網筆號: | 武王 | ||||||
籍貫: | 恆山郡真定縣 | ||||||
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平定嶺南
秦始皇統一七國之後,開始着手平定嶺南地區的百越之地。前219年,秦始皇派屠睢為主將、趙佗為副將率領50萬大軍平定嶺南,屠睢因為濫殺無辜,引起當地人的頑強反抗,被當地人殺死。秦始皇重新任命任囂為主將,並和趙佗一起率領大軍經過四年努力,於前214年完成平定嶺南的大業。
趙佗在竜川任縣令時開掘的水井,稱為越王井
秦始皇接着在嶺南設立了南海郡、桂林郡、象郡三郡,任囂被委任為南海郡尉。南海郡下設博羅、竜川、番禺、揭陽四縣,竜川地理位置和軍事價值都極其重要,故趙佗被委任為竜川縣令。趙佗到竜川(今竜川縣佗城鎮)上任後,采取“和輯百越”的民族政策,並上書秦始皇要求從中原遷居50萬的居民至南越,加強漢越的民族融合。
南越稱王
秦始皇死後,秦二世繼位,由於他的暴政激起了前209年的陳勝吳廣起義,接着就是劉邦和項羽的“楚漢相爭”,中原陷入了一片混亂狀態。前208年,南海郡尉任囂病重,他臨死前把時任竜川縣令的趙佗召來,嚮他闡述了依靠南海郡傍山靠海、有險可據的有利地形來建立國傢,以抵抗中原各起義軍隊的侵犯;並當即嚮趙佗頒布任命文書,讓趙佗代行南海郡尉的職務。
不久,任囂病亡,趙佗嚮南嶺各關口的軍隊傳達了據險防守的指令,防止中原的起義軍隊進犯,並藉機殺了秦朝安置在南海郡的官吏們,換上自己的親信。秦朝滅亡後,前203年,趙佗起兵兼併桂林郡和象郡,在嶺南地區建立南越國,自稱“南越武王”。 南越國的疆土,北至南嶺(今廣東北部、廣西北部和江西南部一帶),西至夜郎(今廣西,雲南的大部),南至海(今越南的中部和北部),東至閩越(今福建南部)。都城在番禺,今廣州市。
臣服漢朝
經過多年徵戰,劉邦建立了西漢政權,並平定了中原包括項羽在內的其餘軍事勢力。而此時的中原,已經兵亂多年,百姓生活勞頓困苦,所以劉邦决定不用軍事剿滅的方式來對付南越國。前196年,漢高祖劉邦派遣大夫陸賈出使南越,勸趙佗歸漢。在陸賈勸說下,趙佗接受了漢高祖賜給的南越王印綬,臣服漢朝,使南越國成為漢朝的一個藩屬國。此後,南越國和漢朝互派使者,互相通市,劉邦成功的通過和平的方式,使得趙佗歸順,沒有成為漢朝南邊的敵對勢力。
南越稱帝
漢高祖劉邦去世後,呂後臨朝,開始和趙佗交惡。她發佈了和南越交界的地區禁止嚮南越國出售鐵器和其它物品的禁令。趙佗覺得呂後可能會通過長沙國(漢朝的另一個藩屬國,位於南越國北部,現湖南省境內)來吞併他,於是趙佗宣佈脫離漢朝,自稱“南越武帝”,出兵攻打長沙國,並在攻占長沙國的邊境數縣後撤回。
呂後隨即派遣大將隆慮侯和周竈前去攻打趙佗,但由於中原的士兵不適應南越一帶炎熱和潮濕的氣候,紛紛得病,連南嶺都沒有越過。一年後,呂後死去,漢朝的軍隊停止了進攻。
這時的趙佗憑藉着他的軍隊揚威於南越一帶,並通過財物賄賂的方式,使得閩越、西甌和雒越都紛紛歸屬南越,領地範圍擴張至頂峰。趙佗也開始以皇帝的身分發號施令,與漢朝對立起來。
趙佗歸漢
前179年,呂後死後,漢文帝劉恆即位,他派人重修了趙佗先人的墓地,設置守墓人每年按時祭祀,並給趙佗的堂兄弟們賞賜了官職和財物。接着漢文帝在丞相陳平的推薦下,任命漢高祖時曾多次出使南越的陸賈為太中大夫,令其再次出使南越說服趙佗歸漢。
陸賈到了南越後,嚮趙佗曉以利害關係,趙佗被再次說服,决定去除帝號歸復漢朝,仍稱“南越王”。一直到漢景帝時代,趙佗都嚮漢朝稱臣,每年在春秋兩季派人到長安朝見漢朝皇帝,象諸侯王一樣接受漢朝皇帝的命令。但是在南越國內,趙佗仍然繼續用着皇帝的名號。
漢武帝建元四年(前137年)南越王趙佗去世,享年約一百餘歲,葬於番禺(今廣州)。趙佗死後,其後代續任了四代南越王。一直到前111年,南越國被漢朝所滅。
歷史影響
趙佗從前219年作為秦始皇平定南越的50萬大軍的副帥,一直到漢武帝劉徹建元四年(公元前137年)去世,一共治理嶺南81年。其間由於他一直實行“和輯百越”的政策,促進了漢越民族的融合,並把中原地區的先進文化帶到了南越之地,使南越得到了更好的發展。
在越南陳朝時期,因為他被視為越南的皇帝,所以追封他為開天體道聖武神哲皇帝。
趙佗故地
* 河北省石傢莊市:石傢莊市下轄的正定縣是趙佗的出生地,秦朝時名為恆山郡真定縣。石傢莊市新華區下轄的趙陵鋪鎮有西漢漢文帝為安撫趙佗而修的趙佗先人墓,現還存有墳塚,該鎮也因此而得名。
* 廣東省竜川縣:秦朝時為南海郡竜川縣,趙佗平定嶺南後做了6年竜川縣令,原縣治所在地為紀念趙佗而命名為佗城鎮。
* 廣東省廣州市:秦朝時為南海郡番禺縣,是南海郡郡治所在地,趙佗做了4年南海郡郡尉。秦滅亡之後,趙佗又以番禺為都城,創立了南越國。番禺也是他的墓葬所在地。
Zhao Tuo any magistrate in Longchuan when digging wells, well known as the king of Yue
Qin Shi Huang's death, Emperor Qin to the throne because of his tyranny provoked 209 years before Chen Sheng Wu Guang Uprising, followed by Liu Bang and Xiang Yu's "competition between Chu and Han", the Central Plains into a chaotic state. 208 BC, the South China Sea lieutenant of any clamor ill, he died before the magistrate of Zhao Tuo Ren Longchuan when summoned, he explained to rely on the South China Sea Hills in the county sea, there are risks to the favorable terrain, according to the establishment of national, to the uprising against the military's violation of the Central Plains; and immediately promulgated the instrument of appointment to the Southern Yue, Zhao Tuo took the South China Sea to lieutenant positions.
After years of conquests, Liu Bang established the Western Han Dynasty, and put down the rest of the Central Plains, including military forces, including Xiang Yu. At a time when the Central Plains, has Bingluan years, people suffering fatigue life, so Liu Bang decided not to use military means to destroy the country against South Vietnam. 196 BC, Han emperor Liu Bang Lu Jia ambassador to South Vietnam to send doctors to persuade Zhao Tuo Gui Han. Persuasion in the Lu Jia, Zhao Tuo accepted the Han emperor gave the South Vietnamese king seal, and submit to the Han Dynasty, Han Dynasty to the South Vietnamese state to become a vassal state. Since then, the South Vietnamese States and Han exchange of envoys to each other through city, Liu success through peaceful means, making Zhao Tuo allegiance, did not become hostile forces in the south of the Han Dynasty.
Empress Lu Hou then consider Long sending generals to attack Zhao Tuo Zhou stove, but not suited to the South Vietnamese soldiers in the Central Plains along the hot and humid climate, have become ill, even Nanling have not crossed. A year later, Empress died, the Han army to stop the attack.
179 BC, after the death of Empress Lu, Han Wen Heng ascended the throne, he sent for rehabilitation of Zhao Tuo ancestor's grave, the grave keeper, who set the time and sacrifice every year, and Zhao Tuo cousins to reward the office and property. Then in the prime minister of Han Wen Chan's recommendation, appointed ambassador to South Vietnam many times during the Han emperor of Falluja to the doctor too, so that it again ambassador to South Vietnam to persuade Zhao Tuo Gui Han.
Historical influence
Zhao Tuo old haunt
* Guangzhou: South China Sea during the Qin Dynasty Fan Yuxian County, the seat of the South China Sea county Gunji, Zhao Tuo made a 4-year county lieutenant of the South China Sea. After the demise of the Qin, Zhao Tuo Youyi Panyu for the capital, the creation of the South Vietnamese state. Panyu is also the location of his burial.