14与15世纪是中世纪晚期。至1300年左右，欧洲几个世纪以来的繁荣和增长开始停滞。一系列的饥荒和瘟疫，如1315-1317年大饥荒与黑死病。黑死病是欧洲史上的最大灾难之一，有过多次爆发，但是最严重的一次是在14世纪中期，估计欧洲人口的三分之一死于此次爆发。人口减少导致社会动乱与部族战争。法国和英格兰经历了大规模的农民起义——扎克雷起义与英国农民起义，以及英法百年战争。无独有偶，统一的罗马天主教会也被大分裂所动摇。这些事件有时被统称为中世纪晚期危机。
虽然有这些危机，14世纪仍然是一个在艺术和科学方面有着长足进步的时代。复兴的对于古希腊和古罗马文献的兴趣引起了后人所称的意大利文艺复兴。一个发现时代在这一时期末期发端。奥斯曼土耳其帝国的扩张在1453年君士坦丁堡陷落之后到达顶峰，切断了欧洲和东方的贸易可能。欧洲人被迫寻找新的贸易路线，比如哥伦布1492年探访美洲，又如达·伽马1498年绕过非洲直航印度。
在14世纪早期，波罗的海成为了最重要的贸易航运中心。一个城市贸易联盟——汉萨同盟——促进了波兰、立陶宛和其他波罗的海国家的大片地区融入欧洲经济，也帮助了东欧列强的崛起，包括立陶宛、波兰、匈牙利、波西米亚和莫斯科大公国。
公认的中世纪结束时间一般定为君士坦丁堡和拜占庭帝国被奥斯曼土耳其攻占的1453年。土耳其人把该城作为他们的奥斯曼帝国的首都，该帝国一直延续到1922年，包括埃及、叙利亚和大部分巴尔干国家。奥斯曼帝国对欧战争，有时也称土耳其战争，在东南欧历史上的影响举足轻重。
The Late Middle Ages span the 14th and 15th centuries. Around 1300, centuries of European prosperity and growth came to a halt. A series of famines and plagues, such as the Great Famine of 1315–1317 and the Black Death, reduced the population by as much as half according to some estimates. Along with depopulation came social unrest and endemic warfare. France and England experienced serious peasant risings: the Jacquerie, the Peasants' Revolt, and the Hundred Years' War. To add to the many problems of the period, the unity of the Catholic Church was shattered by the Great Schism. Collectively these events are sometimes called the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages.
Despite these crises, the 14th century was also a time of great progress within the arts and sciences. A renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman texts led to what has later been termed the Italian Renaissance. Toward the end of the period, an era of discovery began. The growth of the Ottoman Empire, culminating in the fall of Constantinople in 1453, cut off trading possibilities with the east. Europeans were forced to discover new trading routes, as was the case with Columbus’s travel to the Americas in 1492, and Vasco da Gama’s circumnavigation of India and Africa in 1498.
One of the largest catastrophes to have hit Europe was the Black Death. There were numerous outbreaks, but the most severe was in the mid-1300s and is estimated to have killed a third of Europe's population.
Beginning in the 14th century, the Baltic Sea became one of the most important trade routes. The Hanseatic League, an alliance of trading cities, facilitated the absorption of vast areas of Poland, Lithuania and other Baltic countries into the economy of Europe. This fed the growth of powerful states in Eastern Europe including Lithuania, Poland, Hungary, Bohemia, and Muscovy. The conventional end of the Middle Ages is usually associated with the fall of the city Constantinople and of the Byzantine Empire to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. The Turks made the city the capital of their Ottoman Empire, which lasted until 1922 and also included Egypt, Syria and most of the Balkans. The Ottoman wars in Europe, also sometimes referred as the Turkish wars, marked an essential part of the history of southeastern Europe.