zài dōng xī jiào huì fēn liè hòu，
xīn chéng lì de zhōng '
ōu wáng guó bō lán、
xiōng yá lì hé bō xī mǐ yà děng fēn fēn guī yǐ xī fāng jī dū jiào。
luó mǎ tiān zhù jiào huì fā zhǎn chéng wéi qiáng quán zhī yī，
dǎo zhì jiào huáng yǔ luó mǎ huáng dì zhī jiān chǎn shēng chōng tū。
gōng yuán 1129
nián luó mǎ tiān zhù jiào huì jiàn lì zōng jiào cái pàn suǒ，
yòng qiáng zhì shǒu duàn bǎo zhèng xī '
ōu rén xìn fèng luó mǎ tiān zhù jiào。
zōng jiào cái pàn suǒ cái pàn yì duān（
yì jiào tú）
lìng qí chàn huǐ。
rú qí bù cóng biàn pàn sǐ xíng。
zài cǐ qī jiān xǔ duō lǐng zhù yǔ guì zú tǒng xiá jiào huì。
kè lǚ ní de sēng lǚ nǔ lì jiàn lì yī suǒ méi yòu lǐng zhù hé guì zú de jiào huì，
bìng huò chéng gōng。
jiào huáng '
é wǒ lüè qī shì jì chéng liǎo sēng lǚ men de shì yè，
bìng dìng xià liǎng gè mù biāo：
bǎi tuō guó wáng hé guì zú de kòng zhì，
yǔ zēng qiáng jiào huáng de quán lì。
luó mǎ tiān zhù jiào huì de jiào qū yóu yú yì jiào wáng guó（
sī kān de nà wéi yà、
lì táo wǎn、
bō lán、
xiōng yá lì）
de guī zhèng，
jī dū jiào shōu fù '
ān dá lú xī yà shī dì yǔ shí zì jūn dōng zhēng xùn sù kuò dà。
dào 15
shì jì '
ōu zhōu dà bù fēn dì qū yǐ jīng guī yǐ luó mǎ tiān zhù jiào。
zǎo qī de wén míng fù xīng jì xiàng zài 11
shì jì de xī '
ōu jiù yǐ kāi shǐ xiǎn xiàn，
yì dà lì chóngxīn kāi shǐ jìn xíng mào yì，
shǐ dé zhū rú wēi ní sī hé fó luó lún sà zhè yàng de chéng bāng de jīng jì hé wén huà dé yǐ fā zhǎn。
tóng shí，
mín zú guó jiā kāi shǐ zài fǎ guó、
yīng gé lán、
xī bān yá hé pú táo yá xíng chéng，
suī rán tā men de xíng chéng guò chéng（
tōng cháng yǐ jūn zhù、
guì zú fēng jiàn lǐng zhù hé jiào huì de duì zhì wéi biāo zhì）
cháng dá jǐ gè shì jì。
zhè xiē xīn de mín zú guó jiā kāi shǐ shǐ yòng zì jǐ de wén huà yǔ yán dài tì chuán tǒng de lā dīng yǔ。
zhè yī yùn dòng de zhù yào rén wù bāo kuò dàn dīng ·
yà lì jī lì yǔ pí sāng fū rén，
qián zhě yǐ yì dà lì yǔ zhù shū，
hòu zhě suī rán shì yì dà lì（
wēi ní sī）
rén dàn yí jū fǎ guó yǐ fǎ yǔ xiě zuò。
lìng yī fāng miàn，
shí jì wèi yú dé guó hé yì dà lì de shén shèng luó mǎ dì guó，
jìn yī bù fēn liè chéng dà liàng fēng jiàn gōng guó hé xiǎo chéng bāng，
tā men duì dì guó de fú cóng zhǐ shì xíng shì shàng de。
měnggǔ dì guó xīng qǐ hòu de 13
yǔ 14
shì jì jīng cháng bèi chēng wéi “ měnggǔ shí qī ”。
měnggǔ jūn duì zài bá dū shuài lǐng xià xiàng xī fāng kuò zhāng。
bèi tā men zhēng fú de xī fāng guó jiā bāo kuò '
é luó sī quán jìng（
chú liǎo nuò fū gē luó dé chéng wéi fù yōng yǐ wài）、
qīn chá dì qū、
xiōng yá lì hé bō lán（
réng rán bǎo liú zhù quán guó jiā dì wèi）。
měnggǔ de jìzǎi xiǎn shì zài yóu yú wō kuò tái zhī sǐ bèi méng gǔ zhào huí zhī qián，
bá dū jìhuà wán quán zhēng fú suǒ yòu de '
ōu zhōu zhū guó，
yǐ duì '
ào dì lì、
yì dà lì hé dé guó de dōng jì gōng shì wéi qǐ diǎn。
hěn duō lì shǐ xué jiā xiāng xìn jǐn jǐn yóu yú wō kuò tái de sǐ zhì zhǐ liǎo '
ōu zhōu bèi wán quán zhēng fú。
zài '
é guó，
jīn zhàng hàn guó de měnggǔ rén tǒng zhì chí xù liǎo jìn 250
nián。
After the East-West Schism, Western Christianity was adopted by newly created kingdoms of Central Europe: Poland, Hungary and Bohemia. The Roman Catholic Church developed as a major power, leading to conflicts between the Pope and Emperor. In 1129 AD the Roman Catholic Church established the Inquisition to make Western Europeans Roman Catholic by force. The Inquisition punished those who practised heresy (heretics) to make them repent. If they could not do so, the penalty was death. During this time many Lords and Nobles ruled the church. The Monks of Cluny worked hard to establish a church where there were no Lords or Nobles ruling it. They succeeded. Pope Gregory VII continued the work of the monks with 2 main goals, to rid the church of control by kings and nobles and to increase the power of the pope. The area of the Roman Catholic Church expanded enormously due to conversions of pagan kings (Scandinavia, Lithuania, Poland, Hungary), Christian reconquista of Al-Andalus, and crusades. Most of Europe was Roman Catholic in the 15th century.
Early signs of the rebirth of civilization in western Europe began to appear in the 11th century as trade started again in Italy, leading to the economic and cultural growth of independent city states such as Venice and Florence; at the same time, nation-states began to take form in places such as France, England, Spain, and Portugal, although the process of their formation (usually marked by rivalry between the monarchy, the aristocratic feudal lords and the church) actually took several centuries. These new nation-states began writing in their own cultural vernaculars, instead of the traditional Latin. Notable figures of this movement would include Dante Alighieri and Christine de Pisan (born Christina da Pizzano), the former writing in Italian, and the latter although an Italian (Venice) relocated to France and wrote in French.(See Reconquista for the latter two countries.) On the other hand, the Holy Roman Empire, essentially based in Germany and Italy, further fragmented into a myriad of feudal principalities or small city states, whose subjection to the emperor was only formal.
The 13th and 14th century, when the Mongol Empire came to power, is often called the Age of the Mongols. Mongol armies expanded westward under the command of Batu Khan. Their western conquests included almost all of Russia (save Novgorod, which became a vassal), Kipchak lands, Hungary, and Poland (Which had remained sovereign state). Mongolian records indicate that Batu Khan was planning a complete conquest of the remaining European powers, beginning with a winter attack on Austria, Italy and Germany, when he was recalled to Mongolia upon the death of Great Khan Ögedei. Most historians believe only his death prevented the complete conquest of Europe. In Russia, the Mongols of the Golden Horde ruled for almost 250 years.