姓: | 姬 | |||||||||
名: | 钊 | |||||||||
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周康王塑像
陪姬钊来到祖庙,把文王、武王创业的艰辛告诉康王,又作了一篇文章,告诫姬钊要节俭寡欲,勤理国事,守住祖先的基业。
姬钊在位时,不断攻伐鬼方(今陕西省西北部)和东南各地,掠夺奴隶和土地,分赏给诸侯、大夫。在一次大战中,周军俘虏了犬戎兵士13000多人,为了庆祝胜利,姬钊赏给参战的贵族孟以1700多俘虏,作为奴隶使用,并将此事用文字铸在鼎上,这只重 500多斤的鼎在清朝中期被发掘出来,至今还陈列在北京的中国历史博物馆里。
姬钊在位期间,国力强盛,天下统一,经济、文化繁荣,社会安定,史书载,“成康之际,天下安宁,刑错四十余年不用”。姬钊死后的庙号为康王。后世将这段时期和成王末年的统治誉称为“成康之治”。
康王即位
与其父周成王类似,姬钊在即位前并没显示出过人的能力和资质。为此,周成王自然有些担心他不能继承大业,更怕儿子会成为一个碌碌无为的昏君而把祖宗打下来的江山败在手里。他想到自己虽然资质平平,但由于有了周公的尽力辅佐,国家还是治理井井有条,取得令人满意的政绩。因此,周成王自然想到要给儿子安排周公式的人物来辅佐他。思前想后,他心中已经有了不二人选,那就是召公和毕公。正是这两个人和周公同心协力,共同辅佐自己,才有了现在这个大好局面,让他们来辅佐自己的儿子,周成王自然是很放心了。其实,姬钊这个人能力不错,很有作为,只是没有显露出来而已,或者是他的父亲周成王没有发现也有可能。
于是周成王临终前,便要求召公、毕公辅佐姬钊,并将召公、毕公等大臣召到床前,立下遗嘱。在遗嘱中,周成王要求大臣们根据遗嘱的精神辅佐、约束周康王严格恪守周文王、周武王的遗训,使他能够制定切实可行的治国方略并认真推行,能够制定严密的法律法令并真正实行而不违背,总之就是希望周康王在众大臣的帮助下,克服困难、度过难关,使周王朝强盛起来,使周康王成为一代明君,而不至于碌碌无为而成为昏君。
应该说,周成王的遗嘱还是有一定的作用的。但更为重要的是周康王是一位有作为的君主,周成王在选择接班人方面算是选对了。周康王登基时,召公、毕公为他举行了隆重的登基仪式。在登基仪式上,召公宣读了周成王的遗嘱,还将周康王带到祖庙,向他讲述文王、武王创业的艰辛,要求周康王牢记文王、武王、成王的遗训,严格要求自己,勤谨治国,将祖宗基业发扬光大。
政治统治
周康王作了《康王之诰》,除了用大量篇幅来叙述登基事项,更有不少关于加强法律法规和治理整顿军队等治国政策。登基伊始,周康王就已经制订出一套比较合理的计划。
之后在他在位的十六年间,他一直孜孜不倦地按着既定的方针政策履行着他的治国安邦的理念。由于周文王、周武王在位期间,周朝就已经比较强盛,后来再经过周公、周成
[周康王时期的甲骨文]
周康王时期的甲骨文
王的努力,周朝国力进一步得到发展。周康王即位后,继续推行周成王在位期间所实行的国策,再接再厉,使经济得到更大的发展,国库丰裕,人民安居乐业,社会安定团结,到处呈现一派升平盛世的景象。
生活好了,犯罪案件也少了,可以说是路不拾遗、夜不闭户,司马迁甚至在他的《史记•周本纪》中说成王末年和周康王统治期间,天下安宁,刑措四十多年不用。虽然有所夸大,但由此也可以看出周康王治国的成功。所有这些,跟周康王的努力是分不开的。
军事方向
军队经过一番行之有效的治理整顿,战斗力也大大提高。当时的鬼方是北方游牧族,他们长期在马上游牧,骑术精湛,机动性极强,由这些牧民所组成的骑兵战斗力就特别强。于是这些游牧族就经常侵扰中原地区,抢掠财物,杀人放火,给边境带来极大的隐患。周成王期间周军忙于镇压东方的武庚和管叔、蔡叔的武装叛乱,从而放松了对西北方的控制,结果鬼方乘机对周军兵力相对薄弱的西北边境发动经常性的侵扰,给周朝带来极大的损失和威胁。为了使国家长治久安,周康王果断做出了发动征伐鬼方战争的决定。这次决定是经过一番谨慎的考量和充分的准备的。一方面国内政治稳定,经济繁荣,综合国力不断上升,另一方面,军队经过治理整顿,战斗力大大提高,发动这样一场战争已经是胜券在握了。于是,周康王命得力将领率领大军进攻鬼方。
鬼方之战
周康王二十五年(约公元前11世纪),周军进攻鬼方(今陕西西北部、山西北部和内蒙古西部)的一次作战。鬼方是古代北方游牧族之一,经常侵扰中原地区。周初,武王灭商后曾将其放逐至泾、洛(今陕西泾河、洛河)以北,令其按时入贡。后因周军镇压东方管叔、蔡叔和武庚的叛乱,进攻东部的准夷等而放松了对西北方的控制,鬼方部落乘机从岐周(今陕西岐山)以西和陇(今陕西干阳、陇县)之间,经常对西周西北边境侵扰,威胁周都镐京(今陕西西安西)。二十五年,为了消除边患,周康王命盂率领大军进攻鬼方。鬼方亦调兵迎战。经两次大规模作战,周军斩杀鬼方4800多人,俘获其4名首领及以下1.3万多人,还缴获了很多车马和大量牛羊。周军将鬼方又驱逐至远离镐京的汫陇和岐周以西。周西北边境暂安。下安宁,旧史家夸称当时“刑错四十余年不用”。
经过两次大规模的作战,战斗力已经大大增强的周军取得决定性的胜利,歼灭敌人四千八百多人,俘获一万三千多人,并缴获大量车马和牛羊等战利品,使边境在很长的一段时间内得到安定。这样,周朝在周康王的统治下,经济、文化繁荣,社会安定,国家统一,国力强盛,成为周朝的盛世。后世便将周成王末年和周康王在位的这一段时间,誉称为“成康之治”。公元前979年,周康王去世,其子周昭王姬瑕即位,周王室开始走向衰微。
Zhao Ji during the reign of national prosperity, the world unity, economic, cultural prosperity and social stability, history books containing "into Hong occasion, world peace, criminal wrong 40 years does not." Zhao Ji Temple name is Kang's death. This period and later will become the rule of the late king reputation as "the Rule into health."
So King Cheng of Zhou deathbed, he asked Zhao Gong, Ji Zhao Bi public adjuvant, and response of public, such as minister of public response to the completion of the bed, intestate. In his will, King Cheng of Zhou that ministers under the will of the spirit of the adjuvant, bound strictly abide by the Emperor Wen Zhou Kang, King Wu of Zhou's teachings, to enable him to develop practical statecraft and seriously implemented, to formulate strict laws and decrees, and real implemented without violating, in a word is to the Minister Zhou Kang in the public's help, overcome difficulties and survive, so Zhou dynasty strong, so that the week Kangwang Cheng as the generation of Wise King, which is not commonplace to become stupid.
King Kang of Zhou made a "Kang of Patent", in addition to the throne with a lot of space to describe the matter, many other laws and regulations on strengthening the military and other governance policies rectification. Accession to the throne at the beginning of King Kang of Zhou had worked out a reasonable plan.
King Kang of Zhou during the Oracle
Military direction
After a well-established army rectification, fighting has also greatly improved. The ghost was the north side nomadic tribe, they long once nomadic, riding excellent, highly mobile, formed by these farmers is particularly strong cavalry combat. So often harassment of these nomadic communities on the Central Plains, looted, kill, set fire to the border bring great risks. King Cheng of Zhou was busy during the week of military repression of the East Wu Geng and Guan Shu and Cai Shu armed rebellion, which relaxed the control of the north west, the result devil side take advantage of relatively weak power of the Zhou Junbing North-West Frontier to launch regular harassment, bring great loss to the Zhou Dynasty and threats. In order for national long-term stability, Zhou Kang made a decisive war to launch expeditions to ghost party's decision. The decision was made after some careful consideration and adequate preparation. On the one hand the domestic political stability, economic prosperity, increasing overall national strength, on the other hand, the army after rectification, greatly enhance the fighting capacity to launch such a war is already the winner of the. Thus, Zhou Kang Wang Ming effective army generals led offensive ghost party.