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Tang Zhen Guan 20 years (649), was Gaozong Songtsan labeled Fuma Du Wei, the West Sea Dukes, and later into the labeled Cong Wang. And Juan, as in the stone, out in the Taizong Zhaoling. Yonghui first year (650), Songtsan died. Tang Sending Envoys express their condolences.
[Songtsan]
Zambia is the Tubo Dynasty 31 on behalf of the ZAP. (ZAP: the Tibetan people, the monarch addressed a long, vigorous man in Tibetan means. According to "New Book of Tang Tubo" set: "the vulgar praise, saying that the strong male, the husband said, S & P, so Chun Cheung said, No. Tsenpo. ") Songtsan is added after the man he's appellation. (Songtsan: Tang Dynasty Chinese historical case for abandoning get praise, praise get device number, device get praise song, praise and other farmers abandoned the Soviet Union (also Eph Night's, do not get praise Front called), are transliterated, Tibetan Chi Chung Chan praised the general, Songde praise. Tsenpo, which means the king; chee, meaning "public opinion" "the throne"; loose praise is the name, dry cloth is the appellation, meaning "deep and hard." ) when he was 3 years old when his father shuaibing exterminate Soviet border tribes, the unification of the Tibetan plateau, Shannan place by a head of the small states became Turbans monarchy. In such a family, Long Day song praise on the only son of great concern for the training and education to be a good Songtsan childhood family education and rigorous training, become proficient in riding and shooting, wrestling, fencing and martial arts outstanding also love folk songs, poetry and the Wenwuquancai good prince.
Then they proceed through a little Songtsan East, will be located on the southeast and northwest Sichuan Qinghai party item (the ancient Qiang 1), and in this Gansu and Qinghai Tuyuhun (ancient Xianbeis 1) conquest, to the self-governing. At this point, "East and cool, loose, Mao, Wei and other states phase, south Brahmin (India), where thousand years" of slavery as a great power stands firmly in the Tibetan Plateau.
Put down civil strife, conquered Zhu Qiang, after the reunification of the Tubo Kingdom. Political vision rich praise on the fabric side of the pine actively sending envoys to go to neighboring countries mud woman (now Nepal), please engage with Tibet through mutual trade, selling arts and crafts crystal and employ craftsmen and artistes to teach architecture, painting, sculpture art , and married the king mandarin duck mud Borneo lose respect for cutting-foot Mount daughter Princess; on the one hand contact with the Tang dynasty. The conclusion of the development of the Tibetan and Han nationality and close friendship. At that time, the Central Plains of the Tang Dynasty in Chinese history, outstanding statesman and military strategist landlords under the rule of Li Shimin, summed up the historical experience and lessons learned, implemented a series of policies conducive to the national economy and promote the socio-economic, cultural, highly developed , national prosperity, sound Weiyuan vibration, a "Golden Years" of Golden Age. Tang Songtsan profound admiration for the sentiment, Zhen Guan eight years (634 years), he sent envoys to go to Chang and Tang recruited through say hello. The first pass on the Tibetan Emperor Taizong also attached great importance to, immediately sent letters to the envoys Wundt held to pay tribute requital ya. Songtsan "See de-ya, big Yue. Tuyuhun are heard and suddenly the house is still Princess, Naiqian to ya for Korea along with Germany, many turn to Campbell, Feng Biao marry him." However, when Emperor Taizong did not agree, please Songtsan several sent to the Tang Dynasty, marriage is also unable to do so, they decided to marry by force, in the Golden Years of twelve (638) Fan Tang for the first time the war broke out. But after all the war can not solve the problem. Zhenguan 14 years (640 years), Songtsan also sent a large gift with Gar East Zambia equipment - five gold and precious curios in the two hundreds, to once again to the Tang Chang'an Please marriage. The following year, Taizong allowed to Royalty of Princess Wen Cheng Hsu married female Songtsan. Opened a Tibetan and Han peoples a new chapter of friendship.
Princess Wen Cheng logic after thousands of miles to reach some, the Tibetan people ecstatic, wearing festive costumes, dancing and singing, warmly welcome the symbol of Tibetan ethnic deep, intimate feelings of praise grinding (queen). In order to Princess Wen Cheng of life as comfortable as in Chang-an, enjoyable, and help us forget this historical event, Songtsan some logic in the capital, according to the architectural style and the style of the Tang Dynasty, in the Mabu Day Hill (now the cloth Dara Hill) Princess Wen Cheng for the construction of the city and palace.
Princess Wen Cheng and propriety-minded, learned, devout Buddhist, she was a pioneer of Tibetan unity and friendly, the Central Plains culture spread into Tibet in enhancing Sino-Tibetan ethnic groups together in unity to promote the central plains and the Tibetan regional economic and cultural exchanges and development of in history had a significant and far-reaching impact. According to folk songs popular in Tibet, Tibet Princess Wen Cheng when the class of 3800 had brought grain, livestock 5500 kinds, artisans 5,500. While these figures undoubtedly exaggerated, made over the words, but there is no denying the basic facts: With Princess Wen Cheng of Tibet, mainland areas such as the former cattle farm tools manufacturing, textile, silk reeling, construction, paper, wine, ceramics, milling, and metallurgical production technology and calendar, medicine, scientific knowledge, are gradually spread to Tibet. The local people, clothing, food, shelter and so on have changed. Such as the Tibetan people that the "door of felt off," wear clothes felt Qiu, since many people "felt release Qiu, Chi Wan in the passage, the wind gradually Muhua" the. "Since the owners of your relatives, like half of a Han Feng," Chen Tao of the Tang Dynasty poet, several lines express precisely the pro-Fan Tang and after the princess to Tibet on the Tibetan social, cultural, economic development, the role of praise and true portrayal. Similarly, the Tibetan school to send young people to the Tang Dynasty, Tibetan women in popular Chuiji, reddish brown surface, and the traditional Tibetan society polo recreation, have also spread to the Central Plains, the cultural exchanges between the Tibetan and Chinese peoples, adding a more colorful content.
Political system: the long-standing remnants of the clan system, traditional practices and the boundaries between tribal and other factors, though, said the Tubo Kingdom unified, but not actually to establish a strong centralized government decrees and royal uniform, which is extremely unfavorable to the Tibetan form of government social development. Meanwhile, in view of his father before killing and separatist rebels is great lord because there is no effective control of local nobles, then Songtsan Bureaucracy in accordance with the Tang Dynasty, from central to local build a strict rule of institutions, further strengthen and focus the power of the king.
As a strict hierarchy and the difference between the high and low rank, Songtsan also follow Tang Zhaodian chapter provides a rank taste system at all levels of officials immediately issued a chapter made of different material decoration (also known as the "Message Body"), where divided into six other: the first and so is the whistle (Jade), second is gold, silver plated Third and fourth is silver, five bronze as its cooked, such as iron end. Armband radius of three-inch nail in the coarse cloth, hangs in the arm prior to the other are equal. Dynasty also established incentive promotion system, where the officials who receive a meritorious award to upgrade, negligence, the offender will be punished, or dismissed or sentence range.
Military systems: insight Songtsan nobility, lords and tribal chiefs soldier dead weight is divisive, hinder the root cause of reunification, but also praised his father Song Long Day's blood system split the lessons undone. So he followed the Tang Fu Bing system, and combines the characteristics of the Tibetan region, the establishment of a strict military regime. According to Tibetan historical records, "five teachings", "Sage The Wedding Banquet" and other records, divided into 1000 Songtsan the Tibetan "Ru" (Tibetan, "Department" means, it is a big military area and the Tibetan Administrative Region ), that is, "Wei Ru" (that is, Ru) jurisdiction to patrol the center of the Brahmaputra some land north; "about Ru" (left Ru) jurisdiction to Yarlung River Valley as the center of the southern land; "Ye Ru" (right Ru) jurisdiction over the Brahmaputra River to the North and South; "possession of Ru" (after RU) jurisdiction over the land of the Brahmaputra River north and south. Each was divided into upper and lower sub-Ru Ru, a total of eight points Ru, among "Wei Ru" They only 7 1000 under the 1000 Government and Fu Wai 1, 3 RU each for the remaining 8 1000 House and a government under the 1000, 1000 combined total of 31 government and four under the 1000 House. General design of each sub-Ru 1, 1 lieutenant, judge a person unified management. Each 1000 government has about 1 million soldiers up and down, from 100 long, 1 000 long, 10000 long command. These officials is the military commander, is the highest Executive, local administration, but also the size of lords. Therefore, 1000 can be described as between the military and government organizations. Sub-Ru horses and flags in different colors to distinguish the purpose of a glance of the armed branch Ru for assignment. In addition, the establishment and Ru Marshal and Deputy Marshal, but seldom home, conquest when the temporary appointment by the Tubo Dynasty, dynasty prime minister position and tied for direct orders from ZAP. Ru troops after the 1000 adaptation of a total of 402,400 people, which is "New Tang Tubo" in Tibet, "hundreds of thousands of soldiers win," the records match.
The Ru Marshal, Deputy Marshal, and control the military power of the 10 000 long, long 1000 general, Songtsan stipulate that these officials must be appointed by the Government of the Kingdom, the implementation of incentive based on its merits and demerits. All the soldiers will all be registered to keep a record, the government control, not change the extension; Tubo Kingdom to mobilize all forces to be issued under the Golden Arrow to ZAP as proof. When the military campaign to send troops, but also on the supervisory army alternates Marshal, 10000 Long, 1000 long monitored. In addition, and from Songtsan l 1000 each for the imperial guards deployed Ru, dental guards Tsenpo account. Zhezhi imperial guards himself from the ZAP control, adequate to deal with local military forces. These strict military regime to ensure that he will be able to effectively command and control the military. Songtsan also established the border areas and systems, each one must personally shuaibing Inspected. Strong military to consolidate the unity and stability of Tibet, also raised the growing economic and cultural prosperity. Economic system: Tibet's economy is the main livestock. In order to facilitate the production, economic prosperity, from the Tang Dynasty Surroundings Songtsan be inspired by his combination of local social practice, the implementation of the Land System of a rather special. According to Freeman in the important role of the Tibetan society, he ordered the first part of the king's fields and state property (such as cattle) points to the poor of the freedmen, "to open up wasteland, division of fertile pastures," according to local conditions to develop agriculture and animal husbandry industry, and developed a "green book", the registration of civilians account and cultivated area, with a fixed land tax. The implementation of this system, so that the conflict between the aristocracy temporarily eased, arousing the enthusiasm of civilian production, is conducive to social and economic development. Land allocation method had also implemented in the slave in the household farming Wang Tian number of slave labor can be allocated a land, also established a dedicated civil registry, and provides for the use of the land and assume the lease gives labor . After years of respite and social stability, Tibet's economy grew. Of animal husbandry, raising of livestock to yaks, horses, sheep, mainly, but also mixed with pigs, dogs and other animals. Spring, summer, nomadic, autumn and winter pastures are fixed. Cattle and Sheep "Fan interest, on paths which are full," Tubo Dynasty imposed "tax bracket" from the side also reflects the extent of livestock development; agriculture, now has a higher production levels, training and the introduction of a new varieties of crops with barley, wheat, buckwheat, bean-based. In farming technology, generally, "two cow Taikang" type plow, farm connected to the people of "high water for the pool, lowland irrigation in the river ... ... open Crossroad" and "wide open dispensed land, building irrigation works, canals Review. "These are considerably higher than previously progressed; commerce, handicrafts have been developed, quenching and tempering techniques to master, raising the level of metallurgical industry, for the arms situation, across battlefields of a mighty force to provide sufficient armor Daojian and so on. Tibetan caravan trail, trod the Central Asia countries, creating a plateau on the unprecedented miracle.
Culture: Songtsan achievements in this respect, the most lauded is to create text, to send children to study Tibetan Buddhism in Chang'an and other items of worship. In the past, Tibet is not text, "The Official ... ... knot rope around wooden teeth." According to Tibetan foreign relations, production development and management of court politics of the urgent need for the 7th century, Songtsan sent to swallow MI Sam BHO TA 16 children of the nobility led to Tianzhu (India) and other places to study, studied Sanskrit and Western States the text, after repeated comparison, take strokes simple and clear, easy to write different form, created the 30 letters of the Tibetan phonetic ( are consonant), then used consonant or consonant overlap add some symbols constitute complex consonants. Also has designed four vowel symbols, plus up and down in the letters used to spell the Tibetan language. Tibetan created, the Songtsan not only personally, their focus on learning for 4 years, and he called on ministers to learn Tibetan language, special provisions for young children of the nobility to learn, but also give good academic awards. He also ordered to swallow MI Sam BHO TA wrote "not 30 Chung grammar" to verse verses explain the major grammar rules, including eight kinds of "grid" and the use of the virtual characters, as learning the Tibetan language textbooks (although some people Thu MI Sam BHO TA said one of the dissenting Tibetan created, or is the collective work of many unsung heroes of the results, but is in fact created Tibetan Tubo Tsenpo any Songtsan to complete, and this point has been is generally acknowledged). As a result, Tibet's culture rapid development and wide dissemination.
Tibetan Bon Religion was originally believed to divination Xiujiu, pray limitless disaster medical treatment die, "servitude spirits" and its main activities. Tibetan kings to Bon country legend, until the 7th century, the Bon leader in Tsenpo court also maintained a higher status, such as the size of the League when the witch who told God that is. When the foot has to marry Songtsan respect, the Second Princess Wen Cheng Wei Fei, mud Borneo is famous for a Buddhist nation, a very prosperous Tang Dynasty, Buddhism, the two princesses are Buddhist, they have brought the Buddha, Buddhist, possessions until Tibet. It contained, when swallowed MI Sam BHO TA has also brought back several Buddhist scriptures, later translated into Tibetan Buddhism since the beginning introduced to Tibet. Under the influence of the princesses, Songtsan have accepted Buddhism. Foot respecting Princess, Princess Wen Cheng in Tibet were built large Zhao, UNIT Second Temple was built 12 Songtsan Buddhist temple. But then the vast majority of people believe in Tibetan Bon religion, that the so-called "good curse swear, cajole spirits," yet how many people leave home to become a monk. Chan Tsenpo times until the red tride (~ 755 704), Buddhism gradually spread inside the Tibet.
There are leaders such as abandoned agricultural Tsan Su (that Songtsan - On the note) of the deep, under the Secretary of State such as the East praise (that Gar) is wise, as the leader who for good, as the minister who bring benefit to the land power and prestige, well-governed, outside the salt Fan service, internal affairs remained so until, Qian Shou Lai Man, to paying a sub, there is expropriating, the Home Office to benefit the Spring and Autumn and orderly, wish paid, handed the prisoners, is punish recalcitrant, Ling offenders suppression, good men Akira, wise praise, chivalrous grace, official competent, honest people, Pu Jie Tetra. No former Tibetan text, life began to develop at this time Songtsan; a legal official uniform, do the right size, grade points level, reward loyalty and punish disobedience.
Founder of the Tibetan Tubo Kingdom. Wow poor up to the (now Tibet Shannan Qonggyai) people. According to Tibetan Manuscripts from Dunhuang Tibetan affairs department, the Songtsen Gampo died in 649 years (the first year of the Han nationality for Gaozong Yonghui, 650), the ZAP-bit 20 years. 629 years for the Tsenpo Songtsan succession, moved the capital to some logic (now Lhasa, Tibet), to level civil strife, surrendered Su border, sheep the same department, unified the Tibetan Plateau, the assistance of the minister Gar master the formal establishment of the rule of Tubo Kingdom. He developed agriculture and animal husbandry production, promotion of irrigation, ordered to develop writing, enactment of the governance of Tibetan "big law" to deal with ZAP royal and aristocratic family, various small states and the relationship between all levels of society, the creation of the administrative system and military system , set the official product order, promulgated decrees, uniform weights and measures and tax system, from the Central Plains and mud Borneo (now Nepal), Tianzhu, introducing culture, technology, so that with the rapid development of Tibetan society. He first married the king female foot mud respect Borneo Princess. 641, Songtsan to Central Park (now Qinghai Zhaling Eling) married Princess Wen Cheng of Tang imperial clan women, formed and pro-relationship. Du Wei Tang him the Fuma, the West Sea Dukes. Chang Songtsan Youqian children of the nobility into the Chinese culture to learn poetry and literature, please scribe in charge of the Central Plains sparse table. Then please silkworm and wine making, grinding mill, paper and ink artisans, promoting Tibetan cultural exchange.
He is said to Princess Wen Cheng is not future generations.
Heir
"Step Revealed map" is the artist Yan Liben of the works of the Tang Dynasty, the content reflects the Tubo (Tibet) Songtsan Gambo married Princess Wen Cheng Wang possession of things. It is the Tibetan ethnic fraternal friendship of historical testimony. 640 AD, the Tang Zhenguan 14 years, the Tubo king sent a large phase (equivalent to prime minister) Gar Qiu Qin to Tang, the second arrived in Changan. As the Tang Empire was peace and prosperity, nations friendly to each other, so much as five brothers at the head of the National Tang Qiu Qin, Taizong was very difficult. Finally, think of a way to fair competition: Please take the examination of five ambassadors, who won the test, took home the head of Princess Marry. At that time out of five problems, Tibetan envoys Gar battle through ranks, leading the way, the final victory. Taizong was very happy thought: The angel of Songtsan this witty, smart, not to mention his Songtsan. So, decided to marry Princess Wen Cheng to the Tibetan King Songtsan. Married Princess Wen Cheng after the news reached Tibet, Tibetan people are prepared in many parts of horses, yaks, food and water, determine a grand welcome; Songtsan personally led a welcoming party to greet the Qinghai Lhasa straight start. Songtsan and said: "Today I will marry on the State Grand Princess, is honored. I want to build a city for the princess, as a memorial for future generations and the country should always be pro and Datang." He followed Tang Dynasty architectural style castle was built in Lhasa and the palace, which is now the Jokhang Temple.