| 姓： | 歐陽 | ||||||||||||||
| 名： | 修 | ||||||||||||||
| 字： | 永叔 | ||||||||||||||
| 網筆號： | 醉翁、六一居士 | ||||||||||||||
| 籍貫： | 吉州吉水 | ||||||||||||||
| 今属： | 江西 | ||||||||||||||
閱讀歐陽修 Ouyang Xiu在历史大观的作品!!! 閱讀歐陽修 Ouyang Xiu在小说之家的作品!!! 閱讀歐陽修 Ouyang Xiu在百家争鸣的作品!!! 閱讀歐陽修 Ouyang Xiu在诗海的作品!!! | |||||||||||||||
[歐陽修與詩文變革的完成]
北宋中期的文學變革，是在宋代文學總體上處於衰退的情況下産生的。它一面順應
着思想控製強化的時代文化，一面尋求文學的新的立足點和藝術風格。在這裏起着中樞
作用的是歐陽修。
歐陽修（1007—1072）字永叔，吉水（今屬江西）人，出身於低級官吏家庭，父早
亡，幼時傢貧。天聖八年（1030）進士，初仕洛陽，與梅堯臣、尹洙等人聲氣相通，提
倡文學變革。景祐初入京後，因支持范仲淹的政治改革主張被貶，慶歷年間，再度積極
參與範所主持的“慶歷新政”，新政失敗後，復又長期貶外。至和年間入朝，逐漸上升
至樞密副使、參知政事等權要職位。晚年對王安石新法持反對態度，這大抵是因為歐陽
修雖主張政治改革，但態度比較穩健，以為王安石激烈變法流弊甚多。有《歐陽文忠公
集》。
歐陽修在北宋文學變革中的領袖地位，是由多方面原因造成的。首先，這一場文學
變革作為宋王朝思想文化建設的一部分，既與當時政治方面的改革相互關聯，又是自上
而下、依靠政權的力量推進的。早在天聖年間，范仲淹就提出過“時之所尚，何能獨
變”，希望朝廷“敦諭詞臣，興復古道”（《奏上時務書》），而朝廷也確實幾次下詔，
從政治意義上提出改變文風的問題，如仁宗天聖年間曾詔斥文人“競為浮誇靡蔓之文”，
要求學者“務明先聖之道”，並指令從朝廷文件入手“矯文章之弊”（《續資治通鑒長
編》106、108）。領導這種性質的變革，當然需要相當高的政治地位，而歐陽修具備
這一基本條件。
其次，歐陽修在當時的文人群中，具有很強的號召力。他在政治活動中表現出的人
格修養既為重視道德節操的士大夫所尊重，同時他又喜揚人之美，並利用其知貢舉的權
力地位舉薦人才，當時幾乎所有的著名的文學家都曾得到歐陽修的幫助，因此在他周圍
形成了集團性的力量，從而更便於擴大影響，推行他們的主張。如梅堯臣、蘇舜欽二人
名位不顯，歐陽修卻以詩壇宗主相視，使他們聲譽大張；曾鞏落第，歐陽修為他寫序餞
行，令人颳目相待，後又在知貢舉時把他錄為進士；對王安石，歐陽修不僅兩次加以推
薦，而且在贈詩中給予極高的稱評；三蘇中，蘇洵以一默默無聞的布衣身份，經歐陽修
的推薦和鼓吹而名動海內，蘇軾、蘇轍則是歐陽修知貢舉時選拔於前列的，蘇軾尤其受
到他的推重。作為一個封建時代的文人和政治傢，歐陽修的眼光、涵養，確實是不同一
般的。
還有一個直接和非常重要的因素是：歐陽修不僅本人具有相當高的文學修養，在詩
歌、散文、詞的創作方面有特出成就，而且在當時的條件下，他還有着比較合理，富有
調和性、包容性的文學主張。北宋立國以來，由於約製個性的儒傢倫理觀念的強化，在
文學方面以道統文、以道代文的理論盛張到空前的地步，它雖然觸及北宋初以西昆體為
代表的文學風氣的某些弊病，但對文學生機，卻在另一個方向上形成更強的扼製。而歐
陽修的態度，一方面對這種占主流地位的文學思想在原則上表示贊同，承認道對文的决
定作用，對石介、尹洙等人表示相當的尊重，另一方面也反對過分偏激的主張。他雖說
過“道勝者文不難而自至”，但也看到有事功、道德的人未必一定能文，“如唐之劉、
柳無稱於事業，而姚、宋不見於文章”（《薛簡肅公文集序》）；認為文采還是有其必
要的，“君子之所學也，言以載事而文以飾言，事信言文，乃能表見於後世”（《代人
上王樞密求先集序書》）；文章（當然是指符合於道的）有着不朽的價值，“英雄白骨
化黃土，富貴何止浮雲輕。唯有文章爛日星，氣凌山嶽常崢嶸”（《感二子》）。雖說
這些表述較之宋以前文學理論已經達到成就而言，並沒有什麽發展，但在當時的環境中，
仍有它重要的意義。
在一些具體問題上，歐陽修的態度要更合理些。譬如對西昆體，他有不少好評，甚
至稱贊揚億“真一代之文豪也”（《歸田錄》），而批評石介對西昆詩人的極端態度是
“好異以取高”，“以驚世人”（《與石推官第一書》）。再如對駢體文，歐陽修的持
論也較公允。他說過，“時文雖曰浮巧，其為功亦不易也”（《與荊南樂秀纔書》），
“偶儷之文，苟合於理，未必為非”（《論尹師魯墓志》），並贊揚蘇氏父子的駢文
“委麯精盡，不減古人”（《蘇氏四六》），他認為駢文的缺點是在形式的嚴格限製下
造成說理和敘述的不清晰，不暢通。所以，歐陽修所領導的文學變革雖有反對西昆體和
駢文的一面，但它的核心問題，其實是怎樣使文學在建立完善的社會秩序方面起到更積
極更實際的作用。在這個基本前提下，他們維護了文學的存在權利，同時也維護了文學
作為一種藝術創作活動的價值。
同時，歐陽修他們也抵製了尊崇和效仿韓愈、走嚮僻怪險澀的文學風氣。尊韓本來
是歐陽修提出的主張，據其《記舊本韓文後》，韓文的流行同他校定《昌黎集》直接有
關。但這恐怕主要着眼於提倡“古文”和發揚韓愈的文學主張，韓文那種個性發露、奇
崛雄肆甚至是險怪僻澀的風格，未必為歐陽修所喜好；尤其是，它和宋代的文化風氣，
和宋人儒雅斂束的個性很難投合。所以歐陽修他們倡導的“古文”，需要走一條不同於
唐人的道路。當時有所謂“太學體”（國子學中流行的文體），其代表人物為劉幾，
說其文使“學者歙然效之”（《夢溪筆談》）。它的面貌現在已無法看到，據《夢溪筆
談》所引片斷，有“天地軋，萬物茁，聖人發”之句。倘以韓愈及其周圍文人的怪誕之
語相比，這實在不算怎麽奇特。但歐陽修為了提倡一種樸素流暢的文風，嘉祐二年主持
科舉時，將劉幾的文章用紅筆從頭到尾，一下抹倒，“判大紕繆字榜之”，並將“凡為
新文者，一切棄黜”（同上）。這激起舉子嘩變，群聚嘲駡，甚至在大街上攔住歐陽修
的馬頭哄鬧，而歐陽修不為所動，終於使“場屋之習，從是遂變”（《宋史》本傳）。
科舉文章與士人一生前途相關，它對社會上文章風格的影響自然不言而喻。
通過以歐陽修為首的文學集團的努力，北宋中葉的這一場文學變革終於獲得成功，
並由此主要在詩、文兩方面確立了宋代文學的基本風格。這當然很難加以簡單的概括，
從大的方面來說，以文而言，是雖以散體為主，實融合駢體，可以說結束了駢體與散體
的截然對立，文字以淺易流暢為多，節奏徐緩宛轉，較少激烈跳蕩的表現（尤其是非政
治性的抒情散文）；以詩而言，情感的力度減弱，所反映的心理狀態比較平衡，相應地
色彩和意象都比較疏淡，而對事物觀察和體驗比前人更細膩，總體上帶有重理智的特點，
特別在古體詩中，散文化的敘述和說理成分往往占很大比率。
對於這一場文學變革的評價是復雜的事情。概要而言，一方面需要看到它是士大夫
集團所倡導的思想文化變革的一部分，是自上而下具有政治意義的行動，它對文學自由
發展是有約束作用的；另一方面，也需要看到它有效地抵製了更為極端的道學家的主張，
在時代的限定條件下，孕育了中國文學的一些新的特色，豐富了中國文學的總體面貌。
而且，同歷史上的各種文學運動一樣，作傢的實際創作並不是完全被他們的理論的陰影
所籠罩的。
歐陽修本人的詩文創作，在當時也具有典範意義。他的詩中，如《答朱案捕蝗詩》、
《食糟民》、《答楊子靜兩長句》等，都是涉及具體社會問題、有感而發的，並且就此
陳述己見，或表示內心的道德自責。他的政治詩的數量並不多，這大約因為他是一個實
際的政治傢，不同於一般文人急於用詩歌來表現自己。
歐陽修詩中一些古體長篇，好發議論，好鋪排敘事，散文化的傾嚮非常嚴重，如
《洛陽牡丹圖》像一篇《洛陽牡丹記》，《吳學士石屏歌》“吾嗟人愚，不見天地造化
之初難………”像一篇彆扭的古文，《鬼車》以“嘉祐六年秋九月二十有八日”開頭，
中間又有“不見其形，但聞其聲，其初切切凄凄，或高或低……”，實在不能算作“詩”
了。另外，《捫虱新話》指出他的《菱溪大石》等篇係模仿韓愈，這也是和時代風氣一
緻的地方。不過，他很少用生僻字眼、險怪意象。
那些極度散文化的古體長篇，以其新異的面貌起到了打破詩歌常規體製的作用，但
從藝術性來說，確實找不到多少詩趣。不過歐陽修的一些以近體為主的短篇之作，常以
淺近自然的語言寫景抒情，但琢磨很細，意脈完足，有一種親切流暢的風格。如著名的
《戲答元珍》：
春風疑不到天涯，二月山城未見花。殘雪壓枝猶有橘，凍雷驚筍欲抽芽。夜聞歸雁
生鄉思，病入新年感物華。曾是洛陽花下客，野芳雖晚不須嗟。
首二句是歐陽修很得意的。據《苕溪漁隱叢話》引《西清詩話》，他曾對人說：
“若無下句，則上句不見佳處，並讀之，便覺精神頓出。”後人也說它“起得超妙”。
這兩句一果一因，語氣連貫；次序上先以“疑”領起，引出對於“疑”的解釋，因此顯
得有波折而不平板；另外，它還寓含着詩人在受貶謫時期待和失望的心情。所以，雖說
是有如口語的句子，其實寫得很講究。全詩的關係，也是一聯緊接一聯，意脈含蓄而綿
細。唐人律詩多用平列的意象、斷續或跳躍的銜接，歐陽修則力圖將八句詩構成流動而
連貫的節奏，這無疑是唐詩之後的一條新路。再如《別滁》：
花光濃爛柳輕明，酌酒花前送我行。我亦且如常日醉，莫教弦管作離聲。
從眼前景色引出事件、人物，再引出人物的心情，也是流動而連貫的筆法。唐人寫
別離詩有“長路關山何日盡，滿堂絲管為君愁”（張渭《送盧舉使河源》），“況是池
塘風雨夜，不堪弦管盡離聲”（武元衡《酬裴起居西亭留題》），都是以景物為襯托、
把情緒托嚮高潮的寫法，兩相比較，可以看出宋詩含意深婉、脈絡細密的特點。
歐陽修散文的成就比詩歌更顯著。當時人吳充《歐陽公行狀》中說他“文備衆體，
變化開闔，因物命意，各極其工”，指出了他的散文創作的一些主要特點，即第一，文
體多樣，有各種類型的議論文、敘事及抒情散文；第二，兼采“古文”與駢文之長，根
據內容需要熔鑄剪裁，形成新的散文風格；第三，變化多端，開闔自如，氣脈流動，富
於內在節奏感與韻律感。
歐陽修的政論性的文章如《朋黨論》、《五代史伶官傳論》是傳統“古文”中的名
篇，對結構和文采都頗有講究，但並不是文學性的作品，故不予多論。最能體現他的文
學技巧與藝術成就的，是記事兼抒情的散文。在這一類文章中，他尤其不持狹隘的“古
文”觀念，在註意散體文意脈結構、句法上的特點的同時，又汲取駢體文在音律、辭采
方面的長處，並且重視文中情緒變化與文章節奏變化的協調，時而舒展，時而收斂，呈
現一種紆徐流轉、抒情性和音樂感都很強的風格特點。例如《豐樂亭記》、《相州晝錦
堂記》、《瀧崗阡表》等都是如此。而最著名的《醉翁亭記》，從“環滁皆山”的掃視
開始，將讀者的視綫逐漸引嚮西南諸峰，推近到琅琊山，入山中溪泉旁，隨峰回路轉，
又引人擡頭看見泉上小亭，再從作亭者為誰、命名為誰的設問，推出主人公——號“醉
翁”的太守，和“醉翁之意不在酒，在乎山水之間也，山水之樂，得之於心而寓之於酒
也”的感慨議論，趁勢導嚮山中四時之景，收轉來寫“醉翁”的酒宴和醉態，酒宴散後
的情景，“醉翁”與人不同的心境，最後點明太守為“廬陵歐陽修”即作者本人。全文
既縈回麯折，又連綿不絶，無一句跳脫。文中每一個意義完足的句子都用嘆詞“也”結
束，共出現二十一次，構成詠嘆的聲調；又把駢文中對偶相映的句法變化使用，時散時
偶，句子的字數時齊時不齊，這樣，既有明晰的節奏感，又流動搖曳，作者內心淡淡的
孤獨、悵惘之情在這種詠嘆的節奏中得到很好的表現。而傳統上用駢體寫作的抒情小賦，
在歐陽修筆下雖仍較一般散文為整齊，保持着駢文外在形式上註重聲律辭采而瀏亮鮮明
的特點，卻又多摻雜散體句法，並註意氣脈的連貫流動。如《鳴蟬賦》、《秋聲賦》都
是這樣。後一篇的首節如下：
歐陽子方夜讀書，聞有聲自西南來者，悚然而聽之，曰：異哉！初淅瀝以蕭颯，忽
奔騰而砰湃，如波濤夜驚，風雨驟至。其觸於物也，鏦鏦錚錚，金鐵皆鳴；又如赴敵之
兵，銜枚疾走，不聞號令，但聞人馬之行聲。予謂童子：“此何聲也？汝出視之！”童
子曰：“星月皎潔，明河在天，四無人聲，聲在樹間。”
把無形的秋聲作了形象的描繪。他用排比對偶句法構成三次短促的節奏，寫得秋聲
有驚天動地之感，而因此，末幾句的寫景越發顯得蕭瑟平靜，絲毫不為秋聲所動。在兩
相映襯而合成的整體意境中，突出了作者內心對秋天衰颯氣氛的敏感和悲哀。
若從缺陷一面來說，這一類作品“做”文章的痕跡都較重。像《醉翁亭記》二十一
個“也”字的用法，多少讓人感到不自然；《秋聲賦》上面這一節中的問答，也是有些
做作感的。還有，十分綿細的意脈，這實際上是情感受理智控製、表現得平緩有分寸的
狀態，它對讀者情感的激活力量也相應地比較薄弱。
當時受歐陽修延譽推舉而走上仕途或獲得文名的一批文學家，也同時活躍在文壇上，
除王安石、蘇軾將在後面作專門介紹，其他一些人在此附帶提及：蘇洵（1009—1066），
字明允，眉山（今屬四川）人，蘇軾、蘇轍之父，人稱“老蘇”。擅長於史論、政論，
文章風格略帶縱橫傢氣，文筆老練而簡潔，有《嘉祐集》，《六國論》為其名篇。蘇轍
（1039—1112），字子由。他將自己的文章與兄蘇軾相比，稱“子瞻之文奇，餘文但穩
耳”（《欒城遺言》）。有《欒城集》，《黃州快哉亭記》為其名篇。曾鞏（1019—
1083），字子固，南川（今屬江西）人，有《元豐類稿》。他的思想比較正統，文章以
政論為主，風格淳正厚重，文學色彩很淡薄。但後世重視文章的倫理價值的人對他特別
推重。
[北宋中期的詞]
歐陽修有詞集《歐陽文忠公近體樂府》。在這一領域，他的創新意識要比詩文淡得
多。他對詞的認識，大體還是作為消遣性、娛樂性的，即所謂“翻舊闋之辭，寫以新聲
之調，敢陳薄伎，聊佐清歡”（《采桑子·西湖念語》），並未把它視為表現重要的人
生體驗的正規文學形式，故其題材仍是以吟詠男女戀情、抒寫山水閑恬之感為多，風格
也大體承襲了晚唐以來明麗柔婉的傳統。這一方面使得他在詞這一領域未有明顯突破，
另一方面也使得他在詞中有比較放肆、甚至近於“香豔”的描述，與他的詩文的雅正面
目顯得截然不同。從這裏我們看到歐陽修內心生活的另一面。
歐陽修的詞和同時代詞人的創作基本特點相似，但也有些不同。他的戀情詞中，有
一部分是用活潑的對話來寫的，比較多地保存了民間俚詞的特點，感情的表達也顯得比
較直率大膽。如《南歌子》：
鳳髻金泥帶，竜紋玉掌梳。走來窗下笑相扶，愛道“畫眉深淺入時無”。弄筆偎人
久，描花試手初。等閑妨了綉功夫，笑問：“雙鴛鴦字怎生書？”
把一個活潑嬌憨的少婦對於戀情的沉醉和喜悅心情描寫得生動而坦率。再如《醉蓬
萊》寫少女與情人初次幽會，上闋寫少女“半掩嬌羞，語聲低顫，問道有人知麽？”下
闋寫約會後，“更問假如，事還成後，亂了雲鬟，被娘猜破。我且歸傢，你而今休呵。
更為娘行，有些針綫，誚未曾收囉，卻待更闌，庭花影下，重來則個。”表現少女對愛
情又羞怯又渴望的復雜心情，寫得十分大膽，語言風格比前一篇更近俗。
再有，歐陽修在其仕宦生涯中幾經波折，他常把由此引起的個人身世感慨寫入詞中，
這是當時詞人寫得較少的題材，對於那種狹隘的風氣有所突破。如《臨江仙》中“如今
薄宦老天涯，十年歧路，空負麯江花”，《聖無憂》中“世路風波險，十年一別須臾”
等，都表達了在互相傾軋的官場中所感受到的憂患，而《采桑子》十首及《水調歌頭·
和蘇子美滄浪亭》等，又表達了對這種仕宦生涯的厭倦和對閑適曠逸生活的嚮往。在這
些詞中，反映出歐陽修比較堅強與樂觀的個性，不像一般文人失意時所作總帶有黯然傷
神的情調，如“白首相過，莫話衰翁，但鬥尊前笑語同”（《采桑子》），“便須豪飲
敵青春，莫對新花羞白發”（《玉樓春》）等，都顯得很曠放。此外，他的《浪淘沙》
（“五嶺麥秋殘”）詠天寶年間飛騎為楊貴妃送荔枝故事，表現了奢侈荒淫導致國傢衰
亡的嚴肅主題。
當然，歐陽修的大多數詞作仍是同當代詞人的主要傾嚮一致的，那就是用典雅精緻
的語言、流貫的結構、含蓄的風格，描述男女戀情中細膩的心理。如《蝶戀花》：
庭院深深深幾許，楊柳堆煙，簾幕無重數。玉勒雕鞍遊冶處，樓高不見章臺路。雨
橫風狂三月暮，門掩黃昏，無計留春住。淚眼問花花不語，亂紅飛過鞦韆去。
深院、柳煙、簾幕一重又一重地關閉着孤獨的少婦，而她的丈夫正在她翹首高樓也
難以望及的地方尋覓浪漫的豔遇；下闋拓開，以風雨中的暮春黃昏烘托傷春懷人的情緒，
又暗示少婦美好年華被不幸的命運所摧殘，而末二句寫亂紅飛去，不僅本身是撩人情思
的景物，也是無法把握自身命運的弱小者的象徵。這樣一層層渲染，一步步暗示，十分
深刻地表現出女主人公痛苦的內心。又如《踏莎行》：
候館梅殘，溪橋柳細，草熏風暖搖徵轡。離愁漸遠漸無窮，迢迢不斷如春水。寸寸
柔腸，盈盈粉淚，樓高莫近危欄倚。平蕪盡處是春山，行人更在春山外。
這一首寫別離的夫婦間的互相思念。上闋從旅人一面寫，他的愁思伴隨身旁的流水，
愈遠愈長，綿綿無盡；下闋從閨中人一面寫，她身在樓中，心卻隨旅人遠去，遙望中春
山隱隱，為春山所隔的旅人卻是渺不可見。全篇結構完整而細密，畫面美麗而動人，尤
其上下闋的結句，都是以平常的景象、普通的語言，描繪出悠遠的意境，抒情意味很濃。
前面說及歐陽修的一部分詞作有俚俗化的風格，在他的總體上屬於典雅風格的詞中，
也常常有些樸素生動、風趣活潑的語句，如《蝶戀花》的末尾：“憶得前春，有個人人
共，花裏黃鶯時一哢，日斜驚起相思夢。”這表現出他在語言方面的一種愛好。
另外可以提及的是：歐陽修的詞所用的麯調比當時一般文人多，現存二百四十一首
詞作中有六十八種，其中大多數是宋代纔有的，這是因為他懂得音樂，對詞的音樂體製
很熟悉，並且也勇於翻新。而且，他也寫過一些較長的慢詞，雖然數量不多，也是一種
新的嘗試。
（中國文學史，章培恆 駱玉明，youth掃校）
Changes in the North Song Dynasty literature, literature in general in the Song Dynasty in the downturn generated. It side conform
Enhanced era of ideological control of cultural, literary side to find a new foothold and artistic style. Here plays a central
Role is to Ouyang Xiu.
Ouyang Xiu (1007-1072) the word Uncle John, Kat water (now part of Jiangxi Province) who came from low-level officials in the family, the father early
Death, childhood was poor. Saint-eight days (1030) Scholars, beginning Shi Luo Yang, and Mei Yao, Yin-soo, who complain connected, provided
Promoting literature changes. Edwin first joined in Beijing, for supporting political reform of Fan claim was demoted, celebrate the calendar year, once again actively
Fan participation chaired by the "New Deal", the New Deal after the failure recovery for a long banished outside. And years for Korea to gradually increase
To the senator Fushi, Shenzhizhengshi such rights to post. Wang later years of the new law opposed, this is probably because Ouyang
Although advocates of political reform amendment, but more robust approach, many flaws that Wang intense political reform. The "public Ouyang Wenzhong
Set. "
Ouyang Song Literature in change in leadership, from various causes. First, a literature
Change as part of ideological and cultural construction of Song Dynasty, both at political reform and interrelated, but also from the
Down, relying on the power of propulsion power. Early in the day between St, Fan Chung-yen on the proposed "at the time of the still, how can independence
Change ", I hope the court," the word encyclical Dun Chen, Xing Retro Road "(" played on Current Affairs ") in which the court also did a few cakes,
Proposed changes in the political sense, style issues, such as Ren-day Saint scholars denounced years have Chao "competition for the spread of culture extravagant exaggeration,"
Requires the scholars, "the first saint of the Road Works out" and instructions from the court file to start "correction in the Articles of harm" ("Mirror continued long
Compilation "Volume 106,108). Leadership changes of this nature, of course, requires a fairly high political status, and Ouyang Xiu have
The basic conditions.
Second, Ouyang Xiu Wen population at the time, has a strong appeal. His political activities were shown
Cell cultivation not only for the attention of the literati have moral respect for moral integrity, and he liked Young people of the United States, and utilize their right to know Imperial Examination
Recommend personnel strength status, when almost all the famous writers have been Xiu help, so he was around
Formed a group of power to more easily expand its influence to implement their ideas. Such as Mei Yao, Su Shunqin two
Fame is not significant, Ouyang Xiu is sovereign with regard to poetry, to enable them with great reputation; Zeng Gong the Poor, wrote in his order preserves Ouyang Xiu
Line, an impressive improvement, and later in the know when he recorded for the Imperial Examination Scholars; on Wang and Ouyang Xiu to push the two
Recommended, and in giving high Zeng Shi said in the commentary; three Soviet Union, Su Xun to an unknown commoner status, by Ouyang Xiu
The recommendations and action at home and preach the name of Su Shi, Su Che is know Ouyang Xiu selection in the forefront when the imperial examination, in particular, by Su Shi
To his hold in esteem. As a feudal scholars and politicians, Ouyang Xiu's vision, virtue, indeed a different one
Like.
There is also a direct and very important factors are: Ouyang Xiu, I have very high literary training, in the poem
Songs, essays, writing words have outstanding achievements, and the conditions at the time, he still has a reasonable, full of
Harmonic, inclusive of literary ideas. North Song Liguo, since there were about the Confucian system of personal ethics is strengthened,
Literature to orthodoxy text, Tao Sheng Zhang, Culture and the theory to an unprecedented extent, while it touched on the early Northern Song Dynasty to Xikun as
Representatives of some of literature's ills, but the literary life, but in another direction and creating greater stranglehold. And Europe
Yang repair approach, on the one hand this literary thought are dominant in principle, agreed, admitted the decision on the text
Set effect on the Shi Jie, Yin-soo, who expressed considerable respect for the other hand, opposed the idea too radical. Although he
Through "the text is not difficult and the winner from the Road to", but also to see something successful, ethical people who may not necessarily be able to text, "such as the Tang Dynasty, Liu,
Liu said the cause of free, while Yao, Song does not appear in the article "(" Jane Su Xue order of public Collection "); that the literary grace will still have its
Want, "also learned gentleman, made to contain the text do with ornaments made, the letter made the text matter, is found later to the table" ("generation
Wang senator seeking the first set on the order book "); article (of course, is consistent with the Road) has enduring value," bones of the dead hero
Of loess, rich and enormously more than clouds light. Only articles bad day sing, often towering gas Lingshan Yue "(" sense of two children "). Although
These statements than the song before success has been achieved in terms of literary theory, and there is no development, but at the time of the environment,
It is still important.
In some specific issues, Ouyang Xiu's attitude to be more reasonable. For example, on the Xikun, he has a lot of praise, even
To that praised the 100 million "true generation of writer also" ("turn to the life record"), but criticized his Shi Shi Jie on the extreme attitude of the poet
"Good different in order to get high", the "stunning" and ("and Stone push the first official book"). Another example of the prose, the holders of Ouyang Xiu
On than fair. He said, "the paper said, while floating Coincidentally, its also difficult for the power also" ("and Jingnan music scholar book"),
"Even Lady of the text, sexual immorality on rationale, not a non-" ("Master of Yin Lu Epitaph"), and commended the father and the son of Parallel Su
"Perverting the exhausted, nor the ancients" ("Su's 46"), he considers the shortcomings of parallel prose in the form of strict constraints
Cause reasoning and narrative is not clear, not smooth. Therefore, the literary revolution led by Ouyang Xiu despite opposition Xikun and
Parallel side, but it's the core issue is how to make literature in establishing a sound social order play a more active
Extremely more practical role. In this basic premise, they maintain the existence of literary rights, while preserving the literature
As the value of an art creation.
At the same time, they resisted Xiu respect and follow Han Yu, to secluded strange insurance astringent literary culture. Zun Han had
Xiu propositions are, according to its "old record, after the Korean" Korean popular with his school will "Changli set" directly
Off. But I am afraid that focuses on the promotion of "classical" and carry forward the Han Yu's literary ideas, the kind of personality Korean hair gel, Church
The rise of male wantonly eccentric or even dangerous astringent style, not necessarily the favorite for the Xiu; In particular, it and the Song of the cultural atmosphere
And Song Renru elegant personality beam convergence is difficult to pandering. Therefore, they advocate Ouyang Xiu's "classical", need to take a different
Chinese roads. At that time, the so-called "Imperial College body" (State of Studies in the popular style), its representatives and Liu Ji, as far as
That its text to "natural effect of the scholars Xi" ("Meng Xi Bi Tan"). It can not see the face now, according to "mengxi document
On the "fragment cited, the" rolling world, everything is grounded, sage hair "of the sentence. If the scholar Han Yu and around the grotesque
Language compared to how it is not unusual. However, in order to promote a simple Xiu smooth style, Jiayou over two years
Examination when a red pen Liu few articles from start to finish, about wiping down, "sub-list of major defects of the word" and "Where is
Xinwen who abandoned dismiss all "(ibid.). This provoked a mutiny Candidates, cluster Chao Ma, Xiu even stopped in the street
The Ma Tau uproar, and Ouyang Xiu unmoved, and finally to the "field houses of learning, is then changed from" ("History of Song," the transfer).
Of examination and scholars related to one's future, its social impact on the writing style of the natural self-evident.
Xiu-led literature through the efforts of the Group, the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty was finally successful in a literary revolution,
And thus mainly in the poem, the article established the Song Dynasty literature two basic styles. This is of course difficult to summarize,
From the large side, with the text is concerned, is mainly though granular, real integration of doublets can be said that the end of the parallel style and dispersive
The diametrically opposite, simple text to flow as much, move slowly Wanzhuan rhythm, less intense Sparkle Flashing performance (especially non-government
Rule of lyrical prose); to poetry, the emotions were weakened state of mind reflected in a more balanced, with a corresponding
Color and image are more Shudan, but observation and experience of things is more delicate than their predecessors, with a heavy sense of the overall characteristics of
Especially in archaic poetry, prose narrative and reasoning components are often a large proportion.
This is a change for the evaluation of literature is a complex matter. Summary, on one hand the scholars need to see it
The idea advocated by the Group as part of cultural change is top-down political significance of the action, it literary freedom
Development is a binding effect; the other hand, need to see it to effectively resist the more extreme claims of moralists,
In the era of limited conditions, gave birth to some of the new Chinese literature features, enriching the overall appearance of Chinese literature.
Moreover, with the history of literary movement, the writer is not entirely the actual creation of the shadow of their theory was
The shrouded.
Ouyang Xiu's own literary creation, at that time also exemplary. His poems, like "A case of catching locusts Zhu poem"
"Food bad people", "A Yang Zijing two long sentences", are related to specific social issues, scenarios, and this
Expressing their views, or that inner moral self-reproach. The number of his political poetry is not much, which is about because he is a real
International politicians, unlike ordinary scholar eager to express themselves with poetry.
Ouyang Xiu long poem of some archaic, good quiet, good layout narrative, prose tendency to be very serious, such as
"Luoyang Peony" as a "Luoyang Peony", "Wuxue Shi Shi Ping Song," "I rude people stupid but not the world good luck
Beginning of the hard......... "an awkward classics like" ghost car "to" autumn years Jiayou there on the 8th September 20 "at the beginning,
The middle has "not seen his form, but heard the sounds, the first earnest desolately, or high or low......", can not be counted as "poetry"
The. In addition, the "palpable lice new," and that his "Link River boulder," Department of imitation of Han Yu and other articles, this is a trend of the times
To the local. However, he rarely used rare words, insurance strange image.
Are extremely archaic prose long, with its novel appearance played a role in breaking the poetry conventional system, but
From the art, the poetry does not find much interest. However, some of Ouyang Xiu short of nearly body-oriented for, often
Qian Jin lyrics paint a portrait of natural language, but Sato is small, meaning pulse is entirely satisfactory, there is a cordial and smooth style. Such as the famous
"Reply to YUAN":
Spring doubt not End of the World, in February no mountain flowers. Xue pressure even worse orange sticks, cold shock Shoot For budding mine. Evening News Return Goose
Health homesickness, disease into the New Year to things Chinese. Luoyang, once the flowers under the passengers, although the wild night not to be rude Fang.
The first two are very proud of Ouyang Xiu. According to "A Textual QUJING" cited "Western Qing Poetry," he had said:
"Without the following sentence, the sentence is not much better on the Department, and Reading, will feel the spirit of Dayton." Successors that it was "get up super wonderful."
A result a result of these two, tone, coherence; order on the first of "suspected" lead, the leads for the "suspect" explanation, it was
There were twists and turns and not flat; In addition, it Apartments by relegation in his mouth when the poet expectations and disappointment. Therefore, although
Is like a spoken sentence, in fact, was very particular about. The relationship between the poem is also a joint a joint immediately, meaning pulse subtle cotton
Fine. Chinese Metrical Multi-flown alongside the image of the interface between intermittent or jump, Ouyang Xiu is trying to 8 constitute a flow of poetry
Consistent rhythm, this is undoubtedly a new path after the Tang Dynasty. Another example is "Do not Chu":
Black spent concentrated light Ming Liu, Zhuojiu sent me flowers before the trip. Day and as usual I have drunk, Mo taught from chord to sound.
Leads from the front view of events, characters, and then leads to feelings of the characters is also consistent flow of strokes. Chinese writing
Poems of the "long way off the date to do mountain, packed wire tube for King and Sorrow" (Zhang Wei, "free move to Heyuan Lu"), "status is the pool
Tong wind and rain at night, away from the unbearable sound of every chord "(Wu Yuanheng" West Pavilion paid personal leave Pei title "), are based on landscape as background,
The emotional climax of care to the wording of comparing the two, we can see deep meaning Song Wan, the characteristics of fine thread.
Ouyang Xiu Prose Poems more significant than the achievements. Wu was full of people, "Ou line like," said he, "Synthesis of Genres,
Changes in opening or closing, because the lifetime of Italy, the very workers ", that his prose some of the key features, namely, first, the text
Body diversity, there are various types of argumentative, narrative and lyrical prose; second, adopting both "classical" and Parallel long, root
It requires casting tailoring content and form a new prose style; third, varied, opening and closing freely, Grand Momentum flow, rich
In the internal sense of rhythm and rhythm.
Ouyang Xiu political commentary of the article such as "cliques of", "Biography of the actors in the history of the Five Dynasties" is the traditional "classical" in the name
Articles on the structure and literary grace are seemingly simple, but not literary works, so no more of. Best reflect the text of his
Technical skill and artistic achievement, is notes and lyrical prose. Article in this category, he does not hold, particularly the narrow "ancient
Man, "the concept of context in the note clock granular structure, syntactic features of the same time, learn from prose in temperament, of the Collected
Area's strengths, and attention to the text in the article tempo changes and mood changes in the coordination, sometimes stretch, sometimes convergence was
Yu Xu is a kind of flow, lyrical and musical style are a strong feature. For example, "Fung Lok Ting Ji", "day with Jin state
Tong Ji "," Long River Kong footpath table "are all true. The most famous "Zui Weng Ting Ji" from the "ring Chu are mountains," glance
Will begin to gradually lead the reader's attention southwest of Peaks, pushed nearly to the Langyashan, into the mountains Xiquan side, with winding paths,
Then looked up and saw the introduction of spring on the kiosk, and from those whom for Pavilion, named for whom the set Q, introduced the hero - No. "drunk
Weng, "the prefect, and" ulterior motives, between care landscape, Mountains and Rivers, purest heart of the wine Apartments
Also "in discussions with emotion, taking advantage of the orientation of the King 4:00 Mountains, income transfer to write" tippler "the feast, and drunkenness, banquets, scattered
Scene, "tippler" different state of mind with people, and finally pointing to prefect the "Luling Ouyang Xiu," the author. Full text
Both hover and tortuous, but also endless, no one escape. Each and every single meaningful sentence is complete enough to use interjection "also" Results
Beam, there were twenty-one, constitutes a chanting tone; again Parallel syntax on dual matched by changes in the use of the time when the bulk
Spouse, when sentences missing words homogeneous, so that both clear sense of rhythm, it flows gently, on a light heart
Loneliness, feelings of regret feeling the rhythm of this chant to get good performance. The traditional use of the parallel style of writing lyrical little,
Although still common in Ouyang Xiu pen prose for the orderly, keeping the external form of parallel prose prosody speech focused mining and visit the clear light
Features, but more granular doping syntax, and note the coherence of Grand Momentum flow. Such as "Fu Ming cicada", "Poem of Autumn Sound" are
So. After one of the first section as follows:
Ouyang Zi Fang night reading, I have heard that sound come from the Southwest who erect and listening, they said: different zai! Early pattering to Hsiao Sa, suddenly
Pentium and Bang Pai, night terrors, such as waves, wind and rain suddenly to. The touch on the matter also, Cong Cong clatter, Gold and Iron are Ming; Again go to the enemy
Soldiers, title gold Rush, do not hear orders, he heard a sound of troops of the line. To that boy: "What would have been this? Out as the Ru!" Child
Confucius said: "Xingyue bringing a, Ming-he in the day, four no sound, sound in the trees."
Made the invisible Shusei portrayal. He posed three syntactic parallelism of the dual rhythm of short, written Shusei
With earth-shaking feeling, and therefore, paint a portrait of the end of a few more and more bleak look calm, did not Shusei follow. Two
Against the background of the synthesis of the overall conception, the highlight of the fall of heart failure on climate Sa sensitive and sad.
If one side from the defect for this type of work "to do" all traces of heavier paper. Like "Zui Weng Ting Ji" 21
Were "also" use of the word, the number one feel unnatural; "Shusei Fu" question and answer above this section, but also some
Artificial sense. Also, a very fine Italian cotton pulse, which is in fact accepted wisdom emotional control, performance was flat in a measured
State, the activation of its emotional power of the reader accordingly weak.
By Ouyang Yu Yan was elected on the road of career or get the text name of a group of writers, also active in the literary world,
In addition to Wang and Su Shi will be dedicated later, with others mentioned here: Su Xun (1009-1066),
Word Ming Yun, Meishan (modern Sichuan) who, Su Shi, Su Che father, known as the "old Soviet Union." Specializes in the history of theory, political commentary,
Writing style slightly strategists gas, sophisticated and simple writing style, the "Jiayou set", "six of" Famous for. Su Zhe
(1039-1112), son of the word. His article and his brother Su, compared "the Zaizhan Zhiwen Qi, Yu Wen, but stable
Ear "(" Luancheng last words "). There is" Luancheng Collection "," Huangzhou Yoshiya Ting Ji "for Famous. Zeng Gong (1019 -
1083), son of solid character, Nanchuan (now part of Jiangxi Province) who are "Yuanfeng draft class." His more orthodox thinking, the article to
Political-based, style-soon is heavy, literature is very weak color. But the later emphasis on the ethical values of the people the article on his special
Hold in esteem.
[Song medium term]
Xiu have word set "Modern Style Yue Ouyang Wenzhong public." In this area, his sense of innovation than the short poem was
More. His understanding of the word, in general, or as entertainment, recreation, and the so-called "Old One turn of speech, writing a new sound
The tune, dares Chen thin Kabuki, chat Zuo Huan Qing "(" Cai Sangzi Lake read language "), did not show it as an important person
To experience the regular literary form, so the theme of love between men and women still on chant, and describe the feeling for the landscape leisure tim more style
Tang also largely inherited the tradition since the bright and soften. This aspect makes his word is no significant breakthrough in this area,
On the other hand also makes his words have more liberties, and even close to "perfect marriage" in the description, and his poetry of the Ya-positive
Projects seem very different. From here we see the other side of Ouyang Xiu inner life.
Ouyang Xiu's words and also the basic characteristics of the creative person pronouns are similar but slightly different. His love words, there
Part of the dialogue is written in lively, more to preserve the characteristics of civil Vulgar, the expression of the feelings of a lot more
More forthright bold. Such as "Southern Poems":
Feng bun with gold clay, Dragon Yu Zhang comb. Came under the window laughing catching, love Road "Eyebrows Painted in Fashion." Nongbiweiren
Long, Miao Hua try hand early. Trivial harm the embroidery skill, smile asked: "Double mandarin word Zensheng book?"
To a lively young woman Jiaohan intoxicated and for the love of the joy he described vivid and frank. Another example is "drunk Peng
Lai, "write girls first tryst with the lover, the girl tie down to write," leaving it shy, low voice trembled and asked people to know it? "Under
After the tie down to write a date, "even if asked, the whole thing has become, the chaotic Yunhuan, was your mother guess. Let me go home, you are now off-uh.
More tan lines, and some sewing, blame not receive LA, but to be more Lanna, court fetch water, the weight to be one. "Expression of love girls
Love has mixed feelings of shyness are also eager, very boldly written, the language style of more recent popular than the previous one.
Again, Ouyang Xiu in his official career in the ride, and he often put the resulting feelings of personal life experience to write the word in
This was the subject of fewer words were written, the kind of narrow for a breakthrough in the atmosphere. Such as "Lin Jiangxian" in "now
Thin Huan old End of the World, Crossroads decade, air negative Qujiang Flower "," Saint worry "in the" World Road storm insurance, in ten years, another minute later, "
, Have expressed their mutual strife, hardship felt by the bureaucracy, and "Cai Sangzi" 10 and "Prelude to Water
And Suzi U.S. Canglang Pavilion ", etc., but also expressed weariness of such official career and leisure Yat life not mine. In this
These words, the comparison shows a strong and optimistic Ouyang Xiu's personality, unlike most writers frustrated with the depressed and injured when the total
God's mood as "white Prime Minister had, Mok, then decline, still struggle with respect before the laughter" ("Cai Sangzi"), "will have to booze
Enemy youth, MO shame on the new flower hair "(" Yu Louchun "), have looked very mine up. In addition, he's" Waves "
("Five Ridges Harvest is disabled"), inter-Fei Ji Yong-Tian Yang Yuhuan send lychee for the story, showing the extravagant debauchery lead to national decline
Dead serious topic.
Of course, Ouyang Xiu's most modern word for word the same person is still the main trend line, that is elegant and refined with
Language, consistent flow structure, subtle style, descriptions of men and women love the delicate psychological. Such as "Butterfly in Love":
How many garden Shenshen Shen, willow smoke stack, curtains without multiplicity. Yu Le Yu Ye Department carved saddle, story not see chapter Terrace Road. Rain
Wang lunacy March evening, up to the door the evening, no dollars left in spring to live. Tearful eyes asked the flower does not say, Luanhong to fly swing.
Shen Yuan, Liu smoke, another important purpose in closing a curtain with a lonely young woman, while her husband was also her high-rise crane their necks
Difficult places to find hope and romantic Aventure; under the tie down and opened to the late spring rain in the evening set off the emotion of Spring and pregnant,
Also implied that the unfortunate young woman was a better fate for Love devastation, but the end of two written Luanhong fly, not only Love in itself is tempting
The scenery, but also can not grasp their own destiny, some weak symbol. In this way layers of rendering, step by step implied, is
Profound demonstration of the heroine's inner pain. Another example is "Tasha Hang":
Mei Museum designate residues, small bridges and willow, grass uptrend levy a spot warm roll. Infinite sadness gradually becoming far, far-ranging continuously as spring water. Cun Cun
Rou Chang, Ying Ying powder tears, Mo-storey lean bar near threatened. Ping Wu Spring Hill to make is that, even in Spring Hill pedestrians outside.
The first to write a couple parting thoughts between each other. On one side tie down from travelers to write his side of the water with Grief,
The more far longer, rain, endless; under the human side of tie down to write from the Inner, the buildings at her body, the heart has gone with the travelers, look into the distance in the spring
Mountain looms for travelers across the Spring Mountains are not visible but is vague. The complete structural integrity and fine, beautiful and moving images, especially
Results of their upper and lower tie down the sentence, are all normal scenes, common language, describing distant moods and lyrical very strong.
Said front part and Ouyang Xiu of the word for a vulgar style, in his classic style, belong to the whole word,
Some simple and often lively, humorous and lively statement, such as "Butterfly in Love" at the end: "Memories were before the spring, there are individuals who
Were spent in a Long Time oriole, Japan Acacia oblique startled dream. "It shows in his language as a hobby.
Also may be mentioned are: Ouyang Xiu's word was used in the general scholar more than melody, the existing 241
There are 68 kinds of words for most of them have the Song Dynasty, it is because he understands music, music system Ci
Familiar, and also the courage to renovate. Moreover, he also wrote some of the longer term slow, although in small quantities, is also a
New attempt.
(History of Chinese Literature, Pei Luo Yu, youth sweep school)