes to foot painting, the speculation to remain conscious-ness, then no water. Therefore, as in the Water Purchase Only above waist. Weitai Zu see the frightened horse, under the command transfer. "而使 SONG Chang of Chang Chi View first change.
Wei-chang to the story bridge, ◇ Ji Jie Surin said: "In the Chang'an North Three Mile." ○ Solitude Sansuke story: "Xianyang Gong in Weibei, Xing Yue Temple in Weinan, among Qinzhao Wang Tong Liang Gong for Wei bridge, long 380 steps. "cloud pillars and off the record is Fufeng north, the south is Jingzhao pillars also. The prime minister the following are welcome. SONG Chang also reported. Wang Chi Zhi Wei on behalf of the bridge, the ministers paid homage to concede defeat. Prayer on behalf of the king off. Qiu Bo Jin said: "between the words of the original, please." ○ Solitude package Kai busy tone, speech language want to free space. Reappraisal goes: ", the content, it still made the middle. Let the Qing, leisure time, when some Chen, also do not want the public opinion." SONG Chang said: "Kung said, the public words. Said the private, the King not private. "Qiu is kneeling on the emperor Fu Xi. On behalf of the king, saying: "to the residence of the meeting on behalf of." ○ Solitude Wen said: "Di, vassal state homes." Then Chiru on behalf of the Di. Ministers from to. Prime minister Chen Ping, Qiu Zhou Bo, Grand General Chen Wu, royal doctor Zhang Cang, are being examined Liu Ying, ◇ Ji Jie Han Baiguan table, saying: "being examined, the Qin government." Ying Shao said: "When King Cheng of Zhou, Tong Bo into is being examined. "virtual Hou Zhu Liu Zhang, Xing Dong Mou Hou home, typical customers are Zaibaiyanyue Jie Liu:" filial son of Emperor Hui Hong, etc. None of the children, improper instructions from ancestral temple. minister would ask Yin Anhou ◇ Annals Surin said: "Brother Bo Gao and his wife share a letter Hou Jie mother, Mrs. Hill also. "Liehou are queen ◇ Annals Xu Guang said:" generation are the wife of Wang Liu Zhong. "Yin: by: Surin said," Nakago Bi, as king, so catch Posthumous are king "also. As soon said," are closed Queen Yam An Hou, Lu sister when Lam Kwong Hou, who is also a group of one hundred families Xiaohe Fu Hou. "Another imperial clan table At this point no overcast security, know as are the queen. ○ Solitude by: Surin, Xu Guang, Wei Zhao that two titles, and music production as soon introduced to other letters are queen yin An Hou, and Chinese Temple that meet. Now, this yin security is knighted others is wrong. are the Queen on behalf of the Queen, Emperor Wen of the aunt. on behalf of the king reduced to He Hu positive marquis, Gu Yun "Liehou are the queen." Wei Zhao said, "Security is cloudy Wei Jun "also. and Langya Wang, imperial family, ministers, Liehou, clerks Erqian Dan Yee said: 'Big Wang Gaodi eldest son, should the Rise and heir.' former king is emperor bit." on behalf of the Neo: "Feng Gao and Ancestral heavy things too. Gua Ren is not eloquent enough to say ancestral temple. the original terms should please the king who, ◇ Annals Surin said: "the king were submitted, Rise and brother. "○ Solitude king cross, Rise and younger brother, the most respect. Made more account should please the king who, under the cloud it," are suitable "also. Gua Ren not when." Ministers are V solid please. Wang Xixiang to a Third Generation, Tone of the South to those who re. ◇ Annals as Chun said: "Let the ministers also. Or say something face-bit host and guest, monarch and his subjects bit north and south side, so the West to take three for free, the ministers still say should, but in the back seat said that change, that is, Throne The gradually also. "prime minister of equality Jieyue:" I have total of V, king of Gao Feng is best known ancestral temple, though all the world to suitable Houwan Min. Chendeng Sajik account for the ancestral temple, not suddenly. Fortunately, the former king to listen to Chen Deng. Morrison like Fengtian Yuxi Fu Zaibai on. "on behalf of the Neo:" Royalty is about to make that Mo Yi Wang Liehou Gua Ren, Gua Ren dare not address. "emperor moved for a bit.
Man-Lai times are ministers to serve. Naishitaipu infants and East Mou Hou gogo Qing, ◇ Ji Jie Ying Shao said: "Old Code, Imperial Bank Fortunately actions, and will be laid off first case of static line quiet house so the house to fear very much." ○ Solitude by: Han Miriam cloud "Emperor living, room curettage before making claims." law Fengtian drive, ○ Solitude and Han officials Miriam says: "Son of Heaven Lu Bu has Dajia, French driving. Dajia or poor instructions from lead, a large general participation by, an eight-car 11 ride. France is not Lu Bu in the driving or poor, but Lord Mayor, executive Kingo, Chang Feng order cited, sijung participation by, is by car 36 also. "meet on behalf of the Di. Emperor is sick into the Wei Yang Palace. SONG Chang-night prayer is for the general health, Zhen Fu North-South military. Zhang Wu for the doctor to order the house line. Also sitting front hall. So the next night edict said: "among those who Zhulv Allusion without authorization, seeking to took an unusual move, trying to use the crisis Ancestral Liu, Lai will phase Liehou Royalty Minister vocal, all V the Koo. I first came to the throne, the amnesty the world, giving China Jue level, women's 100 cattle wine, ◇ Annals Surin said: "Awarding men and women give cattle wine. "○ Solitude by: Sealing a book goes" one hundred head of cattle, wine 10 stone. "Cloud music production," a woman without husband or no children nonstick Jazz, it is giving it. "Drink heavily on the 5th." ◇ Ji Jie Wen Ying said: "Chinese legal persons has been group drink for no reason, fine 42. this gift was to make convergence Chao Wang Food on the 5th." ○ Solitude wrote the text goes, "drink in company, King Bud, great drink too." Pay to contribute to a feast, a fresh to drink heavily. Also note: King Wuling of Zhao eliminate Zhongshan, drink heavily on the 5th, is also its effect.
. Please first month, Yuji Yan Yue: "flea build Prince, so respect for ancestral temple. Please stand Prince." On the say: "I neither moral, God, not gods Xin Xiang, the world failed the people of Xian Zhi. ○ Solitude by: Xian who full of meaning too. no Qian Zhi, the words are rather further over the world also. Han as "Yue Zhi", Ann. this vertical world demand can not be Bo virtuous person Xian Sheng Yan Buddhist world, and said, Prince Yu Jian It is important I do not te. that the world is what? ○ Solitude and why that word is also in the world. The safety of. "○ Solitude and the, voice their opinions. On those, Xu also. Judai also made slowly. Yuji said: "Yu Jian, Prince, so heavy ancestral Sajik, not forgetting the people." On the said: "The King of Chu, Ji Father, Spring High, read a lot about the world of doctrine, ◇ Annals as Chun said:" reading, Jewish calendar is also made more than more. "Out in the country generally. King in I, brother also, hae to good German. Huainan Wang, younger brother also, Bingde to accompany I. Annals Wen Ying said:" accompany, assisted also. "岂 is not yu zai! Princes Royalty Kundi a hero, meaning more Yin and virtuous, if they hold can not be virtuous in order to accompany the end I was Sajik Spirit, the world is a blessing too. This is not the election Yan, and child will say, I was forgetting who their to Yin virtuous person, rather specializing in child, non so worry the people. I do not even take too. "Yuji are solid Please say:" In ancient Yin Zhou Youguo, totaling some law and order in all age ancient of the world who have long Mo Yan, is also using this Road. ○ Solitude ancient words of a world who no longer than Ritsuko, Gu Yun "long Mo Yan." those with the Road with Yanzhou Li Gentleman, it is Yasuharu 1000 surplus to the year. heirs will sub, which has never been far from the truth. Rise and personally led a scholar, began peace to the world, building princes, for the emperor who Taejo. vassals and Liehou before country by country by key also its ancestors. Son Sun Jisi the ages of Ephesians must, and the world of cause and also, so to ask at home and the Rise and set up. this release should build even more selection in the nobility and the imperial clan, non Rise and ambition also. more discussion should not be. ○ Solitude and other proposals made by not more also. son of a longest Chunhou Chain, please build that Prince. "is promised on. Contemporary Father of the people by giving the world the level of the latter Jazz ◇ Annals Wei Zhao said: "Wen to the use of a child, the do not want only the its blessing, it is the parent who gave the world Jazz." General closure for the Zhi Hou Bo Zhao. ◇ Ji Jie Xu Guang said: "Celebrate the Otomi have."
LASH March, Yuji Please set up the queen. Empress Dowager Bo said: "Princes are surname, Li, Prince to Queen Mother." Solitude and that the son of God, as Princes are all surname. Name, students also. Made the same as those female students, it also established mother of Prince. Queen's last name Doushi. For the establishment after it, giving the world the poor and the widows and the needy orphans in 80-year-old has been on meat have been a few meters under the cloth. On from Generation to, first came to the throne, Shide Hui world, providing all contact Huan Fu princes Shii, is to follow from the generation of hero. On said: "I welcome Fangda Chen of punish Zhu Lv, I suspicion, are only I, the only advise I Lieutenant SONG Chang, Zhen Yi Feng ancestral get insurance. Have respect for the health of General Chang, Feng-chang as its strong Wuhou. ◇ Annals Xu Guang said: "April Hsinhai seal, seal 30 years, Emperor Jing Hou wins in four years, China addition. "○ Solitude Wei Zhaoyun Jiaodong County. □ justice, including to Be My:" Zhuang Wu Old City in the Laizhou Jimo County West 60, the Gulai Yi state, has Zhuang Wu County Old City. "All six people from the I, Guan Jie to Jiuqing." □ Chinese home Jiuqing just a say too often, second is orchards third is Wei Wei, Siyuetaipu, Wuyuetingwei, Liu Yue Dai Hung group of seven said, are being examined, eight large companies say farmers, nine say less government is to Jiuqing also. Fast
The remaining two years in October, the prime minister level and death, complex as the prime minister to Jiang Hou Bo. On said: "I heard the founding of the ancient nobility who pursues all keep their places, to pay tribute to the time, people do not toil up and down joyous, extravagant have left Germany. This Liehou Daugu Chang, Yap far, Li Zu to lose fee bitter, but Liehou no people from the lessons of its. □ justice tame, old "training" is used. its so Liehou the country, for the clerks and Chao are only those laid off Prince. "◇ Ji Jie Zhang Yan said:" To Officials , that to Jin Kingdom as part of official. Chao is just, especially to see to stay loving person. "
November night with food, Japanese have eaten. □ justice by: that eclipse the Moon Man goes, a lunar eclipse is expected. The dark clouds eclipse the fear of calendar error. Dec Wang, Japan has food. ◇ Ji Jie Xu Guang said: "This cloud Wangri they eat. By: Han Dynasty and the Five Elements Chi Man has no such eclipse. 1 for 'eclipse' eclipse of the century natural history books do not." On the say: "I heard of people born with steam, whom to support home rule ruler. take charge of the non-moral, political inequality cloth, then the days of showing them with one-year-old field to Commandments died. is a November night, Japanese have eaten, found suitable days , one-year-old field what Big Yan! I was Paul ancestral to Wei Miao Yu Zhao Min king of body on top of Forex Capital Market LLC, the world is chaos, one in I, CD-23 is also the ruling still I Gu Gong. I can not under the management education Qun, on to tired The next three lights, it does not carry on Tak. so to, I think its the fault of note, and think of the less known see, Gai to notice I., and Recommending Founder to respect those very remonstrance to Marina I of the incompetent. because The ordered his tenure, the Ministry of forced labor costs to convenience. I can not far from Germany, so Xin Nian between foreigners of course there are non, ◇ Ji Jie Han sound and meaning, saying: "Xin Ran also mediated between the natural Jew. Africa, rape Definitely not. "○ Solitude Sulin Yun," Xin, the sleep disturbed by the appearance as "cover close to the meaning. The rest are sparse, said. Xin against the tone of the plate. Is a device without interest. Can not stop this longitudinal edge of the Garrison, but ordered Bing Hou Wei, General military satellite of its strike. Taipu see the horse enough money left, ○ Solitude also left behind left behind. wealth, the ancient characters and "talented" with. Introduction Taipu see in the horse, this matter leaving only enough charge it also. the other tailor to transfer home. "○ Solitude by: Guang Ya-yun," home, relay it. " Han Yun added, "horses for a ten miles home." Therefore, a music production set Yi Yun Chuan also. Made by communicators to pass time by name, by those with horses to take horses home. Anti-D love sound transmission. Such as Chun Yun "law, four horses Height, to preach the home, four horses in the foot as Chi Chi, the next foot to take home, a horse two horse light carriage home, such as those owned by a horse, saying urgent by it."
Scold March mendelevium, Yuji please Lihuang Zi as vassals. On said: "You Wang Zhao quiet death, I shall even pity, has established his eldest son therefore abandoned Zhao. Then the provision of strong and younger brother of Zhu Qi Dao Huiwang virtual sub-chapter Hou, East Mou Hou gogo-active, can be the king." Nai Li Zhao You Wang birth rate for the provision of strong Hejian king to play County Qi Hou Zhu virtual city of Yang Wang, Li Dong Wang Mou Hou economic North, Prince Wu is on behalf of the king, the child parameters for the Taiyuan Wang, son of military's for the King of Liang.
Beetles on the best, saying: "Rule of the ancient world, there is progress towards improvement of the Jing, ◇ Ji Jie Ying Shao said:" Jing, streamers too. Yao set of five over the road, so that the Association's good deeds. "If Chun said:" For those who are into good, stand under the banner words. "Defamation of the wood, ◇ Ji Jie Fu Qian said:" Yao for the bridge cross stigma afternoon. "Ying Shao said:" bridge side plate, so the book has lost the guilt politics. To the Qin to the, this Naifu facilities also. "○ Solitude by: Shi Zi Yun," Yao Li defamation of wood. "Slander sound wrong, also sounds boiling. Weizhao Yun," consider the affairs of Absence, makes the book in the wood, when Yao course this also, and future generations because of that decoration. This ectopic bridge is also the first four Ueki. "Li Yun Zheng Xuan Note the" one vertical and one horizontal for the afternoon, that the consistent form wood column 4, the Chinese term of the present form. "Hao Guan table column 4 that the famous wooden" Huan " Chen Chu Sheng Huan recent and popular, others but know yourself, "and table", then "China" and "and" it with false ears. So admonished those who come through Governance. this law is the crime of defamation fallacy is to make his court can not Enjoy, but was no fault by the news too. Since the distance to any of the virtuous? its addition to the. people or wish to swear on a similar statement and then with Man, ◇ Ji Jie Han sound and meaning, saying: "I wish the people with total swear Results also . Man who then Man mindful of the fact of not complete wish swear too. "○ Solitude Weizhao Yun:" Man, offset false charge also. "Said the text goes:" Man, bullying also. "Meet the beginning of that line I wish, after the phase deceive deceive, Middle mindful of the fact that it also. Officials that took an unusual move, it has his words, while the clerks they thought defamation. This fine people ignorant and stupid, hilarious, I even did not take. Since Today, there have been guilty of listening to this Convicted rule. "
Ding clean up October night three years, Japanese have eaten. In November, the expression: "the day before removal Liehou the country, or speech is not OK. The prime minister I of the weight of their country as I rate Liehou." Jiang Hou Bo-free prime minister on the country to Qiu Ying Yin Hou infants as prime minister. Stop Qiu officer, is the prime minister. In April, Wang Yang City Chapter demise. Huainan Wang Wei Jing-length and from those who kill and eat the provision of positive marquis trial.
Hu skeletal May, the king into the north, the home of Henan for the bandit. Dichu Fortunately, Oasis. ◇ Annals Yong said: "Son of Heaven driving them actions, and the people that lucky Robinson, Hence it is fortunate. To see that long old Mr. Guan Zhu, visit the Villa, merry, give food more towel knife wear silk, China Jue there series, or give farm rents of a half, so called because a lucky. "○ Solitude should Shao Yun:" Palace were, in Yunyang. a forest of light. "Chen Zan says:" Oasis, mountain name. Lam Kwong, Qin Imperial Villa Name. "Gu then by: Fu Xing Chengzong expedition Note cloud" Oasis, rivers. " Today's note: The upgrade to have Oasis in mountains, the scenery and all directions also. House name Muir. June, emperor said: "Han and the Huns about Kundi, not to harm the border, so lose the Huns left behind very thick. This Youxian Wang from their country, will fall to the public home in Henan, is therefore, demand close to plug, kill Li Zu, drive security plug barbarians, so it is not their home, Ling Kau Officials edge, into the theft, even Ao no way, non-about also. the fat side of Officials riding high 85000 Yi slaves, repatriated the prime minister Hou Guan Ying Ying Yin hit Hun. "Hun go, hair Baiguan table Lieutenant ◇ Annals Han said:" Lieutenant, Qin officials. "Chang material Guan Zhu Wei, General military.
Yan Huai six years, Yuji long words Huainan Wang waste Xiandi law, do not listen to the emperor Chao, Home Office, not degrees, out to be the emperor, good at the law, and the spine against Po Hou Taizi Towers, Qian Ren so Minyue and Huns, hair The soldiers, trying to use the crisis ancestral Sajik. Ministers meeting, Jieyue "long when discarding" God could not bear To Act king amnesty against himself, do not waste king. The ministers requested the Department WANG Shu Yan Tao, Qiong Du, ◇ Ji Jie Xu Guang said: "Han or for 'Post' word, or direct cloud 'Qiong Bo'. Qiong Du and Yi is this is, Er Shi Yan Road did not pass, There Qiong Bo Hill. "□ justice Qiong, its Christine counter. Including land Zhiyun: "Yan Road, this is the county, that state by Qiong Li County also. County Road barbarians say, twenty years before and Yan Road. Qiong Qiong are all counties in this country, Chinese for the county, this state is also Juan. Southwestern Minority Chuan Yun 'Dianchi Lake, north of Jun to 10 the number of long, Qiong are the greatest' is also. "Note: The ministers requested the Department Huainan Wang Shu Yan Cheung Road, not Seoul, farther west Qiong Qiong Du Bo mountains. Bo Ya Qiong Shan State in by the county sector Wing. Rong, economic, military ethics between home, the Qin Yan authentic. Be My Huayang: "Qiong Qiong people so narrow hill, narrow one sector. Hilly rock, song back Jiuzhe well, pour the ice down there. Zun by the board who are. The current line from the southwest to Juan Jiuzhe state, mountain rain less clear, custom calling name omitted days. "God promised. Long not yet reached the premises, line died, the pity of. After 16 years, posthumous title for long Zhuizun Huainan Wang Li Wang, Li his son, three were the Huainan Wang, ○ Solitude Name An, Fu Ling Hou also. Heng Shanwang, ○ Solitude name Bo, Anyang Hou also. Lujiang Wang. ○ Solitude name bestowed, Zhou positive marquis too.
someone 'in May, Sarkozy made Chunyu Taicang Public ○ Solitude name meaning for the Qi Taicang order, so that the positions in the public also. When criminal guilt, Zhao Yu Chang, Department arrest resettlement. Taicang public without male and female five. Taicang will catch the public will be OK, scolding his daughter, saying: "Son do not birth to a boy, a priority is also non-useful!" The girls sound Ti-ying ○ Solitude United sing. Chow sound body, non. Since the injury he endured, is with his father to Chang'an, a letter, saying: "Father of the Officials concubine, Qi of them registering their honest and take law as punishment today. Concubine can not hurt the dead husband back to life, is a criminal who can not be complex, although complex want to turn over rehabilitation, the Road without the too. concubine into the former official did not tick, redeem the parent criminal offense to make themselves. "books played the emperor, the Son of Heaven pity for the sorrow of its meaning, is the edict said:" I have heard that in Yu cover when Dress clothes that draw different chapters Slaughter, □ Criminal Justice Jin Shu Zhi-Yun: "Three kings words and the people do not violate the set, dressed and painted the people to know the Five Emperors ban. Fu Qing who committed their towel, cut off the nose by Dan committed his service, who committed Bin ink their body, who committed Palace miscellaneous their sandals, great provision of the crime, punishment of the very special, cloth without their clothes Kobun leading edge, throw in the City , and the public discarded. "The people do not make. What is? To the rule also. This law is corporal punishment 3, ◇ Annals Leach said:" pledge no corporal punishment, Wen have corporal punishment. "Meng Kang said:" tattoo cut off the nose 2, left toe one, all three. "○ Solitude Weizhao Yun:" Broken Toe, tattoo, cut off the nose of the case. "Cui Haohan legal order goes:" Wen addition to corporal punishment and hard house. "Zhang Fei note saying:" Terran order to immorality, it is not easy for too. "The evil is more than its blame security in? Non-teaching and unknown is I Debo Secular? I very ashamed. Gufu Tame Road, Yan trap impurities and fools. Poem says 'Kai Ti gentlemen, the people of their parents'. People today had, teaching facilities and the punishment did not increase Yan? or want to change behavior of good and not by the Road also. I even pity for. husband penalty to break support body, the skin carved, life-long rest, How Chu pain without Germany also, not at parents called the intention of the people zai! its addition to corporal punishment. "
S reminders 16 years, the pro-Komi Weiyang Five Emperors Temple also used in summer salute while still red.
Emperor Wen Takakage cover the first year of October, the system Chao Censor: "cover smell of ancient ancestors who were active and virtuous, ◇ Ji Jie Ying Shao said:" before taking the world by the ancestors, and Rise and said the emperor is also. For the cases of those who rule the world before, the emperor Taizong is also known. "Each of the ritual system. Heard singers, so send te; dancers, it is also clear success. Gaomiao Spirits, ◇ Ji Jie Zhang Yan said:" Once the first month for wine, in August into, it is called shochu. Spirits are pure words. To the Dynasty, because in August to try Spirits dukes temple, the gold deacon, the so-called 'Spirits Gold' also. "Played Morality, Culture beginning, the five elements of dance. ◇ Ji Jie Meng Kang said:" Morality, the emperor also. Text before, Shun dance also. Five, Zhou dance too. Takenori owner, its executive Dance and dry Qi. Wen began Wuzhiyuyue. Five dance crown, clothes Act Five color. See Yue Zhi. "○ Solitude should Shao Yun:" Ritual Dance of the Shun Chi Shao Wen started dancing emperor renamed the text before, showing no phase attack. Five Elements Martial Arts dance this week, the emperor renamed the Five Elements Dance. Note: this word 'play Wu De, the text began, the five elements of dance' who, like the Emperor Wu of their total music music, made emperor in order to force the world has set. Show not only with the passage, the beginning of its merry. The text before the first play to Yu yue Yi Wen Xiu precede; times that playing the five elements, five elements that is Martial Arts, the Executive and the clothes are dry Qi Elements of color also. "Xiao Hui Temple Spirits, played before the text, the five elements of dance. Takafumi emperor Pro world, customs clearance beam, does not differ from afar. ◇ Ji Jie Zhang Yan said:" Hsiao-wen years, in addition to customs, without orders, if a distance. "In addition to defamation, to corporal punishment, reward the elders, close-shirt alone, to education sentient beings. By Shi Yu, free offer, ◇ Ji Jie Xu Guang said:" cut, one for 'off'. "The benefits are not private. Sinners not public funds, ◇ Annals Surin said:" Punishment is less than his wife. "Does not punish innocent. In addition to punishment, the beauty, weight of the world must people. I neither sensitive and can not know. Euphemistically of the less ancient, and Hsiao-wen emperor of the pro line. Dehou Mou world, ◇ Annals Ricci said: "Mou, Qi. "Lize applied universally, Mibu by Fu Yan. Almost like the sun and the moon tomorrow, but do not call the temple music. I even fear Yan. The Temple of the Seven Generations of the Emperor Hsiao-wen dance, ◇ Ji Jie Wen Ying said:" the emperor adopted The White Horse Temple Dance for Seven Generations of Dance, Dance of the Wen Temple, see Yue-chi. "To clear off Germany. Then ancestors of merit book in Zhu Bo, Shi in Jesus Christ, eternally endless, I even Yoshiyuki. Its prime minister, Liehou, in Erqian Dan, ritualists played with the ritual." Prime minister Chen Jia, etc. words: "Your Majesty always thought of filial piety, stand Akinori dance to the emperor of the Ming Takafumi Sidley. are so stupid as not as Jia Chen. chen like meeting: World power is greater than high and the emperor, temo Sheng Yu Hsiao-wen emperor, high Wong Temple appropriate for the emperor who Taejo of Temple, Temple advised the Emperor Hsiao-wen Emperor Taizong of the temple were. emperor should offer ages of ancestors of the temple. Grading and princes should all stand for the Takafumi Emperor Taizong of the temple. vassals Liehou messenger paternity Temple emperor, offering year-old ancestors of the temple. ◇ Ji Jie Zhang Yan said: "Sending Envoys Yi Wang and Liehou the age of the capital, paternity Temple deacon also. "If the sun, saying:" If Guangwu Temple in chapter Ling, Nanyang Prefecture envoy to the festival is also known. Hau Wong Festival not to persons, princes also shall not Zutian Zi. All Pro ancestral worship are all paternity Festival. "Please forward to the Zhu Bo, announced the world." System, saying: "may."
Evaluation】 【posterity
- "Shi Ji Xiao Text Discipline"
- "Han Wen Ji"
- "Historical Records Solitude Xiao Ji Commentary of text"
Former Chinese Emperor Wen, were constant, the fourth son of emperor, the early letters on behalf of the king. Thin mother Empress, Emperor caring not relent. Mother often disease, three years, Timor Mubujiaojie, clothing puzzled with, decoction into the non-mouth tasted it himself Eph. Rensiao world news.
Mok Yin Ting something mother, decoction will be pro-taste.
Once, his mother is seriously ill, it can be very anxious Heng. A disease that is three years his mother, bedridden. Heng Tang decoction in person for the mother and guardian of her mother's bedside day and night. Every time I see her mother slept, her mother was lying in bed and sleep. Heng preparing medicine for his mother every day, every fried finished their first taste of total and see him for the medical hardship is not bitter, hot is not hot, its about time, which gave the mother to drink.