沉睡在黑暗时代的欧洲被新的教会危机所震动。1054年一场不可调解的宗教分裂在罗马和君士坦丁堡这两个尚存的基督教派别之间产生。
在11、12和13世纪的中世纪鼎盛时期，欧洲人口大量增长，带来了与前一时期相比巨大的社会着政治变革。至1250年强健的人口增长极大地刺激了经济，使其达到了19世纪之前再未重现的高度。
从约1000年开始，西欧经历了最后的野蛮人入侵，政治上更为稳定。维京人在英伦三岛、法国和其他地区定居，北欧基督教王国在他们的斯堪的纳维亚故乡也发展了起来。马扎尔人在10世纪停止了扩张，至1000年，信仰基督教的中欧匈牙利王国被承认。除了短时期的蒙古人入侵之外，主要的野蛮人入侵都停止了。
在11世纪，阿尔卑斯山北部的人口开始移居至新的土地，某些在罗马帝国末期回归到野蛮状态。在被称为“大清除”的时期中，欧洲大量森林和沼泽被开辟为耕地。在同一时期移民也越过了传统的法兰克帝国边界，到达了新的东欧前沿，越过易北河，在此过程中将德意志疆域扩大了三倍。十字军在累范特建立了欧洲殖民地，伊比利亚半岛的大部分被摩尔人征服，诺曼人在意大利南部殖民，这些都是主要的人口增长和移居模式。
中世纪鼎盛时期产生了许多不同形式的学术、宗教和艺术杰作。这个时期经历了西欧现代民族国家的崛起，意大利城市国家的兴盛。仍然有强大实力的罗马天主教会号召全欧洲的军队参加一系列的对占领圣地的塞尔柱突厥人进行的十字军东征。对亚里士多德作品的重新发现启发了托马斯·阿奎那和其他思想家发展起经院哲学。在建筑学上，很多最著名的哥特式教堂在这一时期建造或完成建造。
The slumber of the Dark Ages was shaken by renewed crisis in the Church. In 1054, a schism, an insoluble split, between the two remaining Christian seats in Rome and Constantinople.
The High Middle Ages of the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries show a rapidly increasing population of Europe, which brought about great social and political change from the preceding era. By 1250, the robust population increase greatly benefited the economy, reaching levels it would not see again in some areas until the 19th century. From about the year 1000 onwards, Western Europe saw the last of the barbarian invasions and became more politically organized. The Vikings had settled in the British Isles, France and elsewhere, whilst Norse Christian kingdoms were developing in their Scandinavian homelands. The Magyars had ceased their expansion in the 10th century, and by the year 1000, a Christian Kingdom of Hungary was recognized in central Europe. With the brief exception of the Mongol invasions, major barbarian incursions ceased.
In the 11th century, populations north of the Alps began to settle new lands, some of which had reverted to wilderness after the end of the Roman Empire. In what is known as the "great clearances," vast forests and marshes of Europe were cleared and cultivated. At the same time settlements moved beyond the traditional boundaries of the Frankish Empire to new frontiers in eastern Europe, beyond the Elbe River, tripling the size of Germany in the process. Crusaders founded European colonies in the Levant, the majority of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered from the Moors, and the Normans colonized southern Italy, all part of the major population increase and resettlement pattern.
The High Middle Ages produced many different forms of intellectual, spiritual and artistic works. This age saw the rise of modern nation-states in Western Europe and the ascent of the great Italian city-states. The still-powerful Roman Church called armies from across Europe to a series of Crusades against the Seljuk Turks, who occupied the Holy Land. The rediscovery of the works of Aristotle led Thomas Aquinas and other thinkers to develop the philosophy of Scholasticism. In architecture, many of the most notable Gothic cathedrals were built or completed during this era.