印度
(
1861年5月7日～
1941年8月7日)
泰戈尔
拉宾德拉纳特·泰戈尔[Rabindranath Tagore]（1861年5月7日—1941年8月7日）是一位印度诗人、哲学家和印度民族主义者，1913年他获得诺贝尔文学奖，是第一位获得诺贝尔文学奖的亚洲人。
泰戈尔出生于印度加尔各答一个受到良好教育的富裕家庭，他的父亲是一位地方的印度教宗教领袖。在外国泰戈尔一般被看作是一位诗人，而很少被看做一位哲学家，但在印度这两者往往是相同的。在他的诗中含有深刻的宗教和哲学的见解。对泰戈尔来说，他的诗是他奉献给神的礼物，而他本人是神的求婚者。他的诗在印度享有史诗的地位。他本人被许多印度教徒看作是一个圣人。
除诗外泰戈尔还写了小说、小品文、游记、话剧和2000多首歌曲。他的诗歌主要是用孟加拉语写成的，在孟加拉语地区，他的诗歌非常普及。
他的散文内容主要是社会、政治和教育，他的诗歌，除了其中的宗教内容外，最主要的是描写自然和生命。在泰戈尔的诗歌中，生命本身和它的多样性就是欢乐的原因。同时，他所表达的爱（包括爱国）也是他的诗歌的内容之一。
印度和孟加拉国的国歌都是使用泰戈尔的诗歌。维尔弗德·欧文和威廉·勃特勒·叶芝被他的诗深深感动，在叶芝的鼓励下，泰戈尔亲自将他的《吉檀枷利》（意即“献诗”）译成英语，1913年，他为此获得了诺贝尔文学奖。但后来他与这个运动疏远了。为了抗议1919年札连瓦拉园惨案，他拒绝了英国国王授予的骑士头衔，他是第一个拒绝英王授予的荣誉的人。
他反对英国在印度建立起来的教育制度，反对这种“人为”的、完全服从的、死背书、不与大自然接触的学校。为此他在他的故乡建立了一个按他的设想设计的学校，这是维斯瓦－巴拉蒂大学的前身。
在他的诗歌中，泰戈尔也表达出了他对战争的绝望和悲痛，但他的和平希望没有任何政治因素，他希望所有的人可以生活在一个完美的和平的世界中。
泰戈尔做过多次旅行，这使他了解到许多不同的文化以及它们之间的区别。他对东方和西方文化的描写至今为止是这类描述中最细腻的之一。
泰戈尔生平
拉宾德拉纳特·泰戈尔印度著名诗人、作家、艺术家、小说家、思想家和社会活动家。生于加尔各答市的一个富有哲学和文学艺术修养家庭，8岁就写诗，并展露出非凡的天才，13岁即能创作长诗和颂歌体诗集。1878年赴英国留学，1880年回国专门从事文学活动。1884至1911年担任梵社秘书，20年代创办国际大学。1941年写作控诉英国殖民统治和相信祖国必将获得独立解放的著名遗言《文明的危机》。泰戈尔是具有巨大世界影响的作家。他共写了50多部诗集，被称为"诗圣"。写了12部中长篇小说，100多篇短篇小说，20多部剧本及大量文学、哲学、政治论著，并创作了1500多幅画，诸写了难以统计的众多歌曲。文、史、哲、艺、 政、经范畴几乎无所不包，无所不精。他的作品反映了印度人民在帝国主义和封建种姓制度压迫下要求改变自己命运的强烈愿望，描写了他们不屈不挠的反抗斗争，充满了鲜明的爱国主义和民主主义精神，同时又富有民族风格和民族特色， 具有很高艺术价值，深受人民群众喜爱。其重要诗作有诗集《故事诗集》（1900）、《吉檀迦利》（1910）、《新月集》 （1913）、《飞鸟集》（1916）、《边缘集》（1938）、《生辰集》（1941）；重要小说有短篇《还债》（1891）、 《弃绝》（1893）、《素芭》（1893）、《人是活着，还是死了？》（1892）、《摩诃摩耶》（1892）、《太阳与乌云》 （1894），中篇《四个人》（1916），长篇《沉船》（1906）、《戈拉》（1910）、《家庭与世界》（1916）、《两姐妹》（1932）；重要剧作有《顽固堡垒》（1911）、《摩克多塔拉》（1925）、《人红夹竹桃》（1926）；重要散文有 《死亡的贸易》（1881）、《中国的谈话》（1924）、《俄罗斯书简》（1931）等。他的作品早在1915年时介绍到中国，现已出版了10卷本的中文《泰戈尔作品》。
1861年5月7日，罗宾德拉纳特·泰戈尔出生于印度加尔各答一个富有的贵族家庭。他的父亲戴宾德纳特·泰戈尔是闻名的哲学家和社会活动家。哥哥、姐姐也都是社会名流。泰戈尔在这样一个文坛世家环境的薰陶下，8岁开始写诗，12岁开始写剧本，15岁发表了第一首长诗《野花》，17岁发表了叙事诗《诗人的故事》。才华横溢的泰戈尔从小就走上了文学创作的道路。1886年，他发表《新月集》，成为印度大中小学必选的文学教材。这期间，他还撰写了许多抨击美国殖民统治政论文章。
1901年，泰戈尔在圣地尼克坦创办了一所从事儿童教育实验的学校。这所学校在1912年发展成为亚洲文化交流的国际大学。
1905年，泰戈尔投身于民族独立运动，创作了《洪水》等爱国歌曲。《人民的意志》被定为今日印度的国歌。1910年，泰戈尔发表长篇小说《戈拉》。1916年，发表长篇小说《家庭和世界》，热情歌颂争取民族独立的爱国主义精神。1912年，泰戈尔以抒情诗集《吉檀迦利》获诺贝尔文学奖金。1913年发表为人们所熟知的《飞鸟集》和《园丁集》。1924年曾来过中国，泰戈尔回国后，撰写了许多文章，表达了对中国人民的友好情谊。
泰戈尔的一生是在印度处于英国殖民统治的年代中度过的。祖国的沦亡、民族的屈辱、殖民地人民的悲惨生活，都深深地烙印在泰戈尔的心灵深处，爱国主义的思想一开始就在他的作品中强烈地表现出来。他虽然出身于富贵家庭、生活在矛盾错综复杂的社会里，但他的爱憎是分明的，创作思想是明确的，始终跟上了时代的步伐。他曾在民族独立运动高潮时，写信给英国总督表示抗议殖民统治，并高唱自己写的爱国诗歌领导示威游行。他还曾坚决抛弃英国政府所授予的爵位和特权。印度人民尊崇他、热爱他，称他为诗圣、印度的良心和印度的灵魂。
泰戈尔不是个狭隘的爱国主义者。他对于处在帝国主义侵略和压迫下的各国人民一贯寄予深切的同情，并给予有力的支持。20世纪20年代，泰戈尔曾多次出国访问，并与世界各国文化名人一起组织反战的和平团体。30年代，当德、意、日法西斯发动侵略战争的时候，泰戈尔拍案而起，向全世界大声疾呼：“在我离去之前，我向每一个家庭呼吁——准备战斗吧，反抗那披着人皮的野兽。”这位举世闻名、多才多艺的作家，在漫长的六十多年创作生涯里，共写了五十多部诗集，12部中长篇小说，一百余篇短篇小说，二百多个剧本和许多有关文学、哲学、政治的论文以及回忆录、游记、书简等。其中1921年问世的著名诗集《吉檀迦利》，使泰戈尔获得了诺贝尔文学奖。《故事诗》和《两亩地》是印度人民喜闻乐见、广为传诵的不朽诗篇。脍炙人口的《喀布尔人》、《素芭》和《摩诃摩耶》均为世界短篇小说的杰作。《赎罪》、《顽固堡垒》、《红夹竹桃》等都是针对当时印度社会现实予以无情揭露和鞭笞的著名戏剧剧本。
泰戈尔不仅是一位造诣很深的作家、诗人，还是一位颇有成就的作曲家和画家。他一生共创作了二千余首激动人心、优美动听的歌曲。其中，他在印度民族解放运动高涨时期创作的不少热情洋溢的爱国歌曲，成了鼓舞印度人民同殖民主义统治进行斗争的有力武器。《人民的意志》这首歌，于1950年被定为印度国歌。泰戈尔70高龄时学习作画，绘制的1500帧画，曾作为艺术珍品在世界许多有名的地方展出。
1941年，泰戈尔与世长逝，享年81岁。
泰戈尔（1861～1941）
Tagore，Rabindranath
印度诗人，作家，艺术家，社会活动家。是向西方介绍印度文化和把西方文化介绍到印度的很有影响的人物。 生平 1861年5月7日生于西孟加拉邦加尔各答市，1941年8月7日卒于同地。家庭属于商人兼地主，婆罗门种姓。祖父德瓦尔格纳特·泰戈尔和父亲戴本德拉纳特·泰戈尔都是社会活动家，支持社会改革。泰戈尔进过东方学院、师范学校和孟加拉学院，但没有完成正规学习。他的知识得自父兄和家庭教师的耳提面命以及自己的努力者为多。他从13岁开始诗歌创作 ，14岁发表爱国诗篇《献给印度教徒庙会》。1878年，他遵父兄意愿赴英国留学，最初学习法律，后转入伦敦大学学习英国文学，研究西方音乐。1880年回国，专事文学创作。1884年，离开城市到乡村去管理祖传田产。1901年，在孟加拉博尔普尔附近的圣地尼克坦创办学校，这所学校于1921年发展成为交流亚洲文化的国际大学。1905年后民族解放运动进入高潮，孟加拉和全印度人民都反对孟加拉分割的决定，形成轰轰烈烈反帝爱国运动。泰戈尔去加尔各答投身运动，义愤填膺，写出大量爱国诗篇。但不久同运动其他领袖发生意见分歧，他不赞成群众焚烧英国货物、辱骂英国人的“直接行动”，而主张多做“建设性”工作，如到农村去发展工业、消灭贫困愚昧等。他于1907年退出运动回圣地尼克坦，过隐居生活，埋头创作。1913年，他因英文版《吉檀迦利》（Gitanjaei，即《牲之颂》，1911年出版）荣获诺贝尔文学奖，从此闻名世界文坛。加尔各答大学授予他博士学位。英国政府封他为爵士。第一次世界大战爆发后，他先后10余次远涉重洋，访问几十个国家和地区，传播和平友谊，从事文化交流。1919年，发生阿姆利则惨案，英国军队开枪打死1000多印度平民，泰戈尔声明放弃爵士称号，以示抗议。1930年，他访问苏联，写有《俄国书简》。他谴责意大利法西斯侵略阿比西尼亚（埃塞俄比亚）。支持西班牙共和国政府反对法西斯头子佛朗哥。第二次世界大战爆发后，他写文章斥责希特勒的不义行径。他始终关心世界政治和人民命运，支持人类的正义事业。
泰戈尔的创作
一. 主要作品
在长达近70年的创作活动中，泰戈尔共写了50多部诗集，12部中长篇小说，100余篇短篇小说，20多部剧本，大量关于文学、哲学、政治方面的论著，还创作了1500余幅画和2000余首歌曲，其中1首为印度国歌。
13岁以后 ，泰戈尔发表了长诗《野花》、《诗人的故事》等，1881～1885年，出版抒情诗集《暮歌》、《晨歌》、《画与歌》，还有戏剧和长篇小说。戏剧和小说多取材于史诗和往世书，诗歌富于浪漫主义色彩。1886年，诗集《刚与柔》出版，标志着他在创作道路上进入面向人生与现实生活的时期。诗集《心中的向往》是他第一部成熟的作品，他的独特风格开始形成。这一时期还写了剧本《国王与王后》和《牺牲》，反对恢复婆罗门祭司的特权和落后习俗。19世纪90年代是泰戈尔创作的旺盛时期。从1891年起，在他主编的《萨塔纳》杂志上，发表《摩诃摩耶》等60多篇短篇小说，主要是反对封建压迫，揭露现实生活中不合理现象。他发表了《金帆船》、《缤纷集》、《收获集》、《梦幻集》、《刹那集》5 部抒情诗集，1部哲理短诗《微思集》和1部《故事诗集》。收入《缤纷集》的叙事诗《两亩地》是作者民主主义思想的最高表现。从《刹那集》起，他开始用孟加拉口语写诗。他的第二部英译诗集《园丁集》里的诗大多选自这一时期作品。
20世纪初泰戈尔遭遇到个人生活的不幸，丧偶、丧女、丧父的悲痛与伤感在诗集《回忆》、《儿童》和《渡船》中有真实记录。他另有两部长篇小说《小沙子》和《沉船》。1910年，长篇小说《戈拉》发表，它反映了印度社会生活中的复杂现象，塑造了争取民族自由解放的战士形象；歌颂了新印度教徒爱国主义热情和对祖国必获自由的信心，同时也批判他们维护旧传统的思想；对梵社某些人的教条主义、崇洋媚外也予以鞭挞 。这期间还写了象征剧《国王》和《邮局》及讽刺剧《顽固堡垒》。1910年，孟加拉文诗集《吉檀迦利》出版 ，后泰戈尔旅居伦敦时把《吉檀迦利》、《渡船》和《奉献集》里的部分诗作译成英文，1913年《吉檀迦利》英译本出版，泰戈尔成为亚洲第一个获诺贝尔文学奖的作家。他进入另一创作高潮，发表诗歌《歌之花环》、《颂歌》、《白鹤》、《逃避》，中长篇小说《四个人》与《家庭与世界》。20世纪20 年代泰戈尔仍坚持写作，发表剧本《摩克多塔拉》、《红夹竹桃》，长篇小说《纠纷》、《最后的诗篇》及一些诗作。30年代他又陆续出版长篇小说《两姐妹》、《花圃》、《四章》；戏剧《时代的车轮》、《纸牌王国》 ；诗集《再一次》、《边缘集》和政治抒情诗《礼佛》等。1941年4月 ，他写下最后遗言、有名的《文明的危机》，对英国殖民统治进行控诉，表达了对民族独立的坚定信念。
2.思想发展与艺术成就
泰戈尔生逢急剧变革的时代，受到印度传统哲学思想和西方哲学思想的影响。但他世界观最基本最核心部分还是印度传统的泛神论思想 ，即“梵我合一”。在《缤纷集》中，他第一次提出“生命之神”观念。他对神的虔诚是和对生活、国家与人民的爱融合在一起的。但这使他的诗歌也蒙上了浓厚的神秘主义色彩。另外，他提倡东方的精神文明，但又不抹煞西方的物质文明。这些都使他的思想中充满了矛盾而表现在创作上。综观泰戈尔一生思想和创作发展 ，可大体分3个阶段：①幼年直至1910年前后，他积极参加反英政治活动，歌颂民族英雄，宣扬爱国主义，提倡印度民族大团结。②隐居生活直至1919年再次积极参加民族运动，爱国主义激情稍有消退，政治内容强的诗歌被带有神秘意味的诗歌所取代，也受了西方象征主义、唯美主义诗歌的影响，宣扬的是爱与和谐。③从1919年阿姆利则惨案开始直至逝世，他又开始关心政治，积极投入民族解放斗争，作品的内容又充满了政治激情，视野也开阔了，对世界和人类都十分关心 。可以说 ，泰戈尔一生的创作既有“菩萨慈眉”，也有“金刚怒目”。他的诗歌受印度古典文学、西方诗歌和孟加拉民间抒情诗歌的影响，多为不押韵、不雕琢的自由诗和散文诗；他的小说受西方小说的影响，又有创新，特别是把诗情画意融入其中，形成独特风格。
罗宾德拉纳特•泰戈尔（Rabindranath Tagore，1861-1941）印度孟加拉语诗人、作家、艺术家、社会活动家。生于加尔各答市一个具有深厚文化教养的家庭，父亲是著名的宗教改革家和社会活动家，六个哥哥也均献身于社会改革和文艺复兴运动。泰戈尔自幼厌恶正规学校的教育，靠家庭教育和刻苦自学度过少年时代，1878年去英国学法律，后转入伦敦大学攻读英国文学，研究西方音乐。
泰戈尔童年时代即崭露诗才，他的爱国诗篇《给印度教徒庙会》（1875）发表时，年仅14岁。1880年，19岁的泰戈尔便成为职业作家。1881至1885年，他出版了抒情诗集《暮歌》（1882）、《晨歌》（1883），还有戏剧和小说等作品。这些早期伤品的特点是梦幻多于现实，富于浪漫主义色彩。
90年代是泰戈尔创作的旺盛期，诗集《心中的向往》（1890）是他的第一部成熟作品，著名诗篇《两亩地》（1894）的发表，标志着泰戈尔从宗教神秘主义走向深刻的人道主义。这一时期的诗作还有《金帆船》（1894）、《缤纷集》（1896）第5部抒情诗集和一部《故事诗集》（1900）。此外，他还创作了60多篇短篇小说，其中的《素芭》（1893）、《摩诃摩耶》（1892）、《最后活着，还是死了？》（1892）等被列入世界优秀短篇小说杰作之林。
1901年，泰戈尔为改造社会创办了一所学校，从事儿童教育实验。1912年，这所学校成为亚洲文化交流的国际大学。由于英国在孟加拉推行分裂政策，1905年印度掀起民族解放运动的第一个高潮，泰戈尔积极投身于运动并创作了许多爱国诗篇。这一时期是他创作的最辉煌时期。他出版了8部孟加拉文诗集和8部英文诗集，其中《吉檀迦利》为诗人赢得世界性声誉。这一时期重要的诗集还有《园丁集》（1913）、《新月集》（1915）、《飞鸟集》（1916）等。1910年，泰戈尔又发表了史诗性长篇小说《戈拉》和象征剧《国王》等。
1919年，印度掀起第二次民族解放运动高潮，为寻求民族解放道路，他走遍五大洲，发表了许多著名演讲。这时期突出成就是政治抒情诗，分别收在《非洲集》（1937）、《边沿集》（1938）、《生辰集》（1941）等作品中。
泰戈尔一生共创作了50多部诗集，12部中、长篇小说，100余篇短篇小说，20余种戏剧，还有大量有关文学、哲学、政治的论著和游记、书简等。此外，他还是位造诣颇深的音乐家和画家，曾创作2000余首歌曲和1500余帧画，其中歌曲《人民的意志》已被定为印度国歌。
在60余年的艺术生涯中，他继承了古典和民间文学的优秀传统，吸收了欧洲浪漫主义与现实主义文学的丰富营养，在创作上达到炉火纯青的地步，取得了辉煌成就，成为一代文化巨人。1913年，“由于他那至为敏锐、清新与优美的诗；这诗出之以高超的技巧，并由他自己用英文表达出来，使他那充满诗意的思想业已为西方文学的一部分”，获诺贝尔文学奖。英国政府封他为爵士。
1941年4月，这位旷世奇才，印度近代文学的奠基人写下最后的遗言《文明的危机》。同年8月7日，泰戈尔于加尔各答祖宅去世。
【代表作】
诗集：诗集《暮歌》、《晨歌》、《心中的向往》、《两亩地》、《金帆船》、《缤纷集》、《故事诗集》、《素芭》、《摩诃摩耶》、《最后活着，还是死了？》等等
20世纪初期的印度，是英国的殖民地。政治上遭受压迫，经济上受到剥削，使这个古老国家的人民陷入贫穷、愚昧之中。为了唤醒这个沉睡的巨人，两位伟人应运而生了。一位是民族解放运动的领袖“圣雄”甘地，另外一位就是印度近代史上最伟大的文化巨匠罗宾德拉纳特•泰戈尔（1861-1941）。 泰戈尔多才多艺，才华超人。既是作品浩繁的文学艺术大师、学识渊博的哲人、成就卓著的社会活动家，也是锐意革新的教育家。他一生所有的贡献，不但在印度历史上具有着划时代的意义，而在国际上也产生了巨大影响。 泰戈尔在印度文化的各个方面都产生了广泛而深远的影响。而他最突出的天才的表现，恐怕就是他惊人的创作量了。他12岁开始写诗，在60余年的笔耕生涯中，创作了大量作品，其中有诗歌上千首，歌词1200余首，并为其中大多数歌词谱了曲； 中长篇小说12部，短篇小说200多篇，戏剧38部，还有许多有关哲学、文学、政治的论文及回忆录、书简、游记等；此外还创作了2700余幅画。他给印度和世界留下了一笔异常丰富的文化遗产。
1913年，“由于他那至为敏锐、清新与优美的诗篇；这些诗不但具有高超的技巧，并且由他自己用英文表达出来，便使他那充满诗意的思想成为西方文学的一部分”，泰戈尔被瑞典文学院授予该处度诺贝尔文学奖这一最高荣誉，成为第一个获得这项殊荣的亚洲作家。漫长的55年后，日本的川端康成长又一次夺取这一桂冠。泰戈尔因此而蜚声世界。他的诗歌体裁和题材丰富多彩，清新隽永；小说格调新颖、感染力强；戏剧种类繁多，富于哲理意味；歌曲或哀婉缠绵、或威武雄壮，不拘一格。在人们的印象中，泰戈尔是以伟大的“歌手与哲人”的双重身份出现的。让我们把目光转向西孟加拉的加尔各答，1861年5月7日，罗宾德拉纳特诞生在那里。泰戈尔世家和拉比的童年泰戈尔家庭原姓塔克尔（孟加拉人的尊称，意为“圣”），泰戈尔是它的英文变称。罗宾德拉纳特的祖父德瓦卡纳特“王子”。同时他也是一位思想家和文化名流，当时许多进步人士的改革运动都得到他有力的支持。 这位“王子”的继承人德本德拉纳特不同于父亲的热衷社交，他性格内省慎思，潜心于哲学和宗教著作的研究。他兼具三种不同的气质：对宗教的笃信，对艺术的敏感，对实际工作的精明善断。对名气更大的儿子，他的影响无疑是深远的。 他的温文尔雅、尊贵大方， 博得了“玛哈希”（意为“大圣人”）的美称。 德本德拉纳特有个庞大的家庭。他拥有15个子女。女儿婚后，女婿也长住于他家的。此外，还有一些亲戚和众多仆从。子女匀是在充分的自由和严格的家教、对宗教的虔敬与对美妙生活的享受紧密结合的环境中成长起来的。这个家庭继承了父亲所热爱的印度文化传统，又深受西方文化影响，常举行哲学和宗教讨论会、诗歌朗诵会，经常演戏， 还有不时安排的音乐会。 著名诗人、演员、音乐家和学者常常成为座上客。“玛哈希”让子女们自由发展各自的特长，充分发表各自的见解而不加限制，态度极开明。罗宾德拉特就降生在这样一个环境中，在他的性格形成时期，从这个环境中饱吸了智慧和美的养份，“印度文艺复兴的急流潮涌从他的四周澎湃而过”。 由于是父母最小的儿子，被大家昵称为“拉比”的罗宾德拉纳特成为每个家庭成员钟爱的对象。但他并不受互溺爱，恰恰相反，这个家庭的生活方式十分简朴。鞋子和袜子要在儿女们长到10岁时才按宗教法规批准穿用。拉比在中尔答进过4所学校， 但他都不喜欢。他厌恶那种无视个性的教育制度，厌恶远离自然的、牢笼般的教室，对教师的敌意态度和野蛮体罚更不能容忍。他喜欢的是校外的花园、池塘、春天和白云。后来他还进过东方学院、师范学院和在孟加拉学院读书，但都没有完成学业。他后来致力于教育革新，与此不无关系。 相形之下，他的家庭给他的熏陶是极明显的。拉比丰富的历史、文学和科学知识都源自于父兄。泰戈尔家族对印度民族解放运动和复兴孟加冬天文艺具有很大贡献。长史德威金德拉纳特才华出众，是诗人和哲学家，曾向印度介绍西方哲学。另一位史长萨迪延德拉纳特是进入英属印度行政机构的第一个印度人，懂多种语言，翻译出版了许多梵文和孟加拉文古典著作。姐姐斯瓦纳库玛丽是第一位用孟加拉文写小说的女作家。五哥乔蒂林德拉纳特成为一位音乐家、戏剧家、诗人和新闻记者。他长拉比13岁，对拉比的才干十分赏识并予以鼓励，还通过创办文学杂志《婆罗蒂月刊》直接引导拉比走上文坛。 另外，乔蒂林德拉纳特的妻子卡丹巴丽•黛薇，是一位丰姿绰约、优雅宽厚的女性。她在拉比身上倾注了深深的爱，给他布置出一个精美优雅的环境。她几乎成了拉比理想中的人物，两人之间有一种罗曼蒂克的眷恋。拉比就在这样的家庭氛围里度过一生中最愉快安适的日子。
印度著名诗人、作家、艺术家和社会活动家，生于加尔各答市的一个富有哲学和文学艺术修养家庭，13岁即能创作长诗和颂歌体诗集。曾赴英国学习文学和音乐，十余次周游列国，与罗曼•罗兰、爱因斯坦等大批世界名人多有交往，毕生致力于东西文明的交流和协调。泰戈尔以诗人著称，创作了《吉檀迦利》等50多部诗集，被称为“诗圣”。他又是著名的小说家、剧作家、作曲家和画家，先后完成12部中长篇小说，100多篇短篇小说，20多部剧本，1500多幅画和2000多首歌曲。天才的泰戈尔还是一位哲学家、教育家和社会活动家。1913年，泰戈尔以诗歌集《吉檀迦利》荣获诺贝尔文学奖。
泰戈尔是印度近代和现代最伟大的作家,诗人,小说家,戏剧家,美术家,音乐家.1913年以英文散文诗集《吉檀迦利》获诺贝尔文学奖。我常常想，泰戈尔就像那天际的明星。“在那里，心是无畏的，头也抬的高昂；在那里，智识是自由的；……在那里，话是从真理的深处说出；……在那里，心灵是受你的指引，走向那不断放宽的思想与行为”（吉檀迦利）这就是泰戈尔，像那启明星带引我们走向黎明。
泰戈尔的家世
附:【家族】
泰戈尔
祖父：德瓦尔伽纳塔，生于一七九四年。机灵、勇敢、潇洒、富有天才，一个商业“王子”，奢侈豪华。
父亲：代温德拉纳特，在社会上被称为“大仙”，由于简朴纯洁。生于一八一七年，哲学家，社会改革
者。
母亲：夏勒达黛维，具有忍耐等优秀品质和擅长操持家务的人，使别人成为伟大人物而自己只留下半丝印记。
大哥：德维琼德拉纳特，大学者、诗人、音乐家、哲学家和数学家，长诗《梦游》能与斯宾塞的《仙后》妣美，被称为孟加拉的不朽著作。创造了孟加拉速记体，最早把钢琴引入孟加拉音乐。他诗歌创作里的独特而勇敢的实验，在罗宾德拉纳特泰戈尔心灵发展上烙下了深刻的印痕。
二哥：萨特因德拉纳特，梵文学家，最早把马拉提虔诚诗介绍给孟加拉读者，在罗宾德拉纳特发展上所烙下的影响是深刻、细致和永的。他的妻子是第一个打破印度妇女传统生活方式的人，女儿英迪拉•戴维是罗宾德拉纳特•泰戈尔音乐创作的权威评论家。
三哥：海明德拉纳特，早逝，是教育罗宾德拉纳特用祖国语言的人。
四哥：巴楞德拉纳特，早逝，孟加拉文坛上赢得了不可磨灭地位的作家。
五哥：乔迪楞德拉纳特，那个时代最有天才的人，一位富有激情的音乐家、诗人、剧作家和艺术家，在罗宾德拉纳特的理智和诗才上，留下了影响。
大姐：苏达米妮，罗宾德拉纳特的抚养人。
五姐：斯瓦尔纳库马莉，富有才干的音乐家和女作家，孟加拉第一位女长篇小说家。
其他姐姐：希楞默依•黛维作为社会服务者而闻名于世。
萨勒拉•黛维女作家、音乐家、民族独立运动的积极参加者。
泰戈尔名句
泰戈尔一生的创作诗歌受印度古典文学、西方诗歌和孟加拉民间抒情诗歌的影响，多为不押韵、不雕琢的自由诗和散文诗；他的小说受西方小说的影响，又有创新，特别是把诗情画意融入其中，形成独特风格。
名句：
有一次，我们梦见大家都是不相识的。我们醒了，却知道我们原是相亲相爱的。
Once we dreamt that we were strangers. We wake up to find that we were dear to each other.
我的心是旷野的鸟，在你的眼睛里找到了天空。
My heart, the bird of the wilderness, has found its sky in your eyes.
是大地的泪点，使她的微笑保持着青春不谢。
It is the tears of the earth that keep her smiles in bloom.
如果你因失去了太阳而流泪，那么你也将失去群星了。
If you shed tears when you miss the sun, you also miss the stars.
你看不见你自己，你所看见的只是你的影子。
What you are you do not see, what you see is your shadow.
瀑布歌唱道："我得到自由时便有了歌声了。"
The waterfall sing, "I find my song, when I find my freedom."
你微微地笑着，不同我说什么话。而我觉得，为了这个，我已等待得久了。
You smiled and talked to me of nothing and I felt that for this I had been waiting long.
人不能在他的历史中表现出他自己，他在历史中奋斗着露出头角。
Man does not reveal himself in his history, he struggles up through it.
我们如海鸥之与波涛相遇似地，遇见了，走近了。海鸥飞去，波涛滚滚地流开，我们也分别了。
Like the meeting of the seagulls and the waves we meet and come near.The seagulls fly off, the waves roll away and we depart.
当我们是大为谦卑的时候，便是我们最接近伟大的时候。
We come nearest to the great when we are great in humility.
决不要害怕刹那－－永恒之声这样唱着。
Never be afraid of the moments--thus sings the voice of the everlasting.
"完全"为了对"不全"的爱，把自己装饰得美丽。
The perfect decks itself in beauty for the love of the Imperfect.
错误经不起失败，但是真理却不怕失败。
Wrong cannot afford defeat but Right can.
这寡独的黄昏，幕着雾与雨，我在我的心的孤寂里，感觉到它的叹息。
In my solitude of heart I feel the sigh of this widowed evening veiled with mist and rain.
我们把世界看错了，反说它欺骗我们。
We read the world wrong and say that it deceives us.
人对他自己建筑起堤防来。
Man barricades against himself.
使生如夏花之绚烂，死如秋叶之静美。
Let life be beautiful like summer flowers and death like autumn leaves.
我想起了浮泛在生与爱与死的川流上的许多别的时代，以及这些时代之被遗忘，我便感觉到离开尘世的自由了。
I think of other ages that floated upon the stream of life and love and death and are forgotten, and I feel thefreedom of passing away.
只管走过去，不必逗留着采了花朵来保存，因为一路上花朵自会继续开放的。
Do not linger to gather flowers to keep them, but walk on,for flowers will keep themselves blooming all your way.
思想掠过我的心上，如一群野鸭飞过天空。我听见它们鼓翼之声了。
Thoughts pass in my mind like flocks of lucks in the sky.I hear the voice of their wings.
"谁如命运似的催着我向前走呢？""那是我自己，在身背后大跨步走着。"
Who drives me forward like fate？The Myself striding on my back.
我们的欲望把彩虹的颜色借给那只不过是云雾的人生。
Our desire lends the colours of the rainbow to the mere mists and vapours of life.
Stray birds of summer come to my window to sing and fly away. And yellow leaves of autumn, which have no songs, flutter and fall there with a sigh.
夏天的飞鸟，飞到我窗前唱歌，又飞去了。 秋天的黄叶，他们没有什麼可唱的，只是叹息一声，飞落在那里。
It is the tears of the earth that keep her smiles in bloom.
使大地保持著青春不谢的，是大地的热泪。
The mighty desert is burning for the love of a blade of grass who shakes her head and laughs and flies away.
伟大的沙漠为了绿叶的爱而燃烧，而她摇摇头、笑著、飞走了。
The sands in you way beg for your song and your movement,dancing water.Will you carry the burden of their lameness?
跳著舞的流水啊！当你途中的泥沙为你的歌声和流动哀求时， 你可愿意担起他们跛足的重担？
Sorrow is hushed into peace in my heart like the evening among the silent trees.
忧愁在我心中沈寂平静，正如黄昏在寂静的林中。
I cannot choose the best. The best chooses me.
我不能选择那最好的，是那最好的选择了我。
They throw their shadows before them who carry their lantern on their back.
把灯笼背在背上的人，有黑影遮住前路。
Rest belongs to the work as the eyelids to the eyes.
休息隶属于工作，正如眼睑隶属于眼睛。
The waterfall sings, '' I find my song, when I find my freedom.''
瀑布歌道：「当我得到自由时，便有了歌声。」
the stars are not afraid to appear like fireflies.
群星不会因为像萤火虫而怯於出现。
We come nearest to the great when we are great in humility.
当我们极谦卑时，则几近於伟大。
The sparrow is sorry for the peacock at the burden of its tail.
麻雀因孔雀驮著翎尾而替它担忧。
The Perfect decks itself in beauty for the love of the Imperfect.
「完全」为了爱「不完全」，把自己装饰得更美。
“I give my whole water in joy,“ sings the waterfall, '' though little of it is enough for the thirsty.''
瀑布歌唱著：「虽然渴者只需少许水便足够，我却乐意给与我的全部」
The woodcutter's axe begged for its handle from tree, the tree gave it.
樵夫的斧头向树要柄，树便给了它。
We read the world wrong and say that it deceives us.
我们看错了世界，却说世界欺骗了我们。
He who wants to do good knocks at the gate; he who loves finds the gate open.
想要行善的人在门外敲著门；爱人的，看见门是敞开的。
The scabbard is content to be dull when it protects the keenness of the word.
剑鞘保护剑的锋利，自己却满足於它自己的迟钝。
The cloud stood humbly in a corner of the sky, The morning crowned it with splendour.
白云谦卑地站在天边，晨光给它披上壮丽的光彩。
The dust receives insult and in return offers her flowers.
尘土承受屈辱，却以鲜花来回报。
God is ashamed when the prosperous boasts of his special favour.
当富贵利达的人夸说他得到上帝的恩惠时，上帝却羞了。
Not hammer-strokes, but dance of the water sings the pebbles into perfection.
不是锤的敲打，乃是水的载歌载舞，使鹅卵石臻於完美。
God's great power is in the gentle breeze, not in the storm.
上帝的大能在柔和的微风中，不在狂风暴雨中。
By plucking her petals you do not gather the beauty of the flower.
采撷花瓣得不著花的美丽。
The great walks with the small without fear. The middling keeps aloof.
大的不怕与小的同游，居中的却远避之。
'' The learned say that your lights will one day be no more.'' said the firefly to the stars.The stars made no answer.
萤火虫对群星说：「学者说你的光有一天会熄灭。」群星不回答它。
The pet dog suspects the universe for scheming to take its place.
小狗怀疑大宇宙阴谋篡夺它的位置。
God loves man's lamp-lights better than his own great stars.
上帝喜爱人间的灯光甚於他自己的大星。
Praise shames me, for I secretly beg for it.
荣誉羞著我，因为我暗地里追求著它。
Life has become richer by the love that has been lost.
生命因为失去爱情而更丰盛。
Dark clouds becomes heaven's flowers when kissed by light.
黑云受到光的接吻时，就变成了天上的花朵。
The little flower lies in the dust. It sought the path of the butterfly.
小花睡在尘土里，它寻求蝴蝶走的路。
Let this be my last word, that I trust in thy love.
我相信你的爱」让这句话作为我最后的话。
I love you not because of who you are, but because of who I am when I am with you.
我爱你，不是因为你是一个怎样的人，而是因为我喜欢与你在一起时的感觉。
No man or woman is worth your tears, and the one who is, won‘t make you cry.
没有人值得你流泪，值得让你这么做的人不会让你哭泣。
The worst way to miss someone is to be sitting right beside them knowing you can‘t have them.
失去某人，最糟糕的莫过于，他近在身旁，却犹如远在天边。
Never frown, even when you are sad, because you never know who is falling in love with your smile.
纵然伤心，也不要愁眉不展，因为你不知是谁会爱上你的笑容。
To the world you may be one person, but to one person you may be the world.
对于世界而言，你是一个人；但是对于某个人，你是他的整个世界。
Don‘t waste your time on a man/woman, who isn‘t willing to waste their time on you.
不要为那些不愿在你身上花费时间的人而浪费你的时间。
Just because someone doesn‘t love you the way you want them to, doesn‘t mean they don‘t love you with all they have.
爱你的人如果没有按你所希望的方式来爱你，那并不代表他们没有全心全意地爱你。
Don‘t try so hard, the best things come when you least expect them to.
不要着急，最好的总会在最不经意的时候出现。
Maybe God wants us to meet a few wrong people before meeting the right one, so that when we finally meet the person, we will know how to be grateful.
在遇到梦中人之前，上天也许会安排我们先遇到别的人；在我们终于遇见心仪的人时，便应当心存感激。
Don‘t cry because it is over, smile because it happened.
不要因为结束而哭泣，微笑吧，为你的曾经拥有。
上帝对人说道：“我医治你，所以要伤害你；我爱你，所以要惩罚你。”
天空中没有翅膀的痕迹，但我已飞过。
当你把所有的错误都关在门外，真理也就被拒绝了。
错误经不起失败，但是真理却不怕失败。
离我们最近的地方，路程却最遥远。我们最谦卑时，才最接近伟大。
爱就是充实了的生命，正如盛满了酒的酒杯。
月儿把她的光明遍照在天上，却留着她的黑斑给她自己。
生命因为付出了爱，而更为富足。
.果实的事业是尊重的，花的事业是甜美的，但是让我做叶的事业罢，叶是谦逊地专心地垂着绿荫的。
埋在地下的树根使树枝产生果实，却并不要求什幺报酬。
谢谢火焰给你光明，但是不要忘了那执灯的人，他是坚忍地站在黑暗当中呢。
在群星之中，有一颗星是指导着我的生命通过不可知的黑暗的。
我们把世界看错了，反说世界欺骗我们。
小草呀，你的足步虽小，但是你拥有你足下的土地。
只管走过去，不必逗留着去采了花朵来保存，因为一路上，花朵自会继续开放的。
啊，美呀，在爱中找你自己吧，不要到你镜子的谄谀中去找呀。
如果你把所有的错误都关在门外，那真理也要被关在门外了
诗歌散文
吉檀迦利 飞鸟集 新月集
随想集 园丁集 采果集
黑牛集 再次集 叶盘集
游思集 最后的星期集 爱者之贻
弃绝 尘埃集 抒情诗
渡口 吉莉芭拉 深夜
小说
时代画卷 文苑瑰宝 女乞丐 河边台阶的诉说
破裂 移交财产 小媳妇
一夜 活着还是死了 胜与败
喀布尔人 素芭 莫哈玛娅
报答 编辑 判决
一个古老的小故事 原来如此 笔记本
非法入内 乌云和太阳 赎罪
法官 姐姐 打掉傲气
过失 拜堂相见 难以避免的灾祸
女邻居 履行诺言 哈尔达尔一家
海蒙蒂 女隐士 一个女人的信
诀别之夜 陌生女人 新郎与新娘
偏见 艺术家 偷来的财宝
最后的奖赏 穆斯林的故事 沉船
相关文章
泰戈尔的文学圣殿 论泰戈尔的散文诗① 泰戈尔的诗
泰戈尔年表
1861年5月7日，出生。
1878年，赴英国留学，
1880年，回国专门从事文学活动。
1901年，在圣地尼克坦创办儿童教育实验学校。
1884～1911年，担任梵社秘书。
1924年，访问中国。
1941年，写作遗言《文明的危机》。
1941年8月7日，逝世。
泰戈尔与中国
泰戈尔与中国 泰戈尔一贯强调印中两国人民团结友好合作的必要性。1881年，他写了《死亡的贸易》一文，谴责英国向中国倾销鸦片、毒害中国人民的罪行。1916年，他在日本发表谈话，抨击日本军国主义侵略中国的行动。1924年，他访问中国，回国发表了《在中国的谈话》。1937年，日本帝国主义发动侵华战争以后，他屡次发表公开信、谈话和诗篇，斥责日本帝国主义，同情和支持中国人民的正义斗争。中国作家郭沫若、郑振铎、冰心、徐志摩等人早期的创作，大多受过他的影响。他的作品早在1915年就已介绍到中国。几十年来出版的他的作品的中译本和评介著作为数很多。1961年为纪念他的百岁诞辰，人民文学出版社出版了10卷本《泰戈尔作品集》。
1915年，陈独秀在《青年杂志》（《新青年》）第2期上发表他译的《赞歌》4首。作品中“信爱、童心、母爱” 的思想，博大仁慈的胸怀，独具魅力的人格，赢得了无数中国读者的敬仰。
泰戈尔是具有巨大世界影响的作家。1924年，泰戈尔应孙中山先生之邀访华，“泰戈尔热”进入高潮。他在徐志摩家乡时，“观者如堵，各校学生数百名齐奏歌乐，群向行礼，颇极一时之盛。”他会见了梁启超、沈钧儒、梅兰芳、梁漱溟、齐白石、溥仪等各界名流。1956年，周恩来总理回忆时说：“泰戈尔是对世界文学作出卓越贡献的天才诗人……”他熏陶了一批中国最有才华的诗人和作家，其中郭沫若、冰心受到的影响最深。郭沫若是中国新诗第一人，称自己文学生涯的“第一阶段是泰戈尔式的”。冰心是中国新文学女性作家第一人，她早期的创作受到了泰戈尔的明显影响，特别是诗集《繁星》和《春水》。她说：“我自己写《繁星》和《春水》的时候，并不是在写诗，只是受了泰戈尔的《飞鸟集》的影响，把许多‘零碎的思想’，收集在一个集子里而已。”郭沫若、冰心等人又以他们的作品，影响了一代又一代中国读者。
泰戈尔是中国读者心目中最具地位的外国作家之一，能与其匹敌的大概只有莎士比亚一人。现已出版了10卷本的中文《泰戈尔作品集》。
泰戈尔的北京之旅 (张宝申)
泰戈尔(1861－1941)是印度伟大的诗人、作家和哲学家，他一生创作了五十多部诗集，十二部中、长篇小说，一百多篇短篇小说，二十多部剧作，还画了一千五百多幅画，作了几百首歌曲，撰写了大量的论文。1913年，他的诗集《吉檀迦利》荣获了诺贝尔文学奖，是第一位获得诺贝尔文学奖的亚洲人。泰戈尔的诗集《新月集》、《园丁集》、《飞鸟集》、《流萤集》等被大量介绍到中国，曾影响了我国几代读者。1924年4月12日至5月30日，泰戈尔应梁启超、蔡元培以北京讲学社的名义邀请，怀着对中国人民的深厚感情来华访问，时间长达50多天。在泰戈尔来华之前，当时在广州任非常大总统的孙中山先生，也向他发出热情洋溢的邀请信:“……先生来华，如得亲自相迎，当引为大幸……专此泰邀，希即能前来广州为幸”。一踏上中国的领土，这位诗人就情不自禁地说:“朋友们，我不知道什么缘故，到中国便像回到故乡一样，我始终感觉，印度是中国极其亲近的亲属，中国和印度是极老而又极亲爱的兄弟。”
1924年4月23日，泰戈尔乘火车抵达北京前门车站。梁启超、蔡元培、胡适、梁漱溟、辜鸿铭等前往车站迎接。在他时间长达一个月的北京之旅中，他到古老的法源寺去赏丁香，参加诗会；浏览了故宫，会见了末代皇帝溥仪；在北大、清华、北师大等高等学府发表了《中国与世界文明》、《文明与进步》、《真理》等多篇演说；会见各界知名人士……5月8日，适逢泰戈尔63岁寿辰，北京文化界人士赶排了他的名作话剧《齐德拉》，当天在东单协和礼堂里演出，以此为他祝寿。胡适主持大会。梁启超代表京城各界人士致以热烈的贺辞。祝寿会的压轴戏，是观看用英语演出的《齐德拉》。剧中，林徽因饰主角公主齐德拉、徐志摩饰爱神玛达那、林长民饰春神伐森塔。梁思成担任舞台布景设计。礼堂里高朋满座，盛况空前。泰戈尔和梅兰芳坐在一起，他兴奋地说:“在中国能看到自己写的戏，我太高兴了。可是，我更希望能观赏到你演出的戏。”梅兰芳当即答应请他看自己刚排的新戏《洛神》。
5月12日，泰戈尔在朋友们的陪同下，兴致勃勃地来到昌平小汤山温泉。汤泉沐浴，山野春色，给诗人留下了美好的印象。他说:“这里温暖的泉水涤净了我身上的尘垢。在晨光的熹微中，看到艳丽的朝霞，蔚蓝的天，默默地望着地上的绿草，晓风轻轻摇撼着醒过来的溪边古柳，景色是使人留恋的。”
5月19日，在刚刚落成开幕的珠市口开明戏院，梅兰芳专门演出了新排的神话京剧《洛神》招待泰戈尔。泰戈尔来剧场看演出，特意穿上了他创办的印度国际大学的红色大礼服。梅兰芳记得很清楚:“那天，我从台上看过去，只见诗人端坐在包厢里正中，戴绛色帽，着红色长袍，银须白发，望之如神仙中人。”5月20日，泰戈尔将赴太原。当日中午，梁启超、李石曾、梅兰芳、齐如山和冯玉祥将军的代表李鸣钟等，在丰泽园饭庄为他饯行。泰戈尔兴致勃勃地谈了他此次北京之旅的许多感受。他经过认真的思考，对梅兰芳的《洛神》提出了很多建设性的意见。他认为，在表演和布景上，应再浪漫一些，舞台色彩更丰富一些，突出神话剧的诗意……梅兰芳虚心接受了他的建议，在布景和表演方面做了改动，取得了可喜的舞台效果。当场，泰戈尔用孟加拉文写了一首小诗题在纨扇上送给梅兰芳:“亲爱的，你用我不懂的语言的面纱，遮盖着你的容颜；正像那遥望如同一脉缥缈的云霞，被水雾笼罩着的峰峦。”
37年后的1961年，梅兰芳写了《追忆印度诗人泰戈尔》的一首诗，发表在5月13日的《光明日报》上，怀念这位印度友人。在序言中，梅兰芳写道:“1924年春，泰戈尔先生来游中国，论交于北京，谈艺甚欢。余为之演《洛神》一剧，泰翁观后，赋诗相赠，复以中国笔墨书之纨扇。日月不居，忽忽三十余载矣。兹值诗人诞辰百年纪念，回忆泰翁热爱中华，往往情见于词，文采长存，诗以记之。”这一象征中印友谊的诗扇，现保存在梅兰芳故居纪念馆里。
泰戈尔的访华，在中印文化交流史上，留下了光辉的一页。文学家郑振铎在当时发表的《欢迎泰戈尔》一文中写道:“我们所欢迎的乃是给爱与光与安慰与幸福于我们的人，乃是我们亲爱的兄弟，我们的知识上与灵魂上的同路的旅伴。他的伟大是无所不在的！”作家谢冰心也怀着崇敬之情写道:“泰戈尔是我青年时代最爱慕的外国诗人，他是一个爱国者、哲人和诗人。他的诗中喷溢着他对于祖国的热恋，对于妇女的同情和对于儿童的喜爱。有了强烈的爱就会有强烈的憎，当他们爱的一切受到侵犯的时候，他就会发出强烈的怒吼！他的爱和恨和海波一样，荡漾开去，遍及全人类！”对于中国人民的热情，泰戈尔用亲切而真挚的语言说:“我受到你们的热烈的欢迎，大家所以欢迎我，大概因为我代表印度人。有朋友送一颗图章，上刻泰戈尔三个字，我对此事很感动……我这颗图章上刻着中国名字，头一个便是泰山的泰字，我觉得此后仿佛就有权利可以到中国人的心里去了解他的生命，因为我的生命非与中国人的生命联在一起不可了……”
泰戈尔在访问中国时，曾经高瞻远瞩地说:“我相信，你们有一个伟大的将来。我相信，当你们国家站起来，把自己的精神表达出来的时候，亚洲也将有一个伟大的将来。”
1956年，在泰戈尔访华32年之后，周恩来总理访问印度。在泰戈尔亲手创办的加尔各答国际大学接受名誉博士学位时，他非常动情地说:“来到这个学术中心，不能不令人想起这个大学的创办人，印度的伟大爱国诗人泰戈尔。泰戈尔不仅是对世界文化做出了卓越贡献的天才诗人，还是憎恨黑暗，争取光明的伟大印度人民的杰出代表。中国人民对泰戈尔抱着深厚的感情。中国人民永远不能忘记泰戈尔对他们的热爱。中国人民也不能忘记泰戈尔对他们的艰苦的民族独立斗争所给予的支持。至今，中国人民还以怀念的心情回忆着1924年泰戈尔对中国的访问。”
泰戈尔
许多批评家说，诗人是“人类的儿童”。因为他们都是天真的，善良。在现代的许多诗人中，泰戈尔（RabindranathTagore) 更是一个“孩子的天使”。他的诗正如这个天真
烂漫的天使的脸；看着他，就“能知道一切事物的意义”，就感得和平，感得安慰，并且知道真相爱。著“泰戈尔哲学”S.Radhakrishnan说：泰戈尔著作之流行，之能引起全世
界人们的兴趣，一半在于他思想中高超的理想主义，一半在于他作品中的文学的庄严与美丽。泰戈尔是印度孟加拉(Bengal)地方的人。印度是一个“诗的国”。诗就是印度人是常
生活的一部分，在这个“诗之国”里，产生了这个伟大的诗人泰戈尔自然是没有什么奇怪的。泰戈尔的文学活动，开始的极早。他在十四岁的时候，即开始写剧本了，他的著作，
最初都是用孟加拉文写的；凡是说孟加拉文的地方，没有人不日日歌诵他的诗歌。后来他自己和他的朋友陆续译了许多种成英文，诗集有“园丁集”、“新月集”、“采果集”“飞鸟集”、“吉檀迦利”、“爱者之礼物”、与“岐道”；剧本有：“牺牲及其他”、“邮局”、“暗室之王”、“春之循环”；论文集有：“生之实现”、“人格”、杂著有：我的回忆”、“饿石及其他”、“家庭与世界”等。 在孟加拉文里，据印度人说：他的诗较英文写的尤为美丽的是他是我们圣人中的第一人：不拒绝生命，而能说出生命之本身的，这就是我们所以爱
他的原因了。” 他有着大胡子
Rabindranath Tagore (help·info)α[›] (Bengali: রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর,β[›] IPA: [ɾobin̪d̪ɾonat̪ʰ ʈʰakuɾ] (help·info)) (7 May 1861–7 August 1941),γ[›] also known by the sobriquet Gurudev,δ[›] was a Bengali poet, Brahmo religionist, visual artist, playwright, novelist, and composer whose works reshaped Bengali literature and music in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He became Asia's first Nobel laureate when he won the 1913 Nobel Prize in Literature.
A Pirali Brahmin (a ".. supposed stigma", ".. formed a party for degrading them", ".. orthodox kind relying on hearsay for their facts") from Calcutta, Bengal, Tagore first wrote poems at the age of eight. At the age of sixteen, he published his first substantial poetry under the pseudonym Bhanushingho ("Sun Lion") and wrote his first short stories and dramas in 1877. In later life Tagore protested strongly against the British Raj and gave his support to the Indian Independence Movement. Tagore's life work endures, in the form of his poetry and the institution he founded, Visva-Bharati University.
Tagore wrote novels, short stories, songs, dance-dramas, and essays on political and personal topics. Gitanjali (Song Offerings), Gora (Fair-Faced), and Ghare-Baire (The Home and the World) are among his best-known works. His verse, short stories, and novels, which often exhibited rhythmic lyricism, colloquial language, meditative naturalism, and philosophical contemplation, received worldwide acclaim. Tagore was also a cultural reformer and polymath who modernised Bengali art by rejecting strictures binding it to classical Indian forms. Two songs from his canon are now the national anthems of Bangladesh and India: the Amar Shonar Bangla and the Jana Gana Mana respectively.
Tagore (nicknamed "Rabi") was born the youngest of thirteen surviving children in the Jorasanko mansion in Calcutta (now Kolkata, India) of parents Debendranath Tagore and Sarada Devi.ε[›] The Tagore family were the Brahmo founding fathers of the Adi Dharm faith. After undergoing his upanayan at age eleven, Tagore and his father left Calcutta on 14 February 1873 to tour India for several months, visiting his father's Santiniketan estate and Amritsar before reaching the Himalayan hill station of Dalhousie. There, Tagore read biographies, studied history, astronomy, modern science, and Sanskrit, and examined the classical poetry of Kālidāsa. In 1877, he rose to notability when he composed several works, including a long poem set in the Maithili style pioneered by Vidyapati. As a joke, he maintained that these were the lost works of Bhānusiṃha, a newly discovered 17th-century Vaiṣṇava poet. He also wrote "Bhikharini" (1877; "The Beggar Woman"—the Bengali language's first short story) and Sandhya Sangit (1882) —including the famous poem "Nirjharer Swapnabhanga" ("The Rousing of the Waterfall").
Tagore and his wife Mrinalini Devi in 1883.Seeking to become a barrister, Tagore enrolled at a public school in Brighton, England in 1878. He studied law at University College London, but returned to Bengal in 1880 without a degree. On 9 December 1883 he married Mrinalini Devi (born Bhabatarini, 1873–1900); they had five children, two of whom later died before reaching adulthood. In 1890, Tagore began managing his family's estates in Shilaidaha, a region now in Bangladesh; he was joined by his wife and children in 1898. Known as "Zamindar Babu", Tagore traveled across the vast estate while living out of the family's luxurious barge, the Padma, to collect (mostly token) rents and bless villagers; in return, appreciative villagers held feasts in his honour. These years, which composed Tagore's Sadhana period (1891–1895; named for one of Tagore’s magazines), were among his most fecund. During this period, more than half the stories of the three-volume and eighty-four-story Galpaguchchha were written. With irony and emotional weight, they depicted a wide range of Bengali lifestyles, particularly village life.
Shantiniketan (1901–1932)
Main article: Life of Rabindranath Tagore (1901–1932)
Tagore, photographed in Hampstead, England in 1912 by John Rothenstein.In 1901, Tagore left Shilaidaha and moved to Santiniketan (West Bengal) to found an ashram, which would grow to include a marble-floored prayer hall ("The Mandir"), an experimental school, groves of trees, gardens, and a library. There, Tagore's wife and two of his children died. His father died on 19 January 1905, and he began receiving monthly payments as part of his inheritance. He received additional income from the Maharaja of Tripura, sales of his family's jewellery, his seaside bungalow in Puri, and mediocre royalties (Rs. 2,000) from his works. By now, his work was gaining him a large following among Bengali and foreign readers alike, and he published such works as Naivedya (1901) and Kheya (1906) while translating his poems into free verse. On 14 November 1913, Tagore learned that he had won the 1913 Nobel Prize in Literature. According to the Swedish Academy, it was given due to the idealistic and—for Western readers—accessible nature of a small body of his translated material, including the 1912 Gitanjali: Song Offerings. In 1915, Tagore received the knighthood from the British Crown. But as a mark of rebuke to the rulers, post the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in 1919, he renounced the title.
In 1921, Tagore and agricultural economist Leonard Elmhirst set up the Institute for Rural Reconstruction (which Tagore later renamed Shriniketan—"Abode of Wealth") in Surul, a village near the ashram at Santiniketan. Through it, Tagore sought to provide an alternative to Gandhi's symbol- and protest-based Swaraj movement, which he denounced. He recruited scholars, donors, and officials from many countries to help the Institute use schooling to "free village[s] from the shackles of helplessness and ignorance" by "vitaliz[ing] knowledge". In the early 1930s, he also grew more concerned about India's "abnormal caste consciousness" and untouchability, lecturing on its evils, writing poems and dramas with untouchable protagonists, and appealing to authorities at the Guruvayoor Temple to admit Dalits.
Twilight years (1932–1941)
Main article: Life of Rabindranath Tagore (1932–1941)
Tagore (left) meets with Mahatma Gandhi at Santiniketan in 1940.In his last decade, Tagore remained in the public limelight, publicly upbraiding Gandhi for stating that a massive 15 January 1934 earthquake in Bihar constituted divine retribution for the subjugation of Dalits. He also mourned the incipient socioeconomic decline of Bengal and the endemic poverty of Calcutta; he detailed the latter in an unrhymed hundred-line poem whose technique of searing double-vision would foreshadow Satyajit Ray's film Apur Sansar. Tagore also compiled fifteen volumes of writings, including the prose-poems works Punashcha (1932), Shes Saptak (1935), and Patraput (1936). He continued his experimentations by developing prose-songs and dance-dramas, including Chitrangada (1914), Shyama (1939), and Chandalika (1938), and wrote the novels Dui Bon (1933), Malancha (1934), and Char Adhyay (1934). Tagore took an interest in science in his last years, writing Visva-Parichay (a collection of essays) in 1937. His exploration of biology, physics, and astronomy impacted his poetry, which often contained extensive naturalism that underscored his respect for scientific laws. He also wove the process of science (including narratives of scientists) into many stories contained in such volumes as Se (1937), Tin Sangi (1940), and Galpasalpa (1941).
Tagore's last four years were marked by chronic pain and two long periods of illness. These began when Tagore lost consciousness in late 1937; he remained comatose and near death for an extended period. This was followed three years later in late 1940 by a similar spell, from which he never recovered. The poetry Tagore wrote in these years is among his finest, and is distinctive for its preoccupation with death. After extended suffering, Tagore died on 7 August 1941 (22 Shravan 1348) in an upstairs room of the Jorasanko mansion in which he was raised; his death anniversary is still mourned in public functions held across the Bengali-speaking world.
Travels
Tagore (center, at right) visits Chinese academics at Tsinghua University in 1924.Owing to his notable wanderlust, between 1878 and 1932, Tagore visited more than thirty countries on five continents; many of these trips were crucial in familiarising non-Indian audiences to his works and spreading his political ideas. In 1912, he took a sheaf of his translated works to England, where they impressed missionary and Gandhi protégé Charles F. Andrews, Anglo-Irish poet William Butler Yeats, Ezra Pound, Robert Bridges, Ernest Rhys, Thomas Sturge Moore, and others. Indeed, Yeats wrote the preface to the English translation of Gitanjali, while Andrews joined Tagore at Santiniketan. On 10 November 1912, Tagore toured the United States and the United Kingdom, staying in Butterton, Staffordshire with Andrews’ clergymen friends. From 3 May 1916 until April 1917, Tagore went on lecturing circuits in Japan and the United States, during which he denounced nationalism—particularly that of the Japanese and Americans. He also wrote the essay "Nationalism in India", attracting both derision and praise (the latter from pacifists, including Romain Rolland). Shortly after returning to India, the 63-year-old Tagore visited Peru at the invitation of the Peruvian government, and took the opportunity to visit Mexico as well. Both governments pledged donations of $100,000 to the school at Shantiniketan (Visva-Bharati) in commemoration of his visits. A week after his November 6, 1924 arrival in Buenos Aires, Argentina, an ill Tagore moved into the Villa Miralrío at the behest of Victoria Ocampo. He left for India in January 1925. On 30 May 1926, Tagore reached Naples, Italy; he met fascist dictator Benito Mussolini in Rome the next day. Their initially warm rapport lasted until Tagore spoke out against Mussolini on 20 July 1926.
Tagore (first row, third figure from right) meets members of the Iranian Majlis (Tehran, April-May 1932). Tagore visited Shiraz in the same year, .On 14 July 1927, Tagore and two companions began a four-month tour of Southeast Asia, visiting Bali, Java, Kuala Lumpur, Malacca, Penang, Siam, and Singapore. Tagore's travelogues from the tour were collected into the work "Jatri". In early 1930 he left Bengal for a nearly year-long tour of Europe and the United States. Once he returned to the UK, while his paintings were being exhibited in Paris and London, he stayed at a Friends settlement in Birmingham. There, he wrote his Hibbert Lectures for the University of Oxford (which dealt with the "idea of the humanity of our God, or the divinity of Man the Eternal") and spoke at London's annual Quaker gathering. There (addressing relations between the British and Indians, a topic he would grapple with over the next two years), Tagore spoke of a "dark chasm of aloofness". He later visited Aga Khan III, stayed at Dartington Hall, then toured Denmark, Switzerland, and Germany from June to mid-September 1930, then the Soviet Union. Lastly, in April 1932, Tagore—who was acquainted with the legends and works of the Persian mystic Hafez—was invited as a personal guest of Shah Reza Shah Pahlavi of Iran. Such extensive travels allowed Tagore to interact with many notable contemporaries, including Henri Bergson, Albert Einstein, Robert Frost, Thomas Mann, George Bernard Shaw, H.G. Wells and Romain Rolland. Tagore's last travels abroad, including visits to Persia and Iraq (in 1932) and Ceylon in 1933, only sharpened his opinions regarding human divisions and nationalism.
Works
Main article: Works of Rabindranath Tagore
Tagore's Bengali-language initials are worked into this "Ra-Tha" wooden seal, which bears close stylistic similarity to designs used in traditional Haida carvings. Tagore often embellished his manuscripts with such art. (Dyson 2001)Tagore's literary reputation is disproportionately influenced by regard for his poetry; however, he also wrote novels, essays, short stories, travelogues, dramas, and thousands of songs. Of Tagore's prose, his short stories are perhaps most highly regarded; indeed, he is credited with originating the Bengali-language version of the genre. His works are frequently noted for their rhythmic, optimistic, and lyrical nature. Such stories mostly borrow from deceptively simple subject matter: the lives of ordinary people.
Novels and non-fiction
Tagore wrote eight novels and four novellas, including Chaturanga, Shesher Kobita, Char Odhay, and Noukadubi. Ghare Baire (The Home and the World)—through the lens of the idealistic zamindar protagonist Nikhil—excoriates rising Indian nationalism, terrorism, and religious zeal in the Swadeshi movement; a frank expression of Tagore's conflicted sentiments, it emerged out of a 1914 bout of depression. Indeed, the novel bleakly ends with Hindu-Muslim sectarian violence and Nikhil's being (probably mortally) wounded. In some sense, Gora shares the same theme, raising controversial questions regarding the Indian identity. As with Ghore Baire, matters of self-identity (jāti), personal freedom, and religion are developed in the context of a family story and love triangle. Another powerful story is Jogajog (Relationships), where the heroine Kumudini—bound by the ideals of Shiva-Sati, exemplified by Dākshāyani—is torn between her pity for the sinking fortunes of her progressive and compassionate elder brother and his foil: her exploitative, rakish, and patriarchical husband. In it, Tagore demonstrates his feminist leanings, using pathos to depict the plight and ultimate demise of Bengali women trapped by pregnancy, duty, and family honour; simultaneously, he treats the decline of Bengal's landed oligarchy.
Other novels were more uplifting: Shesher Kobita (translated twice—Last Poem and Farewell Song) is his most lyrical novel, with poems and rhythmic passages written by the main character (a poet). It also contains elements of satire and postmodernism; stock characters gleefully attack the reputation of an old, outmoded, oppressively renowned poet who, incidentally, goes by the name of Rabindranath Tagore. Though his novels remain among the least-appreciated of his works, they have been given renewed attention via film adaptations by such directors as Satyajit Ray; these include Chokher Bali and Ghare Baire; many have soundtracks featuring selections from Tagore's own [[Rabindra sangeet. Tagore wrote many non-fiction books, writing on topics ranging from Indian history to linguistics. Aside from autobiographical works, his travelogues, essays, and lectures were compiled into several volumes, including Iurop Jatrir Patro (Letters from Europe) and Manusher Dhormo (The Religion of Man).
Music and artwork
"Dancing Girl", an undated ink-on-paper piece by Tagore.Tagore was a prolific musician and painter, writing around 2,230 songs. They comprise rabindrasangit (Bengali: রবীন্দ্র সংগীত—"Tagore Song"), now an integral part of Bengali culture. Tagore's music is inseparable from his literature, most of which—poems or parts of novels, stories, or plays alike—became lyrics for his songs. Primarily influenced by the thumri style of Hindustani classical music, they ran the entire gamut of human emotion, ranging from his early dirge-like Brahmo devotional hymns to quasi-erotic compositions. They emulated the tonal color of classical ragas to varying extents. Though at times his songs mimicked a given raga's melody and rhythm faithfully, he also blended elements of different ragas to create innovative works.
For Bengalis, their appeal, stemming from the combination of emotive strength and beauty described as surpassing even Tagore's poetry, was such that the Modern Review observed that "[t]here is in Bengal no cultured home where Rabindranath's songs are not sung or at least attempted to be sung... Even illiterate villagers sing his songs". Music critic Arthur Strangways of The Observer first introduced non-Bengalis to rabindrasangeet with his book The Music of Hindostan, which described it as a "vehicle of a personality... [that] go behind this or that system of music to that beauty of sound which all systems put out their hands to seize." Among them are Bangladesh's national anthem Amar Shonar Bangla (Bengali: আমার সোনার বাঙলা) and India's national anthem Jana Gana Mana (Bengali: জন গণ মন); Tagore thus became the only person ever to have written the national anthems of two nations. In turn, rabindrasangeet influenced the styles of such musicians as sitar maestro Vilayat Khan, and the sarodiyas Buddhadev Dasgupta and Amjad Ali Khan.
Much of Tagore's artwork dabbled in primitivism, including this pastel-coloured rendition of a Malanggan mask from northern New Ireland.At age sixty, Tagore took up drawing and painting; successful exhibitions of his many works—which made a debut appearance in Paris upon encouragement by artists he met in the south of France—were held throughout Europe. Tagore—who likely exhibited protanopia ("color blindness"), or partial lack of (red-green, in Tagore's case) colour discernment—painted in a style characterised by peculiarities in aesthetics and colouring schemes. Nevertheless, Tagore took to emulating numerous styles, including that of craftwork by the Malanggan people of northern New Ireland, Haida carvings from the west coast of Canada (British Columbia), and woodcuts by Max Pechstein. Tagore also had an artist's eye for his own handwriting, embellishing the scribbles, cross-outs, and word layouts in his manuscripts with simple artistic leitmotifs, including simple rhythmic designs.
Theatrical pieces
Tagore's experience in theatre began at age sixteen, when he played the lead role in his brother Jyotirindranath's adaptation of Molière's Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme. At age twenty, he wrote his first drama-opera—Valmiki Pratibha (The Genius of Valmiki)—which describes how the bandit Valmiki reforms his ethos, is blessed by Saraswati, and composes the Rāmāyana. Through it, Tagore vigorously explores a wide range of dramatic styles and emotions, including usage of revamped kirtans and adaptation of traditional English and Irish folk melodies as drinking songs. Another notable play, Dak Ghar (The Post Office), describes how a child—striving to escape his stuffy confines—ultimately "fall[s] asleep" (which suggests his physical death). A story with worldwide appeal (it received rave reviews in Europe), Dak Ghar dealt with death as, in Tagore's words, "spiritual freedom" from "the world of hoarded wealth and certified creeds".
His other works—emphasizing fusion of lyrical flow and emotional rhythm tightly focused on a core idea—were unlike previous Bengali dramas. His works sought to articulate, in Tagore's words, "the play of feeling and not of action". In 1890 he wrote Visarjan (Sacrifice), regarded as his finest drama. The Bengali-language originals included intricate subplots and extended monologues. Later, his dramas probed more philosophical and allegorical themes; these included Dak Ghar. Another is Tagore's Chandalika (Untouchable Girl), which was modeled on an ancient Buddhist legend describing how Ananda—the Gautama Buddha's disciple—asks water of an Adivasi ("untouchable") girl. Lastly, among his most famous dramas is Raktakaravi (Red Oleanders), which tells of a kleptocratic king who enriches himself by forcing his subjects to mine. The heroine, Nandini, eventually rallies the common people to destroy these symbols of subjugation. Tagore's other plays include Chitrangada, Raja, and Mayar Khela. Dance dramas based on Tagore's plays are commonly referred to as rabindra nritya natyas.
Short stories
A drawing by Nandalall Bose illustrating Tagore's short story "The Hero", an English-language translation of which appeared in the 1913 Macmillan publication of Tagore's The Crescent Moon.Tagore’s "Sadhana" period, comprising the four years from 1891 to 1895, was named for one of Tagore’s magazines. This period was among Tagore 's most fecund, yielding more than half the stories contained in the three-volume Galpaguchchha, which itself is a collection of eighty-four stories. Such stories usually showcase Tagore’s reflections upon his surroundings, on modern and fashionable ideas, and on interesting mind puzzles (which Tagore was fond of testing his intellect with). Tagore typically associated his earliest stories (such as those of the "Sadhana" period) with an exuberance of vitality and spontaneity; these characteristics were intimately connected with Tagore’s life in the common villages of, among others, Patisar, Shajadpur, and Shilaida while managing the Tagore family’s vast landholdings. There, he beheld the lives of India’s poor and common people; Tagore thereby took to examining their lives with a penetrative depth and feeling that was singular in Indian literature up to that point.
In "The Fruitseller from Kabul", Tagore speaks in first person as town-dweller and novelist who chances upon the Afghani seller. He attempts to distil the sense of longing felt by those long trapped in the mundane and hardscrabble confines of Indian urban life, giving play to dreams of a different existence in the distant and wild mountains: "There were autumn mornings, the time of year when kings of old went forth to conquest; and I, never stirring from my little corner in Calcutta, would let my mind wander over the whole world. At the very name of another country, my heart would go out to it... I would fall to weaving a network of dreams: the mountains, the glens, the forest.... ". Many of the other Galpaguchchha stories were written in Tagore’s Sabuj Patra period (1914–1917; also named for one of Tagore's magazines).
A 1913 illustration by Asit Kumar Haldar accompanying "The Beginning", a prose-poem appearing in Tagore's The Crescent Moon.Tagore's Golpoguchchho (Bunch of Stories) remains among Bengali literature's most popular fictional works, providing subject matter for many successful films and theatrical plays. Satyajit Ray's film Charulata was based upon Tagore's controversial novella, Nastanirh (The Broken Nest). In Atithi (also made into a film), the young Brahmin boy Tarapada shares a boat ride with a village zamindar. The boy reveals that he has run away from home, only to wander around ever since. Taking pity, the zamindar adopts him and ultimately arranges his marriage to the zamindar's own daughter. However, the night before the wedding, Tarapada runs off—again. Strir Patra (The Letter from the Wife) is among Bengali literature's earliest depictions of the bold emancipation of women. The heroine Mrinal, the wife of a typical patriarchical Bengali middle class man, writes a letter while she is traveling (which constitutes the whole story). It details the pettiness of her life and struggles; she finally declares that she will not return to her husband's home with the statement Amio bachbo. Ei bachlum ("And I shall live. Here, I live").
In Haimanti, Tagore takes on the institution of Hindu marriage, describing the dismal lifelessness of married Bengali women, hypocrisies plaguing the Indian middle classes, and how Haimanti, a sensitive young woman, must—due to her sensitiveness and free spirit—sacrifice her life. In the last passage, Tagore directly attacks the Hindu custom of glorifying Sita's attempted self-immolation as a means of appeasing her husband Rama's doubts. Tagore also examines Hindu-Muslim tensions in Musalmani Didi, which in many ways embodies the essence of Tagore's humanism. On the other hand, Darpaharan exhibits Tagore's self-consciousness, describing a young man harboring literary ambitions. Though he loves his wife, he wishes to stifle her own literary career, deeming it unfeminine. Tagore himself, in his youth, seems to have harbored similar ideas about women. Darpaharan depicts the final humbling of the man via his acceptance of his wife's talents. As many other Tagore stories, Jibito o Mrito provides the Bengalis with one of their more widely used epigrams: Kadombini moriya proman korilo she more nai ("Kadombini died, thereby proved that she hadn't").
Poetry
Bāul folk singers in Santiniketan during the annual Holi festival.Tagore's poetry—which varied in style from classical formalism to the comic, visionary, and ecstatic—proceeds out a lineage established by 15th- and 16th-century Vaiṣṇava poets. Tagore was also influenced by the mysticism of the rishi-authors who—including Vyasa—wrote the Upanishads, the Bhakta-Sufi mystic Kabir, and Ramprasad. Yet Tagore's poetry became most innovative and mature after his exposure to rural Bengal's folk music, which included ballads sung by Bāul folk singers—especially the bard Lālan Śāh. These—which were rediscovered and popularised by Tagore—resemble 19th-century Kartābhajā hymns that emphasize inward divinity and rebellion against religious and social orthodoxy. During his Shilaidaha years, his poems took on a lyrical quality, speaking via the maner manus (the Bāuls' "man within the heart") or meditating upon the jivan devata ("living God within"). This figure thus sought connection with divinity through appeal to nature and the emotional interplay of human drama. Tagore used such techniques in his Bhānusiṃha poems (which chronicle the romance between Radha and Krishna), which he repeatedly revised over the course of seventy years.
Later, Tagore responded to the (mostly) crude emergence of modernism and realism in Bengali literature by writing experimental works in the 1930s. Examples works include Africa and Camalia, which are among the better known of his latter poems. He also occasionally wrote poems using Shadhu Bhasha (a Sanskritised dialect of Bengali); later, he began using Cholti Bhasha (a more popular dialect). Other notable works include Manasi, Sonar Tori (Golden Boat), Balaka (Wild Geese—the title being a metaphor for migrating souls), and Purobi. Sonar Tori's most famous poem—dealing with the ephemeral nature of life and achievement—goes by the same name; it ends with the haunting phrase "শূন্য নদীর তীরে রহিনু পড়ি / যাহা ছিল লয়ে গেল সোনার তরী" ("Shunno nodir tire rohinu poŗi / Jaha chhilo loe gêlo shonar tori"—"all I had achieved was carried off on the golden boat—only I was left behind."). Internationally, Gitanjali (Bengali: গীতাঞ্জলি) is Tagore's best-known collection, winning him his Nobel Prize. Song VII (গীতাঞ্জলি 127) of Gitanjali:
Title page of the 1913 Macmillan edition of Tagore's Gitanjali.আমার এ গান ছেড়েছে তার সকল অলংকার,
তোমার কাছে রাখে নি আর সাজের অহংকার।
অলংকার যে মাঝে পড়ে মিলনেতে আড়াল করে,
তোমার কথা ঢাকে যে তার মুখর ঝংকার।
তোমার কাছে খাটে না মোর কবির গর্ব করা,
মহাকবি তোমার পায়ে দিতে যে চাই ধরা।
জীবন লয়ে যতন করি যদি সরল বাঁশি গড়ি,
আপন সুরে দিবে ভরি সকল ছিদ্র তার।
Amar e gan chheŗechhe tar shôkol ôlongkar
Tomar kachhe rakhe ni ar shajer ôhongkar
Ôlongkar je majhe pôŗe milônete aŗal kôre,
Tomar kôtha đhake je tar mukhôro jhôngkar.
Tomar kachhe khaţe na mor kobir gôrbo kôra,
Môhakobi, tomar paee dite chai je dhôra.
Jibon loe jôton kori jodi shôrol bãshi goŗi,
Apon shure dibe bhori sôkol chhidro tar.
Free-verse translation by Tagore (Gitanjali, verse VII):
"My song has put off her adornments. She has no pride of dress and decoration. Ornaments would mar our union; they would come between thee and me; their jingling would drown thy whispers."
"My poet's vanity dies in shame before thy sight. O master poet, I have sat down at thy feet. Only let me make my life simple and straight, like a flute of reed for thee to fill with music."
"Klanti" (Bengali: ক্লান্তি; "Fatigue"), the sixth poem in Gitali, reads:
ক্লান্তি আমার ক্ষমা করো,প্রভু,
পথে যদি পিছিয়ে পড়ি কভু।
এই যে হিয়া থর থর কাঁপে আজি এমনতরো,
এই বেদনা ক্ষমা করো,ক্ষমা করো প্রভু।।
এই দীনতা ক্ষমা করো,প্রভু,
পিছন-পানে তাকাই যদি কভু।
দিনের তাপে রৌদ্রজ্বালায় শুকায় মালা পূজার থালায়,
সেই ম্লানতা ক্ষমা করো, ক্ষমা করো প্রভু।। Klanti amar khôma kôro, probhu
Pôthe jodi pichhie poŗi kobhu
Ei je hia thôro thôro kãpe aji êmontôro,
Ei bedona khôma kôro, khôma kôro probhu.
Ei dinota khôma kôro, probhu,
Pichhon-pane takai jodi kobhu.
Diner tape roudrojalae shukae mala pujar thalae,
Shei mlanota khôma kôro, khôma kôro, probhu.
Tagore's poetry has been set to music by various composers, among them classical composer Arthur Shepherd's triptych for soprano and string quartet, as well as composer Garry Schyman's "Praan," an adaptation of Tagore's poem "Stream of Life" from Gitanjali. The latter was composed and recorded with vocals by Palbasha Siddique to accompany Internet celebrity Matt Harding's 2008 viral video .
Political views
Main article: Political views of Rabindranath Tagore
Tagore (at right, on the dais) hosts Mahatma Gandhi and wife Kasturba at Santiniketan in 1940.Marked complexities characterise Tagore's political views. He criticised European imperialism and supported Indian nationalists and, although he himself vehemently denied it at the time, the evidence produced during the Hindu-German Conspiracy trial, as well as some later accounts, he was aware of the conspiracy and even interviewed the then Japanese premier Count Terauchi and former premier Count Okuma on behalf of the conspirators to try and enlist Japanese support. However, he also lampooned the Swadeshi movement, denouncing it in "The Cult of the Charka", an acrid 1925 essay. Instead, he emphasized self-help and intellectual uplift of the masses, stating that British imperialism was not a primary evil, but instead a "political symptom of our social disease", urging Indians to accept that "there can be no question of blind revolution, but of steady and purposeful education".
Such views inevitably enraged many, placing his life in danger: during his stay in a San Francisco hotel in late 1916, Tagore narrowly escaped assassination by Indian expatriates. The plot failed only because the would-be assassins fell into argument. Yet Tagore wrote songs lionizing the Indian independence movement and renounced his knighthood in protest against the 1919 Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. Two of Tagore's more politically charged compositions, "Chitto Jetha Bhayshunyo" ("Where the Mind is Without Fear") and "Ekla Chalo Re" ("If They Answer Not to Thy Call, Walk Alone"), gained mass appeal, with the latter favoured by Gandhi. Despite his tumultuous relations with Gandhi, Tagore was key in resolving a Gandhi-Ambedkar dispute involving separate electorates for untouchables, ending Gandhi's fast "unto death".
Tagore also criticised orthodox (rote-oriented) education, lampooning it in the short story "The Parrot's Training", where a bird—which ultimately dies—is caged by tutors and force-fed pages torn from books. These views led Tagore—while visiting Santa Barbara, California on 11 October 1917—to conceive of a new type of university, desiring to "make [his ashram at] Santiniketan the connecting thread between India and the world... [and] a world center for the study of humanity... somewhere beyond the limits of nation and geography." The school—which he named Visva-Bharatiζ[›]—had its foundation stone laid on 22 December 1918; it was later inaugurated on 22 December 1921. Here, Tagore implemented a brahmacharya pedagogical structure employing gurus to provide individualised guidance for pupils. Tagore worked hard to fundraise for and staff the school, even contributing all of his Nobel Prize monies. Tagore’s duties as steward and mentor at Santiniketan kept him busy; he taught classes in mornings and wrote the students' textbooks in afternoons and evenings. Tagore also fundraised extensively for the school in Europe and the U.S. between 1919 and 1921.
Impact and legacy
A bust of Tagore in the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Memorial's Tagore Memorial Room (Ahmedabad, India).Tagore's post-death impact can be felt through the many festivals held worldwide in his honour—examples include the annual Bengali festival/celebration of Kabipranam (Tagore's birthday anniversary), the annual Tagore Festival held in Urbana, Illinois in the United States, the Rabindra Path Parikrama walking pilgrimages leading from Calcutta to Shantiniketan, and ceremonial recitals of Tagore's poetry held on important anniversaries. This legacy is most palpable in Bengali culture, ranging from language and arts to history and politics; indeed, Nobel laureate Amartya Sen noted that even for modern Bengalis, Tagore was a "towering figure", being a "deeply relevant and many-sided contemporary thinker". Tagore's collected Bengali-language writings—the 1939 Rabīndra Racanāvalī—is also canonized as one of Bengal's greatest cultural treasures, while Tagore himself has been proclaimed "the greatest poet India has produced".
Tagore was famed throughout much of Europe, North America, and East Asia. He was key in founding Dartington Hall School, a progressive coeducational institution; in Japan, he influenced such figures as Nobel laureate Yasunari Kawabata. Tagore's works were widely translated into English, Dutch, German, Spanish, and other European languages by Czech indologist Vincenc Lesný, French Nobel laureate André Gide, Russian poet Anna Akhmatova, former Turkish Prime Minister Bülent Ecevit and others. In the United States, Tagore's popular lecturing circuits (especially those between 1916–1917) were widely attended and acclaimed. Nevertheless, several controversiesη[›] involving Tagore resulted in a decline in his popularity in Japan and North America after the late 1920s, contributing to his "near total eclipse" outside of Bengal.
A statue of Tagore in Valladolid.Tagore, through Spanish translations of his works, also influenced leading figures of Spanish literature, including Chileans Pablo Neruda and Gabriela Mistral, Mexican writer Octavio Paz, and Spaniards José Ortega y Gasset, Zenobia Camprubí, and Juan Ramón Jiménez. Between 1914 and 1922, the Jiménez-Camprubí spouses translated no less than twenty-two of Tagore's books from English into Spanish. Jiménez, as part of this work, also extensively revised and adapted such works as Tagore's The Crescent Moon. Indeed, during this time, Jiménez developed the now-heralded innovation of "naked poetry" (Spanish: «poesia desnuda»). Ortega y Gasset wrote that "Tagore's wide appeal [may stem from the fact that] he speaks of longings for perfection that we all have... Tagore awakens a dormant sense of childish wonder, and he saturates the air with all kinds of enchanting promises for the reader, who... pays little attention to the deeper import of Oriental mysticism". Tagore's works were published in free editions around 1920 alongside works by Dante Alighieri, Miguel de Cervantes, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Plato, and Leo Tolstoy.
Tagore's talents came to be regarded as overrated by several westerners. Graham Greene doubted that "anyone but Mr. Yeats can still take his poems very seriously." Modern remnants of a once widespread Latin American reverence of Tagore were discovered, for example, by an astonished Salman Rushdie during a trip to Nicaragua.
Bibliography (partial)
—Bengali originals —
Poetry
* মানসী Manasi 1890 (The Ideal One)
* সোনার তরী Sonar Tari 1894 (The Golden Boat)
* গীতাঞ্জলি Gitanjali 1910 (Song Offerings)
* গীতিমালা Gitimalya 1914 (Wreath of Songs)
* বলাকা Balaka 1916 (The Flight of Cranes)
Dramas
* বালমিকি প্রতিভা Valmiki Pratibha 1881 (The Genius of Valmiki)
* বিসর্জন Visarjan 1890 (The Sacrifice)
* রাজা Raja 1910 (The King of the Dark Chamber)
* ডাক ঘর Dak Ghar 1912 (The Post Office)
* অচলায়তন Achalayatan 1912 (The Immovable)
* মুক্তধারা Muktadhara 1922 (The Waterfall)
* রক্তকরবি Raktakaravi 1926 (Red Oleanders)
Literary fiction
* নষ্টনীঢ় Nastanirh 1901 (The Broken Nest)
* গোরা Gora 1910 (Fair-Faced)
* ঘরে বাইরে Ghare Baire 1916 (The Home and the World)
* যোগাযোগ Yogayog 1929 (Crosscurrents)
Autobiographies
* জীবনস্মৃতি Jivansmriti 1912 (My Reminiscences)
* ছেলেবেলা Chhelebela 1940 (My Boyhood Days)
—English translations —
* Chitra (1914)
* Creative Unity (1922)
* Fruit-Gathering (1916)
* Gitanjali: Song Offerings (1912)
* Glimpses of Bengal (1991)
* I Won't Let you Go: Selected Poems (1991)
* My Boyhood Days (1943)
* My Reminiscences (1991)
* Nationalism (1991)
* The Crescent Moon (1913)
* The Fugitive (1921)
* The Gardener (1913)
* The Home and the World (1985)
* The Hungry Stones and other stories (1916)
* The Post Office (1996)
* Sadhana: The Realisation of Life (1913)
* Selected Letters (1997)
* Selected Poems (1994)
* Selected Short Stories (1991)
* Songs of Kabir (1915)
* Stray Birds (1916)
Works in English
* Thought Relics (1921)
See also
[show]v • d • eRabindranath Tagore
Life Periods Early life (1861–1901) · Santiniketan (1901–1932) · Twilight years (1932–1941)
Aspects Political views
Works Novels Chokher Bali · Ghare Baire · Nastanirh · Jogajog · Shesher Kobita
Stories Kabuliwala
Poetry Gitanjali
Songs "Amar Shonar Bangla" · "Chitto Jetha Bhayshunyo" · "Ekla Chalo Re" · "Jana Gana Mana" ·
Adaptations Charulata · Ghare Baire · Rabindranath Tagore
Places Jorasanko Thakur Bari · Santiniketan · Shilaidaha · Rabindra Bharati University · Visva-Bharati University
Tagore family Debendranath · Dwarkanath · Ramanath
Notes
This article contains Indic text.
Without rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes or other symbols instead of Indic characters; or irregular vowel positioning and a lack of conjuncts.
^ α: Indian English pronunciation:
IPA: [ɾəbin̪d̪ɾənat̪ʰ ʈæˈgoɾ].
^ β: Romanized transliteration from Tagore's name in Bengali script:
Robindronath Ţhakur.
^ γ: In the Bengali calendar: 25 Baishakh, 1268–22 Srabon, 1348.
^ δ: Gurudev translates as "divine mentor".
^ ε: Tagore was born at No. 6 Dwarkanath Tagore Lane, Jorasanko—the address of the main mansion (the Jorasanko Thakurbari) inhabited by the Jorasanko branch of the Tagore clan, which had earlier suffered an acrimonious split. Jorasanko was located in the Bengali section of Calcutta, near Chitpur Road.
^ ζ: Etymology of "Visva-Bharati": from the Sanskrit term for "world" or "universe" and the name of a Rigveda goddess ("Bharati") associated with Saraswati, the Hindu patron goddess of learning. "Visva-Bharati" also translates as "India in the World".
^ η: Tagore was mired in several notable controversies, including his dealings with Indian nationalists Subhas Chandra Bose and Rash Behari Bose, his expressions of admiration for Soviet-style Communism, and papers confiscated from Indian nationalists in New York allegedly implicating Tagore in a plot to use German funds to overthrow the British Raj. The latter allegation caused Tagore's book sales and popularity among the U.S. public to plummet. Lastly, his relations with and ambivalent opinion of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini revolted many, causing Romain Rolland (a close friend of Tagore's) to state that "[h]e is abdicating his role as moral guide of the independent spirits of Europe and India".
Citations
^ Rabindranath Tagore Winner of the 1913 Nobel Prize in Literature
^ Datta, Pradip Kumar (2003). "Introduction", Rabindranath Tagore's The Home and the World: A Critical Companion. Orient Longman, 2. ISBN 8178240467.
^ Kripalani, Krishna (1971). "Ancestry.", Tagore, A Life. Orient Longman, 2-3.
^ p.6, p.8 "Dwarkanath Tagore" Krishna Kripalani 1980 1st edn. reprint 2002 ISBN:81-237-3488-3
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, p. 37.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, pp. 55–56.
^ Stewart & Twichell 2003, p. 91.
^ Stewart & Twichell 2003, p. 3.
^ a b c d e Chakravarty 1961, p. 45.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1997, p. 265.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, p. 373.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, pp. 109–111.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, p. 109.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, p. 133.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, pp. 139–140.
^ Hjärne 1913.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, pp. 239–240.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, p. 242.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, pp. 308–309.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, p. 303.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, p. 309.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, pp. 312–313.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, pp. 335–338.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, p. 342.
^ a b "Chitra at Project Gutenberg"
^ Asiatic Society of Bangladesh 2006.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, p. 338.
^ Indo-Asian News Service 2005.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, p. 367.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, p. 363.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, pp. 374–376.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, pp. 178–179.
^ a b Tagore Festival Committee 2006.
^ Chakravarty 1961, pp. 1–2.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, p. 206.
^ Chakravarty 1961, p. 182.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, p. 253.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, p. 256.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, p. 267.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, pp. 270–271.
^ Chakravarty 1961, p. 1.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, pp. 289–292.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, pp. 303–304.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, pp. 292–293.
^ Chakravarty 1961, p. 2.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, p. 315.
^ Chakravarty 1961, p. 99.
^ Chakravarty 1961, pp. 100–103.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, p. 317.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, pp. 192–194.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, pp. 154–155.
^ Mukherjee 2004.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, p. 94.
^ a b Dasgupta 2001.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, p. 359.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1997, p. 222.
^ Dyson 2001.
^ a b Chakravarty 1961, p. 123.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, pp. 79–80.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1997, pp. 21–23.
^ Chakravarty 1961, pp. 123–124.
^ Chakravarty 1961, p. 124.
^ Chakravarty 1961, pp. 45–46.
^ Chakravarty 1961, pp. 48–49.
^ Roy 1977, p. 201.
^ Stewart & Twichell 2003, p. 94.
^ Urban 2001, p. 18.
^ Urban 2001, pp. 6–7.
^ Urban 2001, p. 16.
^ Stewart & Twichell 2003, p. 95.
^ Stewart & Twichell 2003, p. 7.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, p. 281.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, p. 192.
^ Stewart & Twichell 2003, pp. 95–96.
^ Tagore 1977, p. 5
^ Garry Schyman's Myspace weblog
^ Dutta & Robinson 1997, p. 127.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1997, p. 210.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, p. 304.
^ Brown 1948, p. 306
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, p. 261.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1997, pp. 239–240.
^ Chakravarty 1961, p. 181.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, p. 204.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, pp. 215–216.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, pp. 306–307.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, p. 339.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1997, p. 267.
^ Tagore & Pal 1918.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, p. 204.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, p. 220.
^ Roy 1977, p. 175.
^ Chakravarty 1961, p. 27.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, p. 221.
^ Chakrabarti 2001.
^ a b Hatcher 2001.
^ Kämpchen 2003.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, p. 202.
^ Cameron 2006
^ a b c Sen 1997.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, pp. 254–255.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, p. 255.
^ "The Crescent Moon"
^ "The Hungry Stones"
^ "Songs of Kabir"
^ "Stray Birds"
^ "Thought Relics"
^ Sil 2005.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, p. 34.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, p. 220.
^ a b Dutta & Robinson 1995, p. 214.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, p. 297.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, pp. 214–215.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, p. 212.
^ Dutta & Robinson 1995, p. 273.
Timeline
Timeline of Rabindranath Tagore's life (1861–1941)[hide]
References
Asiatic Society of Bangladesh (2006), "Tagore, Rabindranath", Banglapedia,
. Retrieved on April 5, 2006.
Cameron, R (2006), "Exhibition of Bengali film posters opens in Prague", Radio Prague, . Retrieved on April 5, 2006.
Chakrabarti, I (2001), "A People's Poet or a Literary Deity", Parabaas, . Retrieved on April 5, 2006.
Chakravarty, A (1961), A Tagore Reader, Beacon Press, ISBN 0-8070-5971-4.
Dasgupta, A (2001), "Rabindra-Sangeet As A Resource For Indian Classical Bandishes", Parabaas, . Retrieved on April 5, 2006.
Dutta, K & A Robinson (1995), Rabindranath Tagore: The Myriad-Minded Man, St. Martin's Press, ISBN 0-312-14030-4.
Dutta, K (editor) & A (editor) Robinson (1997), Rabindranath Tagore: An Anthology, St. Martin's Press, ISBN 0-312-16973-6.
Dyson, KK (2001), "Rabindranath Tagore and his World of Colours", Parabaas, . Retrieved on April 5, 2006.
Frenz, H (editor) (1969), "Rabindranath Tagore—Biography", Nobel Foundation, . Retrieved on April 5, 2006.
Hatcher, BA (2001), "Aji Hote Satabarsha Pare: What Tagore Says To Us A Century Later", Parabaas, . Retrieved on April 5, 2006.
Hjärne, H (1913), "The Nobel Prize in Literature 1913", Nobel Foundation, . Retrieved on April 5, 2006.
Indo-Asian News Service (2005), "Recitation of Tagore's poetry of death", Hindustan Times.
Kämpchen, M (2003), "Rabindranath Tagore In Germany", Parabaas, . Retrieved on April 5, 2006.
Meyer, L (2004), "Tagore in The Netherlands", Parabaas, . Retrieved on April 5, 2006.
Mukherjee, M (2004), "Yogayog (Nexus) by Rabindranath Tagore: A Book Review", Parabaas, . Retrieved on April 5, 2006.
Radice, W (2003), "Tagore's Poetic Greatness", Parabaas, . Retrieved on April 5, 2006.
Robinson, A (1997), "Tagore, Rabindranath", Encyclopædia Britannica, . Retrieved on April 5, 2006.
Roy, BK (1977), Rabindranath Tagore: The Man and His Poetry, Folcroft Library Editions, ISBN 0-8414-7330-7.
Sen, A (1997), "Tagore and His India", New York Review of Books, . Retrieved on April 5, 2006.
Sil, NP (2005), "Devotio Humana: Rabindranath's Love Poems Revisited", Parabaas, . Retrieved on April 5, 2006.
Tagore, R & PB (translator) Pal (1918), "The Parrot's Tale", Parabaas, . Retrieved on April 5, 2006.
Tagore, R (1977), Collected Poems and Plays of Rabindranath Tagore, Macmillan Publishing, ISBN 0-02-615920-1.
Stewart, T (editor, translator) & Chase (editor, translator) Twichell (2003), Rabindranath Tagore: Lover of God, Copper Canyon Press, ISBN 1-55659-196-9.
Tagore Festival Committee (2006), "History of the Tagore Festival", College of Business, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, . Retrieved on April 5, 2006.
Urban, HB (2001), Songs of Ecstasy: Tantric and Devotional Songs from Colonial Bengal, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-513901-1.
Brown, Giles (1948), The Hindu Conspiracy, 1914-1917.The Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 17, No. 3. (Aug., 1948), pp. 299-310, University of California Press, ISSN 0030-8684.
Further reading
Chaudhuri, A (2004), The Vintage Book of Modern Indian Literature, Vintage, ISBN 0-375-71300-X.
Deutsch, A & A Robinson (1989), The Art of Rabindranath Tagore, Monthly Review Press, ISBN 0-233-98359-7.
Deutsch, A (editor) & A (editor) Robinson (1997), Selected Letters of Rabindranath Tagore, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-59018-3.
Tagore, R (2000), Gitanjali, Macmillan India Ltd, ISBN 0-333-93575-6.