měi guó dú lì zhàn zhēng
bèi jǐng
běi měi zhí mín dì yú 18
shì jì zhú jiàn fán shèng，
zài jīng jì shàng yě kāi shǐ xún qiú dú lì，
jiǎn shǎo duì yīng guó de yǐ lài。
rán '
ér zhè yǐn lái yīng guó bù mǎn，
yīn wéi yīng guó xī wàng kě yǐ lì yòng běi měi zhí mín dì，
zuò wéi tā lián jià de yuán cái liào de gōng yìng dì，
yǐ jí shāng pǐn de qīng xiāo shì chǎng。
yīng guó zhèng fǔ nǎi shuài xiān bān bù fǎ lìng，
bù zhǔn zhí mín dì jū mín xiàng xī kāi tuò，
bìng jìn zhǐ qí fā xíng zì jǐ de zhǐ bì，
zài duì qí kè yǐ zhòng shuì jí jiě sàn qí yì huì，
zhè shǐ dé zhí mín dì jū mín fā dòng liǎo dà guī mó shì wēi。
yīng guó dāng jú nǎi zài 1773
nián 3
yuè 5
rì pài bīng shè shā fǎn kàng yīng guó de bō shì dùn jū mín，
zhì zào liǎo “ bō shì dùn chá yè shì jiàn ”。
1774
nián yīng guó dāng jú gèng bān bù liǎo 5
xiàng“
bù kě róng rěn de fǎ '
àn”，
jī huà liǎo shuāng fāng de máo dùn。 1774
nián 9
yuè 5
rì，
chú zuǒ zhì yà zhōu wài， 12
gè zhí mín dì de dài biǎo huì yì xuǎn pài 56
míng dài biǎo，
zài fèi chéng zhào kāi dì yī jiè dà lù huì yì，
tōng guò xuān yán，
bìng jiàn lì dà lù xié huì。
xīn yīng gé lán de rén mín zǔ zhì liǎo mín bīng，
bìng yú 1776
nián 7
yuè 4
rì tōng guò liǎo《
dú lì xuān yán》，
zhèng shì xuān bù 13
gè zhí mín dì dú lì。
zài qiáo zhì ·
huá shèng dùn de dài lǐng xià，
běi měi zhí mín zhě zài duì yīng guó de měi guó dú lì zhàn zhēng zhōng yíng dé liǎo shèng lì，
bìng qiě jiàn lì qǐ liǎo měi lì jiān hé zhòng guó。
hé píng tiáo yuē
1783
nián měi yīng yú bā lí qiān shǔ【
měi yīng bā lí tiáo yuē】 (TreatyofParis)。
yùhuì zhě chú měi yīng dài biǎo wài，
hái yòu fǎ guó yǔ xī bān yá dài biǎo。
huì tán zhōng，
fǎ xī dài biǎo mò shì měi fāng lì yì，
měi fāng mì mì yǔ yīng fāng jiāo shè，
zuì hòu měi guó yǐ píng děng dì wèi yǔ yīng guó dì yuē，
yě shòu guó jì chéng rèn。
1787
nián zhì xiàn huì yì
dú lì hòu，
gè zhōu yīn bāng lián tiáo lì zǔ chéng bāng lián zhèng fǔ，
gè zhōu yòu dú lì zì zhù de dà quán xíng tóng sǎnshā。 1787
nián xiè sī lǐng dǎo nóng mín qǐ yì，
jiā sù liǎo zhì dìng lián bāng xiàn fǎ de bù fá，
tóng nián shí sān gè zhōu zài fèi chéng zhào kāi zhì xiàn huì yì，
lián bāng xiàn fǎ zhōng yī .
cǎi yòng sān quán fēn lì (
lì fǎ、
sī fǎ、
xíng zhèng )
de mín zhù zhèng quán；
èr .
cǎi yòng dài yì zhì。
zhè bù shì shì shàng dì yī bù chéng wén xiàn fǎ，
tǐ xiàn liǎo quán lì hù xiāng zhì héng，
fáng zhǐ zhuān zhèng de sān quán fēn lì sī xiǎng。
1790
nián quán lì fǎ '
àn
bǔ chōng liǎo lián bāng xiàn fǎ nèi méi yòu guī dìng rén mín de jī běn quán lì。
yòu dìng míng liǎo zhèng jiào fēn lí yuán zé。
zhòng yào lì shǐ shì jiàn：
*1770
nián 3
yuè 5
rì，
bō shì dùn shì mín yǔ yīng guó zhù jūn fā shēng chōng tū，
yīng guó zhù jūn xiàng běi měi píng mín kāi qiāng，
zào chéng jǔ shì zhǔ mùdì bō shì dùn cǎn '
àn。
*1773
nián 12
yuè 16
rì，
bō shì dùn qīng chá shì jiàn。
*1774
nián 9
yuè 5
rì，
lái zì gè dì de zhí mín zhě dài biǎo zài fèi chéng zhào kāi liǎo dì yī jiè“
dà lù huì yì”。
The Thirteen Colonies began a rebellion against British rule in 1775 and proclaimed their independence in 1776. They subsequently constituted the first thirteen states of the United States of America, which became a nation state in 1781 with the ratification of the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union. The 1783 Treaty of Paris represented the Kingdom of Great Britain's formal acknowledgement of the United States as an independent nation.
The United States defeated Britain with help from France, the United Provinces and Spain in the American Revolutionary War. The colonists' victory at Saratoga in 1777 led the French into an open alliance with the United States. It is a matter of debate which state was the first to recognize the United States, but the claim extends to the Republic of Ragusa (now the city of Dubrovnik], the Netherlands and Morocco.
In 1781, a combined American and French Army, acting with the support of a French fleet, captured a large British army led by General Charles Cornwallis at Yorktown, Virginia. The surrender of General Cornwallis ended serious British efforts to find a military solution to their American problem. In effect, "the United States was the first major colony successfully to revolt against colonial rule. In this sense, it was the first 'new nation'."
Trumbull's Declaration of Independence
Side by side with the states' efforts to gain independence through armed resistance, a political union was being developed and agreed upon by them. The first step was to formally declare independence from Great Britain. On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress, still meeting in Philadelphia, declared the independence of "the United States of America" in the Declaration of Independence. Although the states were still independent entities and not yet formally bound in a legal union, July 4 is celebrated as the nation's birthday. The new nation was dedicated to principles of republicanism, which emphasized civic duty and a fear of corruption and hereditary aristocracy.
A Union of the states with a constitutional government, the Congress of the Confederation first became possible with the ratification of the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union. The drafting of the Articles began in June 1776 and the approved text was sent to the States on November 15, 1777 for their ratification. While most States passed laws to authorize their representatives in Congress to sign the document by 1778, Maryland refused to do so until a dispute between the states concerning Western land claims had been resolved. After Virginia passed a law ceding its claims on January 2, 1781, Maryland became the 13th and final state to pass an Act to ratify the Articles on February 2, 1781. The formal signing of the Articles by Maryland was completed on March 1, 1781 in Philadelphia and on the following day Samuel Huntington became the first President of the United States in Congress Assembled. However, it became apparent early on that the new constitution was inadequate for the operation of the new government and efforts soon began to improve upon it.
The territory of the newly formed USA was much smaller than it is today. A French map showing Les Etats Unis in 1790
A series of attempts to organize a movement to outline and press reforms culminated in the Congress calling the Philadelphia Convention in 1787. The structure of the national government was profoundly changed on March 4, 1789, when the American people replaced the confederation type government of the Articles with a federation type government of the Constitution. The new government reflected a radical break from the normative governmental structures of the time, favoring representative, elective government with a weak executive, rather than the existing monarchical structures common within the western traditions of the time. The system of republicanism borrowed heavily from the Enlightenment ideas and classical western philosophy: a primacy was placed upon individual liberty and upon constraining the power of government through a system of separation of powers. Additionally, the United States Bill of Rights was ratified on December 15, 1791 to guarantee individual liberties such as freedom of speech and religious practice and consisted of the first ten amendments of the Constitution. John Jay was the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, whose membership was established by the Judiciary Act of 1789; the first Supreme Court session was held in New York City on February 1, 1790. In 1803, the Court case Marbury v. Madison made the Court the sole arbiter of constitutionality of federal law.
Foundations for American government
Treaty of Penn with Indians by Benjamin West painted in 1827.
Native American societies reminded Europeans of a golden age only known to them in folk history. The idea of freedom and democratic ideals was born in the Americas because "it was only in America" that Europeans from 1500 to 1776 knew of societies that were "truly free."
“ Natural freedom is the only object of the policy of the [Native Americans]; with this freedom do nature and climate rule alone amongst them ... [Native Americans] maintain their freedom and find abundant nourishment . . . [and are] people who live without laws, without police, without religion. ”
—- Jean Jacques Rousseau, Jesuit and Savage in New France
The Iroquois nations' political confederacy and democratic government has been credited as one of the influences on the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution. However, there is heated debate among historians about the importance of their contribution. Although Native American governmental influence is debated, it is a historical fact that several founding fathers had contact with the Iroquois, and prominent figures such as Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin were involved with the Iroquois.
“ As powerful, dense [Mound Builder] populations were reduced to weakened, scattered remnants, political readjustments were necessary. New confederacies were formed. One such was to become a pattern called up by Benjamin Franklin when the thirteen colonies struggled to confederate: "If the Iroquois can do it so can we", he said in substance. ”
—- Bob Ferguson, Choctaw Government to 1830