632
nián 6
yuè 8
rì，
mù hǎn mò dé zài mài dì nà bìng shì。
mù hǎn mò dé shēng qián méi yòu zhǐ dìng jì chéng rén，
bù luò qiú cháng men rèn wéi，
tā men duì mù hǎn mò dé de fú cóng，
yǐ jīng suí zhe xiān zhī de qù shì '
ér gào zhōng jié。
yú shì，
gè bù luò tíng zhǐ jìn gòng，
gè xíng qí shì。
zhè yī biàn gù zài yī sī lán jiào lì shǐ shàng shì zuò “ pàn jiào ”，
yǐn qǐ liǎo yī xì liè yòu jìhuà de zhàn zhēng。
wéi liǎo ràng bèi dū yīn rén jì xù xiào zhōng yú mài dì nà，
zuì hòu jīng gè pài xié shāng，
tóng yì yóu mù hǎn mò dé de yuè fù '
ā bù ·
bó kè '
ěr chū rèn xiān zhī zài shì jiān de dài biǎo，
chēng wéi hā lǐ fā（ khalīfatRasūlAllah，
yì wéi zhēn zhù shǐ zhě de jì chéng rén）。
zhèng shì zài tā de lǐng dǎo xià，
pàn jiào de bù luò chóngxīn huí dào liǎo xìn tú de hángliè，
ā lā bó bàn dǎo huī fù liǎo tǒng yī，
ā lā bó rén kāi shǐ liǎo zuì zǎo de duì wài kuò zhāng。
634
nián，
ào mǎ '
ěr yī shì（ 634
héng 644
nián zài wèi）
dāng xuǎn dì '
èr rèn hā lǐ fā，
zì chēng wéi“
zhēn zhù shǐ zhě de jì chéng rén de jì chéng rén”，
cóng cǐ kāi shǐ dān rèn liǎo mù sī lín jūn duì de zǒng sī lìng。
tā shǒu xiān shuài lǐng bèi dū yīn jūn duì jìn rù xù lì yà，
jī bài bài zhàn tíng， 636
nián gōng xiàn dà mǎ shì gé，
liǎng nián hòu jìn jūn yé lù sǎ lěng dì qū；
jì '
ér fēn bīng dōng xī liǎng lù，
zhǎn kāi quán miàn jìn gōng。
dōng xiàn jiē lián gōng pò bō sī jūn duì fáng xiàn，
zhàn lǐng liǎo yī lā kè hé yī lǎng dà bù dì qū；
xī xiàn lián bài bài zhàn tíng，
zhàn lǐng bā lè sī tǎn hé '
āi jí。
dì sān rèn hā lǐ fā '
ào sī màn zài wèi shí，
dì guó kuò zhāng zhàn zhēng gèng shì shì bù kě dǎng。
dōng xiàn '
ā lā bó jūn duì chéng shèng zhuī jī zhàn bài de bō sī sà shān wáng cháo，
jìn jūn hū luó shān。 651
nián，
sà shān wáng cháo miè wáng，
ā lā bó dì guó duó dé hū luó shān、
yà měi ní yà hé '
ā sài bài jiāng děng dì。
dì guó xī xiàn dà jūn zé gōng rù běi fēi lì bǐ yà de xī lán ní jiā。
zhèng dāng duì wài kuò zhāng zhàn zhēng shì rú pò zhú shí，
dì guó nèi bù fā shēng fēn liè。
yǐ '
ā lǐ ·
yī běn ·
ài bǐ ·
tǎ lǐ bǔ wéi shǒu de hā xī mǔ jiā zú duì chū shēn yú wō mǎ yà jiā zú de '
ào sī màn chū rèn hā lǐ fā de hé fǎ xìng tí chū zhì yí，
bìng zǔ jiàn qǐ shí yè pài，
yǔ '
ào sī màn suǒ fèng xíng de xùn ní pài xiāng duì lì。
mù sī lín nèi bù fēn zhēng yóu cǐ kāi duān。 656
nián，
ào sī màn bèi cì，
ā lǐ jì rèn hā lǐ fā。
dàn yǐ xù lì yà zǒng dū mù '
ā wéi yè wéi shǒu de wō mǎ yà jiā zú jù bù chéng rèn '
ā lǐ zhèng quán。
shuāng fāng shù cì huǒ pīn，
wèi fēn shèng fù，
jiāng chí bù xià。
bù jiǔ，
shí yè pài nèi bù yòu chū xiàn fēn liè，
bù fēn duì '
ā lǐ bù mǎn de xià céng mù sī lín zǔ jiàn liǎo yī gè jūn shì mín zhù pài héng héng hā wǎ lì jí pài。 661
nián，
gāi pài cì shā '
ā lǐ，
shén quán gòng hé shí dài jié shù。
zuì chū de sì dà hā lǐ fā yóu mù sī lín gōng shè xuǎn jǔ chǎn shēng，
lì shǐ shàngjiàng zhè 4
wèi hā lǐ fā tǒng zhì shí qī chēng zhī wéi shén quán gòng hé shí qī，
yòu chēng sì dà hā lǐ fā shí qī。
ā lā bó shǐ xué jiā bǎ shén quán gòng hé shí qī de sì wèi hā lǐ fā jiào zuò“
lā shí dùn” (al-Rāshidūn
zhèng tǒng pài )。
zhè yī shí qī，
dì guó bǎn tú xùn sù kuò zhāng，
wéi '
ā lā bó dì guó diàn dìng liǎo jī chǔ。
zài cǐ qī jiān，
lì rèn hā lǐ fā lì yòng běi fāng bài zhàn tíng、
bō sī liǎng dà dì guó cháng qī zhēng zhàn de yòu lì shí jī，
yǐ jí xīn de yī sī lán jiào xìn yǎng dài lái de tuán jié hé lì liàng，
hé tā men zì shēn chōng fēn de shā mò zuò zhàn jīng yàn（
tè bié shì lì yòng“
shā mò zhī zhōu”
luò tuó，
ér bù shì xiàng běi bù de lín jū nà yàng qí mǎ zuò zhàn），
yǐ“
shèng zhàn”
wéi míng jìn xíng dà guī mó de wǔ lì kuò zhāng。
Abu Bakr, the first successor of Muhammad, according to Sunni beliefs, nominated Umar as his successor on his deathbed, and there was consensus in the Muslim community to his choice. Umar Ibn Khattab, the second caliph, was killed by a slave. His successor, Uthman Ibn Affan, was elected by a council of electors (Majlis), but was soon perceived by some to be ruling as a "king" rather than an elected leader. Uthman was killed by members of a disaffected group. Ali then took control but was not universally accepted as caliph by the governors of Egypt, and later by some of his own guard. He faced two major rebellions and was assassinated after a tumultuous rule of only five years. This period is known as the Fitna, or the first Islamic civil war. Under the Rashidun each region (Sultanate, Wilayah, or Emirate) of the Caliphate had its own governor (Sultan, Wāli or Emir).
Muawiyah, a relative of Uthman, and governor (Wali) of Syria became one of Ali's challengers, and after Ali's death, managed to overcome the other claimants to the Caliphate. Muawiyah transformed the caliphate into a hereditary office, thus founding the Umayyad dynasty.
In areas which were previously under Sassanid Persian or Byzantine rule, the Caliphs lowered taxes, provided greater local autonomy, greater religious freedom for Jews, indigenous Christians, and brought peace to peoples demoralized and disaffected by the casualties and heavy taxation that resulted from the decades of Byzantine-Persian warfare.