西漢 人物列錶
劉邦 Liu Bang漢惠帝 Han Huidi漢前少帝 Han Qianshaodi
呂後 Lv Hou劉弘 Liu Hong漢文帝 Han Wendi
漢景帝 Han Jingdi漢武帝 Han Wudi漢昭帝 Han Zhaodi
昌邑王 Chang Yiwang漢宣帝 Han Xuandi漢元帝 Han Yuandi
漢成帝 Han Chengdi漢哀帝 Han Aidi漢平帝 Han Pingdi
孺子嬰 Ru Ziying
呂後 Lv Hou
西漢  (前241年前180年)
姓:
名:
字: 娥姁
開端終結
在位前187年前180年
高后前187年前180年

  呂後(前241~前180) 名雉,字娥姁,秦代單父縣(今山東省單縣)人,漢高祖劉邦結發之妻。
  前202年,劉邦稱帝,封呂雉為皇后,為劉邦剪除異姓諸王侯中起了很大作用。她是劉邦定天下的得力助手。
  劉邦去世後,惠帝立,呂後掌權,野心勃勃。惠帝死後,她先後選立劉恭,劉弘為帝,自己掌握實權,又大封呂氏傢族。
  她死於前180年,時年62歲。死後,呂氏傢族就被陳平,周勃一網打盡。是一位性格剛毅、有抱負、有韜略、有作為的政治傢。
  
  【結發劉邦】
  呂後是劉邦當了皇帝之後人們對她的稱呼,她的原名叫呂雉。
  呂後的家乡是單父縣(今山東單縣)。她父親的名字由於史書沒有記載今天已經不知道了,史書衹稱他為呂公。呂公有四個孩子:長子呂澤,次子呂釋之,長女呂雉,次女呂嬃。呂公因為躲避仇人逃難時曾暫住在至交好友沛縣縣令傢裏。後來,由於呂公對沛縣感覺不錯,便把傢安頓在了沛縣。
  呂公剛剛客居沛縣的時候,縣裏的官員、豪紳聽說縣令傢來了貴客,便都來湊錢喝酒。負責接收賀禮的人,就是後來劉邦手下“三傑”之一的蕭何。此時,蕭何是沛縣縣令手下一名官員。這次酒宴,蕭何主管收禮。按照規定,獻錢不滿一千的人衹能在堂下喝酒;湊錢超過一千的人才能到堂上喝酒。劉邦來到以後,高喊一聲“泗水亭長劉季”“賀錢萬”(《史記·高祖本紀》),就直接來到堂上,實際上,劉邦一個子沒拿。呂公一聽“泗水亭長劉季”“賀錢萬”,大為驚訝,趕快起身相迎。因為“賀錢萬”在當時是個非常了不得的數字。從酒宴的規定看,出一千錢的都算是貴客,都要請到堂上喝酒。拿一萬錢,當然令人大吃一驚。從來人的身份看,比亭長官高的人不少,但都沒有“賀錢萬”。拿一萬錢,當然令人大吃一驚。從實際收入上看,秦代一位縣令的年俸也衹是數千錢,至於亭長,一年的俸錢不足數千。一個亭長一次酒宴敢於“賀錢萬”,絶對是天文數字,也是不可能的事。呂公當然知道劉邦不可能 “賀錢萬”,但是,呂公是一個有政治頭腦的人;他看中的是劉邦的膽量和潛在的政治傢素質。所以,呂公聽到這麽一個天文數字,立即對劉邦産生了十分強烈的興趣。
  呂公這個人還有一個特點,非常迷信相面。因此,他對口出大言的劉邦的面相也非常吃驚。客人都走了之後,呂公對劉邦說:我平生為人相面多極了,但從來沒有見到你這樣的面相。我有一個女兒,想許給你為妻,希望你不要嫌棄。劉邦此時還沒有妻子,一聽說有這種好事,喜出望外,馬上答應下來。但是,呂公嫁女一事呂公的老婆不答應:你平時總說咱女兒是個富貴相,要許個富貴之人傢,沛縣縣令對你這麽好,他來求婚你都不答應,為什麽非要嫁給這個劉季?呂公回答:此非兒女子所知也 。 ——《史記·高祖本紀》
  呂公的傢是呂公一人說了算,儘管他的妻子反對,但是,他的妻子並不當傢;這樣,呂雉就成了劉邦的妻子。值得重視的是呂雉的態度。作為這場婚事當事人的呂雉,沒有絲毫怨言地接受了父親對自己終身大事的安排。可見,未出閣的呂後當年本是個乖巧聽話的姑娘。(資料來看,呂雉是正常出閣,那麽,呂雉嫁給劉邦之時應當不超過二十歲,劉邦此時應當是四十一歲。因此,劉邦與呂雉的年齡相差恐怕有二十一歲左右。一位不到二十歲的年輕姑娘嫁給一位比自己年長二十一歲之多的亭長,還毫無怨言,應當說此時的呂雉非常溫順、聽話。)
  劉邦出生於公元前256年,呂雉則是公元前241年,兩者年齡相差應記為15歲。上面括號內的文字實為後人推斷臆想,不夠客觀。
  
  【遇人不淑】
  呂雉出嫁之時還有一個令她非常難辦的問題:劉邦已經有了一個非婚生的兒子劉肥。不到二十歲的呂雉嫁給了大她十五歲的中年亭長劉邦,而且,這位亭長雖然沒有正式結婚,卻有了一位未婚生育的兒子。(在劉邦發跡之前,呂雉對劉肥沒有任何苛刻之舉,這對一位丈夫長自己二十多歲的少婦來說,實屬不易。)
  呂後在未掌握國傢大權之前,確有她善良溫順的一面。據《史記·高祖本紀》記載:呂雉有了兒子、女兒之後,還要在田中幹活。呂雉婚後還得親自下田種地,顯示了呂雉勤勞持傢的一面。
  連累入獄
  劉邦做了泗水亭長之後,要負責往酈山押送服勞役的人。一次押送酈山勞役,一路上不斷有人逃亡。無奈之下,他幹脆在豐縣西邊的大澤中將剩餘還沒有逃的人全放了,並且說:“公等皆去,吾亦從此逝矣。”(《史記·高祖本紀》)劉邦這一說一放,反倒感動了十幾個不願逃的人,願意跟隨劉邦。劉邦就帶着這夥人跑到芒碭山(今河南永城)落草為寇了。
  劉邦身為亭長,押送驪山勞工,竟然放走勞工、自己逃亡,這當然為秦法難容。常言道:跑了和尚跑不了廟。劉邦可以一走了之,呂雉卻為此下了獄。
  監獄裏的生活歷來不好過,呂雉進了秦代沛縣的監獄也好不到哪兒。監獄之中大問題之一是獄卒對呂雉不禮貌,呂雉在獄中為劉邦究竟受了什麽罪史書沒有記載;但是,沛縣監獄中有一個叫任敖的獄卒,平日和泗水亭長劉邦的關係挺鐵。任敖看見獄卒虐待呂雉,一怒之下打傷了那個虐待呂雉的獄卒。這一下子,沛縣監獄的獄卒再也沒有人敢於欺侮呂雉了。(任敖打傷虐待呂雉的獄卒,說明呂雉在沛縣監獄之中受過虐待呂後掌權之時,任敖被任命為御史大夫。御史大夫是副丞相,是副國級的幹部。)
  顛沛流離
  漢二年四月,劉邦在還定三秦之後,率領五十六萬大軍打到了西楚都城彭城。此時的項羽正在齊地忙於平叛,劉邦趁虛而入打進了西楚國都彭城。劉邦此行的目的有兩個:一是消滅項羽集團;二是要接走他的父親、妻子、兒子、女兒。但是,劉邦到了彭城之後,並沒有急着接親人,反而在彭城忙於接收項羽從秦朝都城帶走的美女、財寶。項羽的主要謀士範增曾經給劉邦下過一個定論:“沛公居山東時,貪於財貨,好美姬。 ”(《史記·項羽本紀》)貪財好色,劉邦打到彭城之後的表現驗證了範增的評價。
  等到項羽殺回彭城,劉邦纔急忙派人去接傢屬,但是,此時項羽也已派人去找劉邦的傢屬。劉邦的傢屬擔心自己的生命安全,早在項羽來人之前已經躲起來了。結果,劉邦派來接傢屬的人沒有找到劉邦的父親和妻子,項羽派來找劉邦傢屬的人也沒有找到劉邦的父親和妻子。不僅如此,而且劉邦的父親、妻子與劉邦的兒子、女兒還在忙亂中相互走失了。
  人質生涯、歷經磨難
  劉邦的父親、妻子從小路去找劉邦,結果正好遇上項羽的軍隊,成了項羽的俘虜,被迫成為人質。
  劉邦的兒子、女兒幸運地遇到逃亡中的劉邦。劉邦絶情絶義,三番五次踹他的兒子、女兒下車,總算有大臣屢次相助呂後的兒女纔逃出性命。
  呂雉與劉邦其父太公卻從此在項羽的軍營中做了二十八個月的人質。而且,呂雉在為人質的兩年多時間內,還遇到了一件災難。
  漢四年,劉邦、項羽滎陽對峙之時,無奈的項羽忽發奇想:以烹太公相威脅。項羽的目的是想藉此機會要挾劉邦,逼迫劉邦投降。劉邦不吃這一套,竟然嬉皮笑臉地對項羽說:我和項羽都受懷王的命令伐秦,又結拜過兄弟;所以,我爹就是你爹,你要烹你爹,我也跟着一塊兒喝湯(吾翁即若翁,必欲烹而翁,則幸分我一杯羹——《史記項羽本紀》)。項羽大怒,要烹太公,幸虧項伯從中斡旋,項羽纔未殺太公。
  這件事雖然史書記載的是殺太公,如果真的烹了太公,呂後能躲得過去嗎?絶對不可能躲過去!項羽一旦感到絶望——人質不能起到威懾劉邦的作用,他豈能白白為劉邦養着劉邦的老婆?這場危機由於項伯相救,說了一番殺太公沒有任何作用,衹能使兩傢的仇結得更深之類的話,項羽纔平息了怒氣。太公得以躲過一劫,呂後也因此得以躲過一劫。
  劉邦雖然在做漢王之時已經寵幸上了戚夫人,但是,劉邦不解决呂雉的問題可以,但他不能不想辦法解决其父做人質的問題。因此,劉邦與項羽在滎陽對峙了兩年多之後,由於項羽軍糧短缺,不得不同意劉邦漢五年十月提出的鴻溝議和。劉邦利用鴻溝議和的騙局,誘騙項羽放回了做了兩年零四個月人質的劉公和呂雉,然後撤兵。
  劉邦在得到被扣兩年多的老爸和老婆後,立即撕毀協議,追殺項羽。但是,不管劉邦如何欺騙項羽,鴻溝議和終於使呂雉回到了漢營。
  呂雉對楚漢戰爭的貢獻是他為劉邦做了兩年零四個月的人質。這是呂雉為劉邦做出的重大犧牲,也是呂後在劉邦死後執掌朝政的政治資本。歷經磨難,回到老公身邊的呂雉卻發現劉邦身邊早已有了寵幸的戚夫人。“呂後年長,常留守,希見上,益疏。”(《史記· 呂太後本紀》)此時的呂後因為年齡長於戚夫人,常常作為留守,伴在劉邦身邊的是那位年輕貌美的戚夫人。
  由於在此之前呂後已經和劉邦長期分居,呂後作為人質被放回後仍然與劉邦分居,因此,呂後此時已經很難見到劉邦了。兩人的關係也因此更加疏遠。呂雉必然學會直面情敵。此時的呂雉有多大?我們可以粗略地估算一下。呂雉不足二十歲時嫁給劉邦,一年之後生漢惠帝劉盈,第四年劉邦起兵反秦離傢出走,經過三年反秦,四年楚漢相爭,到鴻溝議和之時,呂後纔與劉邦重逢,離初婚已經十年。因此,此時的呂後應當是不足三十歲。這十年夫妻,呂雉和劉邦共同生活了不到三年,劉邦就在芒碭山落草,接着是反秦三年,滅項四年。等到呂雉再回到劉邦身邊,劉邦不但有了新寵,而且又有了另一個寵愛的兒子劉如意(劉邦和戚夫人所生)。不到三十歲的呂後此時衹能默默地當一個“留守太太”。
  歷史上權勢顯赫的一代女主,在個人感情生活上並不如意。當人們擡頭仰望着權傾天下的一代“女皇 ”時,誰能知道這位“女皇”有多少幸福感?劉邦寵幸戚夫人,恩恩愛愛;呂後從劉邦反秦開始,就與劉邦再無見面,七年後她纔回到丈夫身邊,但是,她已經是“ 常留守,希見上,益疏。”
  奪嫡風波
  “孝惠為人仁弱,高祖以為不類我,常欲廢太子,立戚姬子如意,如意類我。戚姬幸,常從上之關東,日夜啼泣,欲立其子代太子。呂後年長,常留守,希見上,益疏。如意立為趙王後,幾代太子者數矣。(《史記·呂太後本紀》)”
  劉邦寵愛貴妃戚姬所生的兒子趙王如意,他想廢掉呂後所生的太子劉盈,改立趙王如意。
  中國傳統,實行嫡長子繼承製,這是宗法制度最基本的一項原則,即王位和財産必須由嫡長子繼承,嫡長子是嫡妻(正妻)所生的長子。劉邦廢太子之事引發了兩個方面的強烈反應:
  第一個做出強烈反應的是朝中大臣。張良、周昌、叔孫通等朝中大臣都堅决反對廢長立幼。
  其中,叔孫通於漢十二年勸阻劉邦廢立太子時的一番話非常最具代表性:太子天下本。本一揺天下振動。奈何以天下為戲!(《史記·劉敬叔孫通列傳》)叔孫通為代表的朝臣們看重的正是制度治國,他們認為:一旦制度遭到破壞,後果不堪設想。張良、周昌等大臣們的反對皆緣於此。
  《史記·張丞相列傳附周昌傳》記載了有關呂後“跪謝周昌”的故事。周昌是劉邦任泗水亭長時的老部下,跟隨劉邦一塊兒起兵。他的哥哥周苛還是一位烈士,為守衛滎陽被項羽所殺。周昌堅决反對劉邦廢長立幼。劉邦問周昌廢立太子一事,周昌口吃,說話結結巴巴,但是,他一聽劉邦要廢長立幼,非常惱火,他說:我的嘴不會說,但是,我覺得這件事絶對不可能做,陛下即使想廢太子,我也絶對不接受這個詔書。由於周昌口吃加上盛怒,所以,纔有“期期知其不可”、“期期不奉詔”二語。這裏的“期期”正是周昌結結巴巴說話的真實狀態(上問其說,昌為人吃,又盛怒,曰:“臣口不能言,然臣期期知其不可。陛下雖欲廢太子,臣期期不奉詔。”上欣然而笑)。
  另一個作出強烈反應的是此事的最大受害者呂後。上欲廢太子,立戚夫人子趙王如意。大臣多諫爭,未能得堅决者也。呂後恐,不知所為。(《史記·留侯世傢》)
  有人為呂後設謀,讓他找張良。呂後就讓他的哥哥呂澤劫持張良,逼着張良獻計。張良對呂澤說:皇上在戰爭睏難的時候確實能夠聽我的意見,但是,現在是因為愛而要廢長立幼,這已經不是靠說能了結的事。但是,皇上非常看重的“商山四皓”(隱居在商山的四位年長的高士;皓,白,指發白)卻始終請不來,因為他們認為皇上對臣下態度一貫傲慢。如果你們想個辦法把“商山四皓” 請出來輔佐太子,讓他們天天陪着太子,特別上朝之時陪伴太子,皇上一定會看見。皇上知道“商山四皓”輔佐太子,也許會有一用。呂後立即付諸實施。呂後派呂澤讓人帶了太子的親筆信,還帶了一份厚禮,請“商山四皓”出山,這四位高士竟然全來了(於是呂後令呂澤使人奉太子書,卑辭厚禮,迎此四人。四人至《史記· 留侯世傢》)
  漢十二年,劉邦平定黥布叛亂結束,但是,劉邦也在這次平叛中第二次受到致命箭傷。而且,由箭傷引發的疾病更加嚴重。此時的劉邦已經預感到人的生命是有盡頭的;因此,劉邦廢立太子的願望也更加強烈了。張良勸阻無效,托病不再上朝。作為太子太傅的叔孫通以死相諫,劉邦假裝聽從,實際上廢立太子的想法毫無改變(上詳許之,猶欲易之—— 《史記·留侯世傢》)。
  一次朝宴,高祖劉邦發現太子身邊有四位八十多歲的老人,鬍須、眉毛都白了,服裝、帽子非常講究。高祖很奇怪,就問他們:你們是誰?四位老人上前回答,並各自報了姓名:東園公、裏先生、綺裏季、夏黃公。劉邦聽說後大為吃驚:我請你們多年,你們逃避我。現在為什麽要隨從我的兒子呢?四位老人回答:陛下輕視讀書,又愛駡人。我們堅决不願受辱,所以纔因為恐懼而逃亡。如今聽說太子仁孝恭敬,愛護天下讀書人,天下人都願意為太子效死力,所以我們就來了。劉邦說:煩請諸位好好替我照顧好太子。四位老人敬完酒,離去。劉邦看着離去的四位老人,指着他們對戚夫人說:“我想更換太子,但是,他們四位高士都來輔佐太子,太子的羽翼已經豐滿,難以撼動了啊!呂後真是一位好主子啊!戚夫人聽說後,立即失聲痛哭,劉邦說:為我跳一麯楚舞,我為人唱一首楚歌。歌詞說:鴻鵠高飛啊,一飛千裏。羽翼已成啊,橫渡四海。橫渡四海啊,還能作什麽。即使有弓箭,對於高飛的鴻鵠還有什麽用呢(鴻鵠高飛,一舉千裏。羽翩已就,橫絶四海。橫絶四海當可奈何。雖有矰繳,尚安所施——《史記·留侯世傢》)。
  從此之後,劉邦再也不提廢立太子之事。
  
  【功績政績】
  漢高祖十一年春,淮陰侯韓信謀反,呂後與蕭何用計,誅殺韓信。同年三月,梁王彭越謀反,劉邦將其廢為庶人、削職流放蜀地。途中遇呂後,彭訴說無罪,呂後答應為他說情,將其帶回鹹陽。她抱怨劉邦:“你把彭越放走,等於放虎歸山。”劉邦遂將其處死,並夷其三族。劉邦稱帝八年間,呂後協助劉邦,鎮壓叛逆、打擊割據勢力,對鞏固漢朝統一政權起了重要作用,並為她日後掌權作了充分準備。
  呂後當政內,創自劉邦的休養生息的黃老政治進一步得到推行。劉邦臨終前,呂後問劉邦身後的安排。她問蕭何相國後誰可繼任,劉邦囑曹參可繼任,曹參後有王陵、陳平,但不能獨任,周勃忠誠老實,文化不高,劉傢天下如有危機,安劉氏天下的必是周勃,可任太尉。
  呂後雖實際掌握大權,但她是遵守劉邦臨終前所作的重要人士安排遺囑的,相繼重用蕭何,曹參、王陵、陳平、周勃等開國功臣。而這些大臣們都以無為而治,從民之欲,從不勞民。在經濟上,實行輕賦稅。對工商實行自由政策。
  在呂後統治時期,不論政治、法製、經濟和思想文化各個領域,均全面為“文景之治”奠定了堅實的基礎。
  漢高祖十二年(前195年),劉邦駕崩。17歲的劉盈即帝位,呂雉為太後。劉盈年幼仁弱,大權操在呂太後手中。
  為剪除異己,毒殺趙王如意、砍斷戚夫人手足,挖眼燒耳,給她吃啞藥使她變啞,並置之厠中,任其哀號,名為“人彘”。劉盈不滿其母的殘忍,棄理朝政。
  前188年,惠帝劉盈憂鬱病逝,立(前)少帝劉恭,呂太後臨朝稱製,行使皇帝職權,為中國皇后專政的第一人。少帝因其生母為呂後所殺,有怨言。
  前184年,呂後遂殺少帝劉恭,立劉弘為()少帝,呂太後照舊臨朝天下,所以劉弘不稱元年。
  呂後有政治傢的風度,匈奴冒頓單於乘劉邦之死,下書羞辱呂後,說:“你死了丈夫,我死了妻子,兩主不樂,無以自虞,願以所有,易其所無。”呂後采納季布的主張,壓住怒火,平心靜氣復書說:“ 我已年老棄衰,發齒也墮落了,步行也不方便。”然後贈與車馬,婉言謝絶,終於化幹戈為玉帛,匈奴自愧失禮,遣使嚮漢朝認錯。
  呂太後為了強化自己的統治,在采取“無為而治”,鞏固西漢政權的同時,首先打擊諸侯王和政治上的反對派,重用其寵臣審食其。然後佈置黨羽,大封諸呂及所愛後宮美人之子為王侯。隨後殺掉趙王劉友和梁王劉恢。右丞相王陵堅决反對封諸呂為王的政策,堅持高祖與大臣的盟約,“非劉氏而王,天下共擊之。”呂太後不高興,就讓他擔任皇帝的太傅,奪了他的丞相職權。王陵衹得告病回傢。然後又讓審食其為左丞相,居中用事。陳平、周勃雖然不服,也衹好順從。審食其不處理左丞相職權範圍內的事情,專門監督管理宮中的事務,像個郎中令,呂太後常與他决斷大事,公卿大臣處理事務都要通過審食其才能决定。呂後這些做法遭到劉氏宗室和大臣的激烈反對。
  呂太後追封他已故的兩個哥哥,大哥周呂侯呂澤為悼武王,呂釋之為趙昭王,以此作封立諸呂為王的開端。呂後元年(前187年),封侄呂臺為呂王,呂産為梁王,呂祿為趙王侄孫呂通為燕王,追尊父呂文為呂宣王,封女兒魯元公主的兒子張偃為魯王,將呂祿的女兒嫁給劉章,封劉章為朱虛侯,封呂釋之的兒子呂種為沛侯,封外甥呂平扶柳侯。呂後二年,呂正呂臺去世,謚號肅王,封其子呂嘉代呂臺為呂王。呂後四年,又封其妹呂嬃為臨光侯,侄子呂他為俞侯,呂更始為贅其侯,呂忿為呂城侯。呂後先後分封呂氏傢族十幾人為王為侯。
  高後八年(前180年),呂後病重,她臨終前仍沒有忘記鞏固呂氏天下。在她病危之時,下令任命侄子趙王呂祿為上將軍,統領北軍;呂王産統領南軍。並且告誡他們:“高帝平定天下以後,與大臣訂立盟約:‘不是劉氏宗族稱王的,天下共誅之。’現在呂氏稱王,劉氏和大臣憤憤不平,我很快就死了,皇帝年輕,大臣們可能發生兵變。所以你們要牢牢掌握軍隊,守衛宮殿,千萬不要離開皇宮為我送葬,不要被人扼製。
  前180年八月一日,呂太後病死,終年六十二,與漢高祖合葬長陵。呂後陵位於陝西 鹹陽市渭城區窯店鄉三義村,在高祖長陵東南200米處。陵高32米,底邊東西160米,南北131米,呈覆鬥形。由於陵地建築在渭水北岸的高原邊緣,遠望如同山丘,顯得異常雄偉。
  呂後崩後留下詔賜給各諸侯黃金千斤,將、相、列侯、郎、吏都按官階賜給黃金。大赦天下。讓呂王呂産擔任相國。讓呂祿的女兒做皇后。由於呂後在政時期培植起一個呂氏外戚集團,從而加劇了漢統治階級內部的矛盾,因此在她死後,馬上就釀成了劉氏皇族集團與呂氏外戚集團的流血鬥爭。呂太後沒有完成她的政治計劃就去世了。漢統治階級內部矛盾驟然激化,襢劉之軍蜂起。齊王劉襄發難於外,陳平、周勃響應於內,劉氏諸王,遂群起而殺諸呂,劉氏皇族集團與呂氏外戚集團的一場流血鬥爭,以皇族集團的勝利而告終。
  呂太後當政十五年,推行約法省禁、與民生息的政策,做了幾件大事:叫各郡縣推舉優秀農民,予以勉勵,減輕賦稅,改秦稅什收其伍為什伍稅一;允許以往逃避山林、湖泊和遷徙他鄉的農民回到家乡,並歸還田宅,官吏不得因其過去有不法行為打駡或歧視;釋放奴婢,回鄉從事農耕,官吏不得干涉;裁減大批軍官士卒,轉業還鄉,優先給以土地,妥善安置;大赦天下;廢秦時因株連而夷三族罪和“妖言令”等苛法;對匈奴采取和親政策,使邊境安定。這些政策的實施,緩和了內外矛盾,刺激了生産發展,增強了漢王朝的國力。
  《史記》評價說:“孝惠皇帝高後之時,黎民得離戰亂之苦。君臣俱欲休息乎無為。故惠帝垂拱,高後女主稱製。政不出房戶,天下晏然。刑罰罕用,罪人是稀,民務稼穡,衣食滋殖。”
  呂後先後掌權達十五年,稱製時出現五星連珠(一種天象,就是金木水火土五顆星排成一條直綫,古人認為出現這種天象是順應天命),但是史書沒有記載。總之,呂後是中國歷史上傑出的女性統治者。
  
  【歷史作用】
  《史記》記載:“呂後為人剛毅,佐高祖定天下。所誅大臣多呂後力。”其中最著名的事件就是主謀誅殺韓信、彭越,逼反英布並最終滅而殺之。這三件事情都發生在劉邦去世的前一年。韓信、彭越、英布三人都是著名戰將,為劉邦奪下了大半江山,劉邦登基作皇帝後,均被封為王爵。三人國土廣大、民口衆多,是當時一等一的封王大國。
  劉邦去世時,呂後曾封鎖消息,四天密不發喪,與其幸臣審食其密謀誅殺衆將領。這一密謀後來走露風聲,被人勸阻。但已經足以威攝群臣,使得那些如狼似虎的將領們乖乖地隨着呂後的指揮棒轉,順利渡過一段危險期。
  呂後不僅主謀誅殺大臣,還對劉邦的子孫們痛下殺手。劉邦共有八個兒子,分別是劉肥、劉盈(即漢惠帝或稱孝惠帝)、劉如意、劉恆(即漢文帝或稱孝文帝)、劉恢、劉友、劉長、劉建,其中衹有劉盈是呂後親生。呂後掌權後,先是毒殺了劉如意,然後又因小事想對劉肥故伎重演,被劉肥識破,劉肥設計自保逃過一劫。後來,呂後又設計餓殺劉友,迫使劉恢自殺,劉建病死衹留下一個兒子,也被呂後派人殺掉。沒有受到呂後威脅的衹有劉恆和劉長二人。實際上,連親生的兒子劉盈也是間接死於呂後之手。總起來說,劉邦的八個兒子中,直接或間接死於呂後之手的有四人,另有一人病死後被呂後絶了子孫根。沒有受到損傷的衹有劉肥、劉恆和劉長三人。
  呂後不遺餘力地迫害劉邦的子孫,除了女性任性的行事風格使然之外,目的之一就是奪取他們的封地,用以分封她的娘傢人,以壯大呂傢勢力。事實上,呂後也確實幾乎奪得了劉傢天下。但結果卻是,在接下的政變中,呂姓一族被大臣們盡數誅殺,連呂後的親生子劉盈一支也被捎帶着趕盡殺絶。
  呂後謀誅衆將的想法顯然是略帶神經質的直覺思維的結果,但也並非空穴來風。劉邦登基作皇帝後之初,因為歷史的原因封了七個異姓王爵,以及一大批侯爵,各個王侯都有自己的國土和人口,其稅賦用來供養王侯,可以繼承。侯爵勢力小,最多不過一兩個縣城、兩三萬戶人傢而已。王爵至少封有幾個縣城及其人口,並且擁有自己的政府和軍隊,劉邦的中央政府至多派幾位官員擔任各個王爵政府之中的首腦。王爵勢力巨大,難以約束,給大漢皇朝的穩定帶來巨大潛在威脅。可能正是出於這種考慮,劉邦纔與衆將殺白馬為盟,約定“非劉不封王,無功不封侯”,這就是歷史上著名的白馬之盟。
  白馬之盟透露出一個重要信息:劉邦雖貴為皇帝,但與其部下的關係並非絶對服從式的上下級關係,劉邦衹是身兼國王(中央直轄土地及其民衆)和聯盟老大兩職的盟約長而已,其政治角色介乎於春秋戰國時的霸主和秦始皇帝兩者之間。劉邦為政時期,中國的社會組織形式基本上回覆到春秋戰國時的分封製,劉邦的改朝換代並沒有衝擊到自黃帝以來的分封製。
  呂後的所作所為,使許多封國都沒有能夠充分發展壯大起來,實質衝擊了分封製賴以存在的時空條件,嚴重削弱了分封制度,為漢景帝削藩和漢武帝推恩令並剝奪王侯軍政大權等行動奠定了基礎。從漢武帝時期開始,分封制度發生本質變化,被封王侯衹享受其封地上的稅賦,沒有對其封地的行政管理權。如果沒有呂後的這一番作為,縱然是雄纔大略的漢武帝,怕也難以完成中央集權製大帝國的構建工程。所以,呂後對中華社會發展史的影響作用,可以概括為一句話:她是中國分封製的掘墓人!


  Empress (formerly 241 ~ before the 180) were pheasant, the words E cheery, Qin single parent county (now in Shandong Province) who, Han emperor Liu Bang statement issued wife.
  She died in 180 BC, when he was 62 years old. Death, the family was Ping Lu, Bo Zhou caught. Is a sturdy, have the ambition, military strategy, there is a politician.
  Empress of the home is a single parent county (now Shandong Shan County). Her father's name because there is no historical record today have no idea, just call him Lu historical public. Lu public four children: the eldest son of ryde, the second son of Lu and Buddhism, the eldest daughter LV Zhi, second daughter Lu Xu. Lu fled the public as to avoid enemy had sought refuge in the intimate friend friends Peixian magistrate home. Later, Lu Pei county public feel good, he gave the family settled in the Peixian.
  Lvgong Gang, when just a guest in Pei county, county officials, the landlord told the magistrate home to a distinguished guest, they have to chip in for drinks. The person responsible for receiving gifts, Liu Bang, later hands, "three heroes," one of the Xiao He. At this time, Xiao He is an official of Pei County magistrate men. The feast, Xiao He competent gifts. According to regulations, offering money to people who can only be satisfied with 1000 under the drinking hall; chip in more than a thousand people to get to the classroom to drink. After Liu Bang came, shouting out "Surabaya Ting Zhang Wang Bi," "He Qian Wan" ("Historical Records emperor of the century"), directly to classroom practice, Liu Bang did not take a child. Lü Gong an "Surabaya Ting Zhang Wang Bi," "He Qian million", greatly surprised, quickly got up to greet them. Because "He Qian million" at the time was a very extraordinary figure. Provisions from the feast of view, the 1000 money is regarded as guests, should go to classroom to drink. Take 10,000 of money, of course, surprised. Ever the identity of view, higher than the Pavilion Executive to many people but did not, "He money million." Take 10,000 of money, of course, surprised. Actual income from the point of view, the Qin Dynasty, a magistrate only thousands of years of pension money, The Ting Zhang, less than a year thousands of pension money. Ting Zhang a banquet for a dare, "He Qian million", is absolutely astronomical, is impossible. Of course, not the public know that Liu Bang Lu "He Qian million", but Lu is a public political consciousness; he see is the courage of Liu Bang and the quality of potential politicians. Therefore, Lu heard such a public astronomical, immediately Liu Bang had a very strong interest.
  LV Zhi married to her when there is a very difficult question: Liu Bang already had a son born out of wedlock Liu fat. LV Zhi less than two-year-old married her to her 15-year-old middle-Ting Chang Liu Bang, and, although not officially married the Ting Zhang, there are the son of a single birth. (In the fortune before Liu Bang, LV Zhi Liu fat without any harsh move, which is a long-own more than 20-year-old husband, young woman who, it is not easy.)
  After Liu Bang did Surabaya Ting Zhang, Li Shan to be responsible for escort services to those who labor. An escort Li Shan labor, along the way people keep fleeing. In desperation, he simply Daze in Fengxian County west will not escape those who left all put out and said: "Public h ave to go; I carry on from this death." ("Historical Records emperor of the century"), which Liu Bang One said a release, and have actually moved a dozen people who do not want to escape, are willing to follow Liu Bang. Liu Bang, the group went on with Hilly (today Yongcheng) Lacaoweikou the.
  Displaced
  Hostage life, after suffering
  LV Zhi and Liu Bang, Xiang Yu, his father, grandfather was from the barracks to do in the 20 months of the hostages. Moreover, the LV Zhi in hostage more than two years, also met with a disaster.
  Liu Bang While doing Hanwang favorite of the time have been on the Qifu Ren, however, LV Zhi Liu Bang did not solve the problem can be, but he can not not solve the problem father hostage. Therefore, Liu Bang and Xiang Yu in Xingyang more than two years after the confrontation, the shortage of rations due to Xiang Yu had agreed to divide Liu Banghan proposed five-year peace negotiations in October. Liu Bang using divide Negotiation of fraud, deception Xiang back the hostages for two years and four months of public and LV Zhi Liu, and withdrawal.
  "Xiaohui Ren weak man, emperor that class I do not often want to waste Prince Edward, son of Li Qi Ji wishful, wishful class I. Qi Ji Xing, often from the of the Kanto, day and night Ti Qi, Yu Li, Prince offspring. Empress older, often Left, the Greek see above, benefits sparse. Ruyi established as King of Zhao, the number of generations of those who carry on Prince Edward. ("Historical Records of the Empress Dowager Lu Chi") "
  The first is North Korea reacted strongly to the minister. Zhang, Zhou Chang, SHUSUN Tong and other DPRK officials were strongly opposed to repeal a long established child.
  Another is the strong reaction to the biggest victims of this Empress. For waste on Prince Edward, son of King of Zhao Li Qi Furen wishful. Ministers fight over remonstrance could not be determined who has. Empress fear, do not know what to. ("Shih Chi Liu Hou Family")
  A Korean dinner, around Prince Edward Liu Bang was found that four of more than 80 years old, beard, eyebrows were white, clothing, hats are very particular about. Emperor was surprised and asked them: Who are you? Four elderly people came forward to answer, and each reported the name: East Park, the public, Mr. Li, Qi Li quarter, Xiahuang Gong. After Liu Bang heard astonished: I ask you for many years, you escape me. Now why should followers of my son? Four old answer: His Majesty neglect reading, love to curse. We strongly do not want to insult, why they fled because of fear. Today I heard Prince Rensiao respectful, caring for the world to study people, and the world who are willing to Prince Xiao Si power, so we came. Liu Bang said: be grateful if you that good for me to take care of Prince Edward. King finished the four old wine, leave. Liu Bang, the four old people looked away, pointing to their Qifu Ren said: "I would like to replace the crown prince, but they are all four Goldsmith to his assistant, Prince, Prince Edward wings are plump, hard to shake, ah! Empress is really a bit good master ah! Qi Furen heard immediately after the tears, Liu said: Chu dance song for my dance, I am a man singing the Songs of Chu. lyrics: swan fly ah, a fly thousands of miles. wings become, ah, across the seas. ah across the seas, but also what to do. even bows and arrows, for the fly there is no use swan (swan fly, thousands of miles in one fell swoop. Haneda Pina has, Hengjue seas. Hengjue can do nothing when universal. Although the arrow with a streamer to pay, the facilities are still safe - "Historical Liuhou family").
  Chun Han emperor eleven years, Huaiyin Hou Hanxin rebellion, Empress and Xiao He used terms, Heaven's Han Xin. March the same year, King of Liang Peng Yue rebellion, Liu Bang to waste to common people, cut staff exile in Shu. The way the event Empress, Peng tell innocent, Empress promised to intercede for him, bring it back to Xianyang. She complained that Liu Bang: "You Peng Yue let go, mean Fanghuguishan." Liu Bang then has its execution, and Yi the prize. Liu Bang became the emperor eight years, the Empress Lu assist Liu Bang, suppression of rebellion against the separatist forces, the consolidation of the Han Dynasty unified political power played an important role, and made full preparations for her future power.
  In the reign of Empress Lu, whether political, legal, economic, and ideological and cultural fields, all full of "Wenjing," has laid a solid foundation.
  188 BC, Emperor Hui Ying Liu died of depression, Li (former) Shaodi Liu Christine, Empress Court Affairs, said Lu system, the exercise of imperial authority, as the Empress of China's first man dictatorship. Shao Di as the Empress of their mother killed, complaining.
  180 years ago on August 1, Empress Dowager Lu died, aged 62, buried with the Han emperor Changling. Lvhou Ling is located in Xianyang City, Weicheng Qu kiln Dianxiang Sanyi village, 200 meters southeast of the high Zu Changling. Ling is 32 m and a base thing 160 meters north-south 131 meters, was covered bucket shape. As the tomb to construction in the northern edge of the plateau Wei, Yuan Wang as the hills, was extremely ambitious.
  "Historical Records", commented: "After high when Emperor Xiao Hui, Lai Man was suffering from the war. Monarch and his subjects all want to rest almost doing nothing. Therefore, Emperor Hui Chui Gong, Gao said after the care of the household system. Administration not occupiers, and the world Yan Ran . penalties Rare, sinners are rare, the public service with farming, food and clothing AIDS colonization. "
  "Historical Records" record: "Empress resolute man, set the world junior emperor. The Empress punish the minister more power." The most famous event is the mastermind behind Heaven's Han Xin, Peng Yue, forcing anti-British cloth and eventually eliminate the kill. These three things have happened in the year before the death of Liu Bang. Han Xin, Peng Yue, three are well-known British cloth was busy, as Liu Bang won the majority share, for the Emperor Liu Bang Dengji after were labeled Wang Jue. Three vast territory, China populous, was the number one Wang Daguo closure.
  Empress spare no effort to persecute the sons of Liu Bang, in addition to women's headstrong style of Shiran, the aim is to win one of their fiefdoms, for packet of her own family who, in order to strengthen Jia-forces. In fact, the Empress Liu indeed almost won the world. But the result is that the take over of the coup, the Lu family name was listed out in full Heaven's ministers, even the Empress of the birth of a son of Liu Ying was also incidentally the ruthless.
  Empress Lu's actions, many closed countries can not fully grown up, the real impact of the feudal system, the existence of space-time conditions which seriously weakened the feudal system of exploitation for the Han Emperor Jing Fan and Han and deprived of Extending Order Wang Hou Junzheng power laid the foundation for such action. Starting from the Han period, feudal system, essentially unchanged, was champion Hou seal the floor just to enjoy the tax, not the administration of their fiefs right. Empress of the absence of some act, even if is such thing as the Han Dynasty, afraid of hard to complete the construction of centralized empire works. Therefore, the Empress of the history of Chinese influence social development, can be summarized as saying: she was a feudal system, grave-digger!
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