公元1000年左右，欧洲人首次踏足于加拿大。 红胡子埃里克曾在纽芬兰岛的兰塞奥兹牧草地建立短暂的居住点。自北欧殖民者之后加拿大有一段时间没有与欧洲接触，直到1497年意大利人乔瓦尼·卡博托（John Cabot）为英格兰探索加拿大大西洋沿岸。在16世纪早期，巴斯克及葡萄牙海员在大西洋沿岸建立季节性的捕鲸及捕鱼点。1534年，法国探险家雅克·卡蒂埃（Jacques Cartier）探索圣罗伦斯湾，并在7月24日以法国国王弗朗索瓦一世的名义占领了那片土地。
1583年，英国人汉弗莱·吉尔伯特爵士在如今纽芬兰的圣约翰斯建立定居点，并宣称这是英国在北美的第一块殖民地。之后法国探险家萨缪尔·德·尚普兰分别在1605年于新斯科舍省的皇家港和在1608年于魁北克省魁北克市建立北美最早的欧洲人永久定居点。在新法兰西的范围内，法裔加拿大人开始沿着圣劳伦斯河一带扩张，阿卡迪亚人也开始在大西洋省份定居，而传教士和皮毛商人开始探索五大湖、哈德逊湾及密西西比河流域一带。后来在17世纪中叶，为了争夺皮毛交易的控制权，阿尔冈金部落和易洛魁部落分别在英国、荷兰和法国的支持下发生河狸战争。
1610年，英国在纽芬兰岛建立更多殖民地，不久之后十三殖民地也在南方成立。但在1689年至1763年北美洲爆发北美殖民地战争，而后来在北美洲所爆发的一连串战争更为七年战争铺路。新斯科舍省因乌得勒支和约在1713年被割让给英国，之后因巴黎和约法国被迫要割让几乎所有在北美洲的殖民地给英国。
在1763年颁布的皇家宣言将魁北克省分离于新法兰西，并将布雷顿角岛合并到新斯科舍，圣约翰斯岛（即如今的爱德华王子岛）更在1769年独立成为单独的殖民地。而为了避免魁北克境内的法裔加拿大人不满和惩罚十三个殖民地居民的反英活动，英国于1774年颁布魁北克法案，将魁北克地区延伸至五大湖和俄亥俄河，并在魁北克地区重新确立法语、天主教信仰和法国市民法的地位。但这样却进一步助长十三殖民地居民的反英情绪。
1783年签署的巴黎条约承认美国独立，并将五大湖以南的地方割让予美国。新不伦瑞克从新斯科舍划分出来成为皇室置地。为了安抚魁北克境内的的英裔加拿大人，英国政府在1791年颁布新的宪法法案将魁北克分为以英语作母语的上加拿大和以法语作母语的下加拿大两部分，并赋予两者各自的选举立法权，上下加拿大分别演变成如今的安大略和魁北克。
罗伯特·哈里斯所画的联邦之父(1884)，这幅画反应在1864年举行的查洛顿会议
1812年战争，英国与美国交战，加拿大成为主要战场。战争结束之后，大量英国人和爱尔兰人移民至加拿大。在1825年到1846年间，有626,628名欧洲移民进入加拿大。其中包括想逃离饥荒的爱尔兰移民以及因高地清洗而逃走出来的苏格兰人。但是有四分之一至三分之一的移民在1891年前便死于传染病。
出于对问责政府的渴求，加拿大人发动1837年起义。叛乱被平息之后到加调查的达勒姆勋爵建立一篇报告，《英属北美事务分析》。报告建议把现任政府改为问责制政府，并支持同化法裔加拿大人，使其接受英国语言及文化。英国政府接纳达勒姆勋爵在报告中的建议，并颁布1840年联合法案，重新将上下加拿大合并成立加拿大省。 1849年，代表所有英属北美的责任政府建立。1846年，英美签定俄勒冈条约，确定美国和英属北美在西部以北纬49度为界。这一条约解决长久以来英属北美与美国的边境争端，也为英国建立温哥华岛殖民地和不列颠哥伦比亚殖民地铺平道路。
It is believed that the first European to explore the east coast of Canada was Norse explorer Leif Erikson. In approximately 1000 AD, the Norse built a small encampment that only lasted a few years at L'Anse aux Meadows on the northern tip of Newfoundland. No further European exploration occurred until 1497, when Italian seafarer John Cabot explored and claimed Canada's Atlantic coast in the name of King Henry VII of England. In 1534, French explorer Jacques Cartier explored the Gulf of Saint Lawrence where, on July 24, he planted a 10-metre (33 ft) cross bearing the words "Long Live the King of France" and took possession of the territory New France in the name of King Francis I. The early 16th century saw European mariners with navigational techniques pioneered by the Basque and Portuguese establish seasonal whaling and fishing outposts along the Atlantic coast. In general, early settlements during the Age of Discovery appear to have been short-lived due to a combination of the harsh climate, problems with navigating trade routes and competing outputs in Scandinavia.
In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, by the royal prerogative of Queen Elizabeth I, founded St. John's, Newfoundland, as the first North American English colony. French explorer Samuel de Champlain arrived in 1603 and established the first permanent European settlements at Port Royal (in 1605) and Quebec City (in 1608). Among the colonists of New France, Canadiens extensively settled the Saint Lawrence River valley and Acadians settled the present-day Maritimes, while fur traders and Catholic missionaries explored the Great Lakes, Hudson Bay, and the Mississippi watershed to Louisiana. The Beaver Wars broke out in the mid-17th century over control of the North American fur trade.
Benjamin West's "The Death of General Wolfe" dying in front of British flag while attended by officers and native allies
Benjamin West's The Death of General Wolfe (1771) dramatizes James Wolfe's death during the Battle of the Plains of Abraham at Quebec.
The English established additional settlements in Newfoundland, beginning in 1610 and the Thirteen Colonies to the south were founded soon after. A series of four wars erupted in colonial North America between 1689 and 1763; the later wars of the period constituted the North American theatre of the Seven Years' War. Mainland Nova Scotia came under British rule with the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht, and Canada and most of New France came under British rule in 1763 after the Seven Years' War.
The Royal Proclamation of 1763 established First Nation treaty rights, created the Province of Quebec out of New France, and annexed Cape Breton Island to Nova Scotia. St. John's Island (now Prince Edward Island) became a separate colony in 1769. To avert conflict in Quebec, the British Parliament passed the Quebec Act of 1774, expanding Quebec's territory to the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley. More importantly, the Quebec Act afforded Quebec special autonomy and rights of self-administration at a time when the Thirteen Colonies were increasingly agitating against British rule. It re-established the French language, Catholic faith, and French civil law there, staving off the growth of an independence movement in contrast to the Thirteen Colonies. The Proclamation and the Quebec Act in turn angered many residents of the Thirteen Colonies, further fuelling anti-British sentiment in the years prior to the American Revolution.
After the successful American War of Independence, the 1783 Treaty of Paris recognized the independence of the newly formed United States and set the terms of peace, ceding British North American territories south of the Great Lakes and east of the Mississippi River to the new country. The American war of independence also caused a large out-migration of Loyalists, the settlers who had fought against American independence. Many moved to Canada, particularly Atlantic Canada, where their arrival changed the demographic distribution of the existing territories. New Brunswick was in turn split from Nova Scotia as part of a reorganization of Loyalist settlements in the Maritimes which led to the incorporation of Saint John, New Brunswick to become Canada's first city. To accommodate the influx of English-speaking Loyalists in Central Canada, the Constitutional Act of 1791 divided the province of Canada into French-speaking Lower Canada (later Quebec) and English-speaking Upper Canada (later Ontario), granting each its own elected legislative assembly.
Painting of Laura Secord warning British commander James FitzGibbon of an impending American attack at Beaver Dams
War of 1812 heroine Laura Secord warning British commander James FitzGibbon of an impending American attack at Beaver Dams
The Canadas were the main front in the War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom. Peace came in 1815; no boundaries were changed. Immigration resumed at a higher level, with over 960,000 arrivals from Britain between 1815 and 1850. New arrivals included refugees escaping the Great Irish Famine as well as Gaelic-speaking Scots displaced by the Highland Clearances. Infectious diseases killed between 25 and 33 percent of Europeans who immigrated to Canada before 1891.
The desire for responsible government resulted in the abortive Rebellions of 1837. The Durham Report subsequently recommended responsible government and the assimilation of French Canadians into English culture. The Act of Union merged the Canadas into a united Province of Canada and responsible government was established for all provinces of British North America by 1849. The signing of the Oregon Treaty by Britain and the United States in 1846 ended the Oregon boundary dispute, extending the border westward along the 49th parallel. This paved the way for British colonies on Vancouver Island (1849) and in British Columbia (1858). The Alaska Purchase of 1867 by the United States established the border along the Pacific coast, although there would continue to be some disputes about the exact demarcation of the Alaska-Yukon and Alaska-BC border for years to come.