阅读威廉·福克纳 William Faulkner在小说之家的作品!!! | |||
威廉·福克纳大多数福克纳的作品背景被设定为他的故乡密西西比河畔，同时他也被认为最重要的南部作家之一。与马克吐温、罗伯特·潘·沃伦、弗兰纳里·奥康纳，杜鲁门·卡波，尤多拉·韦尔蒂，田纳西·威廉斯齐名。
在他获得诺贝尔奖之前，他几乎无人所知尽管他的作品频频在十九世纪二十年代中期被发表。他现在被认为是美国最重要的作家之一。
福克纳从1957年起担任弗吉尼亚大学的驻校作家，直到1962年去世。
威廉·福克纳-写作特色
福克纳笔下的剧情浸染着人物的复杂心理变化，细腻的感情描写穿插其中。他作品最大的外在特点是绵延婉转、结构极为繁复的长句子和反复斟酌推敲后选取的精巧辞汇。他一生多产，令很多美国作家羡艳不已，不过也有很多人对其持批评态度。他和风格简洁明了、干脆利落的海明威更是两个极端。一般认为他是1930年代唯一一位真正意义上的美国现代主义作家，与欧洲文学试验者乔伊斯、伍尔芙、普鲁斯特等人遥相呼应，大量运用意识流、多角度叙述和陈述中时间推移等富有创新性的文学手法。
威廉·福克纳-代表作品
他最著名的作品有：《喧哗与骚动》（1929年）、《我弥留之际》（1930年）、《八月之光》（1932年）、《不败者》（1938年）、《押沙龙，押沙龙！》（1936年）。他还是多产的短篇小说家：他第一部短篇小说集《这十三篇》（1932年）收录了他最受文学界赞誉的（也是频频被各种文集选录的）短篇小说，包括《献给爱米丽的玫瑰》、《红叶》、《夕阳》和《干燥的九月》。
1930年代中，为了赚钱他出版了低俗小说类型的《圣殿》（Sanctuary）。他凭《寓言》获得过普利策奖；凭《故事选集》死后获得国家图书奖。
福克纳也是一位出色的推理小说作家，出版过一系列的犯罪小说《马弃兵》（Knight's Gambit）。福克纳的很多小说都设在这个虚构的约克纳帕塔法郡（Yoknapatawpha County）中，原型是他故乡所在的拉斐特郡（Lafayette）。约克纳帕塔法是福克纳作品的标志，是文学史上有名的虚构地点之一。他在牛津（密西西比州）的故居也改成了博物馆，由密西西比大学管理。
威廉·福克纳-影响
福克纳逝世后，美国以及世界上其他国家对他的评价越来越高，对他的研究本身已经成为一门学问。各国不断翻译、介绍他的作品，有些地区（特别是拉美）的作家的创作明显受到他的影响。
福克纳已经成为一个现代经典作家，被认为既深刻地反映了社会历史，同时又是个现代意识很强的作家。他写了现代社会中人与人的沟通与疏远，人如何追求、保持自己的“人性”；揭示了西方社会中人性受扭曲与异化的问题。评论家还认为，福克纳是挖掘与表现人的内心世界的高手。在许多情况下，他是通过表现人物的内心活动来塑造人物与表现时代精神的。他还根据自己对现代哲学、现代心理学对人的更深层的理解，形成了一种认知生活的独特眼光。并根据这种独特的眼光，相应地创造与采用了一系列新的小说技法，帮助他充分表现出现代人与现代生活的复杂性。在文学语言的运用与创作上，福克纳也堪称大师。他的语言丰富多彩，能提供多种风格的艺术珍品。
30年代，中国对福克纳有过零星的介绍与评论，真正的译介与研究始于80年代。这以后有了福克纳一些代表作品的中译本出版，与此同时，对福克纳的研究也取得了相当的进展。
威廉·福克纳-作品
小说
威廉·福克纳《士兵的报酬》 (Soldiers' Pay）（1926）
《蚊群》（Mosquitoes）（1927）
《萨托里斯》（Sartoris）（1929）
《喧哗与骚动》（The Sound and the Fury）（1929）
《我弥留之际》（As I Lay Dying）（1930）
《圣殿》（Sanctuary）（1931）
《八月之光》（Light in August）（1932）
《塔门》（Pylon）（1935）
《押沙龙，押沙龙！》（Absalom, Absalom!）（1936）
《不败者》（The Unvanquished）（1938）
《野棕榈》（If I Forget Thee Jerusalem (The Wild Palms/Old Man)）（1939）
《村子》（The Hamlet）（1940）
《去吧，摩西》（Go Down, Moses）（1942）
《闯入坟墓的人》（Intruder in the Dust）（1948）
《修女安魂曲》（Requiem for a Nun）（1951）
《寓言》（A Fable ）（1954）
《镇》（The Town）（1957）
《大宅》（The Mansion）（1959）
《掠夺者》（The Reivers）（1962）
《Flags in the Dust》（1973）
诗集
《春景》（1921）
《大理石牧神》（1924）
《这片大地》（1932）
《绿枝》（1965）
《密西西比诗歌》（1979）
《海伦与密西西比诗歌》(1981)
Most of Faulkner's works are set in his native state of Mississippi. He is considered one of the most important Southern writers along with Mark Twain, Robert Penn Warren, Flannery O'Connor, Truman Capote, Eudora Welty and Tennessee Williams. While his work was published regularly starting in the mid 1920s, Faulkner was relatively unknown before receiving the 1949 Nobel Prize in Literature. Since then, he has often been cited as one of the most important writers in the history of American literature.
Born William Cuthbert Falkner in New Albany, Mississippi, he was the oldest son of Murry Cuthbert Falkner (August 17, 1870 – August 7, 1932) and Maud Butler (November 27, 1871 – October 19, 1960). He later changed the spelling of his name to Faulkner. His brothers were Murry Charles "Jack" Falkner (June 26, 1899 – December 24, 1975), author John Falkner (later Faulkner) (September 24, 1901 – March 28, 1963) and Dean Swift Falkner (August 15, 1907 – November 10, 1935).
Faulkner was raised in and heavily influenced by the state of Mississippi, as well as by the history and culture of the South as a whole. When he was four years old, his entire family moved to the nearby town of Oxford, where he lived on and off for the rest of his life.
Faulkner attended the University of Mississippi (Ole Miss) in Oxford where he was a member of Sigma Alpha Epsilon social fraternity. He enrolled at Ole Miss in 1919, and attended three semesters before dropping out in November 1920.
Oxford is the model for the town of "Jefferson" in his fiction, and Lafayette County, which contains the town of Oxford, is the model for his fictional Yoknapatawpha County. Faulkner's great-grandfather, William Clark Falkner, was an important figure in northern Mississippi who served as a colonel in the Confederate Army, founded a railroad, and gave his name to the town of Falkner in nearby Tippah County. He also wrote several novels and other works, establishing a literary tradition in the family. Colonel Falkner served as the model for Colonel John Sartoris in his great-grandson's writing.
The younger Faulkner was greatly influenced by the history of his family and the region in which they lived. Mississippi marked his sense of humor, his sense of the tragic position of blacks and whites, his characterization of Southern characters and timeless themes, including fiercely intelligent people dwelling behind the façades of good old boys and simpletons. Unable to join the United States Army because of his height, (he was 5' 5½"), Faulkner first joined the Canadian and then the British Royal Air Force, yet did not see any World War I wartime action.
Faulkner himself made the change to his last name in 1918 upon joining the Air Force. But according to one story, a careless typesetter simply made an error. When the misprint appeared on the title page of Faulkner's first book and the author was asked about it, he supposedly replied, "Either way suits me." Although Faulkner is heavily identified with Mississippi, he was living in New Orleans in 1925 when he wrote his first novel, Soldiers' Pay, after being influenced by Sherwood Anderson to try fiction. The small house at 624 Pirate's Alley, just around the corner from St. Louis Cathedral, is now the premises of Faulkner House Books, and also serves as the headquarters of the Pirate's Alley Faulkner Society.
Faulkner served as Writer-in-Residence at the University of Virginia from 1957 until his death. In 1959 he suffered serious injuries in a horse-riding accident. Faulkner died of a heart attack at the age of 64 on July 6, 1962, at Wright's Sanitorium in Byhalia, Mississippi.
In California
William Faulkner's Underwood Universal Portable typewriter in his office at Rowan Oak, which is now maintained by the University of Mississippi in Oxford as a museum
In the early 1940s, Howard Hawks invited Faulkner to come to Hollywood to become a screenwriter for the films Hawks was directing. Faulkner happily accepted because he badly needed the money, and Hollywood paid well. Thus Faulkner contributed to the scripts for the films Hawks made from Raymond Chandler's The Big Sleep and Ernest Hemingway's To Have and Have Not. Faulkner became good friends with Hawks, the screenwriter A. I. Bezzerides, and the actors Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall.
An apocryphal story regarding Faulkner during his Hollywood years found him with a case of writer's block at the studio. He told Hawks he was having a hard time concentrating and would like to write at home. Hawks was agreeable, and Faulkner left. Several days passed, with no word from the writer. Hawks telephoned Faulkner's hotel and found that Faulkner had checked out several days earlier. It seems Faulkner had spoken quite literally, and had returned home to Mississippi to finish the screenplay.
Personal life
As a teenager in Oxford, Faulkner dated Estelle Oldham, the popular daughter of Major Lemuel and Lida Oldham, and believed he would someday marry her. However, Estelle dated other boys during their romance, and one of them, Cornell Franklin, ended up proposing marriage to her before Faulkner did, in 1918. Estelle's parents insisted she marry Cornell, as he was an Ole Miss law graduate, had recently been commissioned as a major in the Hawaiian Territorial Forces, and came from a respectable family with which they were old friends. Fortunately for Faulkner, Estelle's marriage to Franklin fell apart ten years later, and she was divorced in April 1929. Faulkner married Estelle in June 1929 at College Hill Presbyterian Church just outside of Oxford, Mississippi. They honeymooned on the Mississippi Gulf Coast at Pascagoula, then returned to Oxford, first living with relatives while they searched for a home of their own to purchase. In 1930 Faulkner purchased the antebellum home Rowan Oak, known at that time as "The Bailey Place". He and his daughter, Jill, lived there until after her mother's death. The property was sold to the University of Mississippi in 1972. The house and furnishings are maintained much as they were in Faulkner's day. Faulkner's scribblings are still preserved on the wall there, including the day-by-day outline covering an entire week that he wrote out on the walls of his small study to help him keep track of the plot twists in the novel A Fable.
Faulkner accomplished what he did despite a lifelong drinking problem. As he stated on several occasions, and as was witnessed by members of his family, the press, and friends at various periods over the course of his career, he often drank while writing, and he believed that alcohol helped to fuel the creative process. However, many[who?] believe that Faulkner used alcohol to escape from the day-to-day pressures of his regular life, including his financial straits, rather than the more romantic vision of a brilliant writer who needed alcohol to pursue his art.
Faulkner is known to have had several extramarital affairs. One was with Howard Hawks's secretary and script girl, Meta Carpenter. The other, lasting from 1949 to 1953, was with a young writer, Joan Williams, who considered him her mentor. She made her relationship with Faulkner the subject of her 1971 novel The Wintering.
When Faulkner visited Stockholm in December 1950 to receive the Nobel Prize, he met Else Jonsson (1912–1996) and they had an affair that lasted until the end of 1953. Else was the widow of journalist Thorsten Jonsson (1910–1950), reporter for Dagens Nyheter in New York 1943-1946, who had interviewed Faulkner in 1946 and introduced his works to the Swedish readers. At the banquet in 1950 where they met, publisher Tor Bonnier referred to Else as widow of the man responsible for Faulkner being awarded the Prize.
Faulkner also had a romance with Jean Stein, an editor, author, and daughter of movie mogul Jules Stein.[citation needed]
Writing
From the early 1920s to the outbreak of WWII, when Faulkner left for California, he published 13 novels and numerous short stories, the body of work that grounds his reputation and for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize at the age of 52. This prodigious output, mainly driven by an obscure writer's need for money, includes his most celebrated novels such as The Sound and the Fury (1929), As I Lay Dying (1930), Light in August (1932), and Absalom, Absalom! (1936). Faulkner was also a prolific writer of short stories. His first short story collection, These 13 (1931), includes many of his most acclaimed (and most frequently anthologized) stories, including "A Rose for Emily", "Red Leaves", "That Evening Sun", and "Dry September".
Faulkner set many of his short stories and novels in Yoknapatawpha County—based on, and nearly geographically identical to, Lafayette County, of which his hometown of Oxford, Mississippi is the county seat. Yoknapatawpha was Faulkner's "postage stamp", and the bulk of work that it represents is widely considered by critics to amount to one of the most monumental fictional creations in the history of literature.[citation needed] Three novels, The Hamlet, The Town and The Mansion, known collectively as the Snopes Trilogy, document the town of Jefferson and its environs as an extended family headed by Flem Snopes insinuates itself into the lives and psyches of the general populace. It is a stage wherein rapaciousness and decay come to the fore in a world where such realities were always present, but never so compartmentalized and well defined; their sources never so easily identifiable.
Additional works include Sanctuary (1931), a sensationalist "pulp fiction"-styled novel, characterized by André Malraux as "the intrusion of Greek tragedy into the detective story." Its themes of evil and corruption, bearing Southern Gothic tones, resonate to this day. Requiem for a Nun (1951), a play/novel sequel to Sanctuary, is the only play that Faulkner published, except for his The Marionettes, which he essentially self-published—in a few hand-written copies—as a young man.
Faulkner is known for an experimental style with meticulous attention to diction and cadence. In contrast to the minimalist understatement of his contemporary Ernest Hemingway, Faulkner made frequent use of "stream of consciousness" in his writing, and wrote often highly emotional, subtle, cerebral, complex, and sometimes Gothic or grotesque stories of a wide variety of characters including former slaves or descendants of slaves, poor white, agrarian, or working-class Southerners, and Southern aristocrats.
In an interview with The Paris Review in 1956, Faulkner remarked, "Let the writer take up surgery or bricklaying if he is interested in technique. There is no mechanical way to get the writing done, no shortcut. The young writer would be a fool to follow a theory. Teach yourself by your own mistakes; people learn only by error. The good artist believes that nobody is good enough to give him advice. He has supreme vanity. No matter how much he admires the old writer, he wants to beat him." Another esteemed Southern writer, Flannery O'Connor, stated that, "The presence alone of Faulkner in our midst makes a great difference in what the writer can and cannot permit himself to do. Nobody wants his mule and wagon stalled on the same track the Dixie Limited is roaring down."
Faulkner also wrote two volumes of poetry which were published in small printings, The Marble Faun (1924) and A Green Bough (1933), and a collection of crime-fiction short stories, Knight's Gambit (1949).
Awards
In 1946, Faulkner was one of three finalists for the first Ellery Queen Mystery Magazine Award. He came in second to Manly Wade Wellman. Faulkner received the 1949 Nobel Prize for Literature for "his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel." Though he won the Nobel prize for 1949, it was not awarded until the 1950 awards banquet, when Faulkner was awarded the 1949 prize and Bertrand Russell the 1950 prize. He donated a portion of his Nobel winnings "to establish a fund to support and encourage new fiction writers," eventually resulting in the PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction. He donated another portion to a local Oxford bank to establish an account to provide scholarship funds to help educate African-American education majors at nearby Rust College in Holly Springs, Mississippi. Faulkner won two Pulitzer Prizes for what are considered as his "minor" novels: his 1954 novel A Fable, which took the Pulitzer in 1955, and the 1962 novel, The Reivers, which was posthumously awarded the Pulitzer in 1963. He also won two National Book Awards, first for his Collected Stories in 1951 and once again for his novel A Fable in 1955. On August 3, 1987, the United States Postal Service issued a 22-cent postage stamp in his honor.
Selected writings
Novels
* Soldiers' Pay (1926)
* Father Abraham (written 1926–27, published 1983)
* Mosquitoes (1927)
* Sartoris/Flags in the Dust (1929/1973)
* The Sound and the Fury (1929)
* As I Lay Dying (1930)
* Sanctuary (1931)
* Light in August (1932)
* Pylon (1935)
* Absalom, Absalom! (1936)
* The Unvanquished (1938)
* If I Forget Thee Jerusalem (The Wild Palms/Old Man) (1939)
* The Hamlet (1940)
* Go Down, Moses (1942), episodic novel made up of seven rewritten, previously published stories including "Pantaloon in Black", "The Old People", "The Bear", "Delta Autumn", and the titular story
* Intruder in the Dust (1948)
* Requiem for a Nun (1951)
* A Fable (1954)
* The Town (1957)
* The Mansion (1959)
* The Reivers (1962)
Short stories
* "Landing in Luck" (1919)
* "The Hill" (1922)
* "New Orleans"
* "Mirrors of Chartres Street" (1925)
* "Damon and Pythias Unlimited" (1925)
* "Jealousy" (1925)
* "Cheest" (1925)
* "Out of Nazareth" (1925)
* "The Kingdom of God" (1925)
* "The Rosary" (1925)
* "The Cobbler" (1925)
* "Chance" (1925)
* "Sunset" (1925)
* "The Kid Learns" (1925)
* "The Liar" (1925)
* "Home" (1925)
* "Episode" (1925)
* "Country Mice" (1925)
* "Yo Ho and Two Bottles of Rum" (1925)
* "Music - Sweeter than the Angels Sing"
* "A Rose for Emily" (1930)
* "Honor" (1930)
* "Thrift" (1930)
* "Red Leaves" (1930)
* "Ad Astra" (1931)
* "Dry September" (1931)
* "That Evening Sun" (1931)
* "Hair" (1931)
* "Spotted Horses" (1931)
* "The Hound" (1931)
* "Fox Hunt" (1931)
* "Carcassonne" (1931)
* "Divorce in Naples" (1931)
* "Victory" (1931)
* "All the Dead Pilots" (1931)
* "Crevasse" (1931)
* "Mistral" (1931)
* "A Justice" (1931)
* "Dr. Martino" (1931)
* "Idyll in the Desert" (1931)
* "Miss Zilphia Gant" (1932)
* "Death Drag" (1932)
* "Centaur in Brass" (1932)
* "Once Aboard the Lugger (I)" (1932)
* "Lizards in Jamshyd's Courtyard" (1932)
* "Turnabout" (1932)
* "Smoke" (1932)
* "Mountain Victory" (1932)
* "There Was a Queen" (1933)
* "Artist at Home" (1933)
* "Beyond" (1933)
* "Elly" (1934)
* "Pennsylvania Station" (1934)
* "Wash" (1934)
* "A Bear Hunt" (1934)
* "The Leg" (1934)
* "Black Music" (1934)
* "Mule in the Yard" (1934)
* "Ambuscade" (1934)
* "Retreat" (1934)
* "Lo!" (1934)
* "Raid" (1934)
* "Skirmish at Sartoris" (1935)
* "Golden Land" (1935)
* "That Will Be Fine" (1935)
* "Uncle Willy" (1935)
* "Lion" (1935)
* "The Brooch" (1936)
* "Two Dollar Wife" (1936)
* "Fool About a Horse" (1936)
* "Vendee" (1936)
* "Monk" (1937)
* "Barn Burning" (1939)
* "Hand Upon the Waters" (1939)
* "A Point of Law" (1940)
* "The Old People" (1940)
* "Pantaloon in Black" (1940)
* "Gold Is Not Always" (1940)
* "Tomorrow" (1940),
adapted to film in 1972
* "The Tall Men" (1941)
* "Two Soldiers" (1942),
adapted to film in 2003
* "Delta Autumn" (1942)
* "The Bear" (novella) (1942)
* "Afternoon of a Cow" (1943)
* "Shingles for the Lord" (1943)
* "My Grandmother Millard and General Bedford Forrest and the Battle of Harrykin Creek" (1943)
* "Shall Not Perish" (1943)
* "Appendix, Compson, 1699-1945" (1946)
* "An Error in Chemistry" (1946)
* "A Courtship" (1948)
* "Knight's Gambit" (1949)
* "Nobel Prize Award Speech" (1949)
* "A Name for the City" (1950)
* "Notes on a Horsethief" (1951)
* "Mississippi" (1954)
* "Sepulture South: Gaslight" (1954)
* "Race at Morning" (1955)
* "By the People" (1955)
* "Hell Creek Crossing" (1962)
* "Mr. Acarius" (1965)
* "The Wishing Tree" (1967)
* "Al Jackson" (1971)
* "And Now What's To Do" (1973)
* "Nympholepsy" (1973)
* "The Priest" (1976)
* "Mayday" (1977)
* "Frankie and Johnny" (1978)
* "Don Giovanni" (1979)
* "Peter" (1979)
* "A Portrait of Elmer" (1979)
* "Adolescence" (1979)
* "Snow" (1979)
* "Moonlight" (1979)
* "With Caution and Dispatch" (1979)
* "Hog Pawn" (1979)
* "A Dangerous Man" (1979)
* "A Return" (1979)
* "The Big Shot" (1979)
* "Once Aboard the Lugger (II)" (1979)
* "Dull Tale" (1979)
* "Evangeline" (1979)
* "Love" (1988)
* "Christmas Tree" (1995)
* "Rose of Lebanon" (1995)
* "Lucas Beauchamp" (1999)
Poetry
* Vision in Spring (1921)
* The Marble Faun (1924)
* A Green Bough (1933)
* This Earth, a Poem (1932)
* Mississippi Poems (1979)
* Helen, a Courtship and Mississippi Poems (1981).
Audio recordings
* The William Faulkner Audio Collection. Caedmon, 2003. Five hours on five discs includes Faulkner reading his 1949 Nobel Prize acceptance speech and excerpts from As I Lay Dying, The Old Man and A Fable, plus readings by Debra Winger ("A Rose for Emily", "Barn Burning"), Keith Carradine ("Spotted Horses") and Arliss Howard ("That Evening Sun", "Wash"). Winner of AudioFile Earphones Award.
* William Faulkner Reads: The Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech, Selections from As I Lay Dying, A Fable, The Old Man. Caedmon/Harper Audio, 1992. Cassette. ISBN 1-55994-572-9
* William Faulkner Reads from His Work. Arcady Series, MGM E3617 ARC, 1957. Faulkner reads from The Sound and The Fury (side one) and Light in August (side two). Produced by Jean Stein, who also did the liner notes with Edward Cole. Cover photograph by Robert Capa (Magnum).