1949
nián，
niǔ fēn lán zì zhì lǐng（
xiàn zài shì niǔ fēn lán yǔ lā bù lā duō）
jiā rù jiā ná dà lián bāng。
jiā ná dà de jīng jì kuài sù zēngzhǎng，
yǔ zhú jiàn qīn jìn de běi měi tǔ dì gǎn qíng，
suí zhī dài lái jiā ná dà rén gèng qiáng liè de zì wǒ rèn tóng，
biāo zhì shì jiàn wéi 1965
nián fēng yè qí de cǎi yòng，
jiā ná dà dú yòu de yīng fǎ róng hé yí mín wén huà，
yě kāi shǐ liǎo 1969
nián de shuāng yǔ zhèng cè yǐ jí 1971
nián duō yuán wén huà zhèng cè de shí shī。
shè huì fú lì zhèng cè yě bèi chóngxīn tí qǐ，
lì rú yī liáo bǎo xiǎn、
tuì xiū jīn jìhuà yǐ jí xué shēng dài kuǎn děng，
dàn zài qí tā shěng zhèng fǔ，
yóu qí shì kuí běi kè hé '
ài bó tǎ de shěng zhèng fǔ dū shí fēn fǎn duì zhè xiē zhèng cè，
tā men rèn wéi lián bāng zhèng fǔ tuī xíng zhè xiē zhèng cè huì qīn fàn dào tā men de guǎn xiá fàn wéi。
zài 1982
nián qián，
yīng shǔ běi měi fǎ yī zhí chéng dān zhe jiā ná dà shí zhì xiàn fǎ de juésè，
ér zài jīng guò shù cì xiū xiàn huì yì zhī hòu， 1982
nián《
jiā ná dà xiàn fǎ》
zhèng shì zhì dìng shī xíng，
jiā ná dà zhōng yú yōng yòu zì jǐ de yī tào xiàn fǎ，
bìng tóng shí jiàn zhèng jiā ná dà quán lì yǔ zì yóu xiàn zhāng de dàn shēng。
1999
nián，
zài yīn niǔ tè rén yǔ lián bāng zhèng fǔ zhēng qǔ zhī xià，
nǔ nà wǔ tè cóng xī běi dì qū dú lì，
chéng wéi jiā ná dà dì sān gè dì qū。
yǔ cǐ tóng shí， 20
shì jì 60
nián dài zài kuí běi kè xiān qǐ de jì jìng gé mìng shēn shēn yǐng xiǎng liǎo gāi shěng de shè huì hé jīng jì，
bìng xiān qǐ liǎo kuí běi kè mín zú zhù yì yùn dòng。
xìn yǎng mǎ kè sī zhù yì de jí zuǒ yì kǒng bù zǔ zhì kuí běi kè jiě fàng zhèn xiàn cèhuà liǎo duō cì kǒng bù xí jī，
qí zhōng zuì yán zhòng de shì jiàn wéi zài 1970
nián fā shēng de shí yuè wēi jī。 1976
nián，
zhù zhāng kuí běi kè dú lì de kuí běi kè rén dǎng yíng chū dà xuǎn，
bìng zài 1980
nián jiù kuí běi kè yìng fǒu dú lì '
ér jìn xíng quán mín gōng tóu，
dàn yǐ shī bài shōu chǎng。 1990
nián，
gè shěng wèile '
ān fǔ kuí běi kè mín zú zhù yì '
ér cháng shì tōng guò mǐ qí hú xié dìng xiū gǎi xiàn fǎ，
dàn wèi néng tōng guò。
zuò wéi huí yìng，
kuí běi kè chéng lì lián bāng zhèng dǎng kuí rén zhèng tuán，
xī jiā ná dà chéng lì jiā ná dà gǎi gé dǎng。 1995
nián，
kuí běi kè rén dǎng zài cì jìn xíng quán mín gōng tóu，
dàn yǐ zhǐ yòu 49.4
％ de dé piào shuài shī bài。 1997
nián，
jiā ná dà zuì gāo fǎ yuàn cái dìng shěng dān fāng miàn xuān bù tuō lí lián bāng shì wéi xiàn，
suí hòu，
jiā ná dà guó huì tōng guò qīng xī fǎ '
àn，
guī dìng zài kuí běi kè quán mín gōng jué zhōng suǒ tí chū de wèn tí zú gòu míng què qiě dé dào míng xiǎn duō shù de zhī chí shí，
kuí běi kè biàn kě yǐ yǔ jiā ná dà zhèng fǔ jìn xíng tuō lí lián bāng de xié shāng chéng xù。
chú liǎo kuí běi kè zhù quán wèn tí zhī wài，
zài 80
nián dài mò zhì 90
nián dài chū yě fā shēng yī xiē zhèn hàn jiā ná dà shè huì de shì jiàn。
qí zhōng bāo kuò zài jiā ná dà lì shǐ shàng zuì dà de yīcháng tú shā，
yìn dù háng kōng 182
hào bān jī kōng nán； 1989
nián de méng tè lì '
ěr gōng chéng xué yuàn dà tú shā；
hái yòu zài 1990
nián de '
ào kǎ wēi jī，
jiā ná dà zhèng fǔ dì yī cì yǔ yuán zhù mín tuán tǐ fā shēng chōng tū de shì jiàn。
jiā ná dà yě cān jiā 1990
nián de bō sī wān zhàn zhēng，
bìng jī jí cānyù wéi hé rèn wù，
bāo kuò zài qián nán sī lā fū de wéi hé xíng dòng。
jiā ná dà zài 2001
nián zhī chí chū bīng '
ā fù hàn，
dàn dāng měi guó yāo qǐng jiā ná dà jiā rù yī lā kè zhàn zhēng shí，
jiā ná dà jù jué。 2009
nián，
jiā ná dà de jīng jì zāo shòu jīng jì dà shuāi tuì yǐng xiǎng，
dàn xiàn yǐ kāi shǐ huī fù。 2011
nián，
jiā ná dà jūn duì cān jiā yóu běi yuē lǐng dǎo de wǔ zhuāng gān shè lì bǐ yà nèi zhàn。
The financial crisis of the Great Depression had led the Dominion of Newfoundland to relinquish responsible government in 1934 and become a crown colony ruled by a British governor. After two bitter referendums, Newfoundlanders voted to join Canada in 1949 as a province.
Harold Alexander at desk receiving legislation
Governor General the Viscount Alexander of Tunis (centre) receiving the bill finalizing the union of Newfoundland and Canada on March 31, 1949, at Rideau Hall
Canada's post-war economic growth, combined with the policies of successive Liberal governments, led to the emergence of a new Canadian identity, marked by the adoption of the Maple Leaf Flag in 1965, the implementation of official bilingualism (English and French) in 1969, and the institution of official multiculturalism in 1971. Socially democratic programs were also instituted, such as Medicare, the Canada Pension Plan, and Canada Student Loans, though provincial governments, particularly Quebec and Alberta, opposed many of these as incursions into their jurisdictions.
Finally, another series of constitutional conferences resulted in the Canada Act, the patriation of Canada's constitution from the United Kingdom, concurrent with the creation of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Canada had established complete sovereignty as an independent country, although the Queen retained her role as monarch of Canada. In 1999, Nunavut became Canada's third territory after a series of negotiations with the federal government.
At the same time, Quebec underwent profound social and economic changes through the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s, giving birth to a secular nationalist movement. The radical Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) ignited the October Crisis with a series of bombings and kidnappings in 1970 and the sovereignist Parti Québécois was elected in 1976, organizing an unsuccessful referendum on sovereignty-association in 1980. Attempts to accommodate Quebec nationalism constitutionally through the Meech Lake Accord failed in 1990. This led to the formation of the Bloc Québécois in Quebec and the invigoration of the Reform Party of Canada in the West. A second referendum followed in 1995, in which sovereignty was rejected by a slimmer margin of 50.6 to 49.4 percent. In 1997, the Supreme Court ruled unilateral secession by a province would be unconstitutional and the Clarity Act was passed by parliament, outlining the terms of a negotiated departure from Confederation.
In addition to the issues of Quebec sovereignty, a number of crises shook Canadian society in the late 1980s and early 1990s. These included the explosion of Air India Flight 182 in 1985, the largest mass murder in Canadian history; the École Polytechnique massacre in 1989, a university shooting targeting female students; and the Oka Crisis of 1990, the first of a number of violent confrontations between the government and Indigenous groups. Canada also joined the Gulf War in 1990 as part of a U.S.-led coalition force and was active in several peacekeeping missions in the 1990s, including the UNPROFOR mission in the former Yugoslavia.
Canada sent troops to Afghanistan in 2001, but declined to join the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in 2003. In 2011, Canadian forces participated in the NATO-led intervention into the Libyan Civil War, and also became involved in battling the Islamic State insurgency in Iraq in the mid-2010s.