1914---1918 20
shì jì chū dì guó zhù yì zhī jiān de máo dùn jīng guò cháng qī jī lěi，
wéi zhòng xīn guā fēn zhí mín dì，
zuì zhōng bào fā liǎo dé、
ào tóng méng guó jí tuán tóng yīng、
fǎ、
é xié yuē guó jí tuán zhī jiān de dà guī mó zhàn zhēng，
zhàn huǒ cóng '
ōu zhōu màn yán zhì yà fēi， 33
gè guó jiā xiān hòu juǎnrù。
chéng wéi dì yī cì zhēn zhèng yì yì shàng de shì jiè dà zhàn。
bā '
ěr gān zhàn zhēng hòu bā '
ěr gān mín zú zhù yì gāo zhǎng，
ào dì lì zhǔn bèi rù qīn sài '
ěr wéi yà， 1914
nián 6
yuè 28
rì，
ào dì lì wáng chǔ zài sà lā rè wō bèi cì， 7
yuè 28
rì，
ào dì lì duì sài xuān zhàn。 8
yuè '
ōu zhōu gè dà guó xiān hòu juǎnrù zhàn zhēng，
yī zhàn zài dōng、
nán、
xī sān tiáo zhàn xiàn shàng quán miàn bào fā。 1914
nián 8
yuè，
dé guó zài xī xiàn fā dòng jìn gōng，
shǒu xiān zhàn lǐng liǎo bǐ lì shí、
lú sēn bǎo，
zài '
ā dēng yī xiàn duì fǎ guó fā dòng jìn gōng，
hěn kuài tū pò liǎo fǎ guó biān jìng fáng xiàn，
fǎ jūn xùn sù dòng yuán yù bèi duì，
tōng guò tiě lù hé qì chē tóu rù zhàn chǎng， 9
yuè chū shuāng fāng jìn xíng mǎ '
ēn hé zhàn yì，
yīn '
é guó zài dōng xiàn fā dòng jìn gōng，
dé jūn zhǐ dé chōu diào bù fēn bīng lì gǎn wǎng dōng xiàn，
yīng fǎ lián jūn zǔ zhǐ liǎo dé jūn sù zhàn sù jué de dǎ suàn。
yīng fǎ lián jūn zhuǎn rù fǎn gōng，
dé jūn lì yòng jī qiāng、
tiě sī wǎng gòu zhù liǎo yě zhàn gōng shì，
yīng fǎ lián jūn zhèng miàn jìn gōng wú fǎ qǔ dé jìn zhǎn，
biàn bāo chāo dé jūn cè yì，
dé jūn yě fǎn guò lái bāo chāo lián jūn xīn chǎn shēng de cè yì，
shuāng fāng bù duàn xiāng hù bāo chāo jiāng fáng xiàn yán shēn dào hǎi '
àn。 10
yuè dé jūn fā dòng gōng shì tóu rù shàng bǎi wàn bīng lì jìn xíng zhèng miàn qiáng gōng，
lián jūn zé bù duàn zài zòng shēn gòu zhù fáng xiàn，
dé jūn shǐ zhōng wú fǎ qǔ dé jué dìng xìng de tū pò，
shuāng fāng bù duàn jiā qiáng gōng shì zhú jiàn xíng chéng yī tiáo wěn dìng de zhàn xiàn。
zài dōng xiàn dé '
ào hé '
é zài guǎng kuò de qū yù jī zhàn，
shuāng fāng tóu rù de bīng lì yòu xiàn，
méi yòu xíng chéng xī xiàn de jiāo zhe tài shì， 1914
nián 8
yuè '
é jūn fēn liǎng lù jìn gōng dōng pǔ lǔ shì hé bō lán de jiā lǐ xī yà，
dé guó xiàn rù liǎng xiàn zuò zhàn， 9
yuè běi xiàn '
é jūn bèi dé jūn jī kuì，
ér zài nán xiàn '
ào jūn bèi jī bài。 11
yuè dé jūn xié zhù '
ào jūn zǔ zhǐ liǎo '
é jūn de jìn gōng。 1914
nián zhàn zhēng bào fā hòu rì běn jiù jí bù kě dài de duì zhàn lǐng qīng dǎo de dé jūn fā dòng jìn gōng，
suí hòu yòu zhàn lǐng liǎo tóng méng guó shǔ de tài píng yáng dǎo yǔ， 1914
nián 10
yuè，
tǔ '
ěr qí cān zhàn，
xí jī liǎo '
é hēi hǎi jiàn duì hé gǎng kǒu， 10
yuè dǐ tǔ、
é zài gāo jiā suǒ zhǎn kāi jī zhàn，
zhì 1915
nián tǔ jūn bèi jī tuì。
tóng shí yīng jūn zài '
ā lā bó rén pèi hé xià zài duó qǔ liǎo xù lì yà de tǔ '
ěr qí lǐng dì。 1914
nián 8
yuè，
yīng guó yǔ dé guó jiàn duì kāi shǐ zài běi hǎi jiāo zhàn， 1915
nián 2
yuè，
dé guó kāi shǐ jìn xíng wú xiàn zhì qián tǐng zhàn，
dàn pò yú měi guó de yā lì hěn kuài yòu tíng zhǐ liǎo xí jī zhōng lì guó chuán zhǐ。 1915
nián tóng méng guó cǎi yòng xī shǒu dōng gōng de fāng zhēn，
nián chū dé jūn zài xī xiàn zhuǎn rù fáng yù， 4
yuè yīng fǎ lián jūn fǎn gōng，
dé jūn zhōng shǐ yòng liǎo dú qì dàn，
suí hòu shuāng fāng dà guī mó shǐ yòng huà xué wǔ qì，
tóng shí pèi fā fáng dú miàn jù，
huà xué wǔ qì jiù méi yòu fā huī duō dà zuò yòng。 9
yuè lián jūn zài cì fā dòng gōng shì，
réng méi yòu qǔ dé jìn zhǎn，
shuāng fāng huī fù duì zhì。
zài dōng xiàn，
tóng méng guó hé '
é guó dū jìhuà xīn de gōng shì， 2
yuè，
dé '
ào qiǎng xiān fā dòng jìn gōng， 3
yuè '
é jūn yě fā dòng jìn gōng，
xíng chéng quǎn yá jiāo cuò de zhàn xiàn。
xià jì dé jūn chōu diào xī xiàn zhù lì fā dòng quán miàn jìn gōng，
é jūn sǔn shī 170
wàn rén，
tuì zhì běn tǔ fáng yù。
zài nán xiàn， 1914
nián '
ào jūn bèi sài '
ěr wéi yà jī bài， 1915
nián 10
yuè，
bǎo jiā lì yà jiā rù tóng méng guó yī fāng duì sài '
ěr wéi yà xuān zhàn，
sài jūn zài liǎng xiàn jiā jī xià hěn kuài shī lì， 11
yuè sài '
ěr wéi yà bèi zhàn lǐng。
tóng nián 5
yuè，
yì dà lì jiā rù xié yuē guó yī fāng duì '
ào xiōng dì guó xuān zhàn，
suí hòu duì '
ào fā dòng duō cì jìn gōng，
quán bù bèi '
ào jūn jī bài。 1916
nián，
dé jūn zài cì bǎ zhòng diǎn zhuǎn yí dào xī xiàn， 2
yuè 21
rì dé jūn jí zhōng yōu shì bīng lì fā qǐ fán '
ěr dēng，
qǐ chū fǎ jūn zhǔn bèi bù zú，
dé jūn qǔ dé liǎo yī dìng jìn zhǎn，
hěn kuài yuán jūn gǎn dào，
zhàn jú yòu chóngxiàn liǎo 1914
nián de jǐng xiàng，
zhì 9
yuè 2
rì，
fǎ jūn jī tuì liǎo dé jūn de jìn gōng。
wéi pèi hé fán '
ěr dēng fáng yù， 6
yuè 24
rì，
yīng fǎ lián jūn fā dòng suǒ mǔ hé zhàn yì，
yīng fǎ lián jūn hé dé jūn dū shǐ yòng fēi jī jìn xíng zhī yuán，
bìng jìn xíng liǎo dà guī mó kōng zhàn， 9
yuè 15
rì yīng jūn shǒu cì tóu rù tǎn kè cān zhàn，
zhì 11
yuè zhàn yì jié shù yīng fǎ lián jūn hé yǐ wǎng yī yàng sǔn shī cǎn zhòng '
ér háo wú jìn zhǎn。 1917
nián chū xié yuē guó zài cì fā dòng quán xiàn jìn gōng，
zài 6
yuè de kāng bù léi zhàn yì zhōng，
yīng jūn jí zhōng shǐ yòng tǎn kè zài fēi jī de pèi hé xià fā dòng tū xí，
qǔ dé liǎo yī xiē zhàn guǒ，
dàn hěn kuài yòu bèi dé jūn jī tuì。 1916
nián 3
yuè，
é jūn zài dōng xiàn chóngxīn fā dòng liǎo gōng shì，
nán lù '
é jūn qǔ dé liǎo yī xiē jìn zhǎn， 1917
nián 3
yuè，
é guó gōng rén hé shì bīng bào fā qǐ yì，
tuī fān shā huáng， 7
yuè，
é jūn jì xù xiàng '
ào jūn jìn gōng， 9
yuè dé '
ào yuán jūn gǎn dào，
fā dòng lǐ jiā zhàn yì，
jī kuì '
é jūn。 11
yuè 7
rì，
é guó bù '
ěr shí wéi kè lǐng dǎo gōng rén shì bīng fā dòng shí yuè gé mìng，
tuī fān lín shí zhēng fú，
jiàn lì sū wéi '
āi zhèng quán。 12
yuè，
sū '
é tuì chū dì guó zhù yì zhàn zhēng。 1916
nián 8
yuè luó mǎ ní yà duì '
ào xuān zhàn， 12
yuè bèi tóng méng guó zhàn lǐng， 1917
nián 6
yuè xī là duì tóng méng guó xuān zhàn。 1916
nián dé guó hǎi jūn nǔ lì tū pò yīng jiàn duì de fēng suǒ， 5
yuè 31
rì，
shuāng fāng hǎi jūn zhù lì bào fā liǎo rì dé lán hǎi zhàn，
shuāng fāng sǔn shī cǎn zhòng，
dōuméi yòu xiāo miè duì fāng zhù lì，
dàn dé guó jiàn duì cóng cǐ tuì shǒu gǎng kǒu sàng shī hǎi miàn de zhì hǎi quán。 1917
nián，
dé guó huī fù wú xiàn zhì qián tǐng zhàn，
dàn hěn kuài zhāo zhì měi guó cān zhàn。 1917
nián 4
yuè，
měi guó cān zhàn，
hěn kuài zǔ zhì yuǎn zhēng jūn tóu rù '
ōu zhōu zhàn chǎng，
měi guó cān zhàn hòu yuán běn zhōng lì de lā měi guó jiā fēn fēn duì tóng méng guó xuān zhàn，
tóng nián 8
yuè zhōng guó duì dé '
ào xuān zhàn，
bìng pài qiǎn jìn 20
wàn láo gōng dào '
ōu zhōu xiū zhù gōng shì。 1918
nián dé guó zhàn zhēng lì liàng yǐ jìn kū jié，
wéi jìn kuài jié shù zhàn zhēng 3
yuè qǐ yòu jìn xíng liǎo dà guī mó jìn gōng。 3
yuè 21
rì qǐ duì yīng fǎ lián jūn lián xù fā dòng jìn gōng，
zhì 5
yuè 30
rì jìn zhì bā lí jǐn 60
gōng lǐ chù，
suí hòu měi jūn jiā rù zuò zhàn，
dé jūn yòu jīng yàn de bù duì zài cì hào jìn， 7
yuè xié yuē guó zhuǎn rù fǎn gōng。 7
yuè 18
rì fǎ jūn zài tǎn kè hé pào bīng dàn mù de yǎn hù xià fā dòng fǎn jī，
kōng jūn duó qǔ liǎo zhì kōng quán， 8
～ 9
yuè yīng jūn hé měi jūn zài dà liàng tǎn kè hé fēi jī de zhī yuán xià lián xù fā dòng yà mián zhàn yì hé shèng mǐ yé '
ěr zhàn yì，
dé jūn bīn yú bēng kuì。 9
yuè 26
rì，
xī xiàn xié yuē guó fā dòng zǒng gōng， 10
yuè 20
rì，
dé jūn quán xiàn kuì tuì。
tóng nián 9
yuè xié yuē guó zài bā '
ěr gān kāi shǐ fǎn gōng。 9
yuè 24
rì zhàn bài de bǎo jiā lì yà jūn fā shēng qǐ yì， 29
rì bǎo jiā lì yà tóu jiàng。
tóng nián 6
yuè '
ào jūn duì yì dà lì fā dòng liǎo zuì hòu de gōng shì，
hěn kuài bèi yì jūn jī tuì， 10
yuè yì jūn fā dòng fǎn gōng， 30
rì '
ào jūn fáng xiàn bēng kuì， 11
yuè 3
rì，
ào xiōng dì guó tíng zhàn，
bìng hěn kuài jiě tǐ。
tóng yī tiān dé guó jī '
ěr shuǐ bīng bào fā qǐ yì， 11
yuè 9
rì，
dé huáng wēi lián '
èr shì tuì wèi，
dāng tiān chéng lì liǎo shè huì zhù yì gòng hé guó zhèng quán。
bào fā gé mìng，
hòu dé guó zī chǎn jiē jí hé róng kè dì zhù jí tuán wéi bǎo zhù tǒng zhì dì wèi xùn sù xiàng xié yuē guó qiú hé， 11
yuè 11
rì，
shuāng fāng qiān shǔ liǎo tiáo jiàn kē kè de tíng zhàn xié dìng，
dé guó jiāo chū suǒ yòng zhí mín dì hé zhòng wǔ qì。 1919
nián 1
yuè 28
rì，
bā lí hé huì zhào kāi，
jīng guò cháng shí jiān zhēng chǎo， 6
yuè 28
rì qiān dìng 「 fán '
ěr sài hé yuē 」。
dé guó bèi jìn zhǐ chóngxīn wǔ zhuāng，
lǐng tǔ bèi zhī jiě，
bìng chéng dān jù '
é péi kuǎn。
zhàn hòu dé guó bù mǎn「
fán '
ěr sài hé yuē」
de shù fù，
wéi xīn de shì jiè dà zhàn cè yuán dì xíng chéng jī lěi liǎo tiáo jiàn。
zhè chǎng zhàn zhēng xuē ruò liǎo yīng fǎ děng lǎo pái dì guó zhù yì，
měi guó chéng wéi yī liú dà guó。
rì běn、
yì dà lì děng xīn xīng dì guó zhù yì guó jiā yě cóng dé、
ào de bēng kuì zhōng lāo zú liǎo hǎo chù。
é guó bào fā shí yuè gé mìng chéng lì shè huì zhù yì guó jiā hòu，
gòng chǎn zhù yì yùn dòng hé zhí mín dì jiě fàng yùn dòng péng bó xīng qǐ。
yī zhàn qián shì jiè wán chéng liǎo dì '
èr cì gōng yè gé mìng，
kē xué jì shù kōng qián fā zhǎn，
rén lèi zhàn zhēng cóng píng miàn fā zhǎn dào bāo kuò kōng zhōng hé shuǐ xià de lì tǐ zhàn zhēng，
zhàn zhēng yàng shì chè dǐ gǎi guān。
During World War I, the German Empire was one of the Central Powers that ultimately lost the war. It began participation with the conflict after the declaration of war against Serbia by its ally, Austria-Hungary. German forces fought the Allies on both the eastern and western fronts, although German territory itself remained relatively safe from widespread invasion for most of the war.
Germans responded to the beginning of war during 1914 with the same general enthusiasm as did many people of other countries of Europe; this enthusiasm is known as the Spirit of 1914. The German government, dominated by the economic and political elite, thought of the war as a way to end Germany's disputes with neighbors and rivals like France, the United Kingdom, and Russia. The beginning of war was thus presented in authoritarian Germany as the chance for the nation to secure "our place under the sun" as the Kaiser Wilhelm II put it, which was readily supported by the prevailing nationalism of the public. The Kaiser and the German establishment hoped the war would unite the public behind the monarchy, and lessen the threat posed by the dramatic growth of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, which had been the most vocal critic of the Kaiser in the Reichstag before the war. Despite their history, the Social Democratic Party of Germany ended its differences with the government and abandoned its principles of internationalism to support the war effort.
It soon became apparent that Germany was not prepared for a war lasting more than a few months. At first, little was done to regulate the economy for a wartime footing, and the German war economy would remain badly organized throughout the war. Germany depended on imports of food and raw materials, which were stopped by the British blockade of Germany. Food prices were first limited, then rationing was introduced. The winter of 1916/17 was called "turnip winter". During the war, about 750,000 German civilians died from malnutrition . Even more died after the war, as the Allied blockade was not ended until the summer of 1919.
Enthusiasm began to decrease as the enormous numbers of casualties began returning from the first battles. As the human cost increased during battles at the Marne, Verdun, the Somme, and at Ypres in the west, and in Poland and Galicia in the East, a grimmer and grimmer attitude began to prevail amongst the general population. Morale was helped by victories against Serbia, Greece, Italy, and Russia which made great gains for the Central Powers. Morale was at its greatest since 1914 at the end of 1917 and beginning of 1918 with the defeat of Russia following her rise into revolution, and the German people braced for what Ludendorff said would be the "Peace Offensive" in the west. In one of the bloodiest series of battles in history from March to August, Ludendorff's plans were thwarted by the combined Allied efforts and Germany's last chance to win the war was lost.
By September 1918, the pies were exhausted from fighting, and the Allies had won the support of American forces. Even though the eastern front was hundreds of miles away from the borders of the Reich, an invasion of the Rhineland on the western front was possible. The hunger and popular dissatisfaction with the war precipitated uprisings and an attempted revolution throughout Germany, deposing the Kaiser and creating the historical motive for far-right German nationalists to later develop the Dolchstoßlegende. By the end of 1918, Germany had signed the Armistice, the Kaiser had abdicated, and the Empire had been replaced by the Weimar Republic.